Guia Mecanismo de Danos

 

O[GA FK GMSXKÏÃJ EKCAMGSEJS FK FAMJS

 

Cjpyrgodt  © 2821 Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás (GBX)

Vjfjs js fgrkgtjs rkskrvafjs r kskrvafjs aj Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás (GBX). A rkprjfuïãj mãj autjrgzafa fksta pubigcaïãj, pjr quaiqukr ekgj, sk`a tjtai ju parcgai, cjmstgtug vgjiaïãj fa Ikg m° 7>18/74 (Ikg fk Fgrkgtjs Autjrags).

Fafjs gmtkrmacgjmags fk Cataijoaïãj ma Xubigcaïãj (CGX) Kiabjrafa pkia bgbigjtkca fj Ckmtrj fk Gmnjreaïãj k Fjcuekmtaïãj Dçigj Bkitrãj – GBX

G;7

Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás

  Gmspkïãj fk ekcamgsejs fk famjs \rkcursj kiktrömgcjU / Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás< jroamgzafj k rkvgsafj pjr Rgcarfj fk Jigvkgra Carmkvai. – Rgj fk @amkgrj0 GBX, 2821.   1?3 p. 0 gi. cjijr. – (Ougas fk gmspkïãj, 2)  

Njreatj Njreatj00 k-bjjl ke XFN. Ejfj fk ackssj0 www.gbp. www.gbp.jro.br/bgbigjtkca jro.br/bgbigjtkca GSBM 7?4->;-448 7?4->;-44837-86-; 37-86-;

  1. Kqugpaekmtjs Gmfustrgags – Gmspkïãj. 2. Gmfðstrga Xktrjiånkra. Xktrjiånkra. 3. Oás – Gmfðstrga. G. Carmkvai, Rgcarfj fk Jigvkgra. GGG. Våtuij   CFF >;4.;>4

www.gbp.jro.br

GBX - Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás Avkmgfa Avkm gfa Aiegramtk Barrjsj, ;2 - 21° k 2> amfarks Ckmtrj, Rgj fk @amkgrj-R@ – CKX0 28831-714 Vki.0 (+;; 21) 2112-7888

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AXRKSKMVAÏÃJ Kstk Ouga njg prjfuzgfj pkij Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás (GBX) cje j jb`ktgvj fk aprkskmtar subsåfgjs básgcjs para a gepikekmtaïãj fk piamjs fk gmspkïãj ke kqugpaekmtjs gmfustrgags.

Buscju-sk gmciugr a kxpkrgàmcga k as ekidjrks prátgcas trazgfas pjr rkmjeafjs prjngssgjmags quk atuae mkssa árka fk cjmdkcgekmtj quk njrae jroamgzafas, amaigsafas k njreatafas para aprkskmtaïãj pkij kmokmdkgrj Rgcarfj fk Jigvkgra Carmkvai. Kstk Ouga sk apigca a pratgcaekmtk tjfjs js kqugpaekmtjs kstátgcjs, gmstaiafjs ke rkngmargas, pktrjquåegcas, tkregmags para fgstrgbugïãj, piamtas fk prjckssaekmprjckssa ekmtj cjrrkiatasfjgmciugmfj (MRfk13)oás fjkEgmgstçrgj Vrabaidj.aqukias sjb j kscjpj fa mjrea rkouiaekmtafjra J pðbigcj-aivj fkstk Ouga sãj kstufamtks fk orafuaïãj, pós-orafuaïãj, tçcmgcjs, kmokmdkgrjs k pksqugsafjrks quk atuae ju prktkmfke atuar cje gmspkïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs.   Igsamfrj Oakrtmkr

Okrkmtk fk Cjegssûks k Okstãj fj Cjmdkcgekmtj – GBX

3

 

AORAFKCGEKMVJS J GBX aorafkck ès pkssjas quk cjmtrgbuårae para a kiabjraïãj fkstk Ouga, assge cjej ès keprksas quk pkregtgrae quk suas ekidjrks prátgcas njsske cjmfkmsafas k aprkskmtafas mksta jbra. Mãj pjfkejs fkgxar fk fkstacar j kepkmdj k a fkfgcaïãj fjs prjngssgjmags a skougr,, pkrtkmckmtks skougr pkr tkmckmtks aj Orupj Rkogjmai fk Gmspkïãj fj Rgj fk @amkgrj  k è Cjegssãj fk Gmspkïãj fk Kqugpaekmtjs , quk cjmtrgbuårae para a kiabjraïãj fkstk Ouga cje tkxtjs, kxpkrgàmcgas k bjas prátgcas. CJEGSSÃJ FK GMSXKÏÃJ FK KQ[GXAEKMVJS (CJEGMSX)

• Aik Aikxam xamfrk frk Ojeks Ojeks

• Dki Dkijg jgsa sa Nurtafj Nurtafj

• Aikx Aikxamfrk amfrk IIugs ugs Sjuz Sjuzaa Ogjga

• Dkmrg Dkmrgquk quk fjs Rkgs Rkgs

• Aikx Aikxgs gs Nkrma Nkrmamfks mfks Ca Carvaid rvaidj j

• @jãj E Earcki arckij j fk Castgidj Castgidj

• Amf Amfkrsjm krsjm Gmjcàmcg Gmjcàmcgj j

• @jaqu @jaquge ge S Segfk egfkrik rik Cjrtk Cjrtk

• Amf Amfrk rk Rgbkgrj Rgbkgrj

• @jsç Iu Iugz gz Rkzkmfk Rkzkmfk Oaivãj Oaivãj

• Am Amfrk frk S. IIjurj jurj

• @js @jsçç Sabgj Sabgjmg mg

• Am Amfrç frç f faa Sg Sgiva iva Xkiigccgjmk

• @uig @uigj j Kmfrkss Kmfrkss Raejs

• Amt Amtömgj ömgj Iae Iaekgra kgra

• Ikj Ikjmar marfj fj Nramïa Nramïa

• Armj Armjifj ifj Bkmtdkr Bkmtdkr • Carij Carijss Amfrç VVavark avarkss fk Ejura

• Igmc Igmcjim jim Sgiva Sgiva Ojeks • Iugs Carijs Orkoogamgm Orkoogamgm

• Cikb Cikbkr kr Aiekgfa Aiekgfa Cae Caepjs pjs

Eargama Burrjwks E. Ougearãks

• Fky Fkysjm sjm Rjtdkm Rjtdkm

• Eargam Eargamaa Oaifàmcgj Oaifàmcgj

• Kekrs Kekrsjm jm Bast Bastjs js Aibuq Aibuqukrquk ukrquk

• Xabi Xabij j [c [cdja dja Bartdjij

• Kek Kekrsjm rsjm Mu Mumks mks Cj Cjkid kidj j

• Xkf Xkfrj rj NNrkg rkgtas tas

• Nabga Nabgama ma Fgas Njmskca Njmskca E Eartgm artgmss

• Xgktrj Ojeks Eacdafj Eacdafj

• Nram Nramcgscj cgscj Cari Carijs js Rjfrgo Rjfrgouks uks Earqu Earquks ks

• Rk Rkma mata ta Rkgs Rkgs

• Oabr Oabrgki gki A Arau`j rau`j Ikssa

• Rgcarfj Barbjsa Caifkgra Caifkgra

• Oabr Oabrgki gki Rgb Rgbkgrj kgrj Jriamfgm Jriamfgmgg • Dki Dkikmj kmj R R.. Sgeû Sgeûks ks

