GUIA_DE_PRACTICA_2011

m m m

m

m ²
 

m

m

ô

 m

                  !" # $  %  ô&"     &  '  (     ' )     &"        " $   '             (   *

        & #        " '    +    (  ,      +( - *
  &"           &+ "  )    "       + "     -    " '         &  +    * ', &  + ,    +(       *  &  "  )               +( - "         #' )  $  '!    +( )   ' +        *

           '     + 

&   Œ
      "   Œ
       )  +                      #  '&       *

m

m

Œ
       Œ
 Œ     Œ
 Œ Œ  Œ
 Œ  Œ
   Œ
Œ    Œ
    Œ
Π 

m

m m m

m m m

~m m


m

mm 
   m
 m
 mm 


m

m
m
m    m‰m m m

  mm m m 
 m
mm  
m 
m
mm
 m m

~
~
m

    ! "     ##"!$ %&# !$ !"# ' ()  !" )& !*" &  !  !'*
 !)& !!" "'% ! ( ' &'* +,(!#"'#  ! *  ! ' () #-  #' #-.!#  (' #"!! #"*" & #-." *#'" !"! ,'!*%!#"!/$ %&#"! #"&"0'& ' .+#"!.+(# (!*  '!.! (!!  !..'#
   ! )& ! ! # '   $ 1 ! #"#' #"!  ("! & '  (! 2"(-,#"!. ! (' " #"&(#   !   () #- "  *# #-
   "   *#   #' &' ( !  " ! #"& !"!&( !(  ' ()  "'# $ ( !# #' ) .3 &' (&'!  '()  ( ! " !# ' () " !!#%*#"!$ '( !)& !.#"&"# " ( ! (' #"! $  ! *  4!' !# "!"!"&' ! (  ##-* '! ,'!*%!#"!/$ %&#"!
Π!' &  .!#!  () " *#   ' &  )& !  *# #-&" ("! ,'!*%!#"!/$ %&#"! *#' (  ' ()  "'# ( !)& !.!& /"!  #' 
    * (   (   !'  +#'# .  ! #  ( ! # #' %!'# !  "'# !  ( ! )& ! / $  3 !' ! (  ##- !"! ,'!*%!#"!/$ %&#"!5 #  ! #"&" ' &'"/ #'  # ' (%'#
  m ~~ m  ~ m m~ ~ m m m m åm = DG" B& '"!
 m , , 8&(
)&  (' 2"


 m "( ("! #"("#  (2 1" ,  >DG '8:& '"!


m

m

  Œ  ŒŒ  ?   Œ
  m & ' &' # &("! ("! 8: & '"!
 Π#   "  ("! ' 2"! ( !!'&  ' " . ' !*  :
B&(
 !' "!!'&
    





B&(


B&(


Œ("!' 2"! /

0'  

:
B&(


:
B&(


"( #-/"  

:
B&(


:
B&(


?#"#(" 5% #":
:B 

 m )#( . "2!   / "'  ("! ! (' "!  #   ' 2"  #  "  (  '!  (  #"("  ! (' '
   Œ  ŒŒ  ? ŒŒ6"(7       Œ("!' 2"! /

0'  

 8&(


 8&(


"( #-F #  (# ( 

8&(


8&(


"( #-*"!*"&"(%2# 

8&(


8&(


, !'(  

:  

? Œ











































 



























N







&( ("!!%&2"("!!, '!0 P"# &2  QP" (!## . 3P #' " 

    

ƒm Œ' & (' 2"$  !' (&+3&" #' #-.("# (! " # +(' 2"$  ' -3&" ( !"( 2( &%& (  "'%
 ƒm  ,"' !# "!("!>:& '"! "!". *# (#   "("!' 2"!#"( # " 
"' ("! ! (' "!( #"( &  !#' (#  " ' "
 ƒm  (# (  (   #   "  ("! ' 2"! (# " (  # #-   !" R  !!(2 #5
   C&("
 # #- !"R !!(2 #5      mmmmmmmm m mmmm mm mm mm m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmm

