Guía para La Caracterización rsm-29012020 1
October 15, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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OWÊH YHUH DH
NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^
^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
^GUBG OWÊH^ SÂNKBNH^
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg Vbngjbkbstgrb` Vbngjbkbstgrb ` cg Ogstbþk Hjebgkthd Cbrgnnbþk Ogkgrhd cg Ogstbþk cg Ugsbcu` Ugsbcu`ss ^þdbc`s
Gcbthc` p`r1 © Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg Hv. Hkt`kb` Jbr`qugshch 357, Jhochdgkh cgd Jhr Dbjh-Ygrñ
Nbth suogrbch1 JBKHJ. (5982) (5982).. Ouêh phrh dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs.
Fgnmh cg puedbnhnbþk1 K`vbgjerg, 5982
Dh prgsgktg puedbnhnbþk gs gd tgxt` cg cbvudohnbþk cg dh Ugs`dunbþk Jbkbstgrbhd K.¹ K.¹ 37?-598=-JBKHJ, 37?-598=-JBKHJ, qug hprugeh dh Ouêh phrh dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs , puedbnhch gk gd cbhrb` `fnbhd Gd Ygruhk` gd 3 cg gkgr` cg 5982
ÊKCBNG Yrgsgkthnbþk
@eagtbv`
Yho. 7
Yho. 6
°H qubâk gstè cbrbobch0
°Xuâ gs dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs0
Yho. 6
Yho. 6
N`ksbcgrhnb`kgs phrh dh hntuhdbzhnbþk cgd gstucb`
Sgjp`rhdbchc cgd gstucb` Yho. ?
pho. ?
Ehsg Dgohd Yho. =
Gthphs phrh gdhe`rhr g bjpdgjgkthr gd GN-U^J =.8 Ydhkbnhnbþk =.5 Srheha` cg nhjp` y =.5 `pgrhnb`kgs =.> Hkèdbsbs cg bkf`rjhnbþk
Yho. 2
Dbtgrhturh N`ksudthch
Hnrþkbj`s Yho. 62
Yho. 6=
Od`shrb`
Hkgx`s
Yho. ?9
Yho. ?3
YUG^GKSHNBÞK g hnugrc` h dhs nbfrhs `nbhdgs n`k dhs qug nugkth gd phês, sg prgsgkthk jhrnhchs ergnmhs gk dh prgsthnbþk cg d`s sgrvbnb`s cg dbjpbgzh pñedbnh h kbvgd jukbnbphd. Yhrh p`cgr cgshrr`ddhr dhs `pgrhnb`kgs y pr`ngs`s qug hsgourgk dh ogstbþk cg gst`s rgsbcu`s, gs kgngshrb` nhrhntgrbzhrd`s h trhvâs cg gstucb`s qug pgrjbthk cbjgksb`khr hcgnuhchjgktg d`s rgqugrbjbgkt`s phrtbnudhrgs gk nhch cbstrbt`. Gk dh hntuhdbchc orhk phrtg cg dhs jukbnbphdbchcgs cgshrr`ddhk dhs `pgrhnb`kgs y pr`ngs`s phrh gd jhkga` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s sbk n`kthr n`k bkf`rjhnbþk eèsbnh hngrnh cg dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s y su nhrhntgrbzhnbþk, d` nuhd sg vg rggahc` gk dh ehah nhdbchc cgd sgrvbnb` erbkchc` y junmhs vgngs gk dh bjpr`vbshnbþk cg tgnk`d`oêhs qug k` sg hcgnuhk h dhs nhrhntgrêstbnhs cg dh z`kh. Gk gsg sgktbc`, gs bjp`rthktg n`kthr n`k ukh jgt`c`d`oêh gsthkchrbzhch s`erg dh nuhd dhs jukbnbphdbchcgs h kbvgd khnb`khd pugchk cgshrr`ddhr gstucb`s cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk qug ogkgrgk rgsudthc`s n`ksbstgktgs, pgrjbtbgkc` gd cbsgø` cg t`chs dhs `pgrhnb`kgs y pr`ngs`s cgd jhkga` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. Yhrh nujpdbr n`k gstg k, gd Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg pr`p`kg dh prgsgktg ouêh, dh nuhd pgrjbtbrè `rbgkthr h d`s sgrvbc`rgs nbvbdgs cg dhs jukbnbphdbchcgs, gspgnbhdbsths y `tr`s pr`fgsb`khdgs y tânkbn`s qug trhehahk gk dh ogstbþk bktgorhd cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk gd cgshrr`dd` cg Gstucb`s cg Nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s. Gd Gstucb` cg Nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s Jukbnbphdgs (GN-U^J) pgrjbtbrè cgtgrjbkhr1 Dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s p`r nhch mhebthktg p`r cêh ` ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth (OYN), gd nuhd gs uk cht` n`jphrhedg gktrg cbfgrgktgs èjebt`s cg gstucb`s. Dh ogkgrhnbþk t`thd cgd jukbnbpb` gk fuknbþk h dh nhktbchc cg mhebthktgs. Dh cgksbchc qug pgrjbtg cbjgksb`khr cbvgrs`s sbstgjhs cg hdjhngkhag, trhksp`rtg y cbsp`sbnbþk khd. Dh n`jp`sbnbþk p`r tbp` cg rgsbcu`s qug pgrjbtg rgn`jgkchr cbvgrs`s tbp`s cg bktgrvgknbþk n`j` dh vhd`rbzhnbþk `roèkbnh ` bk`roèkbnh. Gd n`ktgkbc` cg mujgchc, qug pgrjbtbrè hpr`ehr ` cgsnhrthr nbgrths tgnk`d`oêhs h hpdbnhr phrh dh cbsp`sbnbþk khd.
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
6
@EAGSBV@ DH OWÊH @rbgkthr dh gdhe`rhnbþk cg Gstucb`s cg Nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s Jukbnbphdgs (GN-U^J) jgcbhktg phuths jgt`c`dþobnhs qug cgsnrbegk gk f`rjh ndhrh y sgknbddh d`s phs`s phrh dh `etgknbþk cg nbfrhs d`nhdgs rgdhnb`khchs h gst`s rgsbcu`s.
°H XWBÂK G^SÈ CBUBOBCH0 ^grvbc`rgs nbvbdgs cg jukbnbphdbchcgs qug s`k y phrtbnbphk cgqug dh ogstbþk cg d`s ^grvbc`rgs rgsp`kshedgs nbvbdgs cg jukbnbphdbchcgs s`k rgsp`kshedgs y rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphd.
phrtbnbphk cg dh ogstbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphd
Gspgnbhdbsths @tr`s pr`fgsb`khdgs pr`fgsb`khdgs y Gspgnbhdbsths qug trhehahk gk gd jhkga` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. qug trhehahk gk tânkbn`s bktgrgshc`s gd jhkga` cg gk phrtbnbphr gk gd rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. pr`ngs` cg jhkga` @tr`s pr`fgsb`khdgs y tânkbn`s bktgrgshc`s cg gkrgsbcu`s phrtbnbphr gk gd sþdbc`s. pr`ngs` cg jhkga` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
°XWÂ G^ DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^0 Gs ukh mgrrhjbgkth qug k`s pgrjbtg `etgkgr bkf`rjhnbþk prbjhrbh rgdhnb`khch h dhs nhrhntgrêstbnhs cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, gk gstg nhs` jukbnbphdgs. Dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs sg rghdbzh h trhvâs cg uk gstucb`, gk gd nuhd sg `etbgkgk cht`s thdgs n`j`1 nhktbchc, cgksbchc, n`jp`sbnbþk y mujgchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk uk cgtgrjbkhc` èjebt` og`orèn`. Gsth bkf`rjhnbþk pgrjbtg dh pdhkbnhnbþk tânkbnh y `pgrhtbvh cgd jhkga` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, y dh pdhkbnhnbþk hcjbkbstrhtbvh y khknbgrh cgd sgrvbnb` cg dbjpbgzh pñedbnh. Gd GN-U^J rgprgsgkth uk bksuj` fukchjgkthd phrh gdhe`rhr ukh sgrbg cg bkstrujgkt`s phrh dh ogstbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, hsê n`j` pr`ygnt`s cg bkvgrsbþk y `tr`s qug pgrjbthk t`jhr cgnbsb`kgs gk dh ogstbþk bktgorhd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s h n`rt`, jgcbhk` y dhro` pdhz`.
Gd GN-U^J rgprgsgkth uk bksuj` fukchjgkthd phrh gdhe`rhr ukh sgrbg cg bkstrujgkt`s phrh dh ogstbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, hsê n`j` pr`ygnt`s cg bkvgrsbþk y `tr`s.
?
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
N@K^BCGUHNB@KG^ YHUH DH HNSWHDBQHNBÞK CGD G^SWCB@ Dh hntuhdbzhnbþk cgd GN-U^J sg rghdbzh nhch 7 hø`s.
Gd GN-U^J sg rghdbzh nhch 7 hø`s.
Nheg sgøhdhr qug phrh dh hntuhdbzhnbþk cgd GN-U^J, dhs jukbnbphdbchcgs cgegk n`ksbcgrhr jêkbjhjgktg d`s sboubgktgs hspgnt`s1 Nrgnbjbgkt`
Nrgnbjbgkt` Nrgnbjbgkt ` p`edhnb`khd. p`edhnb`khd.
Bjpdgjgkthnbþk cg Bjpdgjgkthnbþk gstrhtgobhs cg jbkbjbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
Bjpdgjgkthnbþk cg gstrhtgobhs cg jbkbjbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. Cgshrr`dd` ` bknrgjgkt` cg hntbvbchcgs gn`kþjbnhs1
n`jgrnbhdgs, pr`cuntbvhs, sgrvbnb`s, gxtrhntbvhs y `trhs qug cgshrr`ddgk gk su cbstrbt`s.
Cgshrr`dd` ` bknrgjgkt` cg hnvbchcgs gn`kþjbnhs1 n`jgrnbhdgs, pr`pr`cunvhs, sgrvbnb`s, gxtrhnvhs gxtrhnvhs y `trhs qug cgshrr`ddgk gk su cbstrbt`s.
SGJY@UHDBCHC CGD G^SWCB@
Gk nhs`s c`kcg gxbsth cbfgrgknbhs sbokbnhtbvhs gk dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk dhs cbfgrgktgs tgjp`rhchs cgd hø`, gs kgngshrb` rghdbzhr jès cg uk gstucb`.
Gd GN-U^J cgegrè rghdbzhrsg s`erg ukh ogkgrhnbþk rgoudhr cg rgsbcu`s gk gd èjebt` cgd cbstrbt`. Gk gstg sgktbc`, dh gagnunbþk k` cgegrè rghdbzhrsg gk âp`nhs c`kcg dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s cbsjbkuyh ` hujgktg sbokbfbnhtbvhjgktg. Gk nhs`s c`kcg gxbsthk cbfgrgknbhs sbokbfbnhtbvhs gk dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk dhs cbfgrgktgs cbfgrgkt gs tgjp`rhchs cgd hø`, gs kgngshrb` rghdbzhr jès cg uk gstucb`. Y`r gagjpd`1 gk gd nhs` cg ehdkghrb`s sg p`crêh rghdbzhr uk gstucb` gk tgjp`rhch hdth y `tr` gk tgjp`rhch ehah. Gsth n`kcbnbþk p`crêh hyuchr hd jukbnbpb` h cgtgrjbkhr cgtgrjbk hr gd hdqubdgr cg jhqubkhrbhs y gqubp`s ` jga`rhr dh pr`orhjhnbþk cg rgnurs`s fêsbn`s y fbkhknbgr`s, gktrg `tr`s qug hsgourgk uk n`rrgnt` sgrvbnb` cg dbjpbgzh pñedbnh.
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
=
EH^G DGOHD
Ugs`dunbþk Jbkbstgrbhd K¹ 828-5986-JBKHJ, hprugeh gd —Ydhk Khnb`khd cg Ogstbþk Bktgorhdqug cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s - YDHKUG^ YD HKUG^ 5986-5953‚.
Cgnrgt` Dgobsdhtbv` K¹ 85?=, qug hprugeh dh Dgy cg Ogstbþk Bktgorhd cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s. Cgnrgt` ^uprgj` K¹ 983-598?-JBKHJ, qug hprugeh gd Ugodhjgkt` cg dh Dgy cg Ogstbþk Bktgorhd cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s.
Dgy K¹ 5?2?5, Dgy @roèkbnh cg Jukbnbphdbchcgs.
Cgnrgt` ^uprgj` K¹ 98?-598?-SU, qug hprugeh gd Ugodhjgkt` cg ^gourbchc y ^hduc gk gd Srheha` Sr heha` cg d`s @ergr`s Jukbnbphdgs cgd Ygrñ. Ugs`dunbþk Jbkbstgrbhd 532-598?-SU, qug gsthedgng cbsp`sbnb`kgs tânkbnhs K¹ y jgcbchs n`jpdgjgkthrbhs hd Ugodhjgkt` cg ^gourbchc y ^hduc gk gd trheha` cg d`s @ergr`s Jukbnbphdgs cgd Ygrñ.
Dgy K¹ 52382, —Dgy qug rgoudh dh hntbvbchc cg d`s rgnbndhc`rgs‚ y su rgodhjgkt` hpr`ehc` n`k gd Cgnrgt` ^uprgj` K¹ 997-5989-JBKHJ.
2
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
GSHYH^ YHUH GDHE@UHU G BJYDGJGKSHU GD GN-U^J GSHYH 81 YDHKBFBNHNBÞK N`kf`rjhnbþk cgd gqubp` cg pdhkbnhnbþk. E. N`kf`rjhnbþk cgd gqubp` cg nhjp`. N. Hsgourhjbgkt` cg hspgnt`s d`oêstbn`s. C. Bcgktbnhnbþk cg dhs jugstrhs p`r fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk. H.
GSHYH 51 SUHEHA@ CG NHJY@ R @YGUHNB@KG^ Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh dh phrtbnbphnbþk cg d`s prgcb`s cgd gstucb`. E. Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh gd jhkga` cg dhs jugstrhs. jugstrhs. N. Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh gd hkèdbsbs cg dhs jugstrhs. j ugstrhs. H.
GSHYH >1 HKÈDB^B^ CG BKF@UJHNBÞK Gstbjhnbþk cg OYN cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s. E. Vhdbchnbþk cg dh OYN mhddhch. N. Gstbjhnbþk cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s. C. Gstbjhnbþk cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gspgnbhdgs. G. Gstbjhnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk t`thd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs. F. Gstbjhnbþk cg dh n`jp`sbnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. O. Gstbjhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. H.
M.
Gstbjhnbþk cg dh mujgchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
89
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
=.8 GSHYH CG YDHKBFBNHNBÞK
Gsth gthph bknduyg dh n`kf`rjhnbþk cg gqubp`s n`k d`s qug sg cgshrr`ddhrè gd GN-U^J h k cg fhv`rgngr dh `pgrhtbvbchc cgd jbsj`, phrh gvbthr ` jbkbjbzhr d`s n`st`s cg p`sbedgs bjprgvbst`s qug pugchk ogkgrhrsg. Yhrh gdd` cgegrè n`ksbcgrhr d` sboubgktg1 H. N`kf`rjhr gd gqubp` cg pdhkbnhnbþk
Gd gqubp` cg pdhkbnhnbþk rgsp`kshedg cgd gstucb` cgeg sgr cgsbokhc` h trhvâs cg uk c`nujgkt` `nbhd gjbtbc` p`r dh hut`rbchc jukbnbphd, yh sgh gd/dh hdnhdcg ` gd/dh ogrgktg jukbnbphd. Cbnm` gqubp` cgeg gsthr n`kf`rjhc` p`r d`s rgprgsgkthktgs cg dhs sboubgktgs ogrgknbhs/ sueogrgknbhs, sgoñk n`rrgsp`kch1
Jgcb` Hjebgktg ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
Dbjpbgzh Yñedbnh ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
Ugkths y Nhthstr` ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
Ydhkbnhnbþk y Yrgsupugst` `
Hcjbkbstrhnbþk ` qubgk mhoh sus
D`oêstbnh ` Hehstgnbjbgkt`
qubgkvgngs mhoh sus
vgngs
` sus qubgk mhoh vgngs
Gd c`nujgkt` `nbhd phrh cgsbokhr hd gqubp` cg pdhkbnhnbþk pugcg sgr Ugs`dunbþk cg Hdnhdcêh ` Ugs`dunbþk cg Ogrgknbh Jukbnbphd.
88
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Ugsp`kshebdbchcgs cg dhs Èrghs / Ogrgknbhs / ^ueogrgknbhs qug N`kf`rjhk gd Gqubp` cg Ydhkbnhnbþk
Èrgh/Ogrgknbh/^ueogrgknbh
Gd c`nujgkt` `nbhd phrh hpr`ehr gd bkf`rjg khd gdhe`rhc` p`r gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` pugcg sgr Ugs`dunbþk cg Hdnhdcêh ` Ugs`dunbþk cg dh Ogrgknbh Jukbnbphd.
Ugsp`kshebdbchc
Jgcb` Hjebgktg ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
N`kcunbr y ogstb`khr gd pr`ngs` phrh gdhe`rhr gd gstucb`. Hpr`ehr gd Ydhk cg Srheha` gdhe`rhc` p`r gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp`.
Dbjpbgzh Yñedbnh ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
^upgrvbshr dh bktgorbchc cgd cgshrr`dd` cgd trheha` cg nhjp`.
Ugkths y Nhthstr` ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
Fhnbdbthr dh bkf`rjhnbþk phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd gstucb` n`j` jhphs cg z`kbnhnbþk, cbrgnnb`kgs hntuhdbzhchs, hntbvbchc cg d`s prgcb`s, gktrg `tr`s.
Ydhkbnhnbþk y Yrgsupugst` ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
Yr`orhjhr y hsgourhr hsgourhr gd prgsupugst` phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd GN-U^J.
Hcjbkbstrhnbþk ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
Hsgourhr d`s pr`ngs`s phrh dh hcqubsbnbþk cg bksuj`s y ebgkgs phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd GN-U^J.
D`oêstbnh ` Hehstgnbjbgkt` ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs
Hsgourhr dh cbstrbeunbþk y gktrgoh `p`rtukh cg d`s bksuj`s y ebgkgs phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd GN-U^J.
Gd gqubp` cg pdhkbnhnbþk cgegrè erbkchr hd rgsp`kshedg cg gqubp` cg nhjp` dh sboubgktg bkf`rjhnbþk1 • •
•
Ydhk` nhthstrhd cgd cbstrbt`. Ehsg cg cht`s cg prgcb`s hntuhdbzhc` qug bknduyh gd kñjgr` cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs p`r ruer`, ogkgrhc`rgs cg rgsbcu`s gspgnbhdgs y vbvbgkchs p`r kbvgd s`nb`gn`kþjbn`. Ehsg cg cht`s cg dhs pgrs`khs (pr`j`t`rgs hjebgkthdgs, `pgrhrb`s cg nhjp`, phcrþk cg hs`nbhnb`kgs cg rgnbndhc`rgs y `tr`s) qug phrtbnbphrèk gk gd GN-U^J.
Hsbjbsj`, gd gqubp` cg pdhkbnhnbþk rgnbebrè gd bkf`rjg khd gdhe`rhc` p`r gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` y d` gdgvhrè h dh hdnhdcêh ` ogrgknbh jukbnbphd phrh su hpr`ehnbþk jgcbhktg c`nujgkt` `nbhd.
85
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
E. N`kf`rjhr gd gqubp` cg nhjp`
Yhrh dh n`kf`rjhnbþk cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` sg rgqubgrg n`kthr n`k uk/ukh rgsp`kshedg (pr`fgsb`khd (pr`fgsb`khd ` tânkbn`/h), qug nugktg n`k gxpgrbgknbh gk dh gdhe`rhnbþk gdhe`rhnbþk cg gstucb`s cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs, hsê n`j` vêknud` dhe`rhd vbogktg n`k dh jukbnbphdbchc. Gd/dh rgsp`kshedg sgrè cgsbokhc`/h p`r gd gqubp` cg pdhkbfbnhnbþk jgcbhktg c`nujgkt` `fbnbhd. Gd/dh rgsp`kshedg cgeg n`kf`rjhr d`s/dhs bktgorhktgs cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd GN-U^J. Cbnm` gqubp` p`crè sgr n`kf`rjhc` p`r trhehahc`rgs/hs cg dh jukbnbphdbchc, jukbnbphdb chc, v`dukthrb`s/h v`dukthrb`s/hs, s, gstucbhktgs ukbvgrsbthrb`s/ hs, hs`nbhnbþk cg rgnbndhc`rgs/hs y n`jukbchc gk ogkgrhd.
Gd c`nujgkt` phrh cgsbokhr hd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` cgeg sgr uk jgj`rhkc` gjbtbc` p`r gd èrgh/ogrgknbh ` sueogrgknbh cg Jgcb` Hjebgktg ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs.
Ugsp`kshedg
D`s/hs gstucbhktgs ukbvgrsbthrb`s/hs qug n`kf`rjhk gd gqubp` pugcgk sgr cg nhrrgrhs tânkbnhs y pr`fgsb`khdgs cg bkogkbgrêh, nbgknbhs u `tr`s hkgs.
Ygrs`khd cg hp`y`
Yr`j`t`rgs Yr`j`t`rhs/ hjebgkthdgs
@pgrhrb`scg / `pgrhrbhs nhjp`
N`kcunt`r cg / n`kcunt`rh ukbchc vgmbnudhr
8>
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Shrghs y Ugsp`kshebdbchcgs cg d`s Bktgorhktgs cgd Gqubp` cg Nhjp` Ygrs`khd
Ugsp`kshebdbchc
Shrghs •
N``rcbkhr cbrgnthjgktg n`k gd gqubp` tânkbn` rgspgnt`
hd hehstgnbjbgkt` cg ebgkgs, bksuj`s g bkf`rjhnbþk. Gdhe`rhr gd pdhk cg trheha` phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd GN-U^J y prgsgkthrd` hd èrgh/ogrgknbh/sueogrgknbh cg Jgcb` Hjebgktg ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs phrh su hpr`ehnbþk. • Ughdbzhr gd rgn`k`nbjbgkt` cg dhs z`khs cg trheha`. • Hpdbnhr dh jgt`c`d`oêh y pr`ngcbjbgkt`s phrh gd trheha` cg nhjp`. • Nhphnbthr y hsbokhr thrghs hd gqubp` cg nhjp`. • Hsgourhr gd nujpdbjbgkt` cg dhs k`rjhs cg sgourbchc, shduc g mbobgkg gk gd trheha`. • Ogstb`khr dh rgn`dgnnbþk y trhksp`rtg cg dhs jugstrhs cg d`s rgsbcu`s phrh su cbsp`sbnbþk khd hcgnuhch. • Ogstb`khr n`k gd dhe`rht`rb` gd m`rhrb` cg bkorgs` cg dhs jugstrhs phrh gd hkèdbsbs cg mujgchc. • Hkhdbzhr dh bkf`rjhnbþk y ogkgrhr rgsudthc`s. • Gdhe`rhr gd bkf`rjg cgd GN-U^J y prgsgkthrd` hd gqubp` tânkbn`, cg hnugrc` hd Hkgx` 2. •
Yr`fgsb`khd ` tânkbn` rgsp`kshedg
Dbcgrhr gd pr`ngs` cg cgshrr`dd` y nudjbkhnbþk cgd GN-U^J. ^upgrvbshr y j`kbt`rghr dh bktgorbchc cgd trheha` cg nhjp`.
Bkvgkthrbhr y gktrgohr n`k nhro` d`s jhtgrbhdgs, bksuj`s g bjpdgjgkt`s h d`s/dhs pr`j`t`rgs/hs, `pgrhrb`s/hs y n`kcunt`r/h cg dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr cg rgn`dgnnbþk. • Ughdbzhr gd sgoubjbgkt` cg dhs dhe`rgs cg d`s pr`j`t`rgs/ pr`j`t`rgs / hs, `pgrhrb`s/hs y n`kcunt`r/h cg dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr cg rgn`dgnnbþk. • Ugobstrhr d`s cht`s cg pgshag y n`jp`sbnbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s. • Ughdbzhr gd jugstrg` phrh dh cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg mujgchc. • Vgrbnhr dh `pgrhtbvbchc cg d`s gqubp`s (ehdhkzh cbobthd, nèjhrh f`t`orènh, gtn.) y dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr cg rgn`dgnnbþk hktgs y cgspuâs cg dhs hntbvbchcgs cbhrbhs. •
Ygrs`khd cg hp`y`
Hp`yhr hd rgsp`kshedg phrh gd nujpdbjbgkt` cgd cgshrr`dd` y nudjbkhnbþk cgd GN-U^J.
•
Yr`j`t`rgs /hs hjebgkthdgs
Hsgourhr dh phrtbnbphnbþk cg d`s/dhs ogkgrhc`rgs gk gd GN-U^J. Ughdbzhr dh rgn`dgnnbþk cg dhs jugstrhs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
•
@pgrhrb`s/hs cg nhjp`
N`kcunt`r/h cg dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr cg rgn`dgnnbþk
Hsgourhr gd hcgnuhc` trhksp`rtg cg dhs jugstrhs cg rgsbcu`s p`r dhs ruths y m`rhrb`s cg rgn`dgnnbþk gsthedgnbc`s.
Nhphnbthr y gjphcr`khr h d`s/dhs phrtbnbphktgs cgd GNU^J. • Hn`jphøhr pgrjhkgktgjgktg h d`s/dhs `pgrhrbhs cg nhjp`.
•
Gktrgohr d`s bksuj`s (e`dshs) h d`s/dhs phrtbnbphktgs. Ugn`dgnthr, pgshr y ndhsbnhr dhs jugstrhs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s n`kf`rjg h d`s dbkghjbgkt`s sgøhdhc`s p`r gd/ dh rgsp`kshedg.
•
Ughdbzhr dh rgvbsbþk y dbjpbgzh cg dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr cg rgn`dgnnbþk hktgs, curhktg y cgspuâs cg su us` cbhrb`.
•
Ugp`rthr n`jeustbedg`p`rtukhjgktg hd rgsp`kshedg. gd
hehstgnbjbgkt` cg
83
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Dh nhktbchc kgngshrbh cg pr`j`t`rgs/hs hjebgkthdgs, `pgrhrb`s/hs cg nhjp` y n`kcunt`rgs/hs cg dhs ukbchcgs vgmbnudhrgs cg rgn`dgnnbþk gsthrèk cg hnugrc` hd èjebt` cg gstucb`, tgkbgkc` gk nugkth dhs sboubgktgs n`ksbcgrhnb`kgs1 •
• • •
Nhktbchc prgcb`s (bknduyg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s p`r ruer`,cg ogkgrhc`rgs cg rgsbcu`s gspgnbhdgsn`jgrnbhdgs y vbvbgkchs p`r kbvgd s`nb`gn`kþjbn`). Gxtgksbþk, èjebt` y n`kcbnb`kgs og`orènhs. Kbvgd s`nb`gn`kþjbn`. J`vbjbgkt` n`jgrnbhd qug sg gvbcgknbg, y `tr`s qug n`ksbcgrg rgdgvhktgs.
N. Hsgourhr d`s hspgnt`s d`oêstbn`s
D`s prbknbphdgs hspgnt`s d`oêstbn`s phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd trheha` cg nhjp` sgrèk1 Gsphnb` fêsbn`1
Dh jukbnbphdbchc cgegrè mhebdbthr uk gsphnb` fêsbn` phrh rghdbzhr gd hn`pb` cg dhs jugstrhs, pgshag y ndhsbnhnbþk h k cg `etgkgr cht`s tânkbn`s n`kf`rjg h dh jgt`c`d`oêh cgd GN-U^J.
Dh jukbnbphdbchc cgegrè mhebdbthr uk gsphnb` fêsbn` phrh rghdbzhr gd hn`pb` cg dhs jugstrhs, pgshag y ndhsbnhnbþk h k cg `etgkgr cht`s tânkbn`s n`kf`rjg h dh jgt`c`d`oêh cgd GNU^J. Yhrh dh bcgktbnhnbþk cgd gsphnb` fêsbn` sg cgeg n`ksbcgrhr1 èjebt` og`orèn` y gd thjhø` cg dh jugstrh. Gd/dh rgsp`kshedg cg nhjp` cgegrè pr`p`kgr gd gsphnb` fêsbn` gk n``rcbkhnbþk n`k gd gqubp` tânkbn`, y rghdbzhr dhs n``rcbkhnb`kgs n`k gd èrgh/ogrgknbh/sueogrgknbh rgspgntbvh. Cbnm` gsphnb` cgegrè gsthr uebnhc` gk uk duohr cg fènbd hnngs` phrh dh rgngpnbþk cg dhs jugstrhs y n`kthr n`k d` sboubgktg1 • • • • • • •
Ngrn` pgrbjâtrbn` ` gsphnb` fêsbn` ngrnhc`. Ybs` cg fènbd dhvhc`. ^grvbnb`s mbobâkbn`s (qug bknduyh cunmhs y vgstbc`rgs), sgoñk cbsp`kbebdbchc. ^grvbnb`s eèsbn`s (duz, houh y cgshoôg), sgoñk cbsp`kbebdbchc.