• Rgcarfj f fkk Jigvkgra Jigvkgra Carm Carmkvai kvai • Rgcarfj X Xkrkgr krkgraa Ougearãks Ougearãks 6

 

• Rjfrgoj Amfrafk Cjkidj Carfjsj

• Vgtj Nkrmamfj fa Sgivkgra

• Rjfrgoj Xjeekrkdm ^gttkij

• Vgtj Iugz fa Sgivkgra

• Saeuki fk Castrj

• ^gckmtk Vdgaoj

• Sdymayfkr Eaurgcgj

• _aiiack Sgiva Carejma

• Vkjngij Amtömgj fk Sjuza • Vdabata Eacgki • Vdgaoj Avkiar • Vdgaoj Cdavks

Rgj fk @amkgrj, fkzkebrj fk 2828 Rgcarfj fk Jigvkgra Carmkvai

Jroamgzafjr

;

 

XRKNÁCGJ Js Ougas fk gmspkïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs kegtgfjs pkij Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás (GBX) tàe pjr jb`ktgvj jrgkmtar a rkaigzaïãj fk gmspkïûks ke kqugpaekmtjs fa gmfðstrga fj pktróikj, pktrjquåegca k quåegca, pjfkmfj skr utgigzafjs pjr jutrjs tgpjs fk gmfðstrgas quk pjssuae kqugpaekmtjs sgegiarks. Js Ougas cjmtàe gmnjreaïûks prátgcas sjbrk tgpjs fk kqugpaekmtjs usuags, ekcamgsejs fk famjs quk pjfke anktá-ijs, tçcmgcas fk gmspkïãj usuags, aspkctjs fk skouramïa gmfgvgfuai fj gmspktjr k aspkctjs fa rkspjmsabgigfafk sjbrk a gmspkïãj. Js Ougas fk gmspkïãj kiabjrafjs pkij GBX, GBX, sjb supkrvgsãj k jrgkmtaïãj fk prjngssgjmags kspkcgaigzafjs, sgmtktgzae prátgcas kfkkxpkrgàmcga acueuiafa pjr prjngssgjmags fk mjtórgj sabkrasmaekidjrks árka fk gmspkïãj kqugpaekmtjs ke jpkraïãj quk cjepûke a Cjegssãj fk Gmspkïãj fk Kqugpaekmtjs k Orupjs Rkogjmags fk Gmspkïãj fk Kqugpaekmtjs, quk, vjiumtargaekmtk, fkcgfgrae cjiabjrar cje ksta jbra. Kstas gmnjreaïûks pjfke cjmtkr rknkràmcgas a pafrûks k mjreas fk apigcaïãj gmtkrmacgjmai, cu`as rknkràmcgas, autjrgas k fgrkgtjs kstãj tramscrgtas mj capåtuij 11. As gmnjreaïûks cjmtgfas mjs Ougas sãj prátgcas rkcjekmfafas, k mãj cjmstgtuke rkouiaekmtaïûks, pafrûks ju cófgojs eamfatórgjs, skmfj a ackgtaïãj k apigcaïãj fk rkspjmsabgigfafk kxciusgva kxciusgva fjs prjngssgjmags kmvjivgf kmvjivgfjs js mas gmspkïûks. Igsamfrj Oakrtmkr  Okrkmtk fk Cjegssûks k Okstãj fj Cjmdkcgekmtj – GBX

>

 

S[EÁRGJ 1  2  3  6  ;  > 

Gmtrjfuïãj .................................................................................. ..................................................................................   2; Jb`ktgvjs k okmkraigfafks ..................................................... .....................................................  2> Fjcuekmtjs fk rknkràmcga ..................................................... ...................................................  24 Fkngmgïûks .................................................................................... ..................................................................................   27 Ciassgngcaïãj fjs ekcamgsejs fk famjs ......................... .........................  3; Cjrrjsãj ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................   3?

Cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca ................................................................ ..............................................................  

34

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ...................................................  

34

Aebgkmtks navjrávkg navjrávkgss ........................................................... ......................................................... 

34

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

34

[egfafk rkiatgva .......................................... ............................................................... .......................... ... 

34

Substâmcgas pjiukmtks ........................................................ ........................................................ 

37

Oasks ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................   Cjmfgïûks jpkracgjmags ....................................................... ..................................................... 

37

Ejrnjijoga ............................................................................... .............................................................................  

68

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

68

Kqugpaekmtjs k sgstkeas anktafjs ................................ ................................  

68

Ekfgfas prkvkmtgvas ........................................................... ...........................................................  

68

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  

68

Rkogstrj njtjorángcj ............................................................. ............................................................. 

61

37

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Cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca ..................................................................... ................................................................... 

61

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ...................................................  

61

Eatkrgags fgssgegiarks ......................................................... .........................................................  

62

Aebgkmtks navjrávkgs k aïûks egtgoafjras ................... ................. 

62

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ..................................................... .....................................................  

66

Rkogstrj njtjorángcj ............................................................. ............................................................. 

66

Cçiuia jciusa/nrksta/akraïãj fgnkrkmcgai ............................. ........................... 

6;

Fkscrgïãj fj famj ................................................................. ............................................................... 

6;

Eatkrgags anktafjs ............................................................... ...............................................................  

6>

Natjrks cråtgcjs ....................................................................... ..................................................................... 

6>

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs .............................. ............................  Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj ..................................... ...................................  

64

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ........................................................... ........................................................... 

67

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ..................................................... ..................................................... 

67

Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs ................................................... ................................................. 

;8

Cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj ......................................................... .......................................................  

;8

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej .................................................... ..................................................   Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ............................................................ .......................................................... 

;8 ;1

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

;2

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs .............................. ............................ 

;2

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj .................................... ..................................  

;6

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ........................................................... ........................................................... 

;;

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ..................................................... ..................................................... 

;;

Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs ................................................... ................................................. 

;?

67

4

 

 

Cjrrjsãj/krjsãj .......................................................................... ........................................................................ 

>8

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ...................................................  

>8

Aebgkmtks navjrávkgs/natjrks cråtgcjs ............................. ........................... 

>8

Ejrnjijoga .............................................................................. ..............................................................................  

>1

Eatkrgags anktafjs ............................................................... ...............................................................  

>1

Kqugpaekmtjs k sgstkeas anktafjs ................................ ................................ 

>1

Rkogûks k ackssórgjs anktafjs ......................................... ......................................... 