S(?#"#4'#"P=
D

 C&("0  (   #"#' #-  (   ! ( !   8 &(
   #' '"   !"" :
8   '""!  ("!  # !"!. (  #"#' #-+#" #4'#" %
!%(' 2" G8!8
A&(
+#"8 68A&(
:
8 7
( ' 2" G
m JK 4!(SL  =
m ( ' "(&"J!, ( (!"(4#' #"LŒ! ! )"!


m

m



B
m ( #"#' #-+#" #4'#"(' 2"

!I&( :
8 J +(!(( !"( #- 8&(L

m m


m
m    m‰mm m m  m‰mm m

m  m
mm m
  mm
mm m

m
mm
 m m

~m

~
~
m ("! "!2(& ( # ' )&  #' &'( !!' #' !2"(-,# !.! #  (  &   (  ("#   (   ##- $  # ' ()
 !'" ! "!2( 2"  $  (  ("#   (   ##-  !  #' &'  "" #" (  (  # '   )&
 Π!'  &  !   3 !  (  # '   )& '4 &"!  !)& '# !.'4"!"     )&   ( # ' (( $  " ## ' ("#   ##-2 C"' &  !#"#"!
! ("#    ##-!3 ! #"&"( # ' ! !' '"' !*" & "# '"'&"
  *'  &2,T !! , !(  '() #-!'' !  ! 3 ! ( # '  ! !' '"/('&"!5 *"" #"#-    $  !  (#   # !'" !( ! )& !/$  &'#"& ( ! #' !)& !* '!
   *#- #"&  " ( - '  #" ("$ %&#  ' 4!! #"&!-)& ! !( !, '0U   '  #" (6 7# ($  )& !( # ' )& $ # ' () (  ' !*" & #- &# "&"(6 &"(7! !' '"" & '"2 C"#"#"!* !& V
 Œ"!# !"!& # #( #-!# (0 åm  " ( ! !' '"!    "'% . "  "(! #+ ". " # ($   "'  &"(4# (  (  # ( !"

' # "! &+!    -. ! 2 &( )  (   *#-  &"(  ! !' '"  "   &# "$  ('6 $7(, ""( # "
!# ("!C&("!&#" "!&+!$ (  & "&"(4# ( !#"&(' &'5 "() "!.!'"& #"&"& (   ##-(F& "  "!'%# !",(#"!%# ! ' #  ! !#' &'
 åm # !"!  ##"!2&"(# ( !('"0&(
 ; , !'(   I
:&(
 I
:&(
  m )#( 0 ( #' " "'% !*(' ""#' * , "" 8:& '"!
  m Œ  Z ŒŒŒ Z 6 )F#   #'" 7  &( +("!*(' "!(2 ! "'% !( !" ' " /!' & + )F#   #'"  & '(!, ' "#&'"0 

m  m





Π  

  









(' " 

:
B&(


;

;

(' "



;

:
B&(


;

, !'(  

:
B&(


:
B&(


8
:&(


"( #-#F #  (# ( 

:
B&(


:
B&(


:
B&(


8
:&(


8
:&(


"("#  2 1" , 5 " 'I& '"! *   (#5" " ,  "( #-*"!*"&"(%2# 

8
:&(


   

 

m )#( . , , D
:&(
 , !'( 
 )#( /C  "!" '
m J" $ 4! '() (  #'" 'L  =
m J" $ 4  )& !# '*# * #-!  #' )&+'# /"" (!" (  "'% 6)& 7L  B
m "!  "!2"(-,#"!/(  #' !#%*#   ' &  )& !0 6 @&,
 "'% 7