^g rgn`jbgkch qug gd pbs` cg fènbd dhvhc` cgd gsphnb` fêsbn`
Hdjhnâk. Sgnm` sgoñk dhs n`kcbnb`kgs ndbjètbnhs. Hnngsbebdbchc h bjpdgjgkt`s cg sgourbchc (gxtbkt`r (gxtbkt`r,, e`tbquêk)
cgnuebgrth n`knrgt` `sgh n`k bjpgrjghebdbzhktg
87
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Wkbchc vgmbnudhr phrh dh rgn`dgnnbþk y trhksp`rtg cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s1
Dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr phrh dh rgn`dgnnbþk y trhksp`rtg cg
Dhs ukbchcgs vgmbnudhrgs phrh rgn`dgnnbþk y trhksp`rtg cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s pugcgk sgr1 nhjbþk ehrhkch, j`t` furoþk trbnbnd`s (h pgchd y j`t`rbzhc`s), gktrg `tr`s.
rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cgegn`kf`rjg tgkgr ukh nhphnbchc cg nhroh hd v`dujgk cg dhs jugstrhs cg d`s rgsbcu`s h rgn`dgnthr. Dhs ukbchcgs vgmbnudhrgs h sgr utbdbzhchs, pugcgk sgr1 nhjbþk ehrhkch, j`t`furoþk, trbnbnd`s (h pgchd y j`t`rbzhc`) gktrg `tr`s. D`oêstbnh phrh dh nhphnbthnbþk cgd gqubp` cg nhjp`1
Dh nhphnbthnbþk qug erbkchrè gd rgsp`kshedg h d`s/dhs pr`j`t`rgs/rhs hjebgkthdgs, `pgrhrb`s/hs cg nhjp` yphrh n`kcunt`r/h cg gs dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr rgn`dgnnbþk, bjp`rthktg phrh d`orhr gd cgshrr`dd` hcgnuhc` hcgnuhc` cgd GNU^J.
N@K^BCGUHNB@KG^ •
Yhrh gd cgshrr`dd` cg dh nhphnbthnbþk sg cgegrè n`ksbcgrhr d` sboubgktg1 • Hjebgktg hcgnuhc` (hudh, hucbt`rb`, shdh cg rgukb`kgs, gktrg `tr`s). • Ybzhrrh y/` phpgd`tgs. • Nhrpgths ` sbddhs. • N`jputhc`rh. • Yrgsgkthnbþk cbcèntbnh gk Y`wgr Y`bkt.
Gk `nhsb`kgs gs p`sbedg utbdbzhr d`s hjebgktgs cg ukh ukbvgrsbchc d`nhd, hsê n`j` d`s d`nhdgs n`jukhdgs n`k d`s qug nugkthk hdoukhs `rohkbzhnb`kgs
•
vgnbkhdgs ` d`s hucbt`rb`s jukbnbphdgs. •
Gvbthr qug dh nhphnbthnbþk sgh gk `nbkhs, phtb`s, phshcbz`s ` nuhdqubgr `tr` gsphnb` hebgrt` ` gk gd qug mhyh ua` cg pgrs`khs qug k` sghk phrtg cgd pr`ngs`< chc` qug pugcg ogkgrhr bkn`j`cbchcgs jutuhs g dh bktgrrujpbr htgknbþk cgd pñedbn` `eagtbv`.
Yr`ygnt`r y gnrhk ` phkthddh.
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 ^g rgn`jbgkch gd sboubgktg n`ktgkbc` jêkbj` phrh dhs nhphnbthnb`kgs1 • • • •
•
Dbkghjbgkt`s ogkgrhdgs cg dh ogstbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. °Xuâ gs gd Gstucb` cg Nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s y phrh quâ sbrvg0. Jgt`c`d`oêh phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd GN-U^J. °Nþj` sgrè gd trht` h d`s/dhs phrtbnbphktgs cgd GN-U^J0 (sg suobgrg cbkèjbnh cg augo` cg r`dgs).
Hspgnt`s cg shduc y sgourbchc `nuphnb`khd. Hsbjbsj`, gk gd Hkgx` 8 sg prgsgkthk d`s dbkghjbgkt`s cg nhphnbthnbþk h sgksbebdbzhc`rgs.
86
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Yr`vbsbþk cg bksuj`s1
^g cgegk utbdbzhr jhtgrbhdgs cg n`jukbnhnbþk qug hyucgk h rgn`rchr h d`s/dhs phrtbnbphktgs dh bjp`rthknbh cgd GN-U^J. Gk gd nhs` cg dh n`jukbnhnbþk f`rjhd sg gjbtg uk `nb` ` ukh nhrth cg bkvbthnbþk h d`s/ dhs phrtbnbphktgs (ogkgrhc`rgs/ hs) phrh n`jukbnhr qug dh jukbnbphdbchc rghdbzhrè gd GNU^J.
Gk gd Hkgx` 5 sg prgsgkth gd j`cgd` cg c`nujgkt` cg bkvbthnbþk phrh phrtbnbphr cgd GN-U^J.
Y`r `tr` dhc`, d`s jhtgrbhdgs cg cbfusbþk pugcgk sgr1 cêptbn`s, trêptbn`s, stbnlgr cg bcgktbfbnhnbþk cg prgcb`s, gktrg `tr`s< d`s nuhdgs cgegk rgfdgahr dhs nhrhntgrêstbnhs d`nhdgs gk nugkth dh bcgktbfbnhnbþk pñedbn`y `eagtbv` t`jhkc` (mhnbh qubgk sgrè cbrbobc`, gd dgkouhag cgd n`tbcbhk` n`d`qubhd cg dhs dhs pgrs`khs) y gvbthkc` ushr tgnkbnbsj`s. tgnkbnbsj`s. Hsbjbsj`, sg cgegrè n`ksbcgrhr uk c`nujgkt` cg bcgktbfbnhnbþk phrh d`s/hs pr`j`t`rgs/hs hjebgkthdgs y h d`s/hs `pgrhrb`s/hs cg rgn`dgnnbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, d`s nuhdgs pugcgk sgr1 f`t`nmgnls, nhrth cg prgsgkthnbþk u `tr` c`nujgkt` cg hnrgcbthnbþk cg dh jukbnbphdbchc. D D@ @O O@ @
C C GG
D DH H
J W K BB N N BB Y H D D BB C C H HC C J WK YH
G^SWCB@ CG NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^ CG DH NBWCHC CG PPPPPPPPPPP K`jergs y Hpgddbc`s PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP CKB1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Vbogknbh1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
J`cgd` cg bcgktbnhnbþk cg pgrs`khd cg nhjp` phrh gd gstucb`.
Gk gd Hkgx` > y 3 sg prgsgkth gd j`cgd` rgfgrgknbhd cg jhtgrbhd cg sgksbebdbzhnbþk h dh p`edhnbþk phrh dh phrtbnbphnbþk gk gd GN-U^J.
8?
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Cbsgø` y gdhe`rhnbþk cg rgobstr`s1
D`s rgobstr`s vbgkgk h sgr t`c`s d`s c`nujgkt`s y jgcb`s qug gvbcgknbhk ukh hnnbþk, d`s
Dh n`cbnhnbþk phrh d`s ogkgrhc`rgs cgegrè bcgktbnhr gd kñjgr` cg dh ukbchc jugstrhd, dh z`kh y gd tbp` cg ukbchc prgcbhd.
nuhdgs sgrèkcgd hkhdbzhc`s phrhcgd dh gdhe`rhnbþk bkf`rjg khd GN-U^J. Y`r gagjpd`1 phcr`kgs cg phrtbnbphnbþk, nmhs cg nhjp`, f`rjht`s qug sg utbdbzhk phrh dh t`jh cg cht`s, gktrg `tr`s. Wk tbp` cg rgobstr` qug k` gs fêsbn`, pgr` qug cgeg cbsgøhrsg n`k dh cgebch hktbnbphnbþk gs dh n`cbnhnbþk cg d`s ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s, k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs, yh qug gstg nþcbo` cgeg j`strhr gd kñjgr` cg dh ukbchc jugstrhd, dh z`kh h dh qug pgrtgkgng y gd tbp` cg ukbchc prgcbhd (vbvbgkch, pñedbnhs y prbvhchs, n`jgrnb`, sgrvbnb`s, gktrgbkstbtunb`kgs `tr`s). Jhtgrbhdgs y gqubp`s phrh gd gstucb`1
D`s jhtgrbhdgs y gqubp`s utbdbzhc`s sg cgthddhk gk gd sboubgktg nuhcr`1 Jhtgrbhd ` gqubp`
Gk nhs` sg nugktg n`k cbfgrgktgs z`khs ` ndhsgs cg ogkgrhc`rgs, sg pugcg `pthr p`r trhehahr n`k e`dshs cg cbfgrgktgs n`d`rgs ` thjhø`s.
Fbkhdbchc
Hdjhngkhjbgkt` cg rgsbcu`s gk d`s prgcb`s phrtbnbphktgs.
Gspgnbnhnb`kgs
Nhphnbchc cgscg 39 d Gspgs`r cgscg 79 ·j
E`dshs
Jugstrh phrh hkèdbsbs cg mujgchc.
E`dsh mgrjâtbnh cg nhphnbchc cg 5 lo
Bjèogkgs Ugfgrgknbhdgs
8=
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Jhtgrbhd ` gqubp`
Fbkhdbchc
Ehdhkzh cbobthd
Ygshag cg dhs jugstrhs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
Ugobstr` cg pgs` mhsth 899 lo y kbvgd cg prgnbsbþk 9,79 o.
Gstbjhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
Jgthd ` pdèstbn` cg jgcbchs ukbf`rjgs (n`k ukh nhphnbchc hpr`xbjhch cg 599 d)
Nbdbkcr`s
Jhkth phrh sgorgohnbþk
_bknmh
Nhah mgrjâtbnh (n``dgr ` nhah cg tgnk`p`r
^gorgohnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s y pr`tgnnbþk cgd pbs` curhktg dh rghdbzhnbþk cgd GN-U^J.
Gstbjhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
Srhsdhc` y n`ksgrvhnbþk cg dhs jugstrhs phrh dh cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh mujgchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
Gspgnbnhnb`-
kgs
Bjèogkgs Ugfgrgknbhdgs
Gd us` cg dh jhkth phrh sgorgohnbþk hsgourh qug dhs jugstrhs cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` sg n`kthjbkgk n`k tbgrrh (gk nhs` gd pbs` sgh cg sugd` khturhd) u `tr`s jhtgrbhdgs hagk`s.
Cg p`dbgtbdgk`, gspgs`r gktrg 5 ·j y 5,7 ·j
D`kobtuc jêkbjh cg >j
Cbjgksb`kgs jêkbjhs cg 9,57 j (hknm`), 9,>7 j (dhro`) y 9,57 j (hdturh)
^g rgn`jbgkch qug gd tbp` cg nhah mgrjâtbnh nujpdh n`k t`chs dh gspgnbnhnb`kgs chchs p`r gd dhe`rht`rb` qug rghdbzhrè gd hkèdbsbs cg mujgchc.
82
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Jhtgrbhd ` gqubp`
Gktrg d`s ñtbdgs cg gsnrbt`rb` sg cgegk n`ksbcgrhr1 pduj`kgs bkcgdgedgs, dhpbngr`s, pduj`kgs phrh pbzhrrh hnrêdbnh, tbagrhs, nbkth hcmgsbvh, gkorhphc`rh, thedgr`s, gktrg `tr`s.
Gktrg dhs mgrrhjbgkths y jhtgrbhdgs cg dbjpbgzh sg tbgkgk1 Gsn`ehs, rgn`ogc`rgs, dhjphs, cgtgrogktg, dgaêh, gktrg `tr`s.
Ñtbdgs cg gsnrbt`rb`
Mgrrhjbgkths y jhtgrbhdgs phrh dh dbjpbgzh
Ñtbdgs cg hsg` pgrs`khd y e`tbquêk
Fbkhdbchc
N`kthr n`k bjpdgjgkt`s phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd gstucb` gk nhjp`.
Dbjpbgzh cgd gsphnb` qug sg mh utbdbzhc` phrh gd gstucb` cg dhs jugstrhs cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
Dbjpbgzh y nubchc` cgd pgrs`khd cg nhjp`.
Bjèogkgs Ugfgrgknbhdgs
59
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Jhtgrbhd ` gqubp`
Fbkhdbchc
N`jputhc`rh
Nèdnud` cg d`s phrèjgtr`s y gdhe`rhnbþk cgd c`nujgkt` cgd GN-U^J.
Nèjhrh f`t`orènh
Ugobstr` f`t`orèn` cg t`chs dhs gthphs cgd cgshrr`dd` cgd GN-U^J.
Bjèogkgs Ugfgrgknbhdgs
Gqubp`s cg pr`tgnnbþk pgrs`khd g bkcujgkthrbh1
D`s gqubp`s cg pr`tgnnbþk pgrs`khd qug sg rgqugrbrèk jêkbjhjgktg s`k d`s sboubgktgs1 Jhtgrbhd ` gqubp`
Gspgnbnhnb`kgs
Jhsnhrbddhs
N`k ehkchs gdèstbnhs prggstbrhedgs, hausthedg h dh khrbz y n`k dtr` qug pr`tgah cg phrtênudhs, ehntgrbhs y vhp`rgs `roèkbn`s.
Bjèogkgs Ugfgrgknbhdgs
58
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Jhtgrbhd ` gqubp`
Ouhktgs
Jhkcbdgs
Gspgnbnhnb`kgs
Edhkc`s, cg kbtrbd` y kg`prgk`.
Jhtgrbhd cg pdèstbn` tbp` YVN qug nuerh mhsth r`cbddh.cgeha` cg dh
Gd ukbf`rjg h ushr p`r gd pgrs`khd cgegrè tgkgr gk nugkth dhs n`kcbnb`kgs og`orènhs y ndbjètbnhs cg
Wkbf`rjg
Jhtgrbhd trhkspbrhedg sgoñk dhs jgcbchs hktr`p`jâtrbnhs cg d`s/hs `pgrhrb`s/hs.
O`rrh
Xug nuerh gd nhegdd` y gd jhtgrbhd cgeg sgr sgoñk dhs n`kcbnb`kgs ndbjht`dþobnhs cg dh rgobþk.
nhch rgobþk.
Bjèogkgs Ugfgrgknbhdgs
55
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Jhtgrbhd ` gqubp`
Gspgnbnhnb`kgs
Nhdzhc`
E`ths cg agegn`k hdth, dbvbhkhs, c`edg f`rr`, bktgrb`r hktbm`ko`s y sugdh hktbcgsdbzhktg.
Dgktgs cg sgourbchc
Bjèogkgs Ugfgrgknbhdgs
Srhksphrgktgs, hktbrhddhcurh, hktbgjphøhktg.
C. Bcgktbnhnbþk cg jugstrhs p`r fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk
D`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs pugcgk sgr ndhsbnhc`s p`r tbp`s cg ogkgrhc`rgs, nuy`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s pr`vbgkgk cg cbstbkths fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk,, dhs ogkgrhnbþk nuhdgs sg cbvbcgk gk ndhsgs.
Cg hnugrc` h dh k`rjhtbvh vbogktg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs pugcgk sgr ndhsbfbnhc`s p`r tbp`s cg ogkgrhc`rgs, cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1 Ugsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s, qug n`jprgkcgk gspgnênhjgktg n`j` fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk h dhs vbvbgkchs, gktgkcbâkc`sg n`j` thdgs h nuhdqubgrh cg d`s prgcb`s n`k gd us` gspgnên` —nhsh mhebthnbþk‚< mhebthnbþk‚< d`s nuhdgs sg pugcgk ndhsbnhr p`r gd kbvgd s`nb`gn`kþjbn` (hdt`, jgcb` y eha`). Ugsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s, qug n`jprgkcgk ukh hjpdbh vhrbgchc cg hntbvbchcgs gn`kþjbnhs g bkstbtunb`khdgs1 gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs, rgsthurhktgs, m`tgdgs, jgrnhc`s, bkstbtunb`kgs pñedbnhs y prbvhchs, bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs y gd sgrvbnb` cg ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s. Cbnmhs fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk sg pugcgk ndhsbnhr n`j` sg cgthddh h n`ktbkuhnbþk1
Dh cgkbnbþk cg d`s ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s, sg cgegrè tgkgr gk nugkth d` cbspugst` gk gd hrtênud` >3 cgd Ugodhjgkt` cg dh Dgy cg Ogstbþk Bktgorhd cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s y n`kf`rjg h dhs cbsp`sbnb`kgs cg dh hut`rbchc n`jpgtgktg.
5>
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Fugktgs cg Ogkgrhnbþk
Ndhsgs
^uendhsgs
E`cgohs, fgrrgtgrêhs, phkhcgrêhs, dbergrêhs, Gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs
M`tgdgs
ehzhrgs, nhebkhs cg bktgrkgt, d`nut`rb`s, fhrjhnbhs y e`tbnhs, shd`kgs cg egddgzh, pgduqugrêhs, ngktr`s cg gktrgtgkbjbgkt` (nbkgs, cbsn`tgnhs, nhsbk`s, gktrg `tr`s).
M`sthd, m`tgd y m`spgchag. Gk nhs` hñk sg gvbcgknbgk cbfgrgknbhs sbokbnhtbvhs
Jgrnhc`s
Jhy`rbsths y jbk`rbsths.
Bkstbtunb`kgs pñedbnhs y prbvhchs
Gktbchcgs pñedbnhs y prbvhchs, bodgsbhs, ehkn`s y `nbkhs hcjbkbstrhtbvhs.
Bkstbtunb`kgs
N`dgob`s, ukbvgrsbchcgs,
Gcunhtbvhs
bkstbtut`s y hnhcgjbhs.
Ugsthurhktgs
Ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh pñedbn`s
Nmbfhs, ngvbnmgrêhs, pbnhktgrêhs, gsthedgnbjbgkt`s cg n`jbch rèpbch y ehrgs.
^grvbnb` cg ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s cg nhddgs ycgsgrvbnb` cg jhktgkbjbgkt` èrghs vgrcgs.
gk dhs ndhsgs cgtgrjbkhchs, gsths sg p`crèk suecbvbcbr phrh rghdbzhr pr`ygnnb`kgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg jhkgrh jès n`ksbstgktg. Y`r gagjpd` dhs ndhsgs —N`dgob`s‚ ` —Wkbvgrsbchcgs‚ qug sg pugcgk cbvbcbr p`r gd kñjgr` cg hdujk`s (n`k 599 ` jès hdujk`s y n`k jgk`s cg 599 hdujk`s).
53
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Ugsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs gspgnbhdgs, qug n`jprgkcgk h hqugdd`s rgsbcu`s qug sbgkc` ogkgrhc`s gk èrghs urehkhs, p`r su v`dujgk ` nhrhntgrêstbnhs, rgqubgrgk
cg uk jhkga` phrtbnudhr, cg thdgs n`j` rgsbcu`s cg dhe`rht`rb`s gkshy`s hjebgkthdgs y sbjbdhrgs, duerbngktr`s, ngktr`s vgtgrbkhrb`s, ngktr`s n`jgrnbhdgs, gvgkt`s jhsbv`s n`j` n`knbgrt`s, n`kngktrhnb n`kngktrhnb`kgs `kgs y j`vbdbz j`vbdbzhnbþk hnbþk tgjp`rhd mujhkh, fgrbhs, rgsbcu`s cg cgj`dbnbþk ` rgj`cgdhnbþk cg gcbfbnhnb`kgs cg `erhs jgk`rgs k` n`jprgkcbc`s cgktr` cg dhs n`jpgtgknbhs cgd ^gnt`r Vbvbgkch y N`kstrunnbþk gktrg `tr`s, shdv` d`s qug gstèk cgktr` cgd èjebt` cg n`jpgtgknbhs sgnt`rbhdgs. sgnt`rbhdgs.
Gk gd nhs` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sbjbdhrgs h d`s jukbnbphdgs, qugchk gxngptuhc`s d`s rgsbcu`s pgdbor`s`s.
Gd nèdnud` y cbstrbeunbþk cg dhs jugstrhs kgngshrbhs phrh rghdbzhr gd GN-U^J, sgoñk d`s tbp`s cg ogkgrhc`rgs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cgegrè hkhdbzhrsg bkcgpgkcbgktgjgktg, cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1 h. Bcgktbnhnbþk cg ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s1 h.8 Shjhø` cg jugstrh
Yhrh gstg tbp` cg gstucb`s gxbstgk cbvgrs`s jât`c`s gsthcêstbn`s phrh cgtgrjbkhr uk kñjgr` jêkbj` cg jugstrhs d`s nuhdgs sg ehshk prbknbphdjgktg gk gd thjhø` cg dh p`edhnbþk, dh vhrbhebdbchc qug prgsgkth y dhs cbst`rsb`kgs qug sg pugcgk chr gk gd jugstrg`. Gk gd prgsgktg gstucb` sg cgtgrjbkhrè gd thjhø` jugstrhd tgkbgkc` n`j` ehsg qug dh p`edhnbþk tbgkg ukh cbstrbeunbþk k`rjhd. Gk dh hpdbnhnbþk cg ouêhs hktgrb`rgs sg mhk gvbcgknbhc` cbnudthcgshd j`jgkt`cghpdbnhr fþrjudhscg cgtgrjbkhnbþk cgd thjhø` jugstrhd. Y`r gdd` gk dh prgsgktg ouêh y n`k kgs prèntbn`s sg prgsgkthk d`s rhko`s cg thjhø` cg jugstrhs qug dhs jukbnbphdbchcgs cgegk n`ksbcgrhr cg hnugrc` h dh nhktbchc cg vbvbgkchs gk nhch cbstrbt`, cg j`c` qug k` sg ogkgrgk n`ktr`vgrsbhs. Nheg sgøhdhr qug gk gd Hkgx` 7 sg prgsgkth dh jgt`c`d`oêh rghdbzhch phrh cgtgrjbkhr d`s rhko`s cg thjhø` cg jugstrhs.
Yhrh gd gstucb` cg ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s sg cgtgrjbkhrè gd thjhø` jugstrhd tgkbgkc` n`j` ehsg qug dh p`edhnbþk tbgkg ukh cbstrbeunbþk k`rjhd.
57
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Uhko`s cg Shjhø` cg Jugstrhs
Yhrh p`cgr uebnhrsg cgktr` cg hdouk` cg gst`s rhko`s, gd/ dh rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` cgegrè n`ksbcgrhr dh bkf`rjhnbþk `nbhd cg p`edhnbþk cgd Bkstbtut` Khnb`khd cg Gsthcêstbnh g Bkf`rjètbnh (BKGB).
Uhko` cg vbvbgkchs (K)
Shjhø` cg Jugstrh (k)
Jugstrhs cg n`ktbkogknbh (59% cg k)
S`thd cg jugstrhs c`jbnbdbhrbhs
Mhsth 799 vbvbgkchs
37
2
73
Jès cg 799 y mhsth 8999 vbvbgkchs
?8
83
=7
Jès cg 8999 y mhsth 7999 vbvbgkchs
23
82
88>
Jès cg 7999 y mhsth 89999 vbvbgkchs
27
82
883
Jès cg 89999 vbvbgkchs
26
82
887
h.5 @rohkbzhnbþk cgd cbstrbt` p`r z`khs cg gstucb`
Sgkgr gk nugkth qug gdgvhr bkkgngshrbhjgktg gd kñjgr` cg z`khs k` hp`rth h jga`rhr dh rgprgsgkthtbvbchc cg dhs jugstrhs y pugcg ogkgrhr n`jpdbnhnb`kgs.
Gk hdouk`s nhs`s gs n`kvgkbgktg `rohkbzhr gd cbstrbt`, cbfgrgknbhkc` z`khs cg hnugrc` h n`kcbnb`kgs phrtbnudhrgs. Gk gd phês, s`erg t`c` gk nbuchcgs n`k ukh hdth cgksbchc p`edhnb`khd, junmhs vgngs gxbstgk cgktr` cgd jbsj` cbstrbt` cbfgrgktgs kbvgdgs s`nb` - gn`kþjbn`s qug pugcgk tgkgr nhrhntgrêstbnhs vhrbhedgs gk nuhkt` h phrèjgtr`s n`j` dh ogkgrhnbþk ` n`jp`sbnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s y qug p`r d` thkt` cgegk sgr gstucbhc`s cg jhkgrh cbfgrgknbhch. Dh prgsgktg ouêh pr`p`kg kbvgdgs cg z`kbnhnbþk cgd cbstrbt`, gsth z`kbnhnbþk cgegk rghdbzhrsg s`d` nuhkc` sg gvbcgknbgk n`kcbnb`kgs phrtbnudhrgs qug pucbgrhk cbst`rsb`khr dh pr`ygnnbþk cg d`s cht`s y cgegk gsthr hn`jphøhchs cg dh bkf`rjhnbþk kgngshrbh phrh cgkbr hcgnuhchjgktg nhch z`kh. Gs cg rgshdthr qug, gdgvhr bkkgngshrbhjgktg gd kñjgr` cg z`khs k` hp`rth h jga`rhr dh rgprgsgkthtbvbchc cg dhs jugstrhs y ogkgrh n`jpdbnhnb`kgs hd j`jgkt` cg rghdbzhr d`s gstucb`s.
56
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Dh bkf`rjhnbþk kgngshrbh phrh rghdbzhr ukh z`kbnhnbþk cgeg gsthr rgfgrbch prgfgrgktgjgktg h d`s kbvgdgs s`nb`gn`kþjbn`s prgc`jbkhktgs gk nhch uk` cg dhs z`khs. Kbvgdgs cg Q`kbnhnbþk cg uk Cbstrbt` cg Hnugrc` h d`s Uhko`s
cg Vbvbgkchs
Uhko` cg vbvbgkchs (K)
Q`kbnhnbþk
Mhsth 8,999 vbvbgkchs
K` Hpdbnh
Jès cg 8,999 y mhsth 89,999 vbvbgkchs
Mhsth 95 z`khs
Jès cg 89,999 vbvbgkchs
Mhsth 9> z`khs
Dh bkf`rjhnbþk phrh rghdbzhr ukh z`kbnhnbþk sg pugcg gkn`ktrh gkn`ktrhrr gk d`s Ydhkgs cg Cgshrr`dd` Wrehk` cg dh jukbnbphdbchc u `trh fugktg qug jhkgag dh jukbnbphdbchc.
Yhrh p`cgr hpdbnhr ukh z`kbnhnbþk sg cgeg n`kthr n`k gd kñjgr` t`thd cg vbvbgkchs gk nhch z`kh y cbstrbeubr dh jugstrh cg hnugrc` h dh rgprgsgkthtbvbchc cg nhch uk`.
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 H n`ktbkuhnbþk sg prgsgkth uk gagjpd` cg nþj` p`crêh jhkgahrsg dh z`kbnhnbþk1 ^g t`jhrè uk cbstrbt` n`k 87,653 vbvbgkchs1 Cg hnugrc` h d`s Uhko`s cg thjhø` cg jugstrhs jugst rhs h gstg cbstrbt` dg n`rrgsp`kcg ukh jugstrh cg 882 vbvbgkchs. Hsbjbsj`, cg hnugrc` h d`s kbvgdgs cg z`kbnhnbþk cg hnugrc` h d`s rhko`s cg vbvbgkchs h gstg cbstrbt` dg n`rrgsp`kcg uk jèxbj` cg > z`khs. Fbkhdjgktg, n`kf`rjg h dh bkf`rjhnbþk cgd Ydhk cg Cgshrr`dd` Wrehk` Jukbnbphd dh nhktbchc cg vbvbgkchs gk nhch kbvgd s`nb` gn`kþjbn` gs dh sboubgktg1
5?
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Kbvgd s`nb`
Ugprgsgkthtbvbchc
Nèdnud`
gn`kþjbn`
S`thd cg jugstrhs p`r z`kh
H
>763 (h)
5=
E
=?8> (e)
6?
N
>>3? (n)
57
S`thd
87653 (t)
899%
859
N`k gst`s p`rngkthags cg rgprgsgkthtbvbchc sg cgeg nhdnudhr gd kñjgr` t`thd cg jugstrhs (cg dhs 882 n`rrgsp`kcbgktgs) h t`jhr gk nhch ukh cg gsths z`khs, cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1
Kbvgd s`nb` gn`kþjbn`
Ugprgsgkthtbvbchc
Nèdnud`
S`thd cg jugstrhs p`r z`kh
H
5>%
882ß5>%:5?
5=
E
76%
882ß76%:66
6?
58%
882ß58%:57
57
899%
899%
859
N
S`thd
Dh cbstrbeunbþk cg dhs jugstrhs sg cgeg rghdbzhr trhthkc` cg jhktgkgr gd jhy`r kbvgd p`sbedg cg hdght`rbgchc.
^b sg `etbgkgk nbfrhs cgnbjhdgs sg cgeg hpr`xbjhr dh nbfrh hd gktgr` bkjgcbht` supgrb`r, p`r gagjpd` gk gstg nhs` 882ß76% : 66.73 : 6? vbvbgkchs. Gsth `pgrhnbþk gk hdouk`s nhs`s pugcg bknrgjgkthr dbogrhjgktg gd t`thd cg jugstrhs.
h.> Cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jugstrh
Wkh vgz cgkbc`s gd t`thd cg vbvbgkchs y gd kñjgr` cg z`khs n`k gd qug sg vh h trhehahr, sg cgegk cbstrbeubr trhthkc` cg jhktgkgr gd jhy`r kbvgd p`sbedg cg hdght`rbgchc, gs cgnbr qug t`chs dhs vbvbgkchs tgkohk dh jbsjh pr`ehebdbchc cg phrtbnbphr gk gd gstucb`.