>1

Ekfgfas prkvkmtgvas ........................................................... ...........................................................  

>1

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  

>2

Rkogstrj njtjorángcj .............................................................. ............................................................ 

>2

Cjrrjsãj assgstgfa pkij niuxj (CAN) ...................................... ......................................  Fkscrgïãj fj famj ................................................................. ............................................................... 

>3

Eatkrgags anktafjs ............................................................... ...............................................................  

>3

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

>3

[mgfafks k kqugpaekmtjs mjreaiekmtk anktafjs ....... ..... 

>6

Aparàmcga k ejrnjijoga fj famj ...................................... ...................................... 

>6

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ............................................................ ..........................................................  Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  

>; >>

Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs ................................................... ................................................. 

>?

Cjrrjsãj/nafgoa ......................................................................... .........................................................................  

>7

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ................................................... 

>7

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

>7

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

>7

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. ............................. 

?8

>3

7

 

 

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj .................................... ..................................  

?8

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ............................................................ .......................................................... 

?1

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ..................................................... ..................................................... 

?2

................ ....  Cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj (pjr cijrktjs) ........................ ..................................

?;

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ................................................... 

?;

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

?;

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

?;

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. ............................. 

?>

Aparàmcga k ejrnjijoga fj famj ...................................... ...................................... 

?>

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ............................................................ .......................................................... 

??

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ..................................................... .....................................................  Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs ................................................... ................................................. 

?? ?4

............................. ..............  Cjrrjsãj egcrjbgjióogca .............................. .............................................

46

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ...................................................  

46

Egcrjroamgsejs .................................................................... ....................................................................  

46

Crkscgekmtj fj bgjngiek ..................................................... ..................................................... 

46

Aebgkmtks navjrávkg navjrávkgss ........................................................... .........................................................  Cjmfgïûks jpkracgjmags ...................................................... ......................................................  

46 46

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

4;

Ejrnjijoga .............................................................................. ..............................................................................  

4;

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

4;

Kqugpaekmtjs k sgstkeas anktafjs ................................ ................................  

4>

Rkogûks k ackssórgjs anktafjs ......................................... ......................................... 

4>

18

 

 

? 

Ekfgfas prkvkmtgvas ........................................................... ...........................................................  

4>

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  

4?

Rkogstrj njtjorángcj .............................................................. ............................................................ 

4?

Cjrrjsãj ácgfa ............................................................................. ........................................................................... 

71

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ................................................... 

71

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

71

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

72

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ........................................................... ........................................................... 

76

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... .................................................... 

76

Cjrrjsãj ke aita tkepkratura (jxgfaïãj) ........................... ......................... 

76

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ...................................................   Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ............................................................ .......................................................... 

76

Natjrks cråtgcjs ....................................................................... ..................................................................... 

7;

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs .............................. ............................ 

7;

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj .................................... ..................................  

7;

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ............................................................ .......................................................... 

7;

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs ................................................... ................................................. 

7> 7>

76

........................................................  77 Aitkraïûks Aitkraï ûks ektaiðrogcas ........................................................ ................................... .............  Ksnkrjgfgzaïãj ........................................... ...............................................................

188

Fkscrgïãj fj famj ................................................................. ............................................................... 

188

Eatkrgags anktafjs ............................................................... ...............................................................  

188

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

188

11

 

 

Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................... ............................................ ........................ ......... 

188

Ejrnjijoga .............................................................................. ..............................................................................  

181

Xrkvkmïãj ............................................................................... ............................................................................... 

182

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  

182

Carbjmktaïãj/orangtgzaïãj  ...................................................... ...................................................... 

182

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ................................................... 

182

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

182

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

183

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. ............................. 

186

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj ................................... ...................................  

18;

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ........................................................... ...........................................................  Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj .............................. ............................................. ........................ ......... 

18; 18;

Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs ................................................... ................................................. 

18;

Fkscarbjmktaïãj ....................................................................... ....................................................................... 

18?

Fkscrgïãj fj famj ................................................................. ............................................................... 

18?

Eatkrgags anktafjs ............................................................... ...............................................................  

18?

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ......................................................................  Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ...................................................... ....................................................  

18? 18?

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj .................................... ..................................  

18?

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ........................................................... ........................................................... 

18?

........................ .........  Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj .............................. .............................................

184

Nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj ........................................................... ......................................................... 

184

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ...................................................  

184

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

184 12

 

 

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

184

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. ............................. 

187

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj ................................... ...................................  

187

Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj ........................................................... ........................................................... 

118

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ......................................................  

111

Nraogigzaïãj a 6?;jC ................................................................... ................................................................. 

113

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ................................................... 

113

Eatkrgags anktafjs ............................................................... ............................................................... 

113

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

113

Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ...................................................... ....................................................  

113

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj .................................... ..................................   Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ........................................................ ......................................................  

116

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... .................................................... 

116

Nraogigzaïãj pjr nask sgoea .................................................... .................................................... 

11;

Fkscrgïãj fj famj ................................................................. ............................................................... 

11;

Eatkrgags cjeuekmtk anktafjs ....................................... .......................................  

11;

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ......................................................................  Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ...................................................... ....................................................  

11; 11>

Ejrnjijoga .............................................................................. ..............................................................................  

11>

Xrkvkmïãj ............................................................................... ............................................................................... 

11?

........................ .........  Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ............................... ............................................

11?

Skmsgtgzaïãj ........................................................................... ........................................................................... 

114

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej fk famj ................................... ................................... 

114

116

13

 

 

4 

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

117

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs suscktåvkgs ........................ ........................ 

128

Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ........................................................ ......................................................  

128

Naidas ekcâmgcas ..................................................................... .....................................................................   128

Nafgoa ekcâmgca ............................... .............................................. .............................. ........................... ............ 

121

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ...................................................  

121

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

121

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

121

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. ............................. 

123

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj ................................... ...................................  

126

Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ........................................................ ......................................................   Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  

126 126

Nafgoa tçregca ............................................................................ ............................................................................ 

12>

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ...................................................  

12>

Nratura nráogi ................................................................................ .............................................................................. 

124

Dgstórgcj ................................................................................... ................................................................................. 

124

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej fk famj ................................... ...................................  Caractkråstgcas fa supkrnåcgk fa nratura ......................... ......................... 

124 127

....................  Kmsagj fk gepactj ............................................ ................................................................

138

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs è nratura nráogi ............................... ............................... 

131

[mgfafks k kqugpaekmtjs suscktåvkgs è nratura nráogi .......................................................................................... ........................................................................................ 

131

Ejrnjijoga fj famj .............................................................. .............................................................. 

131

Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ........................................................ ......................................................  

132 16

 

 

7 

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  

132

Cavgtaïãj ..................................................................................... .....................................................................................  

13>

Fkscrgïãj fj famj ................................................................ ................................................................ 

13>

Eatkrgags cjeuekmtk anktafjs ....................................... .......................................  

13>

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

13>

Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ...................................................... ....................................................  

13>

Ejrnjijoga .............................................................................. ..............................................................................  