m P838:;>/P8
B38:;=    A
m J# (("!"!  "!5 /& /" # ' )& L m m 

m

m

m m

  m‰mm m

m  
m m
m mm
m
m m

m
  m
mm

 m
mm 
  m
m
 !m"!m 
m

  !m
m  m m ~
~
m  , (. '" ! ( ! )& !. '&' ( '"   ##- $  # ' () .  !'  # #' %!'# !#"& !# '" ("!* #'" !$ ' * " #". '  ""&" !  #' 
!'"!* #'" !!!', '"# ' ( ("# (   ##-)&+'# !"2  ! !' '" # "/' &  !#"#"!
"& "  ' &  )& #"&" ' -! "!2( '      &+! " &"! #(    (  *( #   ("! * #'" ! 6&". '& ' . #"#' #-)& .#"#' #-! !' '".."!.'#7.!"2 ( ! *' )& !$  !#""#
!' ' -, (.#"&"!#"&  +.  *" & # #' %!'#  #  )&   '# (
 !'  #   "!'"!* #'" !!#! "$ ("!"' "! & )# #"!' '!.  ' ( &   $  ( !', #- ( * #'"    2(" !   *#'   " (    #- $     ! *  ("!"' "!
   * ( !'3 &'"!"2!  (*#'""! #' " !..#"#' #-)& . #"#' #-! !' '".'&"/'& ' !"2 ( ("#     ##-)&+'# .'"& " #"&"C&("( 5 -(!!)&+'# ( (&-/ ( "( !  #"!(! !' '"' !*" & "/ ("! " #'"!(   ##-)&+'#
 m

~m

m ~~ m  ~ m m~ ~ m åm "( #- (&- (89 åm  ** *"!* '":
8A
A åm  **  #' '":
8=
A åm  ** 2" '":
8M
: åm "( #-#(" "!"" (DG   Œ 0   3 #' &' ( '&"  # 2 #-   #   ' 2"
   ((" ! & + ( '&"  # 2 #-& ' &'! 4! , , ( )& .4!' 2 , , !#"'  ("!8    (  #'"# "&" "3 !  &" !  ' ##- #" ( "3%,". #"& (#  ".(&"-3"# 2"".(  ) .'#
!'"!!(!"& 52" !(!'"


   " ' & (  & 2( ( #  "3"  ##- ( !"""(#' "!.! '()  ! !' # !# " ! '*# (!$ # &2 #"(" # "!"3 "!  #H !%" C&("( *" & !# # (&'8; ; (" "*" &"6&(7 ; ;
B  =
I ,@( / ,("2 ( !0
8,@(
   !#* ! "'% !( !&+'# !'"' (!  &' 65  "'& 7#"#"#'@" & ((  5&"#"#' #-H #"  !-  @ "  &'"  ( ! ,("2 ( !0  ( &("&  &F('(.  (  & # ",("2 (&  (!' g&.(Y ( ; ) .( !#"( ," '% !.'#
 !& #- "'% ! '"' (! 65" "'& 7 !" , (&' !"#  ! #"     $   !  ) !'+

#"& 1  !#"$ 1"!# &2"!( !,("2 ( !
"!2 C"!(! (2F&  ! 2"! 0 # &'  !4  ! (2F& ( "  .!& #-( *" & #-(5%, "#"&"( # "!!. ! *#' ,!'-   "'%
.  (  , !' "' " '%  3  '  #" 4  ! *# (!   "'% !
 , && ,("2 (& /(   (2 && !"#  "!& ! " "!
   Œ ŒŒ Œ' & #- "'% !"' (!0  "!( #!'%#"!( ! "'% !  ##" #"(-#F #".&" (# (".    #"&(C" #"("  "('  #" &+3&"  2!" #-  B=:&. # /  '!  !  "!" (  (  #"#' #- "'% !'"' (!( & !'
  Œ' & #-(2F& 0   (2F&   ##"  !#%*# &' ! ! #-    #" (  *" &  -#   (  2 "&"  !"(! (*"' ( 67. !#  3#!"#"(" '.&"' &" " >.I
  ( &'" 2!" 2 #  ADÚ.-DE 'B& '"!
 åm , , :
8&(!  "
 & ' &'&) (#"' "('&"
 åm # 2  >DE 'A:& '"!.3 #' &'
 åm (# &( !("!A:& '"!. , , :
B&(  #'"#"("
)#( /C  "! " B &,  2( 2
   #"#' #-! , % 2( 2 '"' (!8&,@(.!"! & /" % 2( 2  #' .$  "!3# ' " " 
 5 2( 2&  !   "&"( 2( 2 "#"C ,  #"&" ( ! & !5&"(%'# !"("!*#'"!#",4'"!#"C , #-."( 2( 2 #"C ,   ( ! 5 '" '% !. " ( *#'" (&' ' ! (  3# #-. "  ( ! * & ! 3' 5+'# ! "2!' #' !
    & *!' #- #(%#  &+! &" ' '  ( ! 5 2( 2& ! ! (  #' # . / ( " ,  !' 