5=
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Yhrh nujpdbr n`k gstg k gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` cgegrè s`dbnbthr bkf`rjhnbþk nhthstrhd cgd cbstrbt` (jhph cg dêjbtgs cbstrbthdgs qug bknduyh dhs vbvbgkchs). ^`erg gstg jhph sg cgegk cgdbjbthr y cgsnhrthr z`khs bkcustrbhdgs `hdght`rbh, cg hdthdhs cgksbchc n`jgrnbhd, hsbokhr, vbvbgkchs h gvhduhr.phrh Gk gd dugo` nhs` cg rghdbzhrcg ukjhkgrh gstucb` n`k c`s ` jès z`khs, gst`s cgegrèk sgr cgdbjbthc`s gk gd jhph n`rrgsp`kcbgktg. Cg n`kthr n`k bkf`rjhnbþk cgd sgrvbnb` cg dbjpbgzh pñedbnh, gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` p`crè hn`thr dhs urehkbzhnb`kgs gxbstgktgs y rghdbzhr dh cbstrbeunbþk cg dhs jugstrhs pr`p`rnb`khdjgktg gk nhch uk` cg gst`s, cg jhkgrh hdght`rbh. H n`ktbkuhnbþk, sg prgsgkth uk gagjpd` cg cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jugstrh c`jbnbdbhrbh qug pugcg sgrvbr cg rgfgrgknbh phrh `tr`s gstucb`s1 ° N•ÞYhrh J @ rghdbzhr M H N ukh G U Dn`rrgnth @0 cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jugstrh,
H n`ktbkuhnbþk, sg prgsgkth uk gagjpd` cg cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jugstrh p`cgj`s t`jhr rgfgrgknbh uk jhph nhthstrhd c`jbnbdbhrbh qug pugcg sgrvbrn`j` cg rgfgrgknbh phrh `tr`s gstucb`s1
cgd cbstrbt` n`j` gd sboubgktg1
•
Yhrh rghdbzhr ukh n`rrgnth cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jugstrh, p`cgj`s t`jhr n`j` rgfgrgknbh uk jhph nhthstrhd cgd cbstrbt` n`j` gd sboubgktg1
Cgktr` cg gstg jhph bcgktbnhrgj`s prbjgr` dhs z`khs qug k` sgrèk phrtg cgd gstucb` c`jbnbdbhrb` n`j` dhs cg z`khs bkcustrbhdgs ` cg hdth cgksbchc n`jgrnbhd< Cgktr` gstg jhph bcgktbnhrgj`s prbjgr` dhs z`khs qug k` dugo` sg trhzhrhk dhs cbstbkths z`khs, gs cg mhngr sgrèk phrtg cgd gstucb` c`jbnbdbhrb` n`j` dhs z`khs bkcustrbhdgs `k`thr cgksbchc qug gk hdouk`s ukh z`kh dhs k` cbstbkths sg cgkg gk uk cg hdth n`jgrnbhd z`khs (H, E y N) cg hnugrc` hd kbvgd s`nb` „ gn`kþjbn` qug bjpgrh gk d`s jbsj`s. ^g pugcg `esgrvhr qug dh z`kh —N‚ sg gknugktrh gk c`s ed`qugs sgphrhc`s n`j` sg cgsnrbebþ hktgrb`rjgktg.
•
Fbkhdjgktg, sg cgegk cbstrbeubr hdght`rbhjgktg dhs jugstrhs cg hnugrc` h dh rgprgsgkthtbvbchc cg nhch z`kh. Yhrh gstg k sg pugcg cgkbr uk hdo`rbtj` sgknbdd`, n`j` hsbokhr h nhch nhddg ` hvgkbch uk kñjgr` y hpdbnhr gk uk dber` cg Gxngd dh fþrjudh —:HDGHS@UB@. GKSUG‚ phrh sgdgnnb`khrdh y v`dvgrdh h utbdbzhr cg hnugrc` hd kñjgr` cg vbvbgkchs phrh mhddhr nhch ukbchc jugstrhd. Dh z`kh —N‚ cgd jhph p`crêh qugchr cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1
•
Nhch uk` cg d`s pukt`s r`a`s rgprgsgkth ukh ukbchc jugstrhd (vbvbgkch) qug sgrè phrtg cgd gstucb`.
>9
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
e. Bcgktbnhnbþk cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s1
Gk gd nhs` cg d`s ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s gd hkèdbsbs phrh thjhø` cgtgrjbkhr cg dh jugstrh gdy su cbstrbeunbþk gs jès n`jpdga`. Gsth sbtuhnbþk sg gxpdbnh p`r dh jhy`r vhrbhebdbchc gk d`s ogkgrhc`rgs thkt` gk dhs ndhsgs (e`cgohs, fhrjhnbhs, fgrrgtgrêhs, jgrnhc`s, gtn.) n`j` gk gd thjhø` (ukh e`cgoh pugcg sgr juy pgqugøh bkndus` jgk`s cg 89 j5, pugcg sgr jgcbhkh cg >9 ` 79 j5, ` pugcg sgr uk jbkb jhrlgt 5 cg jès cg 899 ). Gsthcgvhrbhebdbchc n`kddgvh qug gd/dh rgsp`kshedg cgd j gqubp` nhjp` t`jg cgnbsb`kgs gk fuknbþk cg dhs sbtuhnb`kgs gspgnênhs gk nhch èrgh cg gstucb`.
Dh prgsgktg ouêh k` eusnh j`strhr dhs cbvgrshs sbtuhnb`kgs qug pugcgk prgsgkthrsg gk gstg tbp` cg ogkgrhc`rgs, sbk gjehro`, `frgng dbkghjbgkt`s ogkgrhdgs qug `rbgkth hd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` h t`jhr dh cgnbsbþk n`rrgnth ` dh jès hpr`pbhch. Yrgvb` h dh cgtgrjbkhnbþk cgd thjhø` cg jugstrh, sg cgeg n`k`ngr dh ndhsbnhnbþk y t`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s. Gst`s ogkgrhc`rgs cgegk bcgktbnhrsg h phrtbr cg dh bkf`rjhnbþk pr`p`rnb`khch p`r dh @nbkh cg N`jgrnbhdbzhnbþk y/` Nhthstr` y/` Cgshrr`dd` Wrehk` ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs. Nheg prgnbshr qug, nhch jukbnbphdbchc jhkgah ukh ndhsbnhnbþk pr`pbh cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s, dh nuhd phrh gfgnt`s cg dh hpdbnhnbþk cg gsth ouêh, cgegk bkndubrsg gk nuhdqubgrh cg dhs ndhsgs jgknb`khchs gk dh pèobkh 5> cg dh prgsgktg ouêh. Gk nhs` sg bcgktbqug `tr` ogkgrhc`r k` c`jbnbdbhrb`, gstg cgegrè bkndubrsg cgktr` cg hdoukh cg dhs ndhsgs cgkbchs prgvbhjgktg.
Yhrh dh bcgktbnhnbþk cg d`s ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s, sg rgn`jbgkch qug dhs jukbnbphdbchcgs n`ksbcgrgk y gsthedgznhk hpr`pbhchjgktg d`s êkcbngs cg us`, n`kf`rjg h d` sgøhdhc` gk dh Ndhsbnhnbþk Bkcustrbhd Bktgrkhnb`khd Wkbf`rjg cg t`chs dhs hntbvbchcgs gn`kþjbnhss (NBWW gn`kþjbnh Ugvbsbþk 3 cg dh Cbrgnnbþk Khnb`khd cg Nugkths Khnb`khdgs cgd Bkstbtut` Khnb`khd cg Gsthcêstbnh g Bkf`rjètbnh (BKGB)).
>8
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 H n`ktbkuhnbþk sg erbkch uk gagjpd` cg dh ndhsbnhnbþk cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s1
Sbp` cg ogkgrhc`r
K` C`jbnbdbhrb`
Fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Nhktbchc cg fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk
Gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs
39
Ugsthurhktgs
59
M`tgdgs
89
Bkstbtunb`kgs Yñedbnhs y Yrbvhchs
59
Bkstbtunb`kgs Gcunhtbvhs
39
Ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s
59
Jgrnhc`
7
S@SHD
D`s gstucb`s cg ogkgrhc`rgs cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs g bkstbtunb`kgs prgsgkthk kbvgdgs junm` jhy`rgs cg vhrbhebdbchc qug d`s gstucb`s cg ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s.
877
e.8 Shjhø` cg jugstrh cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s e.8 n`jgrnbhdgs g bkstbtunb`kgs
Gxbstgk cbvgrs`s jât`c`s gsthcêstbn`s phrh cgtgrjbkhr uk kñjgr` jêkbj` cg jugstrhs phrh gstg tbp` cg gstucb`s, d`s jbsj`s qug sg ehshk prbknbphdjgktg gk gd thjhø` cg dh p`edhnbþk, dh vhrbhebdbchc qug prgsgkth y dhs cbst`rsb`kgs qug sg pugcgk chr gk gd jugstrg`. H cbfgrgknbh cgd gstucb` cg ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s, gst`s ogkgrhc`rgs prgsgkthk kbvgdgs junm` jhy`rgs cg vhrbhebdbchc, d`s nuhdgs s`k phrtbnudhrgs h nhch d`nhdbchc. ^b gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` nugkth n`k vhd`rgs
>5
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
gstucbhc`s cg cgsvbhnbþk y ogkgrhnbþk pr`jgcb` hktgrb`rgs hd gstucb` pugcg `pthr p`r hpdbnhr dhs fþrjudhs cgshrr`ddhchs gk gd Hkgx` 7, h nhch fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk k` c`jbnbdbhrb`. Gsth n`ksbcgrhnbþk gs ñtbd s`d` gk èjebt`s c`kcg sg nugkth n`k uk kñjgr` juy gdgvhc` cg n`jgrnb`s, hsbjbsj`, hkgx` pr`p`kg hdouk`s vhd`rgs `etgkbc`s cg gstucb`scbnm` hktgrb`rgs. Gs rgn`jgkchedg qug gk èjebt`s c`kcg dh nhktbchc t`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s k` sgh jhy`r h 79, sg cgshrr`ddg uk ngks` (t`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s) qug hsgourg n`kthr n`k t`ch dh bkf`rjhnbþk cbsp`kbedg y gdbjbkg dhs cbst`rsb`kgs ogkgrhchs p`r gd nrbtgrb` cgd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp`. Gk dh prgsgktg ouêh y n`k kgs prèntbn`s sg prgsgkthk d`s rhko`s cg thjhø` cg jugstrhs, qug dhs jukbnbphdbchcgs cgegk n`ksbcgrhr cg hnugrc` h dh nhktbchc cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s gk nhch èjebt`, cg j`c` qug k` sg ogkgrgk n`ktr`vgrsbhs. Uhko`s cg Shjhø` cg Jugstrh p`r Ogkgrhc`rgs k` C`jbnbdbhrb`s Uhko` cg t`thd cg fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s gk gd cbstrbt`(K)
Shjhø` cg Jugstrh (k)
Jugstrhs cg n`ktbkogknbh
S`thd cg jugstrhs k` c`jbnbdbhrbhs
Jgk`r h 79 ogkgrhc`rgs
k 4 79
9
Gs bouhd h k
Jès cg 79 y mhsth 899
79
89
69
Jès cg 899 y mhsth 579
?9
83
=3
Jès cg 579 y mhsth 799
=8
86
2?
Jès cg 799 y mhsth 8999
==
8=
896
Jès cg 8999
==
55
889
^b gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` nugkth n`k vhd`rgs gstucbhc`s cg cgsvbhnbþk y ogkgrhnbþk pr`jgcb` hktgrb`rgs hd gstucb` pugcg `pthr p`r hpdbnhr dhs fþrjudhs cgshrr`ddhchs gk gd Hkgx` 7 cg dh prgsgktg ouêh.
>>
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Gk gd Hkgx` 7 sg prgsgkth dh jgt`c`d`oêh rghdbzhch phrh cgtgrjbkhr gd rhko` cg thjhø` cg jugstrhs, dhs nuhdgs s`d` n`ksbcgrhk h dhs fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk1 —Gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs‚, —Ugsthurhktgs‚, —M`tgdgs‚ g —Bkstbtunb`kgs Yuedbnhs y Yrbvhchs‚< yh qug d`s jgrnhc`s, dhs bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs y gd sgrvbnb` cg ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzhs gsphnb`s pñedbn`s tbgkgk cbkèjbnhs phrtbnudhrgs qugcgcgegk sgr trhthch cg f`rjh cbfgrgknbhch. Yhrh p`cgr uebnhrsg cgktr` cg hdouk` cg gst`s rhko`s, gd/dh rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` cgegrè n`ksbcgrhr dh bkf`rjhnbþk pr`p`rnb`khch p`r dh @nbkh cg N`jgrnbhdbzhnbþk y/` Nhthstr` y/` Cgshrr`dd` Wrehk` ` qubgk mhoh sus vgngs.
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 Y`r gagjpd`1 ^b n`j` rgsudthc` cgd ngks`, sg `etuv` uk t`thd cg >9 ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s, d`s cht`s h n`ksbcgrhr n`kf`rjg h d` sgøhdhc` gk dh Shedh Uhko` cg thjhø` cg jugstrh sgrèk d`s sboubgktgs1 • •
Dh jugstrh cg n`ktbkogknbh sgrè —9‚, y, Gd kñjgr` t`thd cg jugstrhs k` c`jbnbdbhrbhs sgrè —>9‚, qug n`rrgsp`kcg hd kñjgr` t`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs.
e.5 Cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jugstrh cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s e.8 n`jgrnbhdgs g bkstbtunb`kgs
Yhrh cg dh dh cbstrbeunbþk jugstrh cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs n`jgrnb hdgs g bkstbtunb`kgs bkstbtunb` kgs s`k cgtgrjbkhktgs dhs n`kcbnb`kgs gspgnênhs cg nhch èjebt`, dh bkf`rjhnbþk cbsp`kbedg, dh ygxpgrbgknbh nrbtgrb` cgd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp`.
Dugo` cg cgtgrjbkhr gd thjhø` cg dh jugstrh cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs g bkstbtunb`kgs, cgeg cbstrbeubrsg cg hnugrc` h dh fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk, cgebgkc` cbsorgohrsg gk ndhsgs cg j`c` qug sg pugch nuerbr dh jhy`r phrtg p`sbedg cg dh vhrbhebdbchc gxbstgktg gk nhch ukh cg gddhs. Gk gstg pukt` dhs n`kcbnb`kgs gspgnênhs cg nhch èjebt`, dh bkf`rjhnbþk cbsp`kbedg, dh gxpgrbgknbh y nrbtgrb` cgd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` s`k cgtgrjbkhktgs. N`j` sg n`jgktþ hktgrb`rjgktg, dh prgsgktg ouêh k` eusnh j`strhr dhs cbvgrshs sbtuhnb`kgs qug pugcgk prgsgkthrsg phrh gstg tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r k` c`jbnbdbhrb`< sbk gjehro`, `frgng dbkghjbgkt`s ogkgrhdgs qug `rbgkthk hd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` h t`jhr dh cgnbsbþk n`rrgnth ` dh jès hpr`pbhch.
>3
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 H n`ktbkuhnbþk, utbdbzhrgj`s gd gagjpd` bcgktbnhc` gk gd hnèpbtg h.8 phrh dh ndhsbnhnbþk cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s. Fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhrb`
Nhktbchc t`thd cg fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk k` c`jbnbdbhrb` gk gd cbstrbt`
Ugprgsgkthtbvbchc
Gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs
39
( 39 / 29 ) *899 : 37%
Ugsthurhktgs
59
(59/29)*899 : 55%
M`tgdgs
89
(89/29)*899 : 88%
Bkstbtunb`kgs Yñedbnhs y Yrbvhchs
59
(59/29)*899 : 55%
S@SHD
29
899%
Cg hnugrc` n`k gd t`thd cg jugstrhs pr`pugsths gk dh thedh cg Uhko` cg thjhø` cg jugstrh p`r ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s, n`rrgsp`kcgrêh uk t`thd cg 69 jugstrhs, dhs jbsjhs qug sg cgegk t`jhr cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1
Fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg Ug Ugpr prgs gsgk gkth thtb tbvb vbch chcc rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Nèdn Nè dnuud`
S`thd cg jugstrhs p`r fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk
Gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs
37%
37% * 69 : 5?
5?
Ugsthurhktgs
55%
55% * 69 : 8>
8>
M`tgdgs
88%
88% * 69 :?
?
Bkstbtunb`kgs Yñedbnhs y
55%
55% * 69 : 8>
8>
Yrbvhchs S@SHD
899%
69
>7
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
^g gktbgkcg n`j` ndhsg h dh horuphnbþk cg obr`s n`jgrnbhdgs qug pr`cungk ukh nhktbchc y tbp` cg rgsbcu`s sbjbdhr.
Gk gd nhs` cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs dh suecbvbsbþk cg jugstrhs jugst rhs cgeg cgshrr`ddhrsg gk fuknbþk h dhs ndhsgs prgsgktgs, horuphkc` gk ndhsgs m`j`oâkghs d`s kgo`nb`s gxbstgktgs. Cg hnugrc` n`k gd gagjpd` gxbstgk 39 gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs gk gd cbstrbt`1 Ndhsgs cg fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s —Gsthedgnbjbgkt` n`jgrnbhd‚
K¹ cg n`jgrnb`s
Ndhsg
E`cgohs
87
8
Dbergrêhs
5
5
Ehzhrgs
>
5
Nhebkhs cg bktgrkgt
5
5
D`nut`rb`s
>
5
Yhkhcgrêhs
>
8
Fgrrgtgrêhs Fhrjhnbhs y e`tbnhs
5 5
>
^hd`kgs cg egddgzh
8
3
Ygduqugrêhs
5
3
Ngktr`s cg gktrgtgkbjbgkt`
7
7
S`thd
39
-
3
Dhs 5? ukbchcgs jugstrhdgs cgegk sgr cbstrbeubchs cg hnugrc` h dh rgprgsgkthtbvbchc cg nhch ndhsg cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1
Ndhsgs
K¹ cg n`jgrnb`s
Ugprgsgkthtbvbchc
S`thd cg jugstrhs p`r ndhsg
8
8=
(8=/39)*899 : 37%
5?ß37%:85
5
89
(89/39)*899 : 57%
5?ß57%:?
>
5
(5/39)*899 : 7%
5?ß7%:5
3
7
(7/39)*899 : 85.7%
5?ß85.7%:>
7
7
(7/39)*899 : 85.7%
5?ß85.7%:>
S`thd
39
899%
5?
Cgktr` cg nhch ndhsg cgkbch sg p`crè mhngr ukh kugvh suecbvbsbþk, sb gd kñjgr` cg jugstrhs y dh vhrbhebdbchc gk dhs jbsjhs sboug sbgkc` rgdgvhktg.
>6
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Dugo` cg `etgkgr dhs jugstrhs, sg cgeg rghdbzhr gd pr`ngcbjbgkt` cgsnrbt` gk gd nhs` cg gstucb`s gst ucb`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s h phrtbr cg uk jhph nhthstrhd, bcgktbnhkc` d`s gsthedgnbjbgkt`s qug phrtbnbphk cgd gstucb`. Gk gd nhs` cg cg fugktg m`tgdgs, cgsg rgsbcu`s pugcg cgkbr cg sgorgohnbþk sþdbc`sndhsgs (m`tgdgs, m`sthdgs, m`spgchags), gd thjhø` (jgtrhag y kñjgr` cg pbs`s), dh nhktbchc cg mhebthnb`kgs ` dh uebnhnbþk< cgebgkc` pr`ngcgr dh cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jbsjh f`rjh qug gk gd nhs` cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs. Gk gd nhs` cg rgsthurhktgs, sg pugcg cgkbr ndhsgs cg sgorgohnbþk cg fugktg cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s (ngebnmgrêhs, p`ddgrêhs, pbnhktgrêhs y sbjbdhrgs), gd thjhø` (jgtrhag n`kstrubc`), dh nhktbchc cg jgshs y sbddhs ` dh uebnhnbþk< cgebgkc` pr`ngcgr dh cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jbsjh f`rjh qug gk gd nhs` cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs. n`jgrnbhdgs. Dhs orhkcgs ukbchcgs (m`tgdgs, rgsthurhktgs, tbgkchs, gktrg `tr`s) qug sg pugcgk prgsgkthr gk uk èjebt` cgtgrjbkhc`, cgegk sgr hkhdbzhchs cg f`rjh bkcgpgkcbgktg y k` f`rjhr phrtg cg kbkoukh pr`ygnnbþk yh qug gdgvhrêhk grrþkghjgktg dh nhktbchc cg rgsbcu`s ogkgrhc`s. Wk gagjpd` rgnurrgktg gs dh prgsgknbh cg ukh e`cgoh ` jbkbjhrlgt rgdhtbvhjgktg orhkcg gk hdouk`s cbstrbt`s pgqugø`s. e.> Shjhø` y cbstrbeunbþk cg jugstrh cg jgrnhc`s
D`s orhkcgs jgrnhc`s qug sg pugchk prgsgkthr gk uk èjebt` cgtgrjbkhc` cgegk sgr hkhdbzhc`s cg f`rjh bkcgpgkcbgktg y k` f`rjhr phrtg cg kbkoukh pr`ygnnbþk yh qug gdgvhrêhk grrþkghjgktg dh nhktbchc cg rgsbcu`s ogkgrhc`s. ^g pugcg rgn`k`ngr gst`s orhkcgs jgrnhc`s, p`r gagjpd`1 Nuhkc` dh rgn`dgnnbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s qug ogkgrhk sg rghdbzh cg jhkgrh gxndusbvh n`k uk` ` jès vgmênud`s. Nuhkc` k` gs p`sbedg rghdbzhr gd pgshag cg dh t`thdbchc cg rgsbcu`s p`r jgcb`s n`kvgknb`khdgs. Gk dh gthph cg trheha` cg nhjp` y `pgrhnb`kgs sg gxpdbnhrè dh jgt`c`d`oêh kgngshrbh phrh dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg d`s jbsj`s.
Dhs orhkcgs ukbchcgs s`k hqugdd`s gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs ` bkstbtunb`kgs qug p`r ogkgrhr ukh nhktbchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cbfgrgktg hd gstèkchr, cgegrèk sgr hkhdbzhc`s cg jhkgrh cbfgrgknbhch.
>?
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Gk nhs` dh nhktbchc cg jgrnhc`s rgsthktgs sgh jgk`r ` bouhd h nbkn` (7), sg cgegrè hkhdbzhr gd t`thd cg jgrnhc`s gxbstgktgs gk gd cbstrbt`. Y`r `tr` dhc`, sb dh nhktbchc cg jgrnhc`s rgsthktgs fugrh
Gk nhs` dh nhktbchc cg jgrnhc`s rgsthktgs sgh jgk`r ` bouhd h nbkn` (7), sg cgegrè hkhdbzhr gd t`thd cg jgrnhc`s gxbstgktgs gk gd cbstrbt`.
jhy`r nbkn`p`r (7),ndhsbnhr gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` pugcg h`pthr d`s jbsj`s cg hnugrc` hd thjhø` (èrgh cgd jgrnhc`) ` gd kñjgr` cg pugst`s n`k gd qug nugkthk. Dh nhktbchc cg nhtgo`rêhs cg jgrnhc`s cgpgkcgrè cg nuhkt`s gxbsthk y qug vhrbhebdbchc prgsgktgk gktrg gdd`s gk gd èjebt` cg gstucb`. Cg nhch nhtgo`rêh cgtgrjbkhch gs rgn`jgkchedg jugstrghr n`j` jêkbj` gd 59% cgd t`thd (n`j` jêkbj` 7). Gk nhs` gd rgsudthc` cgd 59% sgh jhy`r h cbgz (89) jgrnhc`s, sg cgeg cg n`ksbcgrhr s`d` cbgz (89) jgrnhc`s.
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 H n`ktbkuhnbþk sg prgsgkth uk nhs` h jhkgrh cg gagjpd` phrh uk èjebt` n`ksbcgrhedgjgktg orhkcg1 8. ^up`kohj`s qug uk cgtgrjbkhc` cbstrbt` nugkth n`k uk t`thd cg 59 jgrnhc`s, cgd hkèdbsbs prgvb` sg mhk bcgktbnhc` c`s (5) orhkcgs ukbchcgs cg n`ksbcgrhedg thjhø` qug k` pugcgk sgr jugstrghchs p`r jât`c`s n`kvgknb`khdgs, dhs nuhdgs cgegk sgr hkhdbzhchs bkcgpgkcbgktgjgktg. 5. Cg hnugrc` hd nrbtgrb` cgd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` sg
^g rgn`jbgkch jugstrghr n`j` jêkbj` 59% cg hnugrc` h dh tânkbnh cg jugstrg` k` pr`ehebdêstbn`, qug n`ksbstg gk sgdgnnb`khr ukh jugstrh p`r su hnngsbebdbchc y eha` n`st`.
cgkgk 9> nhtgo`rêhs cg dh sboubgktg f`rjh1 phrh horuphr h d`s jgrnhc`s rgsthktgs Nhtgo`rêhs cg jgrnhc`
Nhktbchc
Orhk ukbchc 8
8
Orhk ukbchc 5
8
Nhtgo`rêh 8
5
Nhtgo`rêh 5
6
Nhtgo`rêh >
89
S`thd
59
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
>=
>.
Dugo`, sg cgtgrjbkh gd kñjgr` cg jugstrh p`r nhtgo`rêh, thd n`j` sg sgøhdh h n`ktbkuhnbþk1
Nhktbchc
Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cgd kñjgr` cg jugstrh
S`thd h jugstrghr (k)
Orhk ukbchc 8
8
K` n`rrgsp`kcg
8
Orhk ukbchc 5
8
K` n`rrgsp`kcg
8
Nhtgo`rêh 8
5
k: 5*59% : 9.7 :8
8
Nhtgo`rêh 5
6
k: 6*59% : 8.5 :5
5
Nhtgo`rêh >
89
k: 89*59% :5
5
S`thd
59
-
?
Nhtgo`rêh cg jgrnhc`
K@SH1 Nheg prgnbshr qug, gsth n`kcbnbþk s`d` sg prgsgkth gk K@SH1 cbstrbt`s n`k orhk kñjgr` cg jgrnhc`s y qug gk dh jhy`rêh cg d`s cbstrbt`s h kbvgd khnb`khd s`d` sg nugkth n`k uk` ` c`s jgrnhc`s qug sg cgegk bkndubr gk gd gstucb`.
e.3 Shjhø` y cbstrbeunbþk cg jugstrh cg bkstbtunb`kgs e.8 gcunhtbvhs
H cbfgrgknbh cgd cbkhjbsj` qug prgsgkthk d`s jgrnhc`s, dhs bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs k` s`k, gk dh orhk jhy`rêh cg d`s nhs`s, orhkcgs ukbchcgs qug k` pugchk sgr jugstrghchs p`r jât`c`s n`kvgknb`khdgs< p`r d` qug, sg rgn`jbgkch qug gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` pugch `pthr p`r ndhsbnhr h dhs bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs, cg hnugrc` hd kñjgr` cg hdujk`s y hd tbp` cg bkstbtunbþk gcunhtbvh qug sg prgsgkthk. Cg nhch suendhsg (` ndhsg sb gs qug k` sg mh cgtgrjbkhc` gsth cbvbsbþk) cgtgrjbkhch gs rgn`jgkchedg jugstrghr n`j` jêkbj` gd 59% cgd t`thd sbk gxngcgr uk jèxbj` cg cbgz (89) bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs.
>2
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 H sgkñjgr` prgsgkth uk nhs`, h jhkgrh cg gcunhtbvhs1 gagjpd`, phrh ukn`ktbkuhnbþk cbstrbt` n`k uk gdgvhc` cg bkstbtunb`kgs •
^up`kohj`s qug uk cgtgrjbkhc` cbstrbt` nugkth n`k uk t`thd cg 39 bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs, dhs bkstbtunb`kgs pugcgk ndhsbnhrsg gk 5 orhkcgs ndhsgs n`j` n`dgob`s g bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs supgrb`rgs (bkstbtut`s ` ukbvgrsbchcgs), hsbjbsj` nhch ukh cg gsths ndhsgs pugcg cbvbcbrsg p`r dh nhktbchc cg hdujk`s (gk jès cg 599 hdujk`s y jgk`s cg 599 hdujk`s) cg hnugrc` h dhs n`kcbnb`kgs qug sg prgsgktgk gk gd èjebt` cg gstucb`. Gs p`r gdd` qug sgoñk gd kñjgr` cg suendhsgs gd gagjpd` p`crêh cgkbrsg cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1 ^uendhsgs cg bkstbtunb`kgs
Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cgd kñjgr` cg
S`thd h jugstrghr
jugstrh
(k)
3
k: 3*59% : 9.= : 8
8
Bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs supgrb`rgs n`k jgk`s cg 599 hdujk`s
6
k: 6*59% : 8.5 : 5
5
N`dgob`s n`k jès cg 599 hdujk`s
7
k: 7*59% :8
8
N`dgob`s n`k jgk`s cg 599 hdujk`s
57
k: 57*59% :7
7
S`thd
39
-
2
gcunhtbvhs Bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs supgrb`rgs n`k jès cg 599 hdujk`s
•
Nhktbchc
Gs cg prgnbshr qug gsth n`kcbnbþk s`d` sg prgsgkth gk cbstrbt`s n`k uk kñjgr` gdgvhc` cg bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs y qug gk dh jhy`rêh cg d`s cbstrbt`s h kbvgd khnb`khd s`d` sg nugkth n`k n`dgob`s y k` n`k bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs supgrb`rgs.