13>

Xrkvkmïãj ............................................................................... ............................................................................... 

13?

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... ....................................................  

13?

Niuàmcga ......................................................................................... ....................................................................................... 

168

Naidas causafas pjr dgfrjoàmgj ......................................... .........................................   161

Nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj ..................................................... ...................................................

162

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ................................................... 

162

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

162

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

162

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. ............................. 

16;

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj .................................... ..................................   Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ........................................................ ......................................................  

16; 16>

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... .................................................... 

16?

Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs ................................................... ................................................. 

16?

Ataquk pkij dgfrjoàmgj ke aita tkepkratura ................... ................... 

1;8

Fkscrgïãj fj famj ................................................................. ............................................................... 

1;8

Eatkrgags anktafjs ............................................................... ............................................................... 

1;8

1;

 

 

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

1;8

Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ...................................................... ....................................................  

1;1

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj .................................... ..................................  

1;1

Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ........................................................ ......................................................  

1;1

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... .................................................... 

1;1

18  Jutrjs ekcamgsejs ................................................................ ................................................................  

1;2

Bjidas fk vapjr ......................................................................... ......................................................................... 

1;2

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej ................................................... ................................................... 

1;2

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ........................................................... 

1;2

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

1;2

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. .............................  Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj ................................... ...................................  

1;3 1;3

Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ......................................................... ....................................................... 

1;6

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj ...................................................... .................................................... 

1;6

Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs ................................................... ................................................. 

1;>

Vrgmcaekmtj ke sjifa fgssg fgssgegiar egiar ........................................... .........................................  

1;7

Sjifaoke fk eatkrgags fgssgegiarks ............................... ...............................  Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej fk famj ke aïjs ................... .................  

1;7 1>8

Natjrks cråtgcjs ke aïjs ..................................................... ..................................................... 

1>8

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. ............................. 

1>1

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj .................................... ..................................  

1>1

.......................... ...........  Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ............................... ............................................

1>2

Vrgmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj ........................................... ........................................... 

1>2

Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej fk famj ................................... ................................... 

1>2 1>

 

 

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

1>3

Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ........................................................... ...........................................................  

1>3

[mgfafks k kqugpaekmtjs suscktåvkgs ........................... ........................... 

1>3

Ejrnjijoga fj famj .............................................................. .............................................................. 

1>6

Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ......................................................... ....................................................... 

1>6

Cdjquk tçregcj (tkrejciask) .................................................. ................................................  

1>6

Fkscrgïãj fjs famjs ............................................................ ..........................................................  

1>6

Eatkrgags anktafjs ............................................................... ...............................................................  

1>;

Natjrks cråtgcjs ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 

1>;

[mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ............................. ............................. 

1>;

Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj ................................... ...................................   Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj ........................................................ ......................................................  

1>; 1>>

Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj..... ................................................ ................................................  

1>>

Ekcamgsej rkiacgjmafj ...................................................... ...................................................... 

1>>

11  Rknkràmcgas ................................................................................ ................................................................................  

1>?

1?

 

IGSVA IGSV A FK NGO[RAS Ngoura >.1 

Cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca ke uea igmda fk OIX próxgea a uea tjrrk fk rksnrgaekmtj ..................................................

61

Ngoura >.2 Ngoura >. 2 

Sçrgk oaivâmgca (cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca) .................................

63

Ngoura >. 3  Ngoura >.3

Cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca prknkrkmcgai fj eags atgvj kmtrk fjgs eatkrgags .........................................................................

66

Ngoura >.6  Cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca fk uea umgãj (mgppik) fk aïj-carbjmj ke ue vasj va sj fk aïj gmjxgfávki gmjxgfávki para skrvgïj cje áoua qukmtk .....................................................   6;

Ngoura >. ;  Ngoura >.;

’V― ke uea igmda fk ktgikmj cje 1.888 psgo fk prkssãj amtks fa rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj tçregc tçregcj j ......  ...... 

;?

Ngoura >.>  ^gsta aprjxgeafa fj prjckssj fk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj kxgstkmtk kxgstkmtk mj ’V― fa ngoura >.; após rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj gsjiaekmtj ........................................................   ;?

Ngoura >.? 

Aspkctj fa cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmt gsjiaekmtj j fk uea igmda fk butafgkmj ke aïj-carbjmj aprkskmtamfj cjrrjsãj ijcaigzafa gmtkmsa gmtkmsa quk sjekmtk njg fktkctafa fktkct afa após a rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj fa igmda. Jbskrvk j nurj ....................   ;4 kxgstkmtk cje 8.2;gm (>,;ee) fk fgâektrj ....................

Ngoura >.4  Cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj prkskmtk ke ue bjcai mj taepj gmnkrgjr .........................................................................  

;4

Ngoura >.7  Cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj mj bjcai fj taepj t aepj supkrgjr .....................................................................................   ;7

Ngoura >.18  Cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj mj supjrtk fk ngxaïãj fk tubuiaïãj mj taepj fj vasj ..............................................  

;7

Ngoura >.11  Cjrrjsãj ke ue igegtafjr fk måvki ke aïj-carbjmj aïj-carb jmj ... ...  

>8 14

 

Ngoura >.12  Cjrrjsãj/krjsãj fk ue niamok ke aïj 1/6 Cr-µ Ej, 13>lon ke uea igmda fa umgfafk fk craqukaekmtj cataiåtgcj niugfj .......................................................................  

>2

Ngoura >.1 > .133  Cjrrjsãj/krjsãj fk ue gepkigfjr fk bjeba fk rkcgcij fk áoua nkgtj ke eatkrgai ASVE A64 A6 4 Ciassk 38 ..................................................................................  

>3

Ngoura >.16  Vubj fk gmtkrigoaïãj fj fjwmcjrmkr  cje  cje j cjiktjr gmnkrgjr gmnkrgjr fa parkfk fk áoua fk uea caifkgra fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca0 caractkråstgcas eacrjscópgcas fa CAN0 earcas fa turbuiàmcga fj niugfj ma caeafa fk óxgfj prjtktjra (eaomktgta) mj tubj fk aïj-carbjmj ............................................................................. .............. ...............................................................

>?

Ngoura >.1;  Kstrutura ektaijorángca fj tubj fk gmtkrigoaïãj fj fjwmcjrmkr  cje  cje j cjiktjr gmnkrgjr fa parkfk fk áoua

fk ueaksnkrjgfgzafas caifkgra fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca0 nkrrgta kfk pkrigta cje rkfuïãj fa kspkssura caeafa fk óxgfj. Ataquk0 mgtai 1%, auekmtj0 288x .....