(' #-"2# # ! !" , 5+'#".5+'#"/"!'5+'#".$  % #"(    !' #-/' &24# '" ! ,     2( 2  #'      ##-& ' #"( )"  #'"H(  #' .!-("  ##" ! 4!  , ,  (#"5"( ( &)#(
 * ( (  !' +#'# !' & ( #"#' #-'"' ( ( !* ##"!2( 2 (!  ""( !&  !" !" & (!/#"#' # ." (&4'""  (("/(/.$  '() ( )"  #'" (#5
    * (   (   !'  +#'#  ! ' &  (  #"#' #- '"' ( /  ( ! * ##"! 62( 2   #'    #' 7  ( !  "   !" ! " & (!. "  ( &4'"" )&+'#"  ' & #-  2( 2
   m ~ m m Œ! "(( " "!"(' m  #'"! (* %(#" m ' '""" m Œ )"  #'"0)#( 08 ' ' '"""#"
BB7 m m m ~ m  ~
~m m

8
JK 4*( # '( ("!' " (&' 2"(!&"(#(" "L 
J !1 ( ##"# ! !5 #(" & L  =
J !1 ( ##"# ! !5"#(" & L  BJ (!(  ( #-( ! (' #"!( #(" & #"($ (2 "+#"2+!#"L

m

m m

m m



m
mm m ~ m ~
~
m  Œ2" (  "& '#"#' #-(-!""((%$ "3' #( ( 4!'*( /!"2 (  !- "!&-'# $ C ,   "( " '( !' 2 #-( , ' (! #"3' "' #( (
( - !"" ! &" ' '  ( & '&'" (  $ (2 "  +#"  2+!#" /  $   #"!'' /

 "3&  &'(M:9('"' (# '"!3' #( ( !
    ('"D:Y,!"#"'  "3&  &'I:,!""("!# (!==9!# ' ( (%$ "3' #( ( /(>B9("!5 !"!
Œ('"' (!""#" " (5 / 8I9$ *  &' (&' !# ' ("!5 !"!.!  '&' '6"") 2(7.5 /" ("' '" IM &$ "  Y,
  /  1"! ! & /"
  "&" ! # #" ( ,  #" " (  ("!  (" !  %   ! &'#"( , ! #" " (
  ( " !"" ! , "  ("! (&'"!  #"&2 #- #" ( #(" " *"!* '". ! (* '" / "' "! "! 6! (!7
", "!# # >,
Π &'/' ##!" (!  "" * !- ' 4!( & #"!  '!' ("! $ # # (=9(!""#" " ('"' (! # &2 ;  &'
(!  ".(!""!'  $ (2 "#"(((%$ "' !'# (.#"$ 1 !* # !2" ($ (2 "Œ" 
  #"#' #-!4 # !  !' ' '" ( #"#' #-#( (
 # '  !'' "(  #4( ( " ! & !2"!"('C"
 (3#!"  !"" ! (&  "  ( 1-
( !"" ! 3# ' # ! 3#( ! &' (  " 
( 1"   , (  (  3# #-  !"" / ,  "  (" ' '". ! (  # ( * #'"   , ( #-  !' " #" " ( /  ! ! #"#' #"!
 $ 1 !  # ' !   #  ' &24    ( !  5#!.  ! "   / ! (
  #"#"! " & (! ! & /#"! 2(!( !4  ! , " (! "  "'"! *( "!
 (!  ""( !& #"'&+!(M:9(!""'"' (( ! , 
 #"#' #-!4 # " & (! 8>B 8=B&$" 6>8:>=:&,97
 (! (" !" *" & #- # # ("( &/!' 2 #- ( # ' '"' ( !'( # ' ' #( ( 3!''
  (!' "#(%#"5 ' #-!&" ' '  ( (!,*# "("!(!!4 #"!!""
  #"' # &'"!""#"5 "!&"(   "!#"*##  "& '  ,  #" " (
   "#   !5 ' #- #" !"" !4 #" ( ". ! ( (%$ " , " ! ! *#' "  )"! " & (!. "  C&("   #'!  #"   2'!  !%   "  #"' "(  .