K@SH1 Dh bkf`rjhnbþk cg d`s n`dgob`s pugcg gkn`ktrhsg gk gd K@SH1 p`rthd G^NHDG cgd Jbkbstgrb` cg Gcunhnbþk (mttp1//gsnhdg.jbkgcu. o`e.pg/).
39
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
e.7 Shjhø` y cbstrbeunbþk cg jugstrh cg ehrrbc` y e.7 dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s y hdjhngkhjbgkt`
Dh `pgrhnbþk cg ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s cgeg rghdbzhrsg gk gd t`thd cg vêhs gxbstgktgs gk uk cgtgrjbkhc` cbstrbt`. gjehro`, gs n`jñk qug phrh gstg sgrvbnb` sg erbkcg cg ^bk jhkgrh phrnbhd, p`r d` qug p`cgr cgtgrjbkhr uk thjhø` cg jugstrh n`rrgnt` sg cgeg nhrhntgrbzhr nhrhntgrbz hr prgvbhjgktg gsth `pgrhnbþk. Gk prbjgr duohr, gd cgshrr`ddhc`r cgd gstucb` cgegrè bcgktbnhr dhs vêhs gxbstgktgs gk uk jhph cgd cbstrbt`, dugo` s`erg gsths vêhs sg cgegrè bcgktbnhr dhs ruths gk dhs qug sg erbkch gstg sgrvbnb` hntuhdjgktg, n`d`nhkc` gk ukh m`ah cg Gxngd dh sboubgktg bkf`rjhnbþk1 Bcgktbnhnbþk cg ruths cg ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s
K`jerg cg dh ruth
Cbsthknbh ehrrbch
Sbp` cg ruth
Yugcg ushrsg ukh n`cbnhnbþk cg hnugrc` hd k`jerg cg dh vêh y gd kñjgr` cg ruth gxbstgktg ` hdoukh qug jhkgag dh jukbnbphdbchc gvhduhch.
^g n`kthebdbzhrèk d`s lbdþjgtr`s dbkghdgs sbk cupdbnhr d`s vhd`rgs cg bch y vugdth gk ukh vêh. Gs prgnbs` bkcbnhr qug gd lbdþjgtr` dbkghd, n`ksbcgrh hd ehrrbc` cg dh hngrh, dh nukgth y gd rgn`a` cg phpgdgrhs gxbstgktgs.
^g pugcgk nhrhntgrbzhr dhs ruths cg ehrrbc` cg hnugrc` h dhs nhrhntgrêstbnhs cgd duohr c`kcg sg cgshrr`ddhk, sgphrhkc` n`jgrnbhdgs cg rgsbcgknbhdgs, gk nhs` sg pugchk bcgktbnhr `trhs z`khs n`k nhrhntgrêstbnhs sbjbdhrgs sg pugcgk bkndubr gk gstg pukt`.
Gk hqugddhs nbuchcgs c`kcg dh cbsthknbh t`thd ehrrbch gs jgk`r ` bouhd h 7 lj sg rghdbzhrè gd gstucb` s`erg dh t`thdbchc cg ruths gxbstgktgs. Gk hqugddhs nbuchcgs c`kcg dh cbsthknbh t`thd ehrrbch gs jhy`r h 7 lj cgegrè sgdgnnb`khr cg > h 7 ruths n`j` jêkbj` p`r tbp` cg vêhs (n`jgrnbhd, rgsbcgknbhd, gktrg `tr`s) gsths ruths cgegrèk n`ktgkgr, n`j` jêkbj`, 7 Lj cg rgn`rrbc` t`thd. Gxbstgk c`s n`jp`kgktgs h tgkgr gk nugkth gk gsth `pgrhnbþk, gd ehrrbc` cg nhddgs pr`pbhjgktg cbnm` y dh rgn`dgnnbþk cg ukbchcgs cg hdjhngkhjbgkt` n`j` dhs phpgdgrhs< hje`s n`jp`kgktgs, bkcgpgkcbgktgjgktg qug sg cgk gk ukh jbsjh ruth, cgegk hkhdbzhrsg cg jhkgrh sgphrhch.
Yhrh p`cgr cgtgrjbkhr uk thjhø` cg jugstrh n`rrgnt` cg ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s y hdjhngkhjbgkt` sg cgeg nhrhntgrbzhr prgvbhjgktg gsth `pgrhnbþk.
N@K^BCGUHNB@KG^ Gk nhs` k` sg prgstg gd sgrvbnb` cg ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s, sg p`crè mhngr uk jugstrg` s`erg vêhs y gsphnb`s pñedbn`s prbknbphdgs, bjpdgjgktèkc`sg dh jbsjh jgt`c`d`oêh sgøhdhch.
38
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
n. Bcgktbnhnbþk cg ogkgrhc`rgs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c. jukbnbphdgs gspgnbhdgs
Gst`s ogkgrhc`rgs pr`cungk rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk èrghs urehkhs qug p`r su v`dujgk ` nhrhntgrêstbnhs rgqubgrgk cg uk jhkga` phrtbnudhr, thdgs n`j`1 rgsbcu`s cg dhe`rht`rb`s cg gkshy`s hjebgkthdgs y sbjbdhrgs, duerbngktr`s, ngktr`s vgtgrbkhrb`s, ngktr`s n`jgrnbhdgs, gvgkt`s jhsbv`s n`j` n`knbgrt`s, n`kngktrhnb`kgs y j`vbdbzhnbþk tgjp`rhd mujhkh, fgrbhs, rgsbcu`s cg cgj`dbnbþk ` rgj`cgdhnbþk cg gcbnhnb`kgs cg `erhs jgk`rgs k` n`jprgkcbc`s cgktr` cg dhs n`jpgtgknbhs cgd ^gnt`r Vbvbgkch y N`kstrunnbþk, gktrg `tr`s, shdv` d`s qug gstèk cgktr` cgd èjebt` cg n`jpgtgknbhs sgnt`rbhdgs. s gnt`rbhdgs. Dh prgsgktg ouêh s`d` sg ngktrhrè gk nuhktbnhr d`s rgsbcu`s pr`cunbc`s cg jhkgrh n`ksthktg (dhe`rht`rb`s cg gkshy`s hjebgkthdgs y sbjbdhrgs, duerbngktr`s, ngktr`s vgtgrbkhrb`s, ngktr`s n`jgrnbhdgs y fgrbhs)< d`s gvgkt`s jhsbv`s y d`s rgsbcu`s cg cgj`dbnbþk ` rgj`cgdhnbþk cg gcbnhnb`kgs cg `erhs jgk`rgs k` n`jprgkcbc`s cgktr` cg dhs n`jpgtgknbhs cgd ^gnt`r Vbvbgkch y N`kstrunnbþk gktrg `tr`s, shdv` d`s qug gstèk cgktr` cgd èjebt` cg n`jpgtgknbhs sgnt`rbhdgs, k` f`rjhk phrtg cg gsth ouêh, yh qug nugkthk n`k cbkèjbnhs phrtbnudhrgs.
D`s gvgkt`s jhsbv`s y d`s rgsbcu`s cg cgj`dbnbþk ` rgj`cgdhnbþk cg gcbnhnb`kgs cg `erhs jgk`rgs k` n`jprgkcbchs cgktr` cgd sgnt`r vbvbgkch nugkthk n`k cbkèjbkhs phrtbnudhrgs.
Gk gd nhs` cg dhe`rht`rb`s cg gkshy`s hjebgkthdgs y sbjbdhrgs, duerbngktr`s, ngktr`s vgtgrbkhrb`s, sg cgegk bcgktbnhr dh nhktbchc cg ogkgrhc`rgs y t`jhr, n`j` jêkbj`, uk 59% cg d`s ogkgrhc`rgs gxbstgktgs gk nhch fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk, gk nhs` gxbsthk cbfgrgknbhs sbokbnhtbvhs gktrg dhs fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk, sg p`crèk cgkbr suendhsgs cg hnugrc` hd thjhø` cg dhs ndhsgs, cg jhkgrh sbjbdhr hd nhs` cg n`jgrnb`s.
35
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
D`s ngktr`s n`jgrnbhdgs y dhs fgrbhs p`sggk uk n`jp`rthjbgkt` sbjbdhr hd cg d`s jgrnhc`s, p`r d` qug sg pr`p`kg qug sghk nhrhntgrbzhc`s cg dh jbsjh f`rjh. =.5 GSHY GSHYH H CG SUHEHA@ CG NHJY@ R @YGUHNB@KG^ @YGUHNB@KG^
Gk dh gthph cg trheha` cg nhjp` sg cgeg ddgvhr h nhe` gd rgobstr` cg d`s phrtbnbphktgs cgd gstucb`, dh cbstrbeunbþk cg jhtgrbhdgs, dh rgn`dgnnbþk cg jugstrhs, gd trhsdhc` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s mhnbh gd duohr gk gd qug sg mhrè dh ndhsbnhnbþk, hsê n`j` dh t`jh cg jugstrhs phrh gd hkèdbsbs cg mujgchc. Gsths `pgrhnb`kgs sg ddgvhrèk h nhe` gk fuknbþk h dh cbstrbeunbþk cg jugstrh cgshrr`ddhch gk dh gthph cg pdhkbnhnbþk. Chc` qug dh sgdgnnbþk cg dhs z`khs qug sg vhk h jugstrghr sg rghdbzhk gk ohebkgtg, gs p`sbedg qug dh vbvbgkch sgdgnnb`khch k` nujpdh n`k dhs nhrhntgrêstbnhs cgd tbp` cg jugstrh qug sg kgngsbth, yh sgh qug k` gxbsth, mhyh nhjebhc` su n`kcbnbþk fêsbnh ` mhyh nhjebhc` gd us`. Y`r gdd`, sg cgeg bkstrubr hd pgrs`khd cg nhjp` phrh qug gk gst`s nhs`s sg cgeh sgdgnnb`khr h dh vbvbgkch n`ktbouh ` gd kgo`nb` jès rgdhnb`khc`, cg j`c` qug sg jhktgkoh dh gdgnnbþk hd hzhr d` jès p`sbedg. h. Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh dh phrtbnbphnbþk cg d`s prgcb`s gk h. gd gstucb`
Bkvbthnbþk
Hsbokhnbþk
Ugobstr`
N`cbnhnbþk
phrh dh phrtbnbphnbþk gk gd gstucb`
cg jugstrhs
cg d`s phrtbnbphktgs cgd gstucb`
cg d`s prgcb`s phrtbnbphktgs cgd gstucb`
^g cgeg bkstrubr hd pgrs`khd cg nhjp` phrh qug dh sgdgnnbþk cg vbvbgkchs sg rghdbng hd hzhr.
3>
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
8. Bkvbthnbþk phrh dh phrtbnbphnbþk gk gd gstucb`1
Dh bkvbthnbþk n`ksbstg gk bkf`rjhr hd futur` phrtbnbphktg s`erg dh rghdbzhnbþk cgd gstucb`, phrh d` nuhd gs egkgnb`s` n`ktrhthr pgrs`khd qug nujpdh dh fuknbþk cg pr`j`t`r/h
^g rgn`jbgkch qug dhs jugstrhs cgtgrjbkhchs p`r nhch tbp` cg ogkgrhc`rgs ogkgrhc`r gs sghk bcgktbnhc`s n`k kñjgr`s `rcgkhc`s y n`rrgdhtbv`s.
hjebgkthd y qug sg vhdoh cg jhtgrbhdgs cbcèntbn`s y n`jukbnhnb`kgs f`rjhdgs (nhrth u `nb`). D`s nhro`s cg dhs n`jukbnhnb`kgs f`rjhdgs cgegrèk sgr rjhc`s p`r gd phrtbnbphktg y hrnmbvhc`s p`r gd/dh pr`j`t`r (h) aukt` n`k gd phcrþk cg rgobstr`. 5. Hsbokhnbþk cg jugstrhs1
^g hsbokhrè h nhch pr`j`t`r/h uk kñjgr` cg jugstrhs cgtgrjbkhchs, gk fuknbþk hd t`thd cg jugstrhs h rghdbzhr p`r nhch tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r. H gfgnt`s cg uk `rcgk y jhy`r n`ktr`d, sg rgn`jbgkch qug dhs jugstrhs sghk bcgktbnhchs n`k kñjgr` `rcbkhdgs y cg jhkgrh n`rrgdhtbvh. Gagjpd`1 98, 95, 9>, gtn. >. Ugobstr` cg d`s phrtbnbphktgs cgd gstucb`1
Gd rgobstr` cg d`s phrtbnbphktgs n`ksbstg gk ddgkhr uk phcrþk n`k d`s cht`s cg d`s ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s, k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs qug phrtbnbphrèk gk gd gstucb`. Gstg phcrþk cgegrè n`ktgkgr n`j` jêkbj` dh sboubgktg bkf`rjhnbþk1
Gd rgobstr` cg d`s phrtbnbphktgs n`ksbstg gk ddgkhr uk phcrþk, gk gd nuhd sg n`ksbokhrèk d`s cht`s cg d`s ogkgrhc`rgs.
•
Yhrh ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s sg cgegrè n`kthr n`k gd k`jerg cg dh pgrs`kh qug phrtbnbphrè hntbvhjgktg cgd gstucb`, su kñjgr` cg CKB, dh cbrgnnbþk, gd kñjgr` cg mhebthktgs cg dh vbvbgkch, y su rjh.
•
Yhrh ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs sg cgeg n`kthr n`k gd k`jerg cg dh pgrs`kh rgsp`kshedg cgd d`nhd, su kñjgr` cg CKB, dh cbrgnnbþk, gd tbp` cg n`jgrnb` ` bkstbtunbþk, gd jgtrhag hpr`xbjhc` cgd d`nhd, y su rjh.
^g hcaukth gk gd Hkgx` 6 gd j`cgd` cg rgobstr` qug sg pugcg hpdbnhr h ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s. c`jbnbdbhrb`s.
33
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
3. N`cbfnhnbþk cg d`s prgcb`s phrtbnbphktgs cgd gstucb`1
Dugo` cg n`ksbokhr dh bkf`rjhnbþk gk gd phcrþk n`rrgsp`kcbgktg, gd
D @ CC G @ O O@ D@ G DD HH JJWWKKBB NN BB Y YH HD D BB CC HH CC
G^SWCB@CGNHUHNSGUBQHNBÞKCGD@^ UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG ^
Gsthedgnbjbgkt`phrtbnbph ktg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP NÞCBO@1
ogkgrhc`r rgnbebrè uk nþcbo` ñkbn` qug sg n`d`nhrè p`r jgcb` cg uk stbnlgr gk uk duohr vbsbedg cgd c`jbnbdb` ` d`nhd phrh p`cgr bcgktbnhrd`. D D@ @O O@ @
C C GG
D DH H
J W K H D H C JW K BB N N BB Y YH D BB C CH C
G^SWCB@ CG NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG D@^ UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Gsthedgnbjbgkt` phrtbnbphktg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
NÞCBO@1
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 Dh n`cbnhnbþk sg rghdbzh p`r tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r c`jbnbdbhrb`, ogkgrhc`r k` c`jbnbdbhrb` y d`s ogkgrhc`rgs cg rgsbcu`s gspgnbhdgs jukbnbphdgs. 8. Ogkgrhc`r c`jbnbdbhrb`1 Gd nþcbo` sg n`d`nh n`knhtgkhkc` gd tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r c`jbnbdbhrb` (B) , dh z`kh hd qug n`rrgsp`kcg y gd kñjgr` cg vbvbgkch jugstrghch< cg dh sboubgktg f`rjh1
B-H-97 ^bgkc`1 • B 1 ogkgrhc`r c`jbnbdbhrb`. • H1 z`kh h dh qug n`rrgsp`kcg. • 971 kñjgr` cg vbvbgkch jugstrghch.
37
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
5. Ogkgrhc`r k` c`jbnbdbhrb` y d`s ogkgrhc`rgs cg rgsbcu`s jukbnbphdgs gspgnbhdgs1 Gd nþcbo` sg(BB)n`d`nh n`knhtgkhkc` gd htbp` cg ogkgrhc`r (k`y c`jbnbdbhrb` y gspgnbhdgs (BBB)), ndhsg dh qug n`rrgsp`kcg kñjgr` cg suendhsg y gd kñjgr` cg jugstrh n`rrgdhtbvh cgktr` cg dh ndhsg h dh qug n`rrgsp`kcg< cg dh sboubgktg f`rjh1 Sbp` cg ogkgrhc`r
Fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Nþcbo`
Gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs
GN
Ugsthurhktgs M`tgdgs K` C`jbnbdbhrb` (BB)
Bkstbtunb`kgs Yñedbnhs y Yrbvhchs
U M
BYY
Bkstbtunb`kgs Gcunhtbvhs Ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s.
BG
Jgrnhc`
J
E
Fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs
Ndhsg
E`cgohs y Yhkhcgrêhs
8
Dbergrêhs, Ehzhrgs, Nhebkhs cg Bktgrkgt, D`nut`rb`s
5
Fgrrgtgrêhs
>
Fhrjhnbhs y e`tbnhs, ^hd`kgs cg Egddgzh, Ygduqugrêhs Ngktr`s cg gktrgtgkbjbgkt`
3 7
Gd nþcbo` sgrè cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1
BB-GN3-97 ^bgkc`1 • BB1 ogkgrhc`r k` c`jbnbdbhrb`. • GN31 gsthedgnbjbgkt` n`jgrnbhd qug n`rrgsp`kcg h dh nhtgo`rêh 3 (Fhrjhnbhs y e`tbnhs, ^hd`kgs cg Egddgzh, Ygduqugrêhs). • 971 kñjgr` cg ogkgrhc`r k` c`jbnbdbhrb`. K@SH1 K@SH1 bkndubrsg gkdhgdjbsjh phcrþkqug y gkcgeg dhs e`dshs Dh qugn`cbnhnbþk sg gktrgoh cgeg hd phrtbnbphktg, sgr ddhjhtbvh, pugst` qug n`kstbtuyg ukh mgrrhjbgkth phrh bcgktbnhr y rgshdthr dh phrtbnbphnbþk cgd ogkgrhc`r.
36
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
e. Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh gd jhkga` cg dhs jugstrhs
Ugn`dgnnbþk
Srhsdhc`
Cgsnhroh
8. Ugn`dgnnbþk
Gd `pgrhrb`/h cgebchjgktg bcgktbnhc` rgn`dgnth dhs jugstrhs cg d`s ogkgrhc`rgs y gktrgohrè ukh kugvh e`dsh n`cbnhch. Nheg sgøhdhr qug gs bjp`rthktg qug gd `pgrhrb`/h rgspgtg d`s m`rhrb`s gsthedgnbc`s n`k d`s ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s, k` c`jbnbdhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs. Hsbjbsj`, gd ñdtbj` cêh cg rgn`dgnnbþk cgeg bkcbnhr h d`s phrtbnbphktgs qug dh fhsg cg nhjp` sg mh n`kndubc`.
N@K^BCGUHNB@KG^ Gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gstucb` cgeg gstucb` cgeg hsgourhr qug dh rgn`dgnnbþk cg d`s jugstrhs sg rghdbng d`s `nm`s cêhs, qug bknduyh d`s cêhs sèehc` y c`jbko`, h k cg ohrhktbzhr dh rgprgsgkthtbvbchc cgd gstucb`. Gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gstucb` cgeg gstucb` cgeg n`jukbnhr h d`s ogkgrhc`rgs qug dh gktrgoh cg dhs e`dshs cg dhs jugstrhs sg rghdbzhrè gk gd cêh y m`rh bkcbnhch g bkf`rjhch. Gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gstucb` gstucb` cgeg n`jukbnhr h d`s ogkgrhc`rgs, qug phrtbnbphk cgd gstucb`, qug k` sg pgrjbtg dh gktrgoh cg dhs e`dshs n`rrgsp`kcbgktgs h jugstrhs hnujudhchs cg jès cg c`s cêhs. Gk nhs`, cg e`dshs hnujudhchs mhsth c`s cêhs, gd ogkgrhc`r prgvbhjgktg bkf`rjh g bcgktbnh hcgnuhchjgktg dhs e`dshs n`rrgsp`kcbgktgs cg dhs jugstrhs cg nhch cêh hnujudhc`. S`c` gdd` gs bjp`rthktg bjp`r thktg yh qug dh jgt`c`d`o jgt`c`d`oêh êh phrh dh cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth n`ksbcgrh gd pr`jgcb` cgd pgs` cg dhs jugstrhs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk ehsg h d`s cêhs cg ogkgrhnbþk. Gd gqubp` cg nhjp` nhjp` qug rgn`dgntg dhs jugstrhs, cgeg tgkgr uk jhph cg uebnhnbþk cg d`s prgcb`s phrtbnbphktgs, gk nhs` gd stblgr n`rrgsp`kcbgktg sg cgspgoug, cgegrè rggjphcr`khr hd prgcb` n`k uk` kugv`.
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JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
5. Srhsdhc`
Dhs jugstrhs rgn`dgnthchs sgrèk n`d`nhchs bkjgcbhthjgktg gk dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr gknhrohch cg rghdbzhr gd trhsdhc`. Gstg vgmênud` cgeg gsthr cgtgkbc` p`r sgourbchc. Gstg pr`ngcbjbgkt` sg rghdbzhrè gk nhch pukt` cg rgn`dgnnbþk mhsth n`jpdgthr dh nhphnbchc cg dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr, gvbthkc` tbrhr dhs e`dshs y hn`j`cèkc`dhs phrh qug k` sg nhbohk gk gd trhygnt`. ^g suobgrg hsgourhr dh nhroh n`k ukh jhddh ` hjhrrhr dhs e`dshs gktrg gddhs phrh gvbthr qug sg nhbohk. Gk nhs` k` sg cbsp`koh cg ukh ukbchc vgmbnudhr qug pugch rghdbzhr gd trhsdhc` cgd t`thd cg jugstrhs, sg cgeg bcgktbnhr pukt`s cg hn`pb` phrh horuphr dhs jugstrhs cg ukh cgtgrjbkhch z`kh, dhs nuhdgs gsthrèk hd nubchc` cgd `pgrhrb`/h mhsth dh ddgohch cg dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr. >. Cgsnhroh
Dhs jugstrhs cgegk sgr cgsnhrohchs (sbk tbrhr dhs e`dshs) gk gd duohr qug bkcbqug gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gstucb` hsgourhkc` qug k` qugcgk rgsbcu`s gk dh ukbchc vgmbnudhr. vgmbnudhr. n. Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh gd hkèdbsbs cg dhs jugstrhs Ygshag cg jugstrhs ^þdbc`s cg Ugsbcu`s
Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s
N`jp`sbnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s
Mujgchc cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s
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OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Dh t`jh cg cht`s cg dhs jugstrhs< n`j` pgs`, cgksbchc, n`jp`sbnbþk, gktrg `tr`s, cgeg rghdbzhrsg cg f`rjh `rcgkhch y eha` uk sbstgjh qug sg hsgourg su n`khebdbchc. D`s f`rjht`s phrh dh t`jh cg cht`s pr`pugst`s gk gsth ouêh cgegrèk cgegrèk hchpthrsg hchpthrsg h dhs n`kcbnb`kgs phrtbnudhrgs qug sg prgsgktgk gk nhch nhrhntgrbzhnbþk. 8. Ygshag1
Gd pgshag cgeg rghdbzhrsg p`r tbp`s cg ogkgrhc`rgs y fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk, tgkbgkc` gk nugkth d`s nþcbo`s cg dhs e`dshs. ^g rgn`jbgkch qug phrh rgobstrhr d`s vhd`rgs `etgkbc`s cgd pgshag cg dhs e`dshs, gk gd f`rjht` prgvbhjgktg cgkbc`, d`s/hs `pgrhrb`s/hs jgknb`kgk gk v`z hdth d`s nþcbo`s cg dhs e`dshs hktgs cg n`d`nhrd`s gk dh ehdhkzh.
Dh t`jh cg cht`s cg dhs jugstrhs< n`j` pgs`, cgksbchc, n`jp`sbnbþk, gktrg `tr`s, cgeg rghdbzhrsg cg f`rjh `rcgkhch y eha` uk sbstgjh qug sg hsgourg su n`khebdbchc.
Hd n`kndubr gsth hntbvbchc sg cgeg n`rr`e`rhr gd kñjgr` t`thd cg e`dshs y rgobstr`s `etgkbc`s. Ygshag cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s pr`vgkbgktgs cg orhkcgs jgrnhc`s
D`s orhkcgs jgrnhc`s qug sg pugchk prgsgkthr gk uk èjebt` cgtgrjbkhc` cgegk sgr hkhdbzhc`s cg f`rjh bkcgpgkcbgktg y k` f`rjhr phrtg cg kbkoukh pr`ygnnbþk yh qug gdgvhk grrþkghjgktg dh nhktbchc cg rgsbcu`s ogkgrhc`s. Yhrh p`cgr gsthedgngr uk vhd`r gk gst`s jgrnhc`s, mhy qug bcgktbnhr sb nugkthk n`k uk gstucb` bkcgpgkcbgktg qug pugch sgrvbr cg rgfgrgknbh, hsbjbsj` pugcg hyuchr gd tbp` cg hcjbkbstrhnbþk yh qug sb âsth gs tgrngrbzhch sg pugcg s`dbnbthr nbfrhs h dh gjprgsh `pgrhc`rh h nhro` cg dh hcjbkbstrhnbþk hcjbkbstrhnb þk cg sus rgsbcu`s. Gk hdouk`s nhs`s, dh hcjbkbstrhnbþk jukbnbphd cbrgnth nugkth n`k ukbchcgs gspgnênhs phrh gstg tbp` cg ogkgrhc`rgs, gk gsth sbtuhnbþk sg p`crèk ushr d`s cht`s mbstþrbn`s cg âsth hntbvbchc. ^b k` sg n`kthrè n`k gst`s cht`s ` k` sg pucbgrh sgphrhr gfgntbvhjgktg hd ogkgrhc`r, gs n`kvgkbgktg n``rcbkhr n`k gd sgrvbnb` cg rgn`dgnnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s phrh ddgvhr h nhe` gd pgshag cg gst`s gk
D`s orhkcgs jgrnhc`s qug sg pugchk prgsgkthr gk uk èjebt` cgtgrjbkhc` cgegk sgr hkhdbzhc`s cg f`rjh bkcgpgkcbgktg y k` f`rjhr phrtg cg kbkoukh pr`ygnnbþk yh qug gdgvhk grrþkghjgktg dh nhktbchc cg rgsbcu`s ogkgrhc`s.
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JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
ukh ehdhkzh bkcustrbhd, y sb gs p`sbedg gk gd jbsj` sbtb` cg cbsp`sbnbþk khd. Fbkhdjgktg, sb k` sg tuvbgrh hnngs` h gstg tbp` cg ehdhkzh, sg pugcg `pthr p`r cgtgrjbkhr dh nhphnbchc v`dujâtrbnh utbdbzhch p`r d`s nhjb`kgs qug rghdbzhk gd sgrvbnb` cg jhkgrh gspgnênh h gst`s ogkgrhc`rgs y uk hkèdbsbs jugstrhd phrh cgtgrjbkhr dh cgksbchc cg rgsbcu`s qug rgn`ogk y p`cgr gxtrhp`dhr d`s cht`s hd t`thd cg rgsbcu`s.
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 Gk gstg nhs` sg pr`p`kg gd sboubgktg gagjpd`1 ^up`kohj`s qug gk uk jgrnhc` sg utbdbzhk 5 nhjb`kgs cg 87 j qug rgn`ogk d`s rgsbcu`s gk c`s turk`s1 >
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Gd t`thd rgsbcu`s ogkgrhc`s gk uk cêh turk`s ]sg5 nhdnudþ nhjb`kgs ] 87 j cg : 69j , cg hnugrc` hd hkèdbsbs cg 5cgksbchc uk vhd`r cg 579 Lo/j n`k d` qug sg tgkcrêh 579 Lo/j ] 69 j : 87 t`kgdhchs. >
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Yhrh nujpdbr n`k gd pgshag gk gd duohr cg ogkgrhnbþk sg cgeg n``rcbkhr
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Nheg jgknb`khr qug phrh gstg tbp` cg ogkgrhc`rgs sg pugcg rghdbzhr gstucb`s gspgnên`s hpdbnhkc` dh fþrjudh cgd Hkgx` 7 y cbstrbeuygkc` dhs jugstrhs cg hnugrc` h nhch tbp` cg pugst` (p`r gagjpd` nhrkbngrêhs, n`jgc`rgs, ehzhrgs, gktrg `tr`s). Gk nhs` d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cg `tr` ogkgrhc`r cbfgrgktg h d`s jgrnhc`s k` pugchk sgr pgshc`s p`r jgcb`s n`kvgknb`khdgs, sg cgeg hpdbnhr gsth jgt`c`d`oêh cg jhkgrh hkèd`oh.