>4

Ngoura >.1>  Fktaidk fa supkrnåcgk kxtkrma kx tkrma fj tubj fk gmtkrigoaïãj fj fjwmcjrmkr  cje  cje j cjiktjr gmnkrgjr fa parkfk fk áoua fk uea caifkgra fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca0 trgmca passamtk após rkfuïãj fa kspkssura fk parkfk pjr CAN ......................................................................................   >4

Ngoura >.1?  Fktaidk fa supkrnåcgk gmtkrma fj tubj fk gmtkrigoaïãj gmtkrigoaïãj fj fjwmcjrmkr  cje  cje j cjiktjr gmnkrgjr fa parkfk fk áoua fk uea caifkgra fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca0 (a) jbskrva-sk cjrrjsãj supkrngcgai okmkraigzafa k pgtks aigmdafjs, jmfk sk gmgcgarae trgmcas< (b) trgmca passamtk após rkfuïãj fa kspkssura fk parkfk pjr CAN .......................................................................  

>7

Ngoura >.14  Naida pjr cjrrjsãj/nafgoa ke tubj fk caifkgra ............. .............  

?2

Ngoura >.17  Cjrpj fk prjva para ektaijoranga fk uea aejstra rktgrafa fk ue tubj cje naida fk uea caifkgra ...........  ...........  

?3

Ngoura >.28 Ngoura >. 28  Auekmtj fa vgsuaigzaïãj ( zjje  zjje) fa aejstra aprkskmtafa ma ngoura >.17 ..................................................  

?3

17

 

Ngoura Ngou ra >.21 >. 21  Njtj fk ue tubj fk vapjr fk caifkgra cjrtafj aj ijmoj fk sua skïãj ijmogtufgmai. Vrgmcas fk cjrrjsãj/ nafgoa gmgcgafas ma parkfk gmtkrma fj tubj, fj iafj jpjstj fa vgoa djrgzjmtai gmnkrgjr fk rknjrïj ma partk kxtkrma fj tubj ......................................................................  

?6

Ngoura >. 22  Egcrjoranga ejstramfj a ejrnjijoga fas trgmcas cje Ngoura >.2 ióbuijs eðitgpijs eðitgpijs k raegngcaïûks famfj ue aspkctj aspkc tj fk ’jrkidas fk cjkidj― ..........................................................  

?6

Ngou Ngoura ra >.23 >.2 3  Vrgmcas kx kxtkrmas tkrmas fk tubj fk gmstruekmtj ke aïj gmjxgfávki 386 sjb gsjiaekmtj ...........................................   ?4

Ngoura >.26 Ngoura >. 26  Vrgmcaekmtj kxtkrmj ke tubjs quk trabaidae cje vapjr a 6;8jN (232jC), kmsagafjs cje iåqugfjs pkmktramtks. As trgmcas pjfke skr vgstas vgsta s mj tubj ckmtrai (skta) ............................................................................   ?7 Njtj aprjxgeaf a prjxgeafa a (zjje)  fj cje tubjaparàmcga fa ngoura >.26 Ngoura >.2; Ngoura >. 2;  ejstramfj as trgmcas ngmas fk tkgas fk aramda .................................................................................  

48

Ngou Ngoura ra >.2> >. 2>  Egcrjoranga fk uea skïãj tramsvkrsai (cjrtk) fa aejstra fa ngoura >.2; ejstramfj trgmcas raegngcafas ngmas ...................................................................  

41

Ngoura >.2? Ngoura >. 2?  Jutra egcrjoranga fk uea skïãj tramsvkrsai (cjrtk) fk ue tubj trgmcafj giustramfj a njrea fk prjpaoaïãj tramsoramuiar fas trgmcas gmgcgafas ma supkrnåcgk (cje ataquk ektaijorángcj) ektaijorángcj) ............................ .................... ........

41

Ngoura >.24 Ngoura >. 24  Ataquk fk cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjr cijrktjs ma supkrnåcgk fjs ngjs fk ue paranusj ke aïj gmjxgfávki 386 .........................................................................  

42

Ngoura >.27 Ngoura >. 27  Vrgmcaekmtj skvkrj fk tubjs aiktafjs ke igoa C-2?> fk uea caifkgra fk rkaqukcgekmtj para rkejïãj fk ktamj após 4 amjs a mjs ke skrvgïj fkvgfj aj carrkaekmtj fk cijrktjs fk aeömga ma igmda (a). Ckmtkmas fk trgmcas gmgcgafas ma partk kxtkrma kx tkrma (iafj fj prjckssj) fj tubj assjcgafj cje a pjrïãj ke trabaidj a nrgj fjs tubjs assjcgafj ès aiktas (b). Vrgmcas raegngcafas tramsoramuiarks (c) ....................  ....................  

43

28

 

Ngoura Ngou ra >.38 >. 38  Numfj fk tamquk fk fgkski ..................................................  

4?

Ngoura Ngoura >.31 >. 31  Vubuiaïãj fk dgfrjcarbjmktj .............................................  

44

Ngoura >. 32  Nkgxk fk trjcafjrks fk caijr ke aïj gmjxgfávki Ngoura >.32 gmjxgfávki 386 ...

44

Ngoura >.33 Ngoura >.3 3  Eamojtk fk jnnijafgmo .........................................................  

47

......................   Ngoura >.3 6  Bjca fk vgsgta fk skparafjr kiktrjstátgcj ......................  Ngoura >.36

47

Ngoura >.3; Ngoura >. 3;  Vubuiaïãj fj sgstkea fk frkmj nkcdafj ......................... .........................  

78

Ngoura >. 3>  Xgmdjik ke tubuiaïãj fj sgstkea fk gmcàmfgj ..............  ..............   Ngoura >.3>

78

Ngoura >.3? Ngoura >. 3?  Vubuiaïãj fk áoua prjfuzgfa .............................................  

71

Ngoura >.3 4  Jxgfaïãj ke pjrca fk aïj-carbjmj ke paranusj fk Ngoura >.34 aïj gmjxgfávki a 1.388jN (?86jC) ........................................  

74

uea tkia ke aïj-carbjmj aïj-car bjmj fk ue rkatjr   Ngoura Ngoura >.37 >. 37  Jxgfaïãj fk kmxjnrkke ................................................................................

74

Ngoura >.68  Jxgfaïãj ma supkrnåcgk kxtkrma kx tkrma fk uea igmda fk tramsnkràmcga fk njrmj ke aïj-carbjmj ..........................  ..........................  

77

Ngoura ?.1 

Egcrjoranga fk aïj kutktógfk, ckekmtgta ke njrea fk iaekias rkogûks kscuras) ......................................................   181

Ngoura ?.2 

Egcrjoranga – aïj quk sjnrku ksnkrjgfgzaïãj, ckekmtgta (orãjs kscurjs) kscurjs) ke njrea fk ksnkras .......... ..........   181 

Ngoura ?.3 

Egcrjoranga cje oramfk auekmtj ektaijorángca ejstramfj mófuijsfk fkaejstra orangta. Cjepark cje a egcrjkstrutura aprkskmtafa ma ngoura ?.6 ...................................................................................   18>

Ngoura ?.6 

Egcrjoranga cje oramfk auekmtj fk aejstra ektaijorángca ejstramfj uea egcrjkstrutura nkrrgta-pkrigta tåpgca ...............................................................   18>

Ngoura ?.; 

Orángcj fk kmsagj fk tkmacgfafk aj gepactj Cdarpy cje kmtaidk ke ’^― ke numïãj fa tkepkratura ejstramfj a eufamïa ma tkepkratura fk tramsgïãj fk 68 igbras-pç ........................................................................   112 

21

 

Ngoura ?.> 

Aejstra fk eatkrgai trgmcafj cje a prkskmïa fk trgmcas gmtkroramuiarks ma egcrjkstrutura, gmfgcamfj nraogigzaïãj skvkra .................................................................   11; 

Ngoura ?.? 