(&' #- !",+!' # #" ('"#"'" "'% !.# "((%$ ", ""!! *#'  (& ( !"2 # , !"( '"!" ( 1-.#"&"(#"&  24'#".' ' "!-("#"! ( / !"( #-! (
(, "! #'!#"* & # 2 (. #'!#" 
  "2!  #"#' #"!2 C !!( !#"#' #"!!""3# ( !( , H #'! #"  .*%!' ( '!' (.* &   (#"!* #-' 2 ( . 2'!&((' !"#"' "( 
  ' & #-(!""("!*( "!2"(-,#"!!  () ! " (#' ""-!(#'""&"! * # '&'" &4'""#"(" &4' #"

 

~~ m  ~ m m~ ~ m }m  #'" #' '0#' '" ("&+! #' '"& ,!" }m  #'"#"(" 0'",(#"( '" &"" }m '  !""0B:&&"(@( m m

m m

~~~ m ~~  m~
~


m ~~
m

  & (!, '!!'& 0 "&"'! ( #" '    "2(&   #'" '    :& '"! ' * ,   (' ("# B 8:& '"!6>B:: &7
&( (!"2   '  #' '
m JK 4!&C ) 3!'(  2!" #-'!' (!'"/( ,( #"! L

 =
m 1 (( !#"#' #"!!4 # !" & (!
  B
m J" $ 4( #( !*# #-!5 ' #-"  (' #-( "!&"(  .#( / 2+!# &'( !#"#' #"!!'4"L

m m



m
m m m ~m

~
~
m ("' !"!( # (# '-' #( ( /" ("' '"! * #'" &" ' '(  !-"!&-'#  $ ' & ( !' 2 #- , ' ( !#4( ( !/((%$ "3' #( (
&+!!' "( !". *( / #' &'(&' 2"(!&"#( ( / $ !#"* #'" & #5 !  ##"!)&+'# ! ' #( ( !
  3!'  "3&  &'8>:,
6>>::&$7"' !"   ('"D:Y,
(# ((MI9!' #( (  &' !$ (:& '"!  ?0  #'" 0B@#' ('    "2(& 0(#' ( "2(& 3* #'"    0  ">
B B
B&&"(@(  m m ~ m  ~
~m 8
m J +(!( #""*  &'"(&4'"""**&  ' & #-("' !"!4 #"L  7 5" &"  ' " ! (  * #'"   &+!  &" ' '  $  #"' "(   ("!  (!    # (#"  !4 #"  /  !   *#'"  !  # ! 3#( ! &' (&' "  (  *" &  -#  ( # (#"
   #"#' #- ( # (#" !4 #"   "! " & (!!M 88.B&," 8::&( "3&  &'=.B B.B&,9!") "/# # :.B&,9 !'+ !'#"&"#' '"# (#"/( !'"!# '  " ( ! "'% !
  (    "-!'"    (    !'   +#'#   ! ' &  (  #"#' #- !4 #   # (#" '"' (   !" !  (' !" & (!/@"!' " '"(-,#"" (&4'""#"(" &4' #" #'"

 m m ~~ m  ~ m m~ ~ m m  **  (# ("02 ** (! 88.8 m  #'""(" 0I;5 "3$ "( .";# !"(*' ( ;#"&(3" .+#"#(" 5% #" m "( #-!'+ # (#"0I&,@(    ~~~ m ~~  m~
~


m m m  & (!, '!!'& 0  "&"'! ( #" '    !'   !'  ;;;;; ;;;;; 97
     !'  +#'#  ' (  * (  0  *#   (  !( ) &'"    ,   !  (  &" 3' #( ( 5 # (&"' #( ( /# ! ("! ' "#'"!.# "!'"!!" !'"! !"( #"!5 '-# 5"'-#  !#' &'
 Œ&"!' ( * ,( "!&-'# ("! ' "#'"!# "4!'"!!"#"("# "! ! !!"( #"!   ! !#"#' #"!


  ~~ m  ~ m m~ ~ m m N   G8 åm ( (=.B9 åm ( (8B9
 åm ( (I.B9  N   G