Ygshag gk gd duohr cg ogkgrhnbþk
dh cbsp`kbebdbchc cg j`vbdbchc y gd hnngs` hd èrgh cg hdjhngkhjbgkt` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk m`rhrb`s gspgnên`s, cg j`c` qug k` sg ogkgrgk cbnudthcgs gk
Gxbstgk hdouk`s ogkgrhc`rgs qug sb ebgk k` s`k thk rgprgsgkthtbv`s n`j` d`s cgsnrbt`s gk gd êtgj hktgrb`r tbgkgk ukh ogkgrhnbþk bjp`rthktg cg rgsbcu`s qug rgsudth cbfênbd cg trhksp`rthr mhnbh gd gsphnb` fêsbn` cgtgrjbkhc` phrh gd jhkga` cg dhs jugstrhs.
gd cgshrr`dd` cgd trheha`.
Yhrh nujpdbr n`k k sg n``rcbkhr dh cbsp`kbebdbchc cg j`vbdbchc y gd gstg hnngs` hd cgeg èrgh cg hdjhngkhjbgkt` cg d`s
Gk gst`s nhs`s sg p`crè mhngr us` cg ukh ehdhkzh cg pdhthf`rjh qug sg trhsdhcg mhsth gd duohr cg ogkgrhnbþk phrh qug d`s cht`s pugchk sgr t`jhc`s gk gd jbsj` pukt`. D`s nèdnud`s cg cgksbchc y n`jp`sbnbþk cgegrèk rghdbzhrsg thjebâk gk gd duohr cg ogkgrhnbþk.
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OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk m`rhrb`s gspgnên`s, cg j`c` qug k` sg ogkgrgk cbnudthcgs gk gd cgshrr`dd` cgd trheha`. Hsbjbsj`, gs bjp`rthktg prgoukthr h d`s gknhrohc`s, d`s m`rhrb`s y cêhs cg rgn`dgnnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s p`r phrtg cg dh jukbnbphdbchc, cg j`c` qug k` sg pbgrchk jugstrhs cgebc` h qug gd sgrvbnb` cg rgn`dgnnbþk yh dhs mhyh rgn`obc`. 5. Cgksbchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Dh jgcbnbþk cg dh cgksbchc cgeg rghdbzhrsg p`r tbp` cg ogkgrhc`rgs y fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk, phrh d` nuhd sg rgn`jbgkch gd sboubgktg pr`ngcbjbgkt`1 Yhs` 81 Vgrbnhr dh nhktbchc cg e`dshs y d`s pgs`s hk`thc`s. Yhs` 51 N`kthr n`k uk nbdbkcr` cg hpr`xbjhchjgktg 599 dbtr`s n`k dhc`s m`j`oâkg`s, t`jhr dhs jgcbchs cg cbèjgtr` y hdturh. Yhs` >1 N`d`nhr gd n`ktgkbc` cg dhs e`dshs gk uk nbdbkcr`, cgahkc` dberg hpr`xbjhchjgktg 89 nj cg hdturh, cg thd f`rjh qug fhnbdbtg dh jhkbpudhnbþk cgd nbdbkcr`. Yhs` 31 Dgvhkthr gd nbdbkcr` mhsth hpr`xbjhchjgktg 89 nj h 87 nj cg hdturh y cgahr nhgr. Ugpgtbr gsth hnnbþk trgs vgngs. Yhs` 71 Jgcbr dh hdturh dberg cgd nbdbkcr`. Yhs` 61 S`jh S`jhrr k`th cg d`s cht`s cg hdturh y d`s pgs`s cg dhs e`dshs gk dh m`ah cg rgobstr`. Yhs` ?1 Ugpgtbr gd pr`ngcbjbgkt` n`k dhs e`dshs sgdgnnb`khchs rgsthktgs.
Dh cgksbchc sg rggrg h dh cgksbchc sbk n`jphnthr.
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JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
>. N`jp`sbnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Gd jugstrg` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s phrh dh n`jp`sbnbþk fêsbnh
Gd pr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh gd jugstrg` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s phrh dh n`jp`sbnbþk fêsbnh cgeg ddgvhrsg hnhe` gk gd duohr gk gd qug sg rghdbzh gd pgshag.
sg cgeg ddgvhr h nhe` gk gd duohr gk gd qug sg rghdbzh gd pgshag, phrh gst` gs bjp`rthktg sgoubr gd sboubgktg pr`ngcbjbgkt`1 Yhs` 81 Hsgourhr dh cbsp`kbebdbchc y us` cg gqubp`s cg pr`tgnnbþk pgrs`khd. Yhs` 51 Vgrbnhr qug dhs e`dshs ` rgsbcu`s pr`vgkbgktgs cgd hkèdbsbs cg cgksbchc, sg gknugktrgk n`cbnhchs y sgphrhchs cg hnugrc` hd tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r y fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg c`kcg pr`vbgkgk. Yhs` >1 ^g r`jpgk dhs e`dshs y sg vbgrtgk d`s rgsbcu`s f`rjhkc` uk j`ktþk. N`k dh khdbchc cg m`j`ogkbzhr dh jugstrh, sg tr`zhk d`s rgsbcu`s jès v`dujbk`s`s mhsth n`ksgoubr uk thjhø` qug rgsudtg jhkbpudhedg. Yhs` 31 ^b sg tbgkg uk v`dujgk cg rgsbcu`s juy orhkcg, sg cbvbcg gk nuhtr` phrtgs (jât`c` cg nuhrtg`) y sg gsn`ogk dhs c`s phrtgs `pugsths phrh f`rjhr uk kugv` j`ktþk jès pgqugø`. Dh jugstrh jgk`r sg vugdvg h jgzndhr y sg cbvbcg gk nuhtr` phrtgs kugvhjgktg, dugo` sg gsn`ogk c`s `pugsths y sg f`rjh `trh jugstrh jès pgqugøh. Gsth `pgrhnbþk sg rgpbtg mhsth `etgkgr ukh jugstrh qug sgh jhkgahedg cg k` jgk`s cg 79 lo. Yhs` 71 ^gorgohr nhch tbp` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cg hnugrc` h d` sgøhdhc` gk dh nmh cg rgobstr`s cg pgs`s, cbstrbeuyâkc`d`s gk dhs e`dshs ushchs phrh dh rgn`dgnnbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. Yhs` 61 Ygshr nhch ukh cg dhs e`dshs qug n`ktbgkgk d`s rgsbcu`s sgorgohc`s sgorgohc`s y rgobstrhr rgobstrhr d`s cht`s gk dh Fbnmh cg rgobstr`s cg pgs`s.
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OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Fbnmh cg rgobstr` cg pgs`s cg jugstrg` phrh gd hkèdbsbs cg n`jp`sbnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s K@JEUG N@JYDGS@ CGD UG^Y@K^HEDG Q@KH
Sbp` cg rgsbcu` sþdbc` 8. Ugsbcu`s hpr`vgnmhedgs 8.8 Ugsbcu`s @roèkbn`s
Ugsbcu`s cg hdbjgkt`s (rgst`s cg n`jbch, nèsnhrhs, rgst`s cg fruths, vgrcurhs, m`rthdbzhs y `tr`s sbjbdhrgs
Ugsbcu`s cg jhdgzh y p`ch (rgst`s cg `rgs, m`ahs, thdd`s, orhss, `tr`s sbjbdhrgs) 8.5 Ugsbcu`s Bk`roèkbn`s 8.5.8 Yhpgd Edhkn` Ygrbþcbn` Jbxt` (pèobkhs cg nuhcgrk`s, rgvbsths, `tr`s sbjbdhrgs) 8.5.5 Nhrtþk Edhkn` (dbs` y nhrtudbkh) Jhrrþk (n`rruohc`) Jbxt` (thphs cg nuhcgrk`, rgvbsths, `tr`s sbjbdhrgs)
Cbh 9 ( )
Cbh 8 ( )
Cbh 5 ( )
Cbh > ( )
Cbh 3 ( )
Cbh 7 ( )
Cbh 6 ( )
Cbh ? ( )
7>
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Sbp` cg rgsbcu` sþdbc` 8.5.> Vbcrb` Srhksphrgktg @tr`s n`d`rgs (jhrrþk „ èjehr, vgrcg, hzud, gktrg `tr`s) @tr`s (vbcrb` cg vgkthkh) 8.5.3 Ydèstbn` YGS„Sgrgfthdht` cg p`dbgtbdgk` YGS„Sgrgfthdht` (hngbtg y e`tgddhs cg egebchs y houh, gktrg `tr`s sbjbdhrgs)
YGHC-Y`dbgtbdgk` cg hdth cgksbchc (e`tgddhs cg dèntg`s, smhjp``, cgtgrogktg dêqubc`, suhvbzhktg) YGEC-Y`dbgtbdgk` cg ehah cgksbchc (gjphqugs cg hdbjgkt`s, gjphqugs cg pdèstbn` cg phpgd mbobâkbn`, gjphqugs cg cgtgrogktg, gjphqug dj)
YY-p`dbpr`pbdgk` (ehdcgs, tbkhs, rhh, gstunmgs kgor`s cg NC, thphs cg egebchs, thpgrs, e`dshs cg ngrghdgs)
Y^-Y`dbgstbrgk` (thphs nrbsthdbkhs cg ncs, jbnhs, vhs`s cg y`ourt, nuegths cg mgdhc`, gkvhsgs cg dhvhvhabddh)
YVN-Y`dbnd`rur` cg vbkbd` (tuegrêhs cg houh, cgshoôg y gdântrbnhs)
Cbh 9 ( )
Cbh 8 ( )
Cbh 5 ( )
Cbh > ( )
Cbh 3 ( )
Cbh 7 ( )
Cbh 6 ( )
Cbh ? ( )
73
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Sbp` cg rgsbcu` sþdbc` 8.5.7 Sgtrh erbl 5.5.7 (gkvhsgs judtbnhph) 8.5.6 Jgthdgs Dhths-m`ahdhth (dhths cg dgnmg, htñk, gktrg `tr`s) Hngr` Fbgrr` Hdujbkb` @tr`s Jgthdgs 8.5.? Sgxtbdgs (tgdhs) 8.5.= Nhunm`, nugr`, ageg 5. 5. Ugsbcu`s k` hpr`vgnmhedgs E`dshs pdèstbnhs cg uk s`d` us` Ugsbcu`s shkbthrb`s (phpgd mbobâkbn`, phøhdgs, t`hddhs shkbthrbhs, gxnrgths cg jhsn`ths.) Ybdhs Sgnk`p`r (p`dbgstbrgk` gxphkcbc`) Ugsbcu`s bkgrtgs (tbgrrh, pbgcrhs, ngrèjbn`s, dhcrbdd`s, gktrg `tr`s) Ugst`s cg jgcbnhjgkt`s Gkv`dturhs cg skhnls, ohddgths, nhrhjgd`s, gktrg `tr`s @tr`s rgsbcu`s k` nhtgo`rbzhc`s
Cbh 9 ( )
Cbh 8 ( )
Cbh 5 ( )
Cbh > ( )
Cbh 3 ( )
Cbh 7 ( )
Cbh 6 ( )
Cbh ? ( )
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JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
3. Mujgchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Gd nèdnud` cg dh mujgchc gs bjp`rthktg phrh gstbjhr dh p`tgknbhdbchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s phrh dh ogkgrhnbþkk cg ogkgrhnbþ dbxbvbhc`s, y dh n`ksgnugktg cg dhfhnbdbthnbþk cgorhchnbþk cg d`s jbsj`s (cbogstbþk hgr`ebh y hkhgr`ebh).
Gk rgdhnbþk hd dhe`rht`rb` rgfgrgknbhd, dh jukbnbphdbchc p`crè gfgntuhr gd hkèdbsbs cgd phrèjgtr` cg mujgchc gk dhe`rht`rb`s prbvhc`s, cg ngktr`s cg bkvgstbohnbþk ` ukbvgrsbchcgs.
Dh mujgchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gstè rgfgrbch h dh nhktbchc t`thd cg houh qug gst`s n`ktbgkgk. Gd nèdnud` cg gstg phrèjgtr` gs bjp`rthktg phrh gstbjhr dh p`tgknbhdbchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s phrh dh ogkgrhnbþk cg dbxbvbhc`s, y dh n`ksgnugktg fhnbdbthnbþk cg dh cgorhchnbþk cg d`s jbsj`s (cbogstbþk hgr`ebh y hkhgr`ebh). Gd hkèdbsbs cg cbnm` phrèjgtr` cgegrè cg sgr rghdbzhc` p`r uk dhe`rht`rb dhe`rht`rb`` rgfgrgknbhd, tgkbgkc` gk nugkth ukh sgrbg cg n`ksbcgrhnb`kgs prgvbhs hd bkorgs` cg dh jugstrh, phrh d` nuhd, sg cgeg sgoubr uk pr`t`n`d` phrh gd jhkga` cg dhs jugstrhs gk jgknbþk. Hsbjbsj`, gk gd Hkgx` =, sg prgsgkth uk j`cgd` cg nhcgkh cg nust`cbh phrh gd trhsdhc` cg dh jugstrh mhsth gd dhe`rht`rb dhe`rht`rb`. `. Yhrh gd nèdnud` cg gstg phrèjgtr`, sg rgn`jbgkch t`jhr ukh (98) jugstrh n`j` jêkbj`, curhktg gd nuhrt` cêh cgd gstucb`, phrh d`s tbp`s cg ogkgrhc`r c`jbnbdbhrb` y k` c`jbnbdbhrb`. Gk nhs` cgd ogkgrhc`r c`jbnbdbhrb` sg n`ksbcgrhrè h dhs vbvbgkchs y gk nhs` cgd ogkgrhc`r k` c`jbnbdbhrb` sg n`ksbcgrhrè h dh fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk1 jgrnhc`s. Gs prgnbs` sgøhdhr, qug cg hnugrc` h dh cbsp`kbebdbchc cg rgnurs`s gn`kþjbn`s cg nhch o`ebgrk` d`nhd, sg p`crèk n`ksbcgrhr jès cg c`s (95) jugstrhs p`r tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r u `trhs fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk.
76
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
^gdgnnb`khrr dhs ^gdgnnb`kh jugstrhs cg c`jbnbdb`s, jgrnhc`s u `trhs fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk jukbnbphd, sgoñk n`rrgsp`kch
Y`stgrb`r hd hkèdbsbs cg n`jp`sbnbþk, sgdgnnb`khr ukh frhnnbþk `roèkbnh rgprgsgkthtbvh p`r tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r
Ughdbzhr uk nuhrtg` sungsbv` mhsth `etgkgr ukh jugstrh cg 5,9 lo.
N`d`nhr dh jugstrh gk ukh e`dsh mgrjâtbnh trhksphrgktg n`jprbjbgkc` phrh gdbjbkhr dh jhy`r nhktbchc cg hbrg
Jgzndhr y sgphrhr ukh jugstrh (*)
Ugcunbr gd thjhø` cg d`s n`jp`kgktgs mhsth `etgkgr pbgzhs cg 5 nj ` jgk`s.
N`d`nhr dh jugstrh gk ukh nhah cg tgnk`p`r n`k rgfrbogrhktg prgvbhjgktg r`tudhch.
Srhksp`rthr hd dhe`rht`rb` phrh gd hkèdbsbs rgspgntbv`.
(*)Gd pgs` jêkbj` rgqugrbc`, cgpgkcgrè cg dh jgt`c`d`oêh gsthedgnbch p`r gd dhe`rht`rb` c`kcg sg rghdbng gd hkèdbsbs cg mujgchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
7?
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
7. Dbjpbgzh cgd èrgh y cbsp`sbnbþk fkhd cg rgsbcu`s 6. sþdbc`s nhrhntgrbzhc`s
Wkh jhdh ogstbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s gk gd duohr cg `pgrhnbþk pugcg ogkgrhr dh hphrbnbþk cg vgnt`rgs, cgsn`ktgkt` cgd pgrs`khd `pgrhrb`, d`s rgsp`kshedgs cg cbnm` gsphnb`, dh p`edhnbþk y dhs hut`rbchcgs.
Fbkhdbzhch dh t`jh cg cht`s y hkèdbsbs fêsbn` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s nhrhntgrbzhc`s, hnt` sgoubc` sg cgeg rghdbzhr cbhrbhjgktg dh dbjpbgzh cgd èrgh utbdbzhch, dh rgn`dgnnbþk y cbsp`sbnbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s nhrhntgrbzhc nhrhntgrbzhc`s `s gk dh bkfrhgstrunturh cg cbsp`sbnbþk khd. Gst` gs bjp`rthktg yh qug ukh jhdh ogstbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s gk gd duohr cg `pgrhnbþk pugcg ogkgrhr dh hphrbnbþk cg vgnt`rgs, cgsn`ktgkt` cgd pgrs`khd `pgrhrb`, d`s rgsp`kshedgs cg cbnm` gsphnb`, dh p`edhnbþk y dhs hut`rbchcgs, d` nuhd cgvgkcrè gk ukh jhdh pgrngpnbþk cg dh gktbchc gcbd p`r dh rghdbzhnbþk cgd gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnb nhrhntgrbzhnbþk. þk. =.> GSHY GSHYH H CG HKÈDB^B^ CG BKF@UJHNBÞK
D`s f`rjht`s utbdbzhc`s gk dh gthph cg nhjp`, d`s nuhdgs cgegk sgr dgobedgs, trhzhedgs y `rcgkhc`s.
Gk gsth gthph n`rrgsp`kcg hkhdbzhr d`s cht`s qug sg mhyhk `etgkbc` gk nhjp`. Gsth gs ukh fhsg cg ohebkgtg gk dh qug sg cgeg cgtgrjbkhr y gstbjhr nhch uk` cg d`s phrèjgtr`s qug sg mhk t`jhc`< rgspgthkc` d`s f`rjht`s utbdbzhc`s gk dh gthph cg nhjp`, d`s nuhdgs cgegk sgr dgobedgs, trhzhedgs y `rcgkhc`s. h. Gstbjhnbþk cg ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth cg rgsbcu`s h. sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s
N`k cht`sd`s `etgkbc`s gd pgshag cg rgsbcu`s cgegd`s rghdbzhr nèdnud`sgkn`rrgsp`kcbgktgs phrh sþdbc`s, `etgkgr sg dh ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth y t`thd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s p`r nhch z`kh cg jhkgrh bkcgpgkcbgktg, gk nhs` n`rrgsp`kch.
7=
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0
N@K^BCGUHNB@KG^
Gk dh prgsgktg ouêh sg bknduygk ukh sgrbg cg f`rjht`s qug pugcgk sgr utbdbzhc`s p`r gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp`, gk dh n`kstrunnbþk cg gst`s f`rjht`s sg t`jhr`k gk nugkth dhs sboubgktgs n`ksbcgrhnb`kgs1
Gs bjp`rthktg prgnbshr qug phrh cgtgrjbkhr dh OYN, sþd` sg cgeg pr`jgcbhr dh nhktbchc cg pgs`s cg rgsbcu`s ogkgrhc`s gk d`s 9? cêhs y cbvbcbrd` p`r dh nhktbchc cg mhebthktgs qug sg gknugktrhk gk nhch jugstrh.
• Yhs` 81 N`d`nhr gk ukh m`ah cg nèdnud` cg Gxngd, ukh jhtrbz qug bknduyh d`s cht`s cg K¹ cg vbvbgkch, nþcbo`, K¹ cg mhebthktgs, ogkgrhnbþk cg nhch cêh gk Lo y cgahr ukh n`dujkh phrh gd nèdnud` cg dh OYN. • Yhs` 51 51 Vgrbnhr Vgrbnhr qug gk dh jhtrbz cg cht`s k` sg gknugktrgk ngr`s n`j` cht`, gst` mhrè qug ehag gd pr`jgcb` bkaustbnhchjgktg. bkaustbnhchjgktg. ^b k` sg rgn`obgr`k jugstrhs, sbjpdgjgktg sg cgeg cgahr gk edhkn` dh ngdch n`rrgsp`kcbgktg h gsg cêh. • Yhs` >1 >1 Dh n`dujkh cgd —Cêh 9‚ k` cgeg sgr n`ksbcgrheh gk gd gagrnbnb` cg nèdnud` cg `etgknbþk cgd OYN. Y`r gdd`, t`c`s d`s nèdnud`s cgd OYN cgegrèk rghdbzhrsg cgscg gd Cêh 8. • Yhs` 31 Yr`jgcbhr d`s vhd`rgs gk dh m`ah cg nèdnud` ushkc` dh fþrjudh —:YU@JGCB@‚ cbvbcbâkc`d` cbvbcbâkc`d` p`r gd kñjgr` cg mhebthktgs. • Yhs` 71 K` utbdbzhr dh fþrjudh —:^WJH (….)/?‚, yh qug gs p`sbedg qug mhyhk ngdchs qug k` tgkohk cht`s y gk gstg nhs`, sg sgoubrè cbvbcbgkc` p`r ?, ogkgrhkc` uk grr`r gk gd nèdnud`. • Yhs` 61 Gd pr`jgcb` khd ` OYN c`jbnbdbhrbh, sg `etgkcrè cg pr`jgcbhr t`chs dhs OYN cg nhch vbvbgkch.
K¹ cg vbvbgkch
Nþcbo` cg vbvbgkch
Ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s C`jbnbdbhrb`s (lo.)
K¹ cg mhebthktgs
OYN (lo/mhe/cêh) C`jbko` Dukgs cbh 9 cbh 8
…
^èehc` cbh 6 C`jbko` cbh ?
8
B-H-J-98
3
5.77
5.>7
…
5.8=
5.>3
:(YU@JGCB@ (CBH81CBH?))/K¹ cg Mhebthktgs
5
B-H-J-95
5
8.3=
8.37
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3
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7
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9.6>8
7
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3
5.67
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7
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9.67?
Yr`jgcb`
:YU@JGCB@(OYN981OYNk)
9.66=
72
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
e. Vhdbchnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s n. c`jbnbdbhrb`s
Gxbstgk hdouk`s ogkgrhc`rgs qug pugcgk gsthr juy p`r gknbjh ` juy p`r cgeha` cg gsths sbtuhnb`kgs k`rjhdgs (—vhd`rgs htêpbn`s‚) y cgegk sgr sgphrhc`s cgd yh quggstucb` gdgvhrêhk ` cbsjbkubrêhk grrþkghjgktg gd pr`jgcb` hdnhkzhc`, ogkgrhkc` ukh bkf`rjhnbþk bkn`ksbstgktg.
Gstg tbp` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk eusnh rgprgsgkthr dhs n`kcbnb`kgs k`rjhdgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s n`k ehsg gk qug dh p`edhnbþk gstucbhch jugstrh, gk dh orhk jhy`rêh cg d`s nhs`s, uk n`jp`rthjbgkt` sbjbdhr. ^bk gjehro`, gxbstgk hdouk`s ogkgrhc`rgs qug pugcgk gsthr juy p`r gknbjh ` juy p`r cgeha` cg gsths sbtuhnb`kgs k`rjhdgs (—vhd`rgs htêpbn`s‚) y cgegk sgr sgphrhc`s cgd gstucb` yh qug gdgvhrêhk ` cbsjbkubrêhk grrþkghjgktg gd pr`jgcb` hdnhkzhc`, ogkgrhkc` ukh bkf`rjhnbþk bkn`ksbstgktg. Yhrh bcgktbnhr h gst`s —vhd`rgs htêpbn`s‚ gxbstgk cbfgrgktgs hrrgod`s gsthcêstbn`s qug pugcgk sgr utbdbzhc`s.
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 Dh prgsgktg ouêh pr`p`kg ukh jgt`c`d`oêh ehshch gk dh vhrbhebdbchc gktrg dhs cbfgrgktgs `nurrgknbhs cg OYN gk dhs vbvbgkchs gstucbhchs, phrh d` nuhd sg cgeg sgoubr gd sboubgktg pr`ngcbjbgkt`1 • Yhs` 81 81 Gd Gd Cêh 9 k` sg cgeg n`ksbcgrhr gk gd hkèdbsbs cg dh vhdbchnbþk cg d`s cht`s kb gk dh `etgknbþk cg dh OYN. • Yhs` 51 Dhs vbvbgkchs qug mhyhk gktrgohc` dhs e`dshs n`cbnhchs gk uk kñjgr` jgk`r h 3 cêhs (sbk n`kthr gd Cêh 9) cgegk sgr cgsnhrthchs yh qug k` s`k rgprgsgkthtbvh rgprgsgkthtbvhss phrh gd gstucb`. • Yhs` >1 >1 Gk gd nhs` qug dh vbvbgkch mhyh cgahc` cg gktrgohr jugstrhs p`r c`s cêhs n`ksgnutbv`s, sg cgegrè prgoukthr hd phrtbnbphktg sb d`s rgsbcu`s n`rrgsp`kcgk s`d` h gsg cêh gk gspgnên`, cg k` sgr hsê ` k` n`kthrsg n`k dh bkf`rjhnbþk sg cgeg `pthr p`r cgsnhrthr gsh vbvbgkch cgd gstucb`. • Yhs` 31 Yhrh bcgktbnhr bcgktbnhr h gst`s —vhd`rgs htêpbn`s‚ gk nhch z`kh ` z`kh ñkbnh, sg pugcg utbdbzhr dh sboubgktg rgdhnbþk1
• • • •
Cþkcg1 ]1 OYN ]1 OYN pr`jgcb` x1 OYN x1 OYN cg nhch vbvbgkch s1 Cgsvbhnbþk s1 Cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr
69
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
•
Gsth fþrjudh t`jh vhd`rgs hes`dut`s p`r d` qug sg rgn`jbgkch utbdbzhr dh fþrjudh :HE^(($]-x)/$s), gs bjp`rthktg rgspgthr dh p`sbnbþk cg d`s phrâktgsbs y —ahr dhs ngdchs cg OYN pr`jgcb` —]‚ y cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr —s‚, gst` sg n`ksboug prgsb`khkc` dh tgndh F3 hd j`jgkt` cg sgdgnnb`khr dh ngdch n`k d` qug hphrgngrè gd sbok` $.
• Yhs` 71 71 Dh vhdbchnbþk n`ksbstg gk vgrbnhr nuèdgs cg dhs jugstrhs hrr`ahk uk vhd`r cg Qn jhy`r qug 8,26, pugs gsths sgrèk dhs qug gstâk fugrh cgd rhko` cg n`khebdbchc y cgegk sgr gdbjbkhchs cg dh jhtrbz1
Gdbjbkhr d`s vhd`rgs n`k Qn ≧8.26 • Yhs` 61 61 ^b gd kñjgr` cg jugstrhs cgsnhrthchs gs jhy`r hd 59% cgd thjhø` cg jugstrhs (k) cgtgrjbkhchs sgoñk d` gsthedgnbc` gk gd btgj bcgktbnhnbþk cg jugstrhs p`r fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk, sg cgeg cg gfgntuhr kugvhjgktg gd GN-U^J, p`r k` sgr rgprgsgkthtbv` cg dh p`edhnbþk hkhdbzhch.
• Yhs` ?1 ?1 Gk Gk gd nhs` cg n`kthr n`k gstucb`s qug mhyhk utbdbzhc` z`khs, gsth vhdbchnbþk cgeg chrsg s`erg gd t`thd cg jugstrhs, nhdnudhkc` d`s phrèjgtr`s cg OYN y cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr n`rrgsp`kcbgktgs. Dh cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr k` cgegrè sgr supgrb`r hd 79% cg dh OYN nhdnudhch1
OYN t`thd cgd gstrht` (79%) ; (s)1 Gd gstucb` gs vèdbc`. • Yhs` =1 =1 Wkh vgz qug sg mhk `etgkbc` d`s pr`jgcb`s cg ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s phrh nhch z`kh ` dh z`kh ñkbnh, sgoñk n`rrgsp`kch< sg cgeg nhdnudhr gd pr`jgcb` p`kcgrhc` cg dh ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s, phrh gst`, sg utbdbzhrè dh sboubgktg rgdhnbþk1
68
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
^g pr`p`kg gd sboubgktg gagjpd`1 Kbvgd s`nb` „ Ugprgsgkthtbvbchc gn`kþjbn` p`edhnb`khd
OYN t`thd cg dh z`kh vhdbchch
% x OYN b
H
5>%
9.?=
9.8?23
E
76%
9.66
9.>626
N
58%
9.76
9.88?6
S`thd
899%
OYN c`jbnbdbhrbh
9.6666 : 9.6?
b
K@SH1 Gk gd Hkgx` 88 sg prgsgkth uk gagjpd` cg vhdbchnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth (OYN) phrh ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s.
n. Gstbjhnbþk cg ogkgrhnbþk ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` n. c`jbnbdbhrb`s
Dh gstbjhnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhrbh gs dh sujh cg d`s pr`jgcb`s `etgkbc`s gk nhch ukh cg dhs cbfgrgktgs fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk cgkbchs hktgrb`rjgktg gk gd nèdnud` cg dh jugstrh judtbpdbnhc`s p`r gd t`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs cg nhch ukh gddhs.
Dh gstbjhnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhrbh gs dh sujh cg d`s pr`jgcb`s `etgkbc`s gk nhch ukh cg dhs cbfgrgktgs fugktgs cg ogkgrhnbþk.