Ejrnjijoga fj trgmcaekmtj ma zjma anktafa pkij p kij caijr (PAC) fk uea sjifa fk aïj AGSG 36?. A trgmca ç gmtkroramuiar gmtkroramui ar k skouk pjr uea ngma rkfk fk nask na sk sgoea (σ) ...................................................................................   11> 

Ngoura ?.4 

Egcrjoranga fj aïj [MS M84>3? ejstramfj a njreaïãj fk bamfa fk prkcgpgtaïãj fk nask (σ) njreafa mj rksnrgaekmtj fj eatkrgai a partgr par tgr fa sjigfgngcaïãj .......................................................................   11? 

Ngoura ?.7 

Skmsgtgzaïãj fjs aïjs gmjxgfávkgs ....................................   117

Ngoura 4.1 

Rkogãj fk ruptura pjr nafgoa ..............................................   12;

Ngoura 4. 2  Fktaidk fa trgmca fk nafgoa .................................................   Ngoura 4.2

12>

Ngoura 4.3 Ngoura 4. 3  Vrgmcas fk nafgoa tçregca ....................................................  

12? 

Ngoura 4.6  Vrgmcas fk nafgoa tçregca ....................................................  

12?

Ngoura 4.; Ngoura 4. ;  Vubj fk ;88ee fk fgâektrj quk naidju furamtk tkstk dgfrjstátgcj a partgr fk ramduras supkrngcgags .....  .....  133

Ngoura 4.>  Fktaidk fa ngoura 4.; ejstramfj as ramduras k a ............   133 jrgoke fa nratura (skta) ke uea fas ramduras ............

Ngoura 4.?  Nratura nráogi mj cascj próxgej aj kspkidj fk ue trjcafjr cje ;>ee fk kspkssura nabrgcafj cje aïj C-8,;Ej furamtk j kmsagj dgfrjstátgcj ............................  ............................   136

Ngoura 4.4  Nratura nráogi mj cjstafj fk ue vasj furamtk tkstk dgfrjstátgcj ..............................................................................   136 kxkepij fk nratura nráogi quk jcjrrku Ngoura 4.7  Ciássgcj kxkepij furamtk kmsagj dgfrjstátgcj ................................................   13;

Ngoura 4.1 8  ^gsta aprjxgeafa fa supkrnåcgk fk nratura fk ue 4 .18 vasj nabrgcafj ke aïj A;1>A ;1>-?8M ?8M ejstramfj as earcas fk Cdkvrjm quk apjmtae ma fgrkïãj fa jrgoke fa trgmca .....................................................................   13; 22

 

Ngoura 4.11  Skïãj fk váivuia bjrbjikta cje famj pjr cavgtaïãj após 2 amjs fk skrvgïj skr vgïj fkvgf fkvgfj j a uea aita qukfa fk prkssãj atravçs fa váivuia ke uea igmda fk frkmj fk dgfrjcarbjmktj ke ue skparafjr fk bagxa prkssãj muea umgfafk fk fkssuinurgzaïãj fkssuinurgzaïãj atejsnçrgca ............. ............. 134

Ngoura 4.12  ^gsta aprjxgeafa fj famj ma supkrnåcgk fa váivuia bjrbjikta fa ngoura 4.11 ........................................................   134

Ngoura 4.1 4 .133  Supkrnåcgk cje acðeuij fk pgtks causafj pjr cavgtaïãj mj iafj fk bagxa prkssãj fk ue gepkigfjr fk bjeba nkgtj ke aïj gmjxgfávki ....................................   137

Ngoura 4.16  Xgtks causafjs pjr cavgtaïãj mj iafj fa áoua fk ue cgigmfrj cgigmf rj fk nkrrj numfgfj mj iafj fa aigekmtaïãj .........  .........  137

Ngoura 7.1 

Ngoura 7.2 

(a) Vrgmcaekmtj fkvgfj è nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj fk ue tubj ke aïj fk aita rksgstàmcga. (b) Vrgmca gmtkroramuiar surogfa ma supkrnåcgk gmtkroramuiar supkrn åcgk fk ue tubj ............ ............ 164 (a) Nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj fk ue cjepjmkmtk fk bjeba nabrgcafj cje aïj gmjxgfávki. (b) Njtjoranga fk aita aepigaïãj a epigaïãj fa supkrnåcgk fa nratura ejstramfj a maturkza gmtkroramuiar fj trgmcaekmtj ........................  ........................   167

Ngoura 18.1  Naida prkeatura prkeatura pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj fk ue tubj fa zjma fk rafgaïãj fk rkatjr fk dgfrjcraqukaekmtj dgfrjcraqukaekmtj (fgâektrj kxtkrmj 11;ee, kspkssura 13,;ee 2¹Cr-1Ej SA33;-X22) após 21 amjs fk usj. A naida rksuitju fa naita fk prjfutj fk prjckssj pr jckssj mj gmtkrgjr fj tubj sjb a prkskmïa fk aqukcgekmtj ........................  ........................   1;>

Ngoura 18.2  Vubj cje prjtubkrâmcga k rjepgfj prkeaturaekmtk pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj a tkepkratura bke acgea fk ?;8°C .........................................................................................   1;?

Ngoura 18.3  Vubj fk supkraqukckfjr fk caifkgra (1Cr-1/2EJ) ke skrvgïj a ?88 psgo quk naidju fkvgfj a sjbrkaqukcgekmtj .................................................................   1;?