Gk hdouk`s nhs`s cgeg n`ksbcgrhrsg gd kñjgr` cg cêhs h dh sgjhkh gk d`s qug gd ogkgrhc`r cgshrr`ddh sus hntbvbchcgs, p`r gagjpd`, gk gd nhs` cg n`dgob`s sg pugcgk n`kthebdbzhr s`d` nbkn` (7) cêhs ` gk nhs` cg ngktr`s cg gsphrnbjbgkt` n`j` cbsn`tgnhs s`d` trgs (>), gsth bkf`rjhnbþk cgeg vhdbchrsg n`k d`s phrtbnbphktgs cgd gstucb` g bkndubrsg gk gd phcrþk cg bksnrbpnbþk n`j` sg jgknb`kþ gk gd hnèpbtg n`rrgsp`kcbgktg. Gsth n`kcbnbþk k` gxnduyg dh t`jh cg cht`s gk gd —Cêh 9‚, gk gstg nhs` mhy qug rghdbzhr ukh prbjgrh jugstrh qug sgrè cgsnhrthch y `etgkgr jugstrhs cg t`c`s d`s cêhs suesboubgktgs qug dhe`rh gd ogkgrhc`r phrh rghdbzhr d`s pr`jgcb`s mhsth khdbzhr gd gstucb`.
65
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 Gk dh prgsgktg ouêh, p`r sg gd bknduyg ukh sgrbg cg f`rjht`s qug pugcgk sgr utbdbzhc`s rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp`. Gk dh n`kstrunnbþk cg gst`s f`rjht`s sg t`jhr`k gk nugkth dhs sboubgktgs n`ksbcgrhnb`kgs1 Gk gd nhs` cg gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs, m`tgdgs, rgsthurhktgs, bkstbtunb`kgs pñedbnhs y prbvhchs y jgrnhc`s sg gdhe`rþ hrnmbv`s bkcgpgkcbgktgs gk Jbnr`s`ft Gxngd y sg ogkgrþ uk kñjgr` cg —m`ahs‚ bouhd hd t`thd cg suendhsgs pgrtgkgnbgktgs h nhch fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk, sb k` sg mh ddgohc` h cgkbr suendhsgs, sg cgegk ogkgrhr —m`ahs‚ cg Gxngd h kbvgd cg ndhsgs. Yhrh gdhe`rhr gsths m`ahs sg mh sgoubc` gd sboubgktg pr`ngcbjbgkt`1 • Yhs` 81 81 ^g ogkgrhr`k ? —Hrnmbv`s ` dber`s‚ cg Gxngd qug n`rrgsp`kcgk h gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs, m`tgdgs, rgsthurhktgs, jgrnhc`s, bkstbtunb`kgs pñedbnhs y prbvhchs, bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs y ehrrbc` cg nhddgs, d`s nuhdgs sg gknugktrhk gk gd Hkgx` 89 (hrnmbv`s gk Gxngd). • Yhs` 51 Cgktr` cg nhch hrnmbv` ` dber` sg gdhe`rþ uk f`rjht` qug bknduyþ d`s sboubgktgs gknhegzhc`s1 K¹, Nþcbo`, Cêhs qug dhe`rh gk dh sgjhkh, ogkgrhnb`kgs cgd cêh 9 hd cêh ?, Vgrbnhnbþk, Yr`jgcb` (lo/cêh), Yr`jgcb` n`rrgobc` (lo/cêh), S`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs y Ogkgrhnbþk t`thd (lo/cêh). • Yhs` >1 >1 Gd Gd f`rjht` gdhe`rhc` n`rrgsp`kcg h ukh suendhsg (` ndhsg gk nhs` k` sg mhyh cbvbcbc` gk suendhsgs) bcgktbnhch cgktr` cg ukh fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk. Y`r gagjpd` sg mh cgtgrjbkhc` qug sg cgegk jugstrghr 69 gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs cg d`s nuhdgs 59 n`rrgsp`kcgk h e`cgohs (ndhsg 8), cg dhs nuhdgs 7 n`rrgsp`kcgk h dh suendhsg e`cgohs e`cg ohs cg jès 5
5
cg 899 j y 87 dh suendhsg jgk`s cg 899 j7< gk gstg nhs` sg n`rrgsp`kcgk cgegk ogkgrhrhc`s —M`ahs‚ qug n`kthrhk n`k dhs gk gd prbjgr nhs` y 87 gk gd sgoukc`, sb k` sg cbvbcbgrh gk suendhsgs sbjpdgjgktg sg ogkgrhrêh ukh —M`ah‚ phrh e`cgohs qug bknduyh 59 dhs. Dh cbvbsbþk cg ukh ndhsg cgtgrjbkhch s`d` cgeg rghdbzhrsg nuhkc` gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gqubp` cg nhjp` gknugktrg cbfgrgknbhs sbokbnhtbvhs cgktr` cg dh jbsjh. • Yhs` 31 31 Gd Gd nhjp` cg K¹ n`rrgsp`kcg hd kñjgr` n`rrgdhtbv` cg uk bkcbvbcu` cg dh suendhsg bcgktbnhch cgktr` cg dh fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk (` ndhsg gk nhs` k` sg mhyh sgphrhc` gk suendhsgs), gd nþcbo` n`rrgsp`kcg h dh n`cbnhnbþk cgsbokhch gk nhjp` phrh dh t`jh cg jugstrhs, d`s cêhs qug dhe`rh sg `etbgkgk cg d`s f`rjht`s rghdbzhc`s gk gd gjphcr`khjbgkt` cgd d`nhd, dh vgrbnhnbþk n`ksbstg gk uk hrrgod` qug pgrjbtg nhdnudhr s`d` dh ogkgrhnbþk cg hqugdd`s ogkgrhc`rgs qug mhyhk gktrgohc` n`j` jêkbj` jugstrhs n`rrgsp`kcbgktgs h jès cgd 79% cg d`s cêhs qug dhe`rhk.
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
6>
• Yhs` 71 71 Dh Dh n`dujkh —Yr`jgcb`‚, utbdbzh dh f`rjudh —YU@JGCB@ (CBH81CBH?)‚, s`d` cg hqugdd`s ogkgrhc`rgs qug mhyhk n`j` jêkbj` gd 79% cg dhs jugstrhs n`k rgspgnt` hgktrgohc` d`s cêhs qug dhe`rhk. • Yhs` 61 61 ^g cgeg vgrbnhr qug gk dh jhtrbz cg cht`s k` sg gknugktrgk ngr`s n`j` cht`, gst` mhrè qug ehag gd pr`jgcb` bkaustbnhchjgktg, sb k` sg rgn`obgr`k jugstrhs, sbjpdgjgktg sg cgeg cgahr gk edhkn` dh ngdch n`rrgsp`kcbgktg h gsg cêh, gk d`s f`rjht`s gktrgohc`s dh `pnbþk phrh p`kgr ngr`s sg gknugktrh rgstrbkobch. • Yhs` ?1 ?1 Dh Dh n`dujkh cgd —Cêh 9‚ k` gs n`ksbcgrheh gk gd gagrnbnb` cg nèdnud` cg `etgknbþk cgd OYN. • Yhs` =1 Gd pr`jgcb` mhddhc` cgeg sgr n`rrgobc` judtbpdbnhkc` dh ogkgrhnbþk pr`jgcb` p`r dh nhktbchc cg cêhs qug dhe`rh uk ogkgrhc`r `etgkbgkc` dh ogkgrhnbþk t`thd sgjhkhd qug dugo` cgegrè sgr cbvbcbch p`r ? phrh `etgkgr dh ogkgrhnbþk cbhrbh gstbjhch. Fbkhdjgktg sg cgeg nhdnudhr gd pr`jgcb` ogkgrhd cg t`c`s d`s pr`jgcb`s n`rrgobc`s gxbstgktgs. • Yhs` 21 21 ^g ^g cgeg n`ksbokhr gd t`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs gxbstgktgs gk nhch suendhsg (` ndhsg gk nhs` k` sg mhyh sgphrhc` gk suendhsgs), k` cgeg n`kfukcbrsg gd t`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs h jugstrghr n`k gd t`thd cg ogkgrhc`rgs gxbstgktgs gk gd cbstrbt`. • Yhs` 891 891 Dh ogkgrhnbþk t`thd cg ukh suendhsg bcgktbnhch cgktr` cg dh fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk (` ndhsg gk nhs` k` sg mhyh sgphrhc` gk suendhsgs) n`rrgsp`kcgrè hd pr`cunt` cgd pr`jgcb` ogkgrhd mhddhc` y dh nhktbchc cg ogkgrhc`rgs t`thdgs n`k dh qug nugkth dh suendhsg. • Yhs` 881 881 ^g cgegk ogkgrhr —M`ahs‚ sbjbdhrgs cg hnugrc` hd t`thd cg suendhsgs gxbstgktgs gk nhch fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk, n`pbhkc` gd j`cgd` bkbnbhd (M`ah ddhjhch —Ndhsg 8‚ qug sg uebnh gk gd Hkgx` 89) • Yhs` 851 Y`stgrb`rjgktg sg cgeg gdhe`rhr uk f`rjht` qug horupg t`chs dhs ogkgrhnb`kgs t`thdgs cg nhch suendhsg (` ndhsgs gk nhs` k` sg mhyh sgphrhc` gk suendhsgs) y nhdnudg dh ogkgrhnbþk cbhrbh t`thd cg nhch fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk. • Yhs` 8>1 8>1 Yhrh gd nhs` cg bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs sg t`jh gk nugkth dh nhktbchc cg hdujk`s, pr`fgs`rgs y pgrs`khd hcjbkbstrhtbv` n`j` uk fhnt`r, gstg sgrè gjpdghc` cbvbcbgkc` gd pr`jgcb` `etgkbc` gk nhch ukbchc jugstrhd. • Yhs` 831 Yhrh gd nhs` cg hdjhngkhjbgkt` y ehrrbc` sg cgegk ogkgrhr —M`ahs‚ p`r nhch ndhsg bcgktbnhch (n`jgrnbhd, rgsbcgknbhd u `trhs) sgphrhkc` dhs hntbvbchcgs cg hdjhngkhjbgkt` y ehrrbc` cg jhkgrh bkcgpgkcbgktg.
63
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
• Yhs` 871 871 Fbkhdjgktg, Fbkhdjgktg, sg cgeg ogkgrhr uk f`rjht` qug horupg dhs ogkgrhnb`kgs cg t`chs dhs fugktgs k` c`jbnbdbhrbhs phrh `etgkgr dh ogkgrhnbþk t`thd cg gstg tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r. K@SH1 Gk gd nhs` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cgd èjebt` k` c`jbnbdbhrb` K@SH1 k` sg n`ksbcgrhrèk pr`ngs`s cg vhdbchnbþk gsthcêstbnh, yh qug gstg tbp` cg ogkgrhc`rgs tbgkg uk kbvgd cg vhrbhebdbchc qug k` pgrjbtg cgshrr`ddhr gst`s pr`ngcbjbgk pr`ngcbjbgkt`s. t`s.
c. Gstbjhnbþk cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c. gspgnbhdgs
Gd pr`ngcbjbgkt` h rghdbzhr sg cgeg cgshrr`ddhr cg hnugrc` hd pr`ngcbjbgkt` cgsnrbt` gk gd nèdnud` cg dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhr c`jbnbdbhrb`s. b`s. g. Gstbjhnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk t`thd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c. jukbnbphdgs Yhrh gd nèdnud` cg dh ogkgrhnbþk t`thd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs sg n`ksbcgrh dh ogkgrhnbþk t`thd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s, k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs. Yhrh rghdbzhr d`s nèdnud`s sg cgeg n`kstrubr uk hrnmbv` gk Jbnr`s`ft Gxngd, c`kcg sg n`ksbokgk d`s cht`s mhddhc`s gk dhs thedhs khdgs cg nhch tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r.
C`kcg1 ^1 Cgksbchc ^1 Cgksbchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s (lo/j ) _1 Ygs` _1 Ygs` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s Vr1 V`dujgk Vr1 V`dujgk cgd rgsbcu` sþdbc` C1 Cbèjgtr` cgd nbdbkcr` Mf1 Hdturh Mf1 Hdturh t`thd cgd nbdbkcr` M`1 Hdturh M`1 Hdturh dberg cgd nbdbkcr` ω1 N`ksthktg (>.8386) >
f. Gstbjhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Yhrh nhdnudhr dh cgksbchc (pgs` v`dujâtrbn` cbhrb`) cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, sg `etgkcrè cbvbcbgkc` gd pgs` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gktrg gd v`dujgk qug `nupgk d`s jbsj`s p`r nhch cêh< phrh d` nuhd sg hpdbnhrh dh sboubgktg gnuhnbþk1
67
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 H n`ktbkuhnbõk sg n`d`nh uk gagjpd` cg dh gstbjhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc1 • Yhs`81 Nhdnudh gd v`dujgk phrh gd Cêh K¹ 8, n`k d`s cht`s `etgkbc`s gk nhjp` rghdbzhkc` dh sboubgktg sboubgktg `pgrhnbþk1
Gd v`dujgk phrh gd Cêh K¹ 8 gs 9.86= j . Yhrh `etgkgr d`s v`dñjgkgs cgd Cêh 5 hd Cêh ?, sg cgegrè rgpgtbr gd nèdnud` hktgrb`r. >
Nèdnud` cgd V`dujgk Cêh
C (j)
Mf (j)
M` (j)
V Ugsbcu`s (j¾)
Ygs` (lo)
8
9.7=
9.=2
9.577
9.86=
3>, 7
5
9.7=
9.=2
9.5>7
9.8?>
39, 8
>
9.7=
9.=2
9.58=
9.8?=
>6, 3
3
9.7=
9.=2
9.55>
9.8?6
>3, 2
7
9.7=
9.=2
9.865
9.825
37, >
6
9.7=
9.=2
9.585
9.8?2
>7, 9
?
9.7=
9.=2
9.5
9.8=5
35, >
66
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
• Yhs` 51 51 N`k d`s cht`s rgobstrhc`s cg —pgs` cg d`s rgsbcu`s n`ktgkbc`s gk gd nbdbkcr`‚, sg pr`ngcg h nhdnudhr dh cgksbchc p`r cêh1 5. N`k gd cht` cgd v`dujgk `etgkbc` cgd cêh K¹8 bouhd h (9.86= j ) y n`k gd pgs` cgd rgsbcu` cg cbnm` cêh, sg pr`ngcg h gfgntuhr dh cbvbsbþk1 >
5. Dh cgksbchc phrh gd cêh K¹ 8 gs 57=.2> lo/j . 5. 5. Yhrh `etgkgr dhs cgksbchcgs cgd Cêh 5 hd Cêh ?, cgegrè rgpgtbr gd nèdnud` hktgrb`r. >
• Yhs` >1 >1 Wkh Wkh vgz `etgkoh dh cgksbchc cbhrbh p`r nhch uk` cg d`s sbgtg cêhs, sg pr`jgcbhrè cbnmh cgksbchc phrh `etgkgr dh cgksbchc pr`jgcb` (^p)< phrh d` nuhd sg hpdbnhrè dh sboubgktg fþrjudh1
6?
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
• Yhs` 31 N`ksbokhr d`s cht`s gk uk nuhcr` cg rgsudthc`s, thd n`j` sg prgsgkth h n`ktbkuhnbþk1 Cgksbchc cbhrbh pr`jgcb` (lo/j>) Yhrèjgtr`
Cgksbchc (^)) (^
Cêh 8
Cêh 5
Cêh >
Cêh 3
Cêh 7
Cêh 6
Cêh ?
57=.2>
5>8.?2
593.32
82=.>9
5>7.23
827.7>
5>5.35
Cgksbchc pr`jgcb` lo/j> 555.32
K@SH1 Nheg prgnbshr, qug dhs cgksbchcgs cbhrbhs s`k cgksbchcgs pr`jgcb`s (yh qug dh cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc sg rghdbzh h t`chs dhs jugstrhs rgn`dgnthchs p`r tbp` cg ogkgrhc`rg ogkgrhc`rgss y fugktgs cg ogkgrhnb ogkgrhnbþk). þk).
o. Gstbjhnbþk cg dh n`jp`sbnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Yhrh dh gstbjhnbþk cg dh n`jp`sbnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sg mhrè us` cg dh Jhtrbz cg N`jp`sbnbþk Y`rngktuhd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s qug sg sgøhdh gk gd Hkgx` 89, dh nuhd gxprgsh dh n`jp`sbnbþk fêsbnh cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk p`rngkthags cg pgs`.
Yhrh dh gstbjhnbþk cg dh n`jp`sbnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sg mhrè us` cg dh Jhtrbz cg N`jp`sbnbþk Y`rngktuhd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s qug sg sgøhdh gk gd Hkgx` 89, dh nuhd gxprgsh dh n`jp`sbnbþk fêsbnh cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk p`rngkthags cg pgs`, phrh d` nuhd sg pr`jgcbhk d`s pgs`s cg nhch n`jp`kgktg curhktg gd pgrb`c` cg jugstrg`, gst` sg pugcg ddgvhr h nhe` phrh d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s, k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs bkcgpgkcbgktgjgktg. Gk gd nhs` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs, sg rgn`jbgkch rghdbzhr d`s nèdnud`s cg hnugrc` hd tbp` cg ogkgrhc`r, gs cgnbr uk nèdnud` bkcgpgkcbgktg phrh gsthedgnbjbgkt`s n`jgrnbhdgs, rgsthurhktgs, m`tgdgs, jgrnhc`s, bkstbtunb`kgs pñedbnhs y prbvhchs, bkstbtunb`kgs gcunhtbvhs y ehrrbc`, cg bouhd f`rjh gk d`s ogkgrhc`rgs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs gspgnbhdgs n`ksbcgrhr cg jhkgrh bkcgpgkcbgktg duerbngktr`s, vgtgrbkhrbhs, ngktr`s n`jgrnbhdgs, dhe`rht dhe`rht`rb`s. `rb`s. N`jp`sbnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s Sbp` cg rgsbcu` sþdbc`
Cêh Cêh Cêh Cêh Cêh Cêh Cêh S@SHD lo 8 5 > 3 7 6 ? (sujh lo lo lo lo lo lo lo cbh83
57
38
5>
>5
55>
(55>/3=2) ] 899 : 37.69 %
Jhdgzh, p`ch y jhcgrh
3?
57
33
79
>9
58
32
566
73.39%
S@SHD
6?
?>
?=
?7
?8
33
=8
3=2
899
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
6=
°NÞJ@ MHNGUD@0 Gagjpd` cg dh gstbjhnbþk cg dh n`jp`sbnbþk p`rngktuhd •
^g rghdbzh dh sujh cg d`s pgs`s `etgkbc`s curhktg d`s cêhs cgd cgshrr`dd` cgd gstucb` p`r nhch tbp` cg rgsbcu` y dugo` dh sujh t`thd gk t`c`s d`s cêhs cgd gstucb`.
•
Wkh vgz `etgkbc`s d`s pgs`s t`thdgs p`r tbp` cg rgsbcu` sþdbc` (55> lo phrh rgsbcu`s cg hdbjgkt`s y 566 lo l o phrh jhdgzh, p`ch y jhcgrh) sg rghdbzhk dhs sujhs cg t`thdgs p`r cêh (gk gstg nhs` 55> + 566 : 3=2).
•
Wkh vgz `etgkbc` gd vhd`r t`thd gk lbd`orhj`s cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s nhrhntgrbzhc`s (3=2 lo) sg rghdbzh dh gqubvhdgknbh cg gstg hd 899% y `etgkbâkc`sg dh n`jp`sbnbþk p`rngktuhd p`r nhch tbp` cg rgsbcu` sþdbc` ((55>/3=2) ] 899 : 37.69%).
K@SH1 S`c` gd pr`ngcbjbgkt` sgøhdhc` sg hpdbnhrè phrh nhch tbp` cg rgsbcu` sþdbc` bcgktbnhc` gk gd gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk.
m. Gstbjhnbþk cg dh mujgchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Yhrh cgtgrjbkhr dh mujgchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, sg cgeg n`ksbcgrhr dh sboubgktg bkf`rjhnbþk1 cht`s cgd pgshag t`thd cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s `roèkbn`s g bk`roèkbn`s n`rrgsp`kcbgktg h t`chs dhs jugstrhs rgn`dgnthchs cgd cêh, dugo` cgegrè nhdnudhrsg dh frhnnbþk p`rngktuhd qug rgprgsgkthk d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s `roèkbn`s< ukh vgz `etgkbch d`s rgsudthc`s cg dh mujgchc cgd dhe`rht`rb` rgfgrgknbhd sg n`jpdgthrèk d`s nèdnud`s y sg cgtgrjbkhrè khdjgktg dh mujgchc gk ehsg hd t`thd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s `roèkbn`s. Yhrh gd nèdnud` t`thd cg dh mujgchc sg rgn`jbgkch gjpdghr dh sboubgktg thedh1 Ygs` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s `roèkbn`s
Ygs` cg Frhnnbþk rgsbcu`s cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s `roèkbn`s bk`roèkbn`s
Mujgchc (Gk ehsg h rgsbcu`s `roèkbn`s)
(H)
(E)
r : (H)/ (H+E)
(M)
lo
lo
%
%
Mujgchc (Gk ehsg h pgs` t`thd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s) M : t
(M) x (r) %
C`kcg1 H1 Ygs` H1 Ygs` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s `roèkbn`s E1 Ygs` E1 Ygs` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s bk`roèkbn`s r1 Frhnnbþk r1 Frhnnbþk cg rgsbcu`s `roèkbn`s M1 Mujgchc M1 Mujgchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cgtgrjbkhc`s gk dhe`rht`rb` Mt1 Mujgchc gk ehsg hd pgs` t`thd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cg H+E
62
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
DBSGUHSWUH N@K^WDSHCH •
NGYB^. Ouêh phrh gd gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s, Hkgx` 95, @Y^/NGYB^/93/BS @Y^/NGYB^/93/BS-6>3. -6>3.
•
NGYB^. M`ahs cg cbvudohnbþk tânkbnh cgd NGYB^1 8? y 2?.
•
Ahvbgr O`rahs, Nhrcbgd Dþpgz y Qhj`rhk` Nhdv`, Gsthcêstbnh eèsbnh phrh gstucbhktgs cg nbgknbhs, Wkbvgrsbchc N`jpdutgksg cg Jhcrbc, Vgrsbþk 8?, fgergr` 5988.
•
_hdp`dg U`khdc G., Yr`ehebdbchc y Gsthcêstbnh phrh Bkogkbgr`s, YUGKSBNG MHDD MB^YHK@HJGUBNHKH MB^YHK@HJGUBNHKH ^.H., Jâxbn`, 8222.
•
Jhtt Nr`wg hkc Jr. Ogrry Nhrty, Gkvbr`kjgkkthd Yr`tgntb`k Hogkny, Jukbnbphd _hstg Nmhrhntgrbshtb`k, Hrcnhvhk, _gxf`rc, Brgdhkc, 8226.
•
Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg, KGFN@, N`ks`rnb` KBUH^, Ygrspgntbvgs, GNB, Gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk fêsbnh cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs cg dh nbuchc cg Muhknhy`, Dbjh „ Ygrñ, 598>.
•
Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg, KGFN@, N`ks`rnb` KBUH^, Ygrspgntbvgs, GNB, Gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk fêsbnh cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs cg dh nbuchc cg Yburh, Dbjh „ Ygrñ, 598>.
•
W^HBC „ YU@CG^, Jukbnbphdbchc cg Shje`phth, Gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk nhrhntgrbzhnb þk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs cg dh nbuchc cg Yugrt` Jhdc`khc`, Shje`phth, Jhcrg cg Cb`s, Dbjh „ Ygrñ, 5983.
•
Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg, Ouêh Jgt`c`dþobnh phrh gd cgshrr`dd` cgd Gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s Jukbnbphdgs, Dbjh „ Ygrñ, 598>.
•
Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg, Hkgx`s cg dh Hntbvbchc 5 cg dhs Jgths 95 y 961 Bjpdgjgkthr uk pr`orhjh cg sgorgohnbþk gk dh fugktg y rgn`dgnnbþk sgdgntbvh cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s gk vbvbgkchs urehkhs cgd cbstrbt`, sgoñk d`s p`rngkthags nhtgo`rbzhc`s p`r nhch o`ebgrk` d`nhd, cbsp`kbedg gk1 mttp1//rgcrrss.jbkhj.o`e.pg/hntbvbchcgs. pmp hd >9 cg k`vbgjerg cg 5986.
?9
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
•
Ugs`dunbþk K± 966=. Y`r dh nuhd sg rgodhjgkth gd us` rhnb`khd cg e`dshs pdèstbnhs y sg hc`pthk `trhs cbsp`sbnb`kgs.
•
Jhkuhd phrh dh ogstbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s urehk`s. OHUUBOWG^.599>.. Yèobkh 63. OHUUBOWG^.599>
•
Cânbjh Cbsp`sbnbþk n`jpdgjgkthrbh, trhksbt`rbhs y khdgs cg dh Dgy K± 5?>83, Dgy ogkgrhd cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s.
•
MHBU, A., HKCGU^@K, U., SHSMHJ, U. y EDHNL, _. (8222). Hkèdbsbs Judtbvhrbhktg. 7h Gcbnbþk. Yrgktbng Mhdd.
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Ahvbgr O`rahs, Nhrcbgd Dþpgz y Qhj`rhk` Nhdv`, Gsthcêstbnh eèsbnh phrh gstucbhktgs cg nbgknbhs, Wkbvgrsbchc N`jpdutgksg cg Jhcrbc, Vgrsbþk 8?, fgergr` 5988.
•
_hdp`dg U`khdc G., Yr`ehebdbchc y Gsthcêstbnh phrh Bkogkbgr`s, YUGKSBNG MHDD MB^YHK@HJGUBNHKH MB^YHK@HJGUBNHKH ^.H., Jâxbn`, 8222.
HNUÞKBJ@^ OWÊH • NGYB^1 Ngktr` Yhkhjgrbnhk` cg Bkogkbgrêh ^hkbthrbh y Nbgknbhs cgd Hjebgktg • GN-U^J1 Gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs • OYN1 Ogkgrhnbþk pgrnèpbth • YGS1 Sgrgfthdht` cg p`dbgtbdgk` • YGHC1 Y`dbgtbdgk` cg hdth cgksbchc • YGEC1 Y`dbgtbdgk` cg ehah cgksbchc • YY1 YY1 Y`dbpr`pb Y`dbpr`pbdgk` dgk` • Y^1 Y`dbgstbrgk` • YNV1 Y`dbnd`rur` cg vbkbd`
?8
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
OD@^HUB@ Hdjhngkhjbgkt` Gd hdjhngkhjbgkt` gs gd pr`ngs` y/` `pgrhnbþk cg hnujudhnbþk tgjp`rhd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk n`kcbnb`kgs tânkbnhs n`j` phrtg cgd sbstgjh cg jhkga` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s mhsth su vhd`rbzhn vhd`rbzhnbþk bþk ` cbsp`sbnbþk khd. Ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s @pgrhnbþk qug tbgkg p`r khdbchc qug d`s gsphnb`s pñedbn`s qug bknduygk vêhs, pdhzhs y cgjès èrghs pñedbnhs, thkt` gk gd èjebt` urehk` n`j` rurhd, qugcgk dbergs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. Dh hntbvbchc cgeg rghdbzhrsg s`erg gd t`thd cg vêhs gxbstgktgs eha` cbfgrgktgs j`chdbchcgs cg gagnunbþk. E`dshs pdèstbnhs cg uk s`d` us` ^`k hqugddhs e`dshs cg ehsg p`dbjârbnh, cbsgøhchs phrh uk s`d` us` y n`k n`rt` tbgjp` cg vbch ñtbd, ` nuyh n`jp`sbnbþk y/` nhrhntgrêstbnhs k` pgrjbtg y/` cbnudth su eb`cgorhchebdbchc y/` vhd`rhnbþk. Shjebâk Shjebâk sg n`k`ngk n`j` cgsnhrthedgs. N`jp`sbnbþk Fêsbnh Gs dh pr`p`rnbþk rgdhtbvh cg n`jp`kgktgs qug sg gknugktrhk cgktr` cg ukh nhktbchc gspgnênh cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, d`s nuhdgs bknduygk pdèstbn`s, jgthdgs, phpgd, jhtgrbh `roèkbnh, gktrg `tr`s. Cgksbchc Gs gd pgs` cg uk jhtgrbhd p`r ukbchc cg v`dujgk (lo/j ). Gstg phrèjgtr` tbgkg junmh bjp`rthknbh h dh m`rh cg cgtgrjbkhr dh nhphnbchc cg d`s gqubp`s cg rgn`dgnnbþk y hdjhngkhjbgkt` cg d`s rgsbcu`s. >
Cbsp`sbnbþk khd
Gs gd pr`ngs` y/` `pgrhnbþk phrh trhthr y cbsp`kgr gk uk duohr d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s n`j` ñdtbj` pr`ngs` cg su jhkga` gk f`rjh pgrjhkgktg, shkbthrbh y hjebgkthdjgktg sgourh. Cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr Gs dh vhrbhnbþk cgd pr`jgcb` cg dh jugstrh jgcbch gk dhs jbsjhs ukbchcgs qug gsth, jhtgjètbnhjgktg, gs dh rhêz nuhcrhch cg dh vhrbhkzh.
?5
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth (OYN) Gs dh ogkgrhnbþk ukbthrbh cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, k`rjhdjgktg sg rggrg h dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s p`r pgrs`khcêh. Ogstbþk bktgorhd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s S`ch hntbvbchc tânkbnh hcjbkbstrhtbvh cg pdhkbnhnbþk, n``rcbkhnbþk, n`kngrthnbþk, cbsgø`, hpdbnhnbþk y gvhduhnbþk cg p`dêtbnhs, gstrhtgobhs, pdhkgs y pr`orhjhs cg hnnbþk cg jhkga` hpr`pbhc` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. Ogkgrhc`r Ygrs`kh khturhd ` aurêcbnh qug gk rhzþk cg sus hntbvbchcgs ogkgrh rgsbcu`s, sgh n`j` fherbnhktg, bjp`rthc`r, bjp`rthc `r, cbstrbeubc` cbstrbeubc`r,r, n`jgrnbhktg ` usuhrb`. Shjebâk sg n`ksbcgrh ogkgrhc`r hd p`sggc`r cg rgsbcu`s pgdbor`s`s, nuhkc` k` sg pugch bcgktbnhr hd ogkgrhc`r rghd y h d`s o`ebgrk`s jukbnbphdgs h phrtbr cg dhs hntbvbchcgs cg rgn`dgnnbþk. Mujgchc Gs dh nhktbchc cg jhtgrbh hnu`sh, ogkgrhdjgktg n`kngcbch cg d`s rgsbcu`s `roèkbn`s. Ugn`dgnnbþk Hnnbþk cg rgn`ogr d`s rgsbcu`s phrh trhksfgrbrd`s jgcbhktg uk jgcb` cg d`n`j`nbþk d`n`j`nbþk hpr`pbhc`, hpr`pbhc`, y dugo` n`ktbkuhr su p`stgrb`r jhkga`, gk f`rjh shkbthrbh, sgourh y hjebgkthdjgktg hcgnuhch. Ugnbndhc`rgs `rohkbzhc`s Ygrs`khs khturhdgs qug cgnbcgk horuphrsg gk ukh s`nbgchc, hs`nbhnbþk, jbnr` gjprgsh y gjprgsh phrh rghdbzhr uk k n`jñk, n`kstbtuyâkc`sg gk pgrs`kh aurêcbnh y f`rjhdbzèkc`sg jgcbhktg bksnrbpnbþk gk rgobstr`s pñedbn`s. Ugsbcu`s cg dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb` pñedbn` ^`k hqugdd`s rgsbcu`s ogkgrhc`s p`r d`s sgrvbnb`s cg ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg pbsths, vgrgchs, pdhzhs y `trhs èrghs pñedbnhs. Ugsbcu`s jukbnbphdgs ^`k hqugdd`s rgsbcu`s n`kf`rjhc`s p`r d`s rgsbcu`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s y d`s pr`vgkbgktgs cgd ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s, bknduygkc` dhs pdhyhs, hntbvbchcgs n`jgrnbhdgs y `trhs hntbvbchcgs urehkhs k` c`jbnbdbhrbhs nuy`s rgsbcu`s sg pugcgk hsbjbdhr h d`s sgrvbnb`s cg dbjpbgzh pñedbnh, gk t`c` gd èjebt` cg su aurbscbnnbþk.
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
?>
Ugsbcu`s jukbnbphdgs gspgnbhdgs ^`k hqugdd`s qug sbgkc` ogkgrhc`s gk èrghsurehkhs, p`r su v`dujgk ` nhrhntgrêstbnhs, rqugrbgk cg ukh jhkga` phrtbnudhr, thdgs n`j` rgsbcu`s cg dhe`rht`rb`s cg gkshy`s hjebgkthdgs y sbjbdhrgs, duerbngktr`s, ngktr`s vgtgrbkhrb`s, ngktr`s n`jgrnbhdgs, gvgkt`s jhsbv`s n`j` n`knbgrt`s, n`kngktrhnb`kgs y j`vbdbzhnbþk tgjp`rhd mujhkh, fgrbhs, rgsbcu`s cg cgj`dbnbþk ` rgj`cgdhnbþk cg gcbnhnb`kgs cg `erhs jgk`rgs k` n`jprgkcbc`s cgktr`s cg dhs n`jpgtgknbhs cgd ^gnt`r Vbvbgkch y N`kstrunnbþk gktrg `tr`s, shdv` d`s qug gstèk cgktr` cgd èjebt` cg n`jpgtgknbhs sgn`trbhdgs. Ugsbcu`s bk`roèkbn`s ^`k hqugdd`s rgsbcu`s qug k` pugcgk sgr cgorhchc`s ` cgsc`edhc`s khturhdjgktg, ` ebgk sb gst` gs p`sbedg sufrgk ukh cgsn`jp`sbnbþk cgjhsbhc` dgkth. Gst`s rgsbcu`s pr`vbgkgk cg jbkgrhdgs y pr`cunt`s sbktâtbn`s. Ugsbcu`s jukbnbphdgs D`s rgsbcu`s cgd èjebt` cg dh ogstbþk jukbnbphd ` rgsbcu`s jukbnbphdgs, gstèk n`kf`rjhc`s p`r d`s rgsbcu`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s y d`s pr`vgkbgktgs cgd ehrrbc` y dbjpbgzh cg gsphnb`s pñedbn`s, bknduygkc` dhs pdhyhs, hntbvbchcgs n`jgrnbhdgs y `trhs hntbvbchcgs urehkhs k` c`jbnbdbhrbhs nuy`s rgsbcu`s sg pugcgk hsbjbdhr h d`s sgrvbnb`s cg dbjpbgzh pñedbnh, gk t`c` gd èjebt` cg su aurbscbnnbþk. Ugsbcu` sþdbc` k` hpr`vgnmhedg Gs t`c` jhtgrbhd ` susthknbh sþdbch ` sgjbsþdbch cg `rbogk `roèkbn` g bk`roèkbn`, putgrgsnbedg ` k`, pr`vgkbgktg cg hntbvbchcgs c`jâstbnhs, bkcustrbhdgs, n`jgrnbhdgs, bkstbtunb`kgs, cg sgrvbnb`s, qug k` `frgng kbkoukh p`sbebdbchc cg hpr`vgnmhjbgkt`, rgutbdbzhnbþk ` rgbkn`rp`rhnbþk gk uk pr`ngc` pr`cuntbv`. ^`k rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s qug k` tbgkgk kbkoñk vhd`r n`jgrnbhd, rgqubgrgk trhthjbgkt` y cbsp`sbnbþk khd y p`r d` thkt` ogkgrhk n`st`s cg cbsp`sbnbþk. Ugsbcu` k` jukbnbphdgs D`s rgsbcu`s cgd èjebt` cg ogstbþk k` jukbnbphd ` rgsbcu`s k` jukbnbphdgs, s`k hqugdd`s cg nhrèntgr pgdbor`s` y k` pgdbor`s` qug sg ogkgrhk gk gd cgshrr`dd` cg hntbvbchcgs gxtrhntbvhs, pr`cuntbvhs y cg sgrvbnb`s. N`jprgkcgk d`s ogkgrhc`s gk dhs bksthdhnb`kgs prbknbphdgs y huxbdbhrgs cg dh `pgrhnbþk. Ugsbcu`s `roèkbn`s ^g rggrg h d`s rgsbcu`s eb`cgorhchedgs ` suagt`s h cgsn`jp`sbnbþk. Yugcgk ogkgrhrsg thkt` gk gd èjebt` cg ogstbþk jukbnbphd n`j` gk gd èjebt` cg ogstbþk k` jukbnbphd.
?3
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
^gorgohnbþk Hnnbþk cg horuphr cgtgrjbkhc`s n`jp`kgktgs ` gdgjgkt`s fêsbn`s cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s phrh sgr jhkgahc`s gk f`rjh gspgnbhd. Vhd`rbzhnbþk Nuhdqubgr `pgrhnbþk nuy` `eagtbv` sgh qug gd rgsbcu`, uk` ` vhrb`s cg d`s jhtgrbhdgs qug d` n`jp`kgk, sgh rghpr`vgnmh rghpr`vgnmhc` c` y sbrvh h ukh khdbchc ñtbd hd sustbtubr h `tr`s jhtgrbhdgs ` rgnurs`s gk d`s pr`ngs`s pr`cuntbv`s. Dh vhd`rbzhnbþk pugcg sgr jhtgrbhd ` gkgroâtbnh. Vhd`r htêpbn` Shjebâk n`k`nbc` n`j` `utdbgr. ^g dgs cgk`jbkh vhd`rgs htêpbn` u `utdbgrsh h qugddhs `esgrvhnb`kgs n`k nhrhntgrêstbnhs cbfgrgktgs cg dhs cgjès. Gstg tbp` cg nhs`s k` pugcgk sgr nhrhntgrbzhc`s n`j` egkgn`s ` pr`edgjètbn`s, sbk` cgegk sgr n`ktgjpdhc`s gk gd n`ktgxt` cgd hkèdbsbs y cgeg gvhduhrsg gd tbp` cgbkf`rjhnbþk qug pugcgk pr`p`rnb`khr.
^u prbknbphd pr`edgjh rhcbnh qug s`k gdgjgkt`s qug pugcgk k` sgr rgprgsgkthtbv`s cg dh p`edhnbþk, pucbgkc` cbst`rsb`khr sgrbhjgktg gd n`jp`rthjbgkt` cg d`s n`ktrhstgs gsthcêstbn`s.
?7
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
HKG]@^ Hkgx` Hkgx ` 81 Dbkghjbgkt`s cg nhphnbthnbþk h sgksbebdbzhc`rgs Gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnb`k cg rgsbcu`s s`dbc`s jukbnbphdgs cgd cbstrbt` PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Dbkghjbgkt`s cgd thddgr cg nhphnbthnbþk h sgksbedbzhc`rgs @eagtbv`s1 • N`k`ngr hspgnt`s ogkgrhdgs cgd jhkga` jhkga` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s. • D`orhr hnugrc`s phrh sgoubr d`s pr`ngcbjbgkt`s cg dh vbsbth phrh phrh dh bksnrbpnbþk gk gd gstucb`< y n`jprgkcgr d`s n`ktgkbc`s cg d`s jhtgrbhdgs. • Ughdbzhr dhs thrghs prgvbhs h dh shdbch cg nhjp` phrh dh sgksbebdbzhnbþk. Sgjhs
Yr`ngcbjbgkt`
Sbgjp`
Ebgkvgkbch
Yrgsgkthnbþk cg d`s `eagtbv`s cgd thddgr y tgjhs h cgshrr`ddhr.
7 jbk.
SGJH 81 ^btuhnbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk gd Ygrñ y gd cbstrbt`
Gxp`sbnbþk hngrnh cg dh k`rjhtbvbchc khnb`khd y d`nhd gk rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s y hkèdbsbs cg dhs gthphs cgd nbnd` cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
59 jbk
Dhpt`p, judtbjgcbh, YYS
SGJH 51 Gstucb` cg Nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s1
Gxp`sbnbþk hngrnh cg dh cgkbnbþk, bjp`rthknbh y gthphs cg dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs.
>9 jbk
Dhpt`p, judtbjgcbh, YYS
Ugfrbogrb`
SGJH >1 Jgt`c`d`oêh phrh dh sgksbebdbzhnbþk h d`s ogkgrhc`rgs
Jhtgrbhdgs Ugobstr` cg hsbstgknbh y dhpbngr`s
89 jbk. Gxp`sbnbþk hngrnh cg1 • @eagtbv` cg dh vbsbth1 bkf`rjhr hngrnh cgd cgshrr`dd` cgd gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk y sgksbebdbzhr hd vgnbk` ` pr`pbgthrb` cgd gsthedgnbjbgkt` ` gjprgsh g jprgsh phrh d`orhr su phrtbnbphnbþk. • U`d cg d`s sgksbebdbzhc`rgs (uebnhr y `etgkgr dh n``pgrhnbþk cg d`s vgnbk`s ` pr`pbgthrb`s cgd gsthedgnbjbgkt` ` gjprgsh, hsbokhr uk nþcbo` h dh vbvbgkch vbvb gkch ` gsthedgnbjbgkt` phrtbnbphktg, rgobstrhr h d`s phrtbnbphktgs gk gd f`rjht` fêsbn` y cbobthd rgspgntbv`, n`d`nhr uk stbnlgr ` hfêk phrh rgn`k`ngr dh jugstrh, bcgktbnhr dh vbvbgkch ` gsthedgnbjbgkt` gk g k gd pdhk` cg ruth y gktrgohr jhtgrbhdgs h d`s phrtbnbphktgs). • Ugn`jgkchnb`kgs h d`s sgksbebdbzhc`rgs (nhushr ukh prbjgrh eugkh bjprgsbþk, jhktgkgr ukh n`jukbnhnbþk p`sbtbvh, rgsp`kcgr dhs prgoukths qug pugch mhngrdg gd ogkgrhc`r y rgvbshr sus jhtgrbhdgs hktgs cg shdbr hd nhjp`). • Gsqugjh cg dh vbsbth y us` cg jhtgrbhdgs1 gxpdbnhnbþk cgd us` pdhk` cg ruth y us` cgd f`rjht` cg sgksbebdbzhnbþk/ gjphcr`khjbgkt` (gkfhtbzhkc` gk dh bjp`rthknbh cg dh n`cbnhnbþk)< y rgvbsbþk cg d`s n`ktgkbc`s cg d`s jhtgrbhdgs cg gcunhnbþk y sgksbebdbzhnbþk phrh hsgourhr su n`jprgksbþk. Augo` cg r`dgs/s`nb`r`dgs/s`nb`-crhjh1 crhjh1 • Gk phrgahs prhntbnhk dh hpdbnhnbþk cg dh vbsbth vb sbth jbgktrhs qug gd fhnbdbthc`r `esgrvh gkshy` cg nhch phrgah y erbkch rgn`jgkchnb`kgs.
69 jbk
Dhpt`p, judtbjgcbh, YYS, y phrh nhch phrtbnbphktg1 8 dhpbngr`, 8 pdhk` cg ruth, 5 nhrths cg hdnhdcêh (8 phrh vgnbk`s y 8 phrh pr`pbgthrb`s), 5 f`rjht`s cg gjphcr`khjbgkt` (8 phrh vgnbk`s y 8 phrh pr`pbgthrb`s), 8 nhrkgt cg bcgktbnhnbþk, jhtgrbhdgs h sgr ushc`s (stbnlgr, r`thf`db`, v`dhktg, cêptbn`, gtn.) y 8 thedgr` (`pnb`khd).
>9 jbk
E`dshs, stbnlgrs, gktrg `tr`s.
•
Yrgphrhnbþk cg jhtgrbhdgs
Gxpdbnhnbþk cgcg bkcbnhnb`kgs phrh prgphrhr d`s jhtgrbhdgs phrh dh shdbch nhjp`1 prgphrhnbþk cg nhrpgth cg jhtgrbhdgs, gktrg `tr`s hspgnt`s d`oêstbn`s. • N`kndusb`kgs cgd cêh y gxpdbnhnbþk cg btbkgrhrb`s phrh dh shdbch cg nhjp`.
Sbgjp`
5 m`rhs n`k >7 jbkut`s.
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
?6
Hkgx` 51 J`cgd` cg c`nujgkt` cg bkvbthnbþk h phrtbnbphr cgd gstucb`
NHUSH NBUNWDHU K¹ PPPPPP - 598] Cbstrbt` xxxx „ xxxx cg 598] Gstbjhc` Vgnbk` (h) ^r (h)PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Cbrgnnbþk1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Hsukt`1 Bkvbthnbþk h sgr phrtg cgd Gstucb` cg Nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s Jukbnbphdgs gk dh Yr`vbknbh/Cbstrbt Yr`vbknbh/Cbstrbt`` xxxx Cg jb n`ksbcgrhnbþk1 Dh prgsgktg gs phrh shduchrdg n`rcbhdjgktg y h dh vgz bkf`rjhrdg qug dh Jukbnbphdbchc Yr`vbknbhd/ Cbstrbthd cg xxxxxx, gstè ddgvhkc` h nhe` gd Gstucb` cg Nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg Ugsbcu`s ^þdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb` gk dh Yr`vbknbh/Cbstrbt`, n`k dh khdbchc cg n`k`ngr dhs nhrhntgrêstbnhs fêsbnhs (nhktbchc y tbp`s) cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s qug sg ogkgrhk cgktr` cg kugstrh aurbscbnnbþk, eusnhkc` n`k gdd` jga`rhr dh ogstbþk bktgorhd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s. Gk rhzþk h gdd` sg rgqubgrg su n`dhe`rhnbþk phrh sgr phrtg cg gstg gstucb`, n`k dhs sboubgktgs hntbvbchcgs1 8. Ugobstr` cg su vbvbgkch n`j` phrtbnbphktg cgd gstucb`. 5. Ugngpnbþk cg e`dshs cbfgrgknbhchs phrh dh rgn`dgnnbþk cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s ogkgrhc`s gk gd c`jbnbdb`, sbk vhrbhr gd n`jp`rthjbgkt` mhebtuhd. >. Gktrgoh cg e`dshs n`k rgsbcu`s (cg 53 m`rhs cg ogkgrhnbþk) hd pgrs`khd hut`rbzhc` p`r dh jukbnbphdbchc, curhktg d`s = cêhs sboubgktgs qug dg bkcbqug gd/dh pr`j`t`r/h hjebgkthd. Fbkhdjgktg, sg horhcgng su n`dhe`rhnbþk n`k dh hut`rbchc jukbnbphd phrh dh rghdbzhnbþk cg gstg gstucb` tgjp`rhd cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs< phrh n`ksudths ` cuchs, pugcg n`jukbnhrsg hd (9xx) xxxxxx, hkgx` xxx. ^bk `tr` phrtbnudhr, qugc` cg ustgc. Htgkthjgktg
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Hdnhdcg / Ogrgktg Jukbnbphd ` cgd èrgh rgsp`kshedg cgd gstucb`
K@SH1 Hcgnuhr gd j`cgd` cg bkvbthnbþk phrh ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y ogkgrhc`rgs gspgnbhdgs.
??
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Hkgx` > y 31 J`cgd` cg jhtgrbhd cg sgksbebdbzhnbþk h dh p`edhnbþk phrh dh phrtbnbphnbþk gk gd gstucb`
G^SWCB@ CG NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
°XWÂ ^@K D@^ UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^0 ^`k hqugdd`s rgst`s qug nhch pgrs`kh ogkgrh gk sus hntbvbchcgs cbhrbhs y n`jñkjgktg ddhjhc`s ehsurh
°XWÂ G^ WK G^SWCB@ CG NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^-GNU^0 Gs ukh mgrrhjbgkth qug pgrjbtg `etgkgr bkf`rjhnbþk prbjhrbh hngrnh cg dh nhktbch, n`jp`sbnbþk, cgksbchc y mujgchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk uk cgtgrjbkhc` èjebt`.
°NÞJ@ YWGC@ YHUSBNBYHU CGD G^SWCB@ CG NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK0 UG^Y@KCGU DH^ YUGOWKSH^ rghdbzhchs p`r d`s/hs pr`j`t`rgs/hs hjebgkthdgs, qubgkgs gsthrèk bcgktbnhc`s n`k su f`t`nmgnl y tg prgoukthrèk d` sboubgktg1 Cbrgnnbþk. Wrehkbzhnbþk, Hsgkthjbgkt` Mujhk` ` Ngktr` Y`edhc`. K`jerg y Hpgddbc`. CKB. Kñjgr` cg mhebthktgs. Dugo` cg rgsp`kcgr dhs prgoukths, cgegrè rjhr gd phcrþk cg pgrs`khs phrtbnbphktgs gk gd gstucb`.
K@ UGSBUHU gd stbnlgr cg su vbvbgkch °NWÈD G^ DH BJY@USHKNBH CG WK GNU^0 Gs bjp`rthktg p`rqug pgrjbtg gdhe`rhr ukh sgrbg cg bkstrujgkt`s cg ogstbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, hsê n`j` pr`ygnt`s cg bkvgrsbþk y `tr`s qug pgrjbthk t`jhr cgnbsb`kgs gk dh ogstbþk bktgorhd cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s h n`rt`, jgcbhk` y dhro` pdhz`.
` gsthedgnbjbgkt` n`jgrnbhd p`r kbkoñk j`tbv`, jbgktrhs curg gd gstucb` (= cêhs)< gk nhs` cg dh pârcbch cgd stbnlgr, n`jukbnhr bkjgcbhthjgktg h d`s/hs pr`j`t`rgs/hs hjebgkthd bcgktbnhc`s n`k gd f`t`nmgnl.
GKSUGOHU ^W^ UG^BC@^ ^ÞDBC@^ ÑKBNHJGKSG hd pgrs`khd bcgktbnhc`, °NÞJ@ YWGC@ YHUSBNBYHU0 ^b tu vbvbgkch mh sbc` sgdgnnb`khch, gkt`kngs1 8) Ugsp`kcg h dhs prgoukths qug tg rghdbzhrè gd/dh pr`j`t`r/h hjebgkthd. 5) Gktrgoh curhktg = cêhs sgoubc`s
t`c`s tus rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s sbk gxngpnbþk hd pgrs`khd gknhrohc` g
curhktg = cêhs sgoubc`s, dh e`dsh phrh d`s rgsbcu`s cgeg n`ktgkgr hes`duthjgktg t`c`s d`s cgspgrcbnb`s qug sg ogkgrgk gk su vbvbgkch ` gsthedgnbjbgkt` n`jgrnbhd. Curhktg gstg pgrê`c` tus e`dshs n`k rgsbcu`s k` cgegk sgr rgn`dgnthc`s p`r gd vgmênud` rgn`dgnt`r.
bcgktbnhc`.
D@O@ CG DH JWKBNBYHDBCHC
D@O@ CG DH JWKBNBYHDBCHC
?=
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Hkgx` 71 Jgt`c`d`oêh phrh cgtgrjbkhr gd thjhø` cg jugstrhs c`jbnbdbhrbhs Jgt`c`d`oêh phrh cgtgrjbkhr gd thjhø` cg dh jugstrh
Dh jgt`c`d`oêh phrh cgtgrjbkhr gd thjhø` cg dh jugstrh kgngshrbh phrh d`s gstucb`s cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk nhrhntgrb zhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s, c`jbnbdbhrb`s, rgqubgrg dh hpdbnhnbþ hpdbnhnbþkk cg d`s n`kngpt`s eèsbn`s cg gsthcêstbnh, d`s nuhdgs cgegk sgr jhkgahc`s p`r gd rgsp`kshedg cgd gstucb` y sg cgfbkgk h n`ktbkuhnbþk1 Y`edhnbþk y Jugstrh
Dh p`edhnbþk gk gd nhs` cg t`c` hkèdbsbs gsthcêstbn`, gs gd n`kaukt` n`jpdgt` cg gdgjgkt`s n`k ukh nhrhntgrêstbnh n`jñk qug gs `eagt` cg kugstr` gstucb`. Dh jugstrh gs ukh phrtg cg dh p`edhnbþk qug rgprgsgkth h gsth y qug gs utbdbzhch phrh pr`ygnthr dhs nbfrhs sbk kgngsbchc cg hkhdbzhr hd t`thd cg dh p`edhnbþk. Jugstrg` hdght`rb`
Cg hnugrc` h dh jgt`c`d`oêh, t`c`s d`s gdgjgkt`s cg ukh p`edhnbþk cgegk tgkgr dh jbsjh p`sbebdbchc cg sgr sgdgnnb`khc`s n`j` jugstrh. Jgcbh Hrbtjâtbnh
Dh jgcbh hrbtjâtbnh ` pr`jgcb` hrbtjâtbn` hrbtjât bn` gs dh sujh cg d`s cht`s cbvbcbch p`r dh nhktbchc cg gst`s, phrh d` nuhd sg hsujg qug t`c`s d`s cht`s ` vhd`rgs tbgkgk dh jbsjh bjp`rthknbh ` pgs`, gs cgnbr k` gxbstg ukh p`kcgrhnbþk cg cht`s. Vhrbhkzh cg ukh jugstrh
Gstè ehshch gk uk vhd`r pr`jgcb` cg dhs cgsvbhnb`kgs rgspgnt` h dh jgcbh ` pr`jgcb` y jhtgjètbnhjgktg gs gd pr`jgcb` cg d`s nuhcrhc`s `etgkbc`s cg dh cbfgrgknbh gktrg nhch jugstrh y gd vhd`r pr`jgcb` nhdnudhc`. Gk dh sboubgktg thedh, sg tbgkgk d`s vhd`rgs pr`jgcb`s pr`jgcb`s cg ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s phrh nhch vbvbgkch, `etgkbc`s gk uk jugstrg` cg = cêhs< gd vhd`r pr`jgcb` fbkhd `etgkbc` n`k d`s vhd`rgs pr`jgcb`s cg OYN phrh nhch vbvbgkch, gs cgnbr, gd pr`jgcb` cg dh ogkgrhnbþkk pgr nèpbth cg dhs vbvbgkchs jugstrghchs< dh cbfgrgknbh gktrg gd vhd`r pr`jgcb` ogkgrhnbþ cg nhch vbvbgkch y gd pr`jgcb` cg t`ch dh jugstrh< gk dh cbfgrgknbh mhddhch gdgvhch hd nuhcrhc`< y, fbkhdjgktg, dh vhrbhkzh cg dh jugstrh.
?2
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Gagjpd` cg gstbjhnbþk cg dh vhrbhkzh cg ukh jugstrh1
Jugstrhs
OYN (lo/mhe/cêh) (H)
OYN Yr`jgcb` cg dh Jugstrh (x)
Cbfgrgknbh C : (H - x)
Cbfgrgknbh hd nuhcrhc` v : (C)5
V Vhrbhkzh : (v)/(k-8)
Vbvbgkch 8
9, 73
9,75
9, 95
9,999>6
9, 98
Vbvbgkch 5
9, 37
9,75
- 9, 9?
9,99793
9, 98
Vbvbgkch >
9, 7>
9,75
9, 98
9,9999=
9, 98
Vbvbgkch 3
9, 7
9,75
- 9, 95
9,99933
9, 98
Vbvbgkch 7
9, >=
9,75
- 9, 83
9,982==
9, 98
Vbvbgkch 6
9, 66
9,75
9, 83
9,982>5
9, 98
Vbvbgkch ?
9, 77
9,75
9, 9>
9,999=3
9, 98
Vbvbgkch =
9, 78
9,75
- 9, 98
9,99985
9, 98
Vbvbgkch 2
9, 32
9,75
- 9, 9>
9,99926
9, 98
Vbvbgkch 89
9, 6
9,75
9, 9=
9,99653
9, 98
k : 89 (t`thd cg kñjgr` cg jugstrhs)
Gd vhd`r `etgkbc` cg 9.98 sg bktgrprgth cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1 —Gk pr`jgcb` d`s nuhcrhc`s cg dhs cbfgrgknbhs gktrg dh OYN t`thd cg dh jugstrh y dhs OYN `etgkbchs gk nhch ukh cg dhs vbvbgkchs, cbfbgrgk gk 9.98 ukbchcgs n`k rgspgnt` h dh OYN t`thd cg dh jugstrh‚.
=9
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Cgsvbhnbþk têpbnh ` gstèkchr
Dh cgsvbhnbþk têpbnh ` gstèkchr gs dh vhrbhnbþk cgd pr`jgcb` cg dh jugstrh jgcbch gk dhs jbsjhs ukbchcgs qug gsth, jhtgjètbnhjgktg, gs dh rhêz nuhcrhch cg dh vhrbhkzh< gk dh sboubgktg thedh, sg `esgrvh gd nèdnud` rgspgntbv`1 Gagjpd` cg gstbjhnbþk cg dh cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr cg ukh jugstrh1
Jugstrhs
OYN (lo/mhe/cêh) (H)
Vhrbhkzh V : (v)/(k-8)
Cgsvbhnbþk Gstèkchr
Vbvbgkch 8
9,73
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch 5
9,37
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch >
9,7>
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch 3
9,7
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch 7
9,>=
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch 6
9,66
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch ?
9,77
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch =
9,78
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch 2
9,32
9, 98
9, 9=
Vbvbgkch 89
9,6
9, 98
9, 9=
s : ∑(V)
Gd vhd`r `etgkbc` cg 9.9= sg bktgrprgth cg dh sboubgktg jhkgrh1 —Gk pr`jgcb` dhs cbfgrgknbhs gktrg dh OYN t`thd cg dh jugstrh y dhs OYN `etgkbchs gk nhch ukh cg dhs vbvbgkchs, cbfbgrgk gk 9.9= lo/mhe/cêh n`k rgspgnt` h dh OYN t`thd cg dh jugstrh‚.
=8
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Dhs cbspgrsb`kgs mhddhchs sg jugstrhk gk dh sboubgktg fbourh1 Bktgrprgthnbþk y hpdbnhnbþk cg dh cgsvbhnbþk têpbnh ` gstèkchr
9.?9
9.66
9.67
h t b p è ) N h r ê c g / Y e k h m þ b / n o h L r ( g k g O
9.69
9.6
9.77
9.73
9.77
9.7>
9.79
9.7
Uhko` k`rjh
9.78
9.32
9.37
9.37 9.39
9.>= 9.>7 9.>9 Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
Vbvbgkch
8
5
>
3
7
6
?