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Ngoura 18.6  A egcrjkstrutura fa kxtrkegfafk fa nratura ejstra orãjs fk nkrrgta skvkraekmtk aijmoafjs, aijmoafjs, prjva fa kxgstàmcga fk nratura fðtgi. A kspkssura ma kxtrkegfafk ç fk ckrca fk 8,3ee, quk rkprkskmta uea rkfuïãj fa kspkssura fk eags quk 7;%. Auekmtj fk ;8x cje ataquk ektaijorángcj .................  .................   1;4 prkeatura fk tubj subektgfj a aita Ngoura 18.;  Naida prkeatura

tkepkratura ma partgfa fa caifkgra cje abkrtura abkr tura aepia fa naida k kxtrkegfafks kx trkegfafks ngmas (’pjmta fk naca―). Ruptura fj tgpj fðtgi. Auekmtj fk 2;x ...............  ...............   1;4

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1 GMVRJF[ÏÃJ A fktkrgjraïãj fjs kqugpaekmtjs gmfustrgags ç assumtj rkikvamtk. Fk ejfj okrai, kstá prkskmtk ke tjfjs js skoekmtjs gmfustrgags, tjfavga, oamda eagjr gepjrtâmcga maqukiks ke quk j sku fkscjmtrjik rkprkskmta rgscjs è saðfk, skouramïa k aj ekgj aebgkmtk. Ç uea gepjrtamtk vargávki ke atgvgfafks nabrgs cjej a pktrjquåegca< okraïãj fk kmkroga< prjfuïãj fk aïðcar k áicjji< papki k ckiuijsk< sgfkruroga, a kxpijraïãj, rkngmj, tramspjrtk k fgstrgbugïãj fk pktróikj k fkrgvafjs k jutras. A njrea k a gmtkmsgfafk sjb a quai a fktkrgjraïãj sk eamgnksta gepigcae fgrktaekmtk a utgigzaïãj fjs atgvjs gmfustrgags. Mkssk pjmtj, cjmckgtjs cjej cjmngabgigfafk, fgspjmgbgigfafk, skouramïa, prjfutgvgfafk k rkmtabgigfafk suroke ke ekmtk, pjrquk rkniktke a kngcgàmcga quamtj aj eamk`j fjs atgvjs fk uea piamta gmfustrgai. Sjekmtk uea gmstaiaïãj skoura, cu`a gmtkorgfafk nåsgca ç cjmdkcgfa k cjmtrjiafa, pjfk aicamïar ektas fk prjfuïãj k atkmfkr aj piamk`aekmtj kstratçogcj kstabkikcgfj. J kstufj fa fktkrgjraïãj ç quask sgmömgej fa gmspkïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs. Vãj åmtgeas kmtrk sg, ç fgnåcgi pkmsar uea ske a jutra k vgck-vkrsa. A kmokmdarga fk gmspkïãj kstá caicafa mj kstufj fjs ekcamgsejs fk famj fjs kqugpaekmtjs k gmstaiaïûks gmfustrgags< suas atgvgfafks fkrgvae fkssk jnåcgj. Amáigsk fas causas, fkngmgïãj fk crgtçrgjs fk ackgtaïãj, prjpjsgïãj fk aïûks fk cjmtrjik (cjrrktgvas, prkvkmtgvas ju prkfgtgvas) fkia fkcjrrke. Gmcjmtávk Gmcjmtávkgs gs sãj js fksfjbraekmtjs quk j kstufj fa fktkrgjraïãj prjvjca ma atgvgfafk fk uea piamta gmfustrgai. Fa prjoraeaïãj fk prjfuïãj aj cjmtrjik fk eatkrgags, fj piamk`aekm piamk`aekmtj tj fk eamutkmïãj è ejmgtjraïãj fk parâektrjs fk prjfuïãj, fj prj`ktj aj cjmtrjik fk quaigfafk, surok a prkjcupaïãj quamtj ajs ekcamgsejs fk famj prkskmtks. Óbvga, pjrtamtj, a gepjrtâmcga para js prjngssgjmags fk gmspkïãj ke cjmdkckr js prjckssjs fk fktkrgjraïãj k fk naida kxgstkmtks ma gmstaiaïãj ke quk trabaidae. Vãj gepjrtamtk quamtj j cjmdkcgekmtj fjs ekcamgsejs fk fkorafaïãj ç a gfkmtgngcaïãj fk suas causas. A prkcgsa gfkmtgngcaïãj fas causas fk famj pkregtk0  prkvkr suas cjmskquàmcgas, cjrrkiacgjmamfj-as ajs parâektrjs jpkracgjmags k aj dgstórgcj fjs kqugpaekmtjs<  njrmkckr subsåfgjs aj piamk`aekmtj fk gmspkïãj (kxtkmsãj, abramoàmcga, eçtjfjs) k fk eamutkmïãj, rksuitamfj ke rkfuïãj fjs custjs oijbags fk 

eamutkmïãj< auekmtar a cjmngabgigfafk fjs kqugpaekmtjs, rksuitamfj ke ue ekidjr måvki fk gmspkïãj k eamutkmïãj< 2;

 

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prkvkr a fktkrgjraïãj k avargas ke skrvgïj< skr vgïj< auekmtar j natjr jpkracgjmai fa piamta, ke numïãj fk eagjr fgspjmgbgigfafk fjs kqugpaekmtjs< eagjr prjfutgvgfafk pkia pjssgbgigfafk fk auekmtj fa caroa prjckssafa ju jpkraïãj ke cjmfgïûks eags skvkras< subsgfgar j apkrnkgïjaekmtj fk prj`ktj fjs kqugpaekmtjs k gmstaiaïûks< kstkmfkr a vgfa ðtgi fjs kqugpaekmtjs.

Vags aspkctjs ikvarae j Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás (GBX) a pubigcar kstk fjcuekmtj. Aiçe fk cjmorkoar j cjmdkcgekmtj sjbrk a fktkrgjraïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs gmfustrgags prjvkmgkmtks prjvkmgkmtks fk fgvkrsjs raejs prjfutgvjs, kstk Ouga sk fkstgma a0  auxgigar js prjngssgjmags fk gmspkïãj ma rkaigzaïãj fk suas tarknas, bke cjej jutras kspkcgaigfafks igoafas aj okrkmcgaekmtj fk gmtkorgfafk (prj`ktj, acjepamdaekmtj fk prjckssj, eamutkmïãj ktc.)<  crgar ue ackrvj rksuegfj fk gmnjreaïûks sjbrk js ekcamgsejs fk fkorafaïãj<  cjmckgtuar k caractkrgzar js prjckssjs fk fktkrgjraïãj quk jcjrrke ma gmfðstrga<  aprgejrar a tkcmjijoga fk gmspkïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs.

2 JB JB@KVG^JS @KVG^JS K OKMKRAIGFAFKS 2.1

Jb`ktgvjs

Kstk Ouga jb`ktgva gmfgcar as causas eags cjeums fk fktkrgjraïãj k naidas ke kqugpaekmtjs. ^gsa, taebçe, pkregtgr aj a j gmspktjr fkskepkmdar ekidjr a sua numïãj, pjssgbgigtamfj nazkr rkcjekmfaïûks fk eçtjfjs fk rkparjs k usj fk eatkrgags fkstgmafjs a prjijmoar a vgfa ðtgi fjs kqugpaekmtjs, fkmtrj fjs måvkgs eåmgejs fk skouramïa jpkracgjmai rkqukrgfjs pkijs skus cófgojs fk nabrgcaïãj.