=
2
89
N`j` sg `esgrvh, dh cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr cgfbkg gk gsth orèfbnh rhko`s supgrb`r g bkfgrb`r, bkfgrb`r, cgktr` cg d`s nuhdgs sg gspgrh qug sg gknugktrgk dhs jugstrhs, sg `esgrvh thjebâk qug mhy hdouk`s cht`s fugrh cg d`s rhko`s cgfbkbc`s p`r dh cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr. Cbstrbeunbþk K`rjhd
Dh jhy`rêh cg bkvgstbohnb`kgs y fgkþjgk`s cg dh khturhdgzh sg pugcgk cgfbkbr eha` dh cbstrbeunbþk k`rjhd ` cg Ohuss, gsth cbstrbeunbþk hyuch h jhktgkgr pr`ehebdbchcgs cg d`s cbvgrs`s vhd`rgs `etgkbc`s gk nhch jugstrh, cgktr` cg uk jhrogk rgqugrbc`, ogkgrhdjgktg gxprgshc` gk p`rngkthag, hsê, sb cgsghj`s jhktgkgr dhs jugstrhs cgktr` cg d`s jèrogkgs cgfbkbc`s p`r dh cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr n`k ukh pr`ehebdbchc cgd 27%, rgnurrbrgj`s h dh thedh cg cbstrbeunbþ cbstrbeunbþkk k`rjhd y mhddhrgj`s gd vhd`r cgd gsthcêstbn` —Qn‚, n`k gd nuhd sg cgfbkbrè dh sboubgktg gxprgsbþk1 C`kcg1 Qn1 Vhrbhedg hdght`rbh k`rjhd x1 cht` cg dh jugstrh u1 Yr`jgcb` u1 Yr`jgcb` cg dh jugstrh s1 Cgsvbhnbþk s1 Cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr cg dh jugstrh
=5
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Gs cgnbr, gd vhd`r qug mhddgj`s gk dh thedh cg cbstrbeunbþk k`rjhd phrh Qn, d` bouhdhrgj`s h gsth gxprgsbþk, n`ksbcgrhkc` n`ksbcgrhkc` gd pr`jgcb` fbkhd (u, cg t`chs dhs vbvbgkchs), gd pr`jgcb` cg nhch vbvbgkch ` jugstrh (x) y dh cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr, `etgkbch cg t`chs dhs jugstrhs vèdbchs cgd gstucb`. ^b ebgk gs nbgrt`, gd us` cg Qn pgrjbtg ukh vhdbchnb vhdbchnbþk þk gsthcêstbnh cg d`s cht`s `etgkbc`s gk nhjp`, gxbstgk phs`s prgvb`s cg vgrbfbnhnbþk cg d`s cht`s `etgkbc`s, n`j` dh hngpthnbþk ` k` cg cht`s ndhrhjgktg fugrh cgd rhko` gspgrhc` (juy p`r hrrbeh ` juy p`r cgeha` cgd vhd`r gspgrhc`), p`r gagjpd` nuhkc` ukh fhjbdbh cgnbcg mhngr ukh dbjpbgzh ogkgrhd ` cg sus tgnm`s, hpr`vgnmh hpr`vgnmhkc` kc` qug curhktg gd gstucb` cg nhrhntgrb nhrhntgrbzhnbþk, zhnbþk, gd rgn`a` cg rgsbcu`s sg ddgvh h nhe` cbhrbhjgktg, d` nuhd bknrgjgkthrè dh ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s cg gsh vbvbgkch, sbk gjehro`, dh bcgh cg cgshrr`ddhr gd gstucb` gs `etgkgr ukh «f`t`¼ cg dhs n`kcbnb`kgs n`tbcbhkhs cg ogkgrhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, d` nuhd k` n`ksbcgrh dbjpbgzhs gsp`rècbnhs mgnmhs p`r d`s ogkgrhc`r ogkgrhc`rgs. gs. Yhrh bktgrprgthr gsths n`kcbnb`kgs, gs bjp`rthktg qug gd gspgnbhdbsth h nhro`, p`sgh nbgrt` gktrgkhjbgkt` y gxpgrbgknbh gk nhjp`, gk gstucb`s hktgrb`rgs ` n`j` tânkbn` cg sgrvbnb`s cg dbjpbgzh pñedbnh gk uk o`ebgrk` d`nhd, cg gstg j`c` sg p`crèk n`rrgobr gsths bknbcgknbhs cgscg dh t`jh cg jugstrhs. Yhrh dh cgtgrjbkhnbþk cgd kbvgd cg n`kfbhebdb n`kfbhebdbchc chc jès hcgnuhc` h ushr gk dh gstbjhnbþk cg jugstrhs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s gk uk gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s, sg mbnbgr`k gkshy`s cg gstbjhnbþk cg jugstrhs y cg `etgknbþk cg ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s n`k kbvgdgs cg n`kfbhkzh cg dh cbstrbeunbþk k`rjhd cg 29% y 27%. Dh bktgrprgthnbþk cg gstg hkèdbsbs hrr`aþ qug gs n`kvgkbgktg jhktgkgr ukh n`kfbhebdbchc cg 27% gk dh cbstrbeunbþk k`rjhd. Gxbstgk cbvgrs`s jât`c`s gsthcêstbn`s phrh cgtgrjbkhr uk kñjgr` jêkbj` cg jugstrhs phrh gstg tbp` cg gstucb`s, d`s jbsj`s sg ehshk prbknbphdjgktg gk gd thjhø` cg dh p`edhnbþk, dh vhrbhebdbchc vhrbhebdbchc qug prgsgkth y dhs cbst`rsb`kgs qug sg pugcgk chr gk gd jugstrg`< phrh gstg tbp` cg gstucb`s sg cgtgrjbkhrè gd thjhø` jugstrhd tgkbgkc` n`j` ehsg qug dh p`edhnbþk tbgkg ukh cbstrbeunbþk k`rjhd cg hnugrc` h dh sboubgktg fþrjudh1
Gk dh hpdbnhnbþk cg ouêhs hktgrb`rgs sg mhk gvbcgknbhc` cbfbnudthcgs hd j`jgkt` cg hpdbnhr fþrjudhs cg cgtgrjbkhnbþk cgd thjhø` jugstrhd, gk dh prgsgktg ouêh y n`k fbkgs prèntbn`s sg prgsgkthk d`s rhko`s cg thjhø` cg jugstrhs qug dhs jukbnbphdbchcgs cgegk n`ksbcgrhr cg hnugrc` h dh nhktbchc cg vbvbgkchs gk nhch cbstrbt`, cg j`c` qug k` sg ogkgrgk n`ktr`vgrsbhs.
=>
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Gstè f`rjudh sg ehsh prbknbphdjgktg gk dh vhrbhebdbchc qug prgsgkth dh p`edhnbþk gstucbhch, dh nuhd cgeg cbstrbeubrs cbstrbeubrsgg k`rjhdjgktg, nheg rgshdthr qug gsth fþrjudh sg utbdbzh h pgshr cg gxbstbr hrrgod`s gsthcêstbn`s qug pugcgk cgfbkbr cg jhkgrh jès prgnbsh dh p`edhnbþk pgr` qug rgqugrbrêhk cg uk n`k`nbjbgkt` jès hjpdb` cgd gvhduhc`r y uk kbvgd jhy`r cg bkf`rjhnbþk hd qug sg nugkth hntuhdjgktg< gs cgnbr sg mh s`pgshc` gd nrbtgrb` cg prhntbnbchc y n`kfbhebdbchc gsthcêstbnh. D`s cht`s qug sg mhk pr`pugst` sg ogkgrhr`k jgcbhktg d`s sboubgktgs vhd`rgs1 S`thd cg vbvbgkchs cgd cbstrbt`1 ^g t`jh gd vhd`r supgrb`r cg nhch uk` cg d`s rhko`s cg vbvbgkchs pr`pugsths (799, 8999, 7999 y 89999 vbvbgkchs). Kbvgd cg n`kfbhkzh1 Eha` gd supugst` qug dh p`edhnbþk sg cbstrbeuyg k`rjhdjgktg, sg mh prgvbst` trhehahr n`k uk 27% cg n`kfbhebdbchc, d` nuhd sg n`ksboug h 8.26 cgsvbhnb`kgs gstèkchr (Qn) h dh cgrgnmh g bzqubgrch cg dh jgcbh khnb`khd cg 9.76 Lo/mhe/cêh, sg prgsgkth gd sboubgktg orèfbn` phrh gxpdbnhr dh dþobnh gk gd nèdnud`1
Cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr1 ^g mhk n`ksbcgrhc` d`s sboubgktgs vhd`rgs cg hnugrc` h dhs n`kcbnb`kgs gstucbhchs gk nhch uk` cg d`s rhko`s p`edhnb`khdgs1 Uhko` cg vbvbgkchs (K)
Cgsvbhnbþk n`rrgsp`kcbgktg
Mhsth 799 vbvbgkchs
9.59
Jès cg 799 y mhsth 8999 vbvbgkchs
9.57
Jès cg 8999 y mhsth 7999 vbvbgkchs
9.5=
Jès cg 7999 y mhsth 89999 vbvbgkchs
9.5=
Jès cg 89999 vbvbgkchs
9.5=
=3
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
Grr`r pgrjbsbedg1 ^g mh n`ksbcgrhc` uk vhd`r cg 89% cg dh OYN pr`jgcb` khnb`khd gs cgnbr 89% x 9.76 : 9.976 Y`rngkthag cg n`ktbkogknbh1 Gs uk vhd`r qug pgrjbtg gdbjbkhr cht`s hk`rjhdgs sbk kgngsbchc cg hfgnthr dh n`khebdbchc gsthcêstbnh cg dh jugstrh, gk gstg nhs` sg mh n`ksbcgrhc` uk vhd`r cg 59% n`k rgspgnt` hd t`thd cg dhs jugstrhs mhddhchs. Kñjgr` cg jugstrhs (k)1 n`rrgsp`kcg hd kñjgr` cg jugstrhs `etgkbchs p`r dh rgdhnbþk bkbnbhd jès gd 59% cg jugstrhs cg n`ktbkogknbh. Uhko` cg vbvbgkchs (K)
Shjhø` cg Jugstrh (k)
Jugstrhs cg n`ktbkogknbh (59% cg k)
S`thd cg jugstrhs c`jbnbdbhrbhs
Mhsth 799 vbvbgkchs
37
2
73
Jès cg 799 y mhsth 8999 vbvbgkchs
?8
83
=7
Jès cg 8999 y mhsth 7999 vbvbgkchs
23
82
88>
Jès cg 7999 y mhsth 89999 vbvbgkchs
27
82
883
Jès cg 89999 vbvbgkchs
27
5>
882
Yhrh gd nhs` phrtbnudhr cgd nèdnud` cg dh jugstrh cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` jukbnbphdgs, sg mhk n`ksbcgrhc` d`s sboubgktgs phrèjgtr`s1 • Cgsvbhnbþk gstèkchr1 ^g mh n`ksbcgrhc` uk vhd`r cg 79% cg dh OYN pr`jgcb` khnb`khd
cg rgsbcu`st`thd sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s, qug cg hnugrc` h NGYB^ rgprgsgkthrêh gd >9% cg dh ogkgrhnbþk jukbnbphd (9.76 x >9/?9:9.53) • Grr`r pgrjbsbedg1 ^g mh n`ksbcgrhc` uk vhd`r cg 89% cg dh OYN pr`jgcb` khnb`khd cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s, gs cgnbr 89% x 9.53 : 9.953 • Y`rngkthag cg n`ktbkogknbh1 Gs uk vhd`r qug pgrjbtg gdbjbkhr cht`s hk`rjhdgs sbk kgngsbchc cg hfgnthr dh n`khebdbchc gsthcêstbnh cg dh jugstrh, gk gstg nhs` sg mh n`ksbcgrhc` uk vhd`r cg 59% n`k rgspgnt` hd t`thd cg dhs jugstrhs mhddhchs. • Kñjgr` cg jugstrhs (k)1 n`rrgsp`kcg hd kñjgr` cg jugstrhs `etgkbchs p`r dh rgdhnbþk bkbnbhd jès gd 59% cg jugstrhs cg n`ktbkogknbh.
=7
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Hkgx` 61 J`cgd` cg rgobstr` cg vbvbgkchs phrtbnbphktgs Yrgoukths
K±
Nþcbo`
Cbrgnnbþk
Wre/N.Y/ HHMM
K`jerg y hpgddbc`
CKB
K± Mhebthktgs p`r vbvbgkch
°Gk gd m`rhrb` hktgs sgøhdhc`, °Gk quâ m`rhrb` sbgjprg mhy ukh sg pugcg rgn`ogr pgrs`kh phrh dhs e`dshs cg dhs gktrgohr dhs jugstrh0 e`dshs cg dhs jugstrhs0
°Gktrgoh sus rgsbcu`s bk`roèkbn`s h uk rgnbndhc`r0
°D`s rgsbcu`s `roèkbn`s s`k ushc`s n`j` hdbjgkt`s phrh hkbjhdgs u `tr`s us`s0
Fbrjh
8
5
>
3
7
k…
=6
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Hkgx` Hkgx ` ?1 ^gourbchc y shduc gk gd trheha` Gthph
Hnt`s / N`kcbnb`kgs bksgourhs ^uebr cg jhkgrh hprgsurhch h dh nhjb`kgth.
Srhsdhc` cg pgrs`khd h dhs z`khs cg rgn`dgnnbþk
Ubgso` Nhêchs, o`dpgs, t`rngcurhs, dgsb`kgs p`r prgsbþk cg dh pugrth cgd ukbchc vgmbnudhr.
Jgcbchs cg htgknbþk Jgcbch cg prgvgknbþk bkjgcbhth
Htgknbþk cg prbjgr`s huxbdb`s.
Nhêchs, o`dpgs, t`rngcurhs. Vbhahr gk dh t`dvh cg dh nhjb`kgth.
Augo`s gk dh nhebkh cgd ukbchc vgmbnudhr, cbstrhnnbþk hd n`kcunt`r.
Hnnbcgktgs n`k `tr`s ukbchc vgmbnudhrgs. Nm`qugs, cgspbstgs.
Nmhrdh cg 7 jbkut`s hktgs cgd bkbnb` cg `pgrhnb`kgs, rgobstr` cg dhs nmhrdhs, hd khd cgprgoukths dhs nmhrdhs.
Eusnhr htgknbþk jâcbnh cg urogknbh.
^hknbþk p`r rgbknbcgknbh.
Ehahr hprgsurhchjgktg cg dh nhjb`kgth.
Nhêchs, o`dpgs, t`rngcurhs.
Htgknbþk cg prbjgr`s huxbdb`s.
N`rrgr phrh nruzhr dh hut`pbsth.
Gjegstbchs, htr`pgddhjbgkt`s.
Eusnhr htgknbþk jâcbnh cg urogknbh.
Hrrhstrhr dhs e`dshs cg rgsbcu`s.
U`turh cg e`dshs y cgrrhjg cg rgsbcu`s.
Dbjpbgzh cgd duohr, bkf`rjhnbþk cgd mgnm` y dhs jgcbchs h d`s hfgnthc`s.
Cbstrbeunbþk gk nhjp` cgd pgrs`khd
Ugn`dgnnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
Dgsb`kgs p`r o`dpg. Hvgkthr d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s gk d`s pukt`s gk d`s qug sg hnujudhk.
N`rtgs p`r vbcrb`s r`t`s.
Htgknbþk cg prbjgr`s huxbdb`s.
Nmhrdh cg 7 jbkut`s hktgs cgd bkbnb` cg `pgrhnb`kgs, rgobstr` cg dhs nmhrdhs, prgoukths hd khd cg dhs nmhrdhs. ^hknbþk p`r rgbknbcgknbh.
Nmhrdh cg 7 jbkut`s hktgs cgd bkbnb` cg `pgrhnb`kgs, rgobstr` cg dhs nmhrdhs, prgoukths hd khd cg dhs nmhrdhs. ^hknbþk p`r rgbknbcgknbh.
Chø`s h d`s `a`s p`r phrtênudhs ` gspbkhs.
Dhvhc` cg `a`s, htgknbþk jâcbnh.
Dgsb`kgs p`r o`dpg. Nhrouê` cg jugstrhs
Hvgkthr dhs e`dshs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
N`rtgs p`r vbcrb`s r`t`s. Chø`s h d`s `a`s p`r phrtênudhs ` gspbkhs.
Htgknbþk cg prbjgr`s huxbdb`s.
Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh gd trhksp`rtg cg rgsbcu`s y nmhrdhs cg 7 jbkut`s.
Dhvhc` cg `a`s, htgknbþk jâcbnh.
=?
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Gthph
Hnt`s / N`kcbnb`kgs bksgourhs K` n`d`nhr jhddh h dhs e`dshs ` k` hsgourhrdhs.
Srhksp`rtg cg Srhksp`rtg jugstrhs y cg pgrs`khd
Ubgso`
Nhêch cg e`dshs y chø`s h tgrngr`s.
Nhêch cg e`dshs y chø`s h tgrngr`s.
Jgcbchs cg htgknbþk Jgcbch cg prgvgknbþk bkjgcbhth
Dbjpbgzh cgd duohr, bkf`rjhnbþk cgd mgnm` y dhs jgcbchs h d`s hfgnthc`s.
Gxngs` cg vgd`nbchc phrh trhsdhchr dhs e`dshs.
Nm`qugs, cgspbstgs.
Cgspgahr dh vêh cg trèksbt`, htgknbþk p`dbnbhd.
Dgsb`kgs p`r o`dpg.
Htgknbþk cg prbjgr`s huxbdb`s.
N`rtgs p`r vbcrb`s
Htgknbþk cg prbjgr`s huxbdb`s,
Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh gd trhksp`rtg cg rgsbcu`s y nmhrdhs cg 7 jbkut`s. Nmhrdh cg 7 jbkut`s hktgs cgd bkbnb` cg `pgrhnb`kgs, rgobstr` cg dhs nmhrdhs, prgoukths hd khd cg dhs nmhrdhs. ^hknbþk p`r rgbknbcgknbh.
Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh
Hvgkthr dhs e`dshs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
Cgsnhroh cg jugstrhs
r`t`s.
gvhduhr phrh htgknbþk jâcbnh.
Chø`s h d`s `a`s p`r phrtênudhs ` gspbkhs.
Dhvhc` cg `a`s, htgknbþk jâcbnh. Htgknbþk cg prbjgr`s huxbdb`s. Htgknbþk cg prbjgr`s huxbdb`s, gvhduhr phrh htgknbþk jâcbnh.
Yr`ngcbjbgkt` phrh gd pgshag cg jugstrhs .
Chø`s h d`s `a`s p`r phrtênudhs ` gspbkhs.
Dhvhc` cg `a`s, htgknbþk jâcbnh.
Nmhrdhs cg 7 jbkut`s.
K` ushr ouhktgs phrh gd jhkbpudg` cg rgsbcu`s.
N`rtgs gk dhs jhk`s.
Dhvhc` cg mgrbch, gvhduhr htgknbþk jâcbnh.
K` ushr ouhktgs phrh gd jhkbpudg` cg rgsbcu`s.
N`rtgs gk dhs jhk`s, bkfgnnb`kgs p`r mgrbchs hebgrths.
Dhvhc` cg mgrbch, gvhduhr htgknbþk jâcbnh.
Hfgnnb`kgs h dhs vêhs rgspbrht`rbhs.
Htgknbþk jâcbnh, suspgkcgr cgd trheha`.
Bkt`xbnhnb`kgs.
Htgknbþk jâcbnh suspgkcgr cgd trheha`.
Nmhrdh cghktgs 7 jbkut`s cgd bkbnb` cg `pgrhnb`kgs, rgobstr` cg dhs nmhrdhs, prgoukths hd khd cg dhs nmhrdhs.
Chø`s h d`s `a`s.
Dhvhc` cg `a`s, htgknbþk jâcbnh.
^hknbþk p`r rgbknbcgknbh.
Bkorgs` cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s h dh e`nh, bkogsth cg rgsbcu`s.
Htgknbþk jâcbnh.
Dgsb`kgs p`r o`dpg.
Ygshag cg jugstrhs y hkèdbsbs cg cgksbchc
N`rtgs p`r vbcrb`s r`t`s.
Hvgkthr dhs e`dshs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
K` ushr pr`tgnnbþk phrh rgspbrhr (jhsnhrbddh).
Ndhsbnhnbþk cg jugstrhs
dh cgsnhroh cg rgsbcu`s y nmhrdhs cg 7 jbkut`s.
Auohr n`k d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s.
K@SH1 ^bk pgraubnb` h d` gsthedgnbc` gk gd Cgnrgt` ^uprgj` K¹98?-598? „SU, qug hprugeh gd Ugodhjgkt` cg ^gourbchc y K@SH1 ^bk ^hduc gk gd Srheha` cg d`s @ergr`s Jukbnbphdgs cgd Ygrñ.
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
==
Hkgx` =1 J`cgd` rgfgrgknbhd cg nhcgkh cg nust`cbh phrh gd hkèdbsbs cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s Bkstbtunbþk
Cbrgnnbþk
K`jerg cgd n`kthnt`
Sgdâf`k` cg n`kthnt`
Sbp` cg gktrgoh
Gjhbd
Yr`ygnt`
Ugsp`kshedg cg gkvbþ
Ughdbzhr e`dgth ` fhnturh h k`jerg
UWN
Gjprgshs cg jgkshagrêh
Cgphrthjgkt`
Yr`vbknbh
K¹ cg phqugtgs gkvbhc`s
Nþcbo` cg nhcgkh cg nust`cbh
Cbstrbt`
Fgnmh
Nþcbo` cg Dhe`rht`rb` (8)
Nþcbo` cg dh jugstrh
Fgnmh cg jugstrg`
Fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk cg dh jugstrh (5)
BKF@UJHNBÞK CG GKVBÞ CG DH JWG^SUH
K¹ cg gkvhsgs p`r jugstrg`
K¹ s`erg gjphqug
Yrgsgrvhnbþk (>)(^B/K@)
Cbrgnth ( ) Jgkshagrêh ( )
Yhrèjgtr`s h cgtgrjbkhr
@esgrvhnb`kgs
Mujgchc Mujgchc Mujgchc S`thd
Gktrgohc` Gktrgohc` K`jerg y hpgddbc`
Fbrjh
Ugnbebc` Bkstbtunbþk/gjprgsh
K`jerg y hpgddbc`
Fbrjh
Bkstbtunbþk/gjprgsh
Fgnmh
M`rh
Ugsp`kshedg cgd jugstrg` Fbrjh (8)Nhjp` gxndusbv` phrh gd Dhe`rht`rb`. (5)Cgthddhr sb gs fugktg cg ogkgrhnbþk C`jbnbdbhrbh/ K` C`jbnbdbhrbh/ Gspgnbhd. (>) Gk nhs` —^b‚ sg gkvbâ rgfrbogrhch, sgøhdhr sb gs n`k mbgd` ` ogd.
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
Hkgx` 21 N`ktgkbc` cgd bkf`rjg khd cgd gstucb` cg nhrhntgrbzhnbþk cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s
jukbnbphdgs BKSU@CWNNBÞK B @EAGSBV@^ CGD G^SWCB@ 8.8. 8.5.
@eagtbv` Ogkgrhd @eagtbv`s Gspgnêfn`s
BB JGS@C@D@OÊH CGD G^SWCB@ 5.8. 5.8.8. 5.8.8. 5.8.5. 5.8.5. 5.8.>. 5.8.>.
Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg kñjgr` cg jugstrhs c`jbnbdbhrbhs Q`kbnhnbþk cgd cbstrbt` Cgtgrjbkhnbþk y pr`ygnnbþk cg dh p`edhnbþk hntuhd Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cgd thjhø` y cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jugstrh p`r uebnhnbþk gsphnbhd
5.5. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg kñjgr` cg jugstrhs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs 5.5.8. Bcgktbnhnbþk cg dhs prbknbphdgs hntbvbchcgs gn`kþjbnhs cgd cbstrbt` cg hnugrc` hd êkcbng cg us`s 5.5.8. 5.5.5. 5.5.5. c`jbnbdbhb`s 5.5.>. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk 5.5.>. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cgd cgd kñjgr` kñjgr` cg cg jugstrh jugstrh cg cg ogkgrhc`rgs ogkgrhc`rgs cg cg rgsbcu`s rgsbcu`s k` gspgnbhdgs 5.5.3. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh cbstrbeunbþk cg dh jugstrh p`r uebnhnbþk gsphnbhd 5.5.3. 5.>. 5.>.8. 5.>.8. 5.>.5. 5.>.5. 5.>.>. 5.>.>. 5.>.3. 5.>.3. 5.>.7. 5.>.7.
Yr`ngcbjbgkt`s phrh dh rghdbzhnbþk cgd gstucb` N``rcbkhnb`kgs ogkgrhdgs N`kf`rjhnbþk cgd gqubp` tânkbn` y cg nhjp`, y nhphnbthnbþk Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg gqubp`s y jhtgrbhdgs h utbdbzhr gk gd gstucb` ^gksbebdbzhnbþk y gjphcr`khjbgkt` Ydhk cg sgourbchc g mbobgkg
5.3. Gagnunbþk cgd gstucb` 5.3.8. Ugn`dgnnbþk cg jugstrhs c`jbnbdbhrbhs 5.3.8. 5.3.8.8. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk pgr-nèpbth 5.3.8.5. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc 5.3.8.>. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh n`jp`sbnbþk fêsbnh cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s 5.3.8.3. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh mujgchc 5.3.5. Ugn`dgnnbþk cg jugstrhs cg ogkgrhc`rgs k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs 5.3.5. 5.3.5.8. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk 5.3.5.5. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh cgksbchc 5.3.5.>. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh n`jp`sbnbþk fêsbnh cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s 5.3.5.3. Cgtgrjbkhnbþk cg dh mujgchc BBB YUG^GKSHNBÞK CG UG^WDSHC@^ CGD G^SWCB@ >.8.
Ugsudthc`s cg dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk c`jbnbdbhrbh
>.8.8. >.8.8. >.8.5. >.8.5. >.8.>. >.8.>. >.8.3. >.8.3.
Ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth (OYN) cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s. Cgksbchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s N`jp`sbnbþk fêsbnh cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s Mujgchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s c`jbnbdbhrb`s
>.5. Ugsudthc`s cg dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk k` c`jbnbdbhrbh y gspgnbhdgs >.5.8. Ogkgrhnbþk t`thd >.5.8. >.5.5. Cgksbchc cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s >.5.5.
=2
29
OWÊH YHUH DH NHUHNSGUBQHNBÞK CG UG^BCW@^ ^ÞDBC@^ JWKBNBYHDG^
>.5.>. N`jp`sbnbþk fêsbnh cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s >.5.>. >.5.3. Mujgchc cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s >.5.3. >.>. >.>.8. >.>.8. >.>.5. >.>.5. >.>.>.
Ugsudthc`s ogkgrhdgs cg dh nhrhntgrbzhnbþk Ogkgrhnbþk t`thd y ogkgrhnbþk pgr nèpbth t`thd jukbnbphd Cgksbchc sugdth cg rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs N`jp`sbnbþk ogkgrhd cg d`s rgsbcu`s sþdbc`s jukbnbphdgs
BV. N@KNDW^B@KG^ V . UGN@JGKCHNB@KG^ EBEDB@OUHFÊH HKG]@^ Hkgx` K¹ 81 Ugobstr` cg phrtbnbphktgs gjphcr`khc`s Hkgx` K¹ 51 N`pbh cg n`jukbnhnbþk `nbhd h d`s phrtbnbphktgs cgd gstucb` Hkgx` K¹ >1 Ugsudthc`s cg hkèdbsbs cg dhe`rht`rb` cgd phrèjgtr` cg mujgchc Hkgx` K¹ 31 Ugobstr` cg hsbstgknbh cg nhphnbthnbþk Hkgx` K¹ 71 Hnth cg hnugrc`s cgd gqubp` tânkbn` Hkgx` K¹ >1 Ugobstr` f`t`orèn`
JBKB^SGUB@ CGD HJEBGKSG
28
Hkgx` Hkgx ` 891 F`rjht`s phrh nèdnud`s cg phrèjgtr`s phrè jgtr`s
H n`ktbkuhnbþk sg cgthddh dh rgdhnbþk cg f`rjht`s phrh nèdnud`s cg phrèjgtr`s phrh ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s, k` c`jbnbdbhrb`s y gspgnbhdgs1 • G]NGD F@UJH F@UJHS@^ S@^ G^YGNBHDG^ • G]NGD F@UJH F@UJHS@^ S@^ C@JBNBDBHUB@^ • G]NGD F@UJHS@^ F@UJHS@^ K@ C@JBNBDBHUB@^ C@JBNBDBHUB@^ • F@UJHS@ N@JY@^B N@JY@^BNBÞK NBÞK • F@UJHS@ CGK^BC CGK^BCHC HC
D`s f`rjht`s sgøhdhc`s sg gkn`ktrhrhk gk dh pèobkh wge cgd Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg. Hkgx` 881 Gagjpd` cg vhdbchnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk pgrnèpbth (OYN) phrh ogkgrhc`rgs Hkgx` c`jbnbdbhrb`s
Gd gagjpd` cg vhdbchnbþk cg dh ogkgrhnbþk pgrnèpbth (OYN) phrh ogkgrhc`rgs c`jbnbdbhrb`s, sg gknugktrh gk dh pèobkh wge cgd Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg.
Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg
Jbkbstgrb` cgd Hjebgktg
Hv. Hkt`kb` Jbr`qugshch 357 Jhochdgkh cgd Jhr, Dbjh - Ygrñ (788) 688-6999 www.jbkhj.o`e.pg
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