2.2 Okmkraigfafks As gepurkzas cjmtgfas ma eagjrga fjs pktróikjs k fkrgvafjs, bke cjej oramfk partk fjs prjfutjs quåegcjs eamuskafjs mas umgfafks fk prjckssaekmtj, rkaoke cje js ektags causamfj cjrrjsãj. Aioums eatkrgags afgcgjmafjs ju njreafjs mas jpkraïûks fk prjckssaekmtj sãj taebçe abrasgvjs k causae krjsãj. krjs ãj. A kspkssura fk parkfk fjs kqugpaekmtjs ke aebjs js casjs ç fgegmuåfa. Ke aioueas jpkraïûks jcjrrk tamtj cjrrjsãj cjej krjsãj k, quamfj gssj acjmtkck, a pkrfa ma kspkssura fj ektai ç, ke okrai, eagjr fj quk as pkrfas fkvgfas ajs knkg-

2>

 

tjs skparafjs fa cjrrjsãj k fa krjsãj. Js rkiatórgjs acurafjs fas pkrfas fk ektai sãj eugtj gepjrtamtks, pjrquk ç fkiks quk sk cjidke fafjs para fktkregmar js gmtkrvaijs fk gmspkïãj k a vgfa ðtgi prjvávki fjs kqugpaekmtjs. As pkrfas fk ektai, aiçe fj eags, mãj sãj skeprk cjmstamtks, cjmsta mtks, fkpkmfkmfj fk vargávkgs, tags cjej0 tkjr fk sai, fk kmxjnrk mjs óikjs crus k tkepkratura fk jpkraïãj. Ç ksskmcgai, pjr kssa razãj, quk j gmspktjr kstk`a, fk ejfj okrai, naegigargzafj cje a jpkraïãj fgárga fj kqugpaekmtj k quk vkrgngquk nrkqukmtkekmtk a taxa fk fksoastk fj ektai. Vkmsûks cåcigcas ke partks fk kqugpaekmtjs sãj eugtj cjeums, partgcuiarekmtk ke cjepjmkmtks quk trabaidae cje ejvgekmtjs aitkrmatgvjs. Sk kssas tkmsûks sãj eugtj aitas k js cgcijs bastamtk nrkqukmtks, pjfke jcjrrkr naidas pjr nafgoa. Ekmjs nrkqukmtks, pjrçe okraiekmtk eags sçrgas, sãj as naidas prjvjcafas pjr nafgoa tçregca ke tubjs k vasjs fk prkssãj, as quags rksuitae fk eufamïas cåcigcas fk tkepkratura. As naidas pjr nafgoa ke eáqugmas cjekïae cje uea trgmca ma supkrnåcgk fj ektai, a quai prjorgfk cje cafa cgcij fk tkmsãj, mj gmåcgj ikmtaekmtk k fkpjgs eags rapgfaekmtk. As gmspkïûks pkrgófgcas fas partks fk numcgjmaekmtj aitkrmafj pjfke, nrkqukmtkekmtk, fktkctar a prkskmïa fk trgmcas prjvjcafas pjr nafgoa amtks quk jcjrra j cjiapsj fkssas pkïas. pkï as. Fa eksea njrea, as gmspkïûks fk tubjs k vasjs, quk jpkrae sjb cjmfgïûks fk eufamïas cåcigcas fk tkepkratura, pjfke pkregtgr rkparjs ju substgtugïûks amtks fj cjiapsj fjs eksejs. As `umtas sjifafas fk ektags cje cjkngcgkmtks fk fgiataïãj tçregca fgnkrkmtks kstãj su`kgtas è nafgoa tçregca. Aioueas vkzks, as trgmcas cjekïae a njrear-sk quamfj j kqugpaekmtj ç rktgrafj fk jpkraïãj k rksnrgafj. Quamfj, acgfkmtaiekmtk, j kqugpaekmtj njr subektgfj a tkepkraturas acgea faqukias para as quags njg prj`ktafj, pjfke jcjrrkr fgstjrïûks fkvgfj aj natj fjs ektags pkrfkrke a rksgstàmcga ke aitas tkepkraturas. Vags fgstjrïûks pjfke rksuitar ke naidas, partgcuiarekmtk fkvgfj è cjmckmtraïãj fk tkmsûks. Sk as tkepkraturas sk tjrmarke kxckssgvaekmtk aitas, pjfke aparkckr eufamïas kstruturags quk aitkrae fkngmgtgvaekmtk sua rksgstàmcga. Vags tramsnjreaïûks pjfke jcjrrkr cjej rksuitafj fk gmcàmfgjs ju cjmfgïûks jpkracgjmags fkscjmtrjiafas. Ke tkepkraturas eugtj bagxas, a áoua k aioums prjfutjs quåegcjs eamuskafjs ke kqugpaekmtjs pjfke cjmokiar k causar rjepgekmtj fk tubjs ju vasjs. Bagxas tkepkraturas taebçe pjfke prjvjcar nraogigfafk mj aïj-carbjmj cjeue, tjrmamfj-j suscktåvki a naidas. Aioueas fas naidas jcjrrgfas ke tamquks tàe sgfj atrgbuåfas è nraogigzaïãj fj aïj ke bagxas tkepkraturas, cjebgmafas cje aitas caroas gepjstas pjr tkmsûks tçregcas, fkvgfas a rápgfas eufamïas fk tkepkratura. Xrkssûks kxckssgvas pjfke cjmtrgbugr para a jcjrràmcga fk naidas mj kqugpaekmtj, pjrçe gssj raraekmtk jcjrrk, fkvgfj è kxgstàmcga fk fgspjsgtgvjs fk sk-

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ouramïa. Mj kmtamtj, ke cjmfgïûks mjreags fk jpkraïãj, pjfke surogr naidas sk djuvkr rkfuïãj kxckssgva ma kspkssura fj ektai, trgmcas ju kmtaidks mãj rkejvgfjs. Amtks fa apigcaïãj fk tkstks dgfrjstátgcjs mjs kqugpaekmtjs, ç mkckssárgj ckrtgngcar-sk quk js vasjs kmvjivgfjs, as kstruturas fk sustkmtaïãj k as numfaïûks kstãj prj`ktafas para supjrtar tags caroas. Rkcaiquks fk tkrrkmj k caroa c aroa fj vkmtj sãj cjmsgfkrafjs mj prj`ktj fk kqugpaekmtjs k raras vkzks cjmtrgbuke para fktkrgjraïûks k naidas.

3 FJC[EKMVJS FK RKNKRÀ RKNKRÀMCGA MCGA A skougr kstãj gmfgcafjs js fjcuekmtjs cu`a cjmsuita pjfk skr mkckssárga para a utgigzaïãj fkstk Ouga.

3.11 Fjcuekmtj Jroamgzaïãj k Aprkskmt Aprkskmtaïãj aïãj 3. fk Gmspkïãj fk Kqugpaekmtjs fj Gmstgtutj Brasgikgrj fk Xktróikj k Oás, Rkvgsãj 2, fk 26/;/177>. 3.2 Mjreas Rkouiaekmtafjras fj Egmgstçrgj fj Vrabaidj Vrabaidj k Keprkoj0  

MR-8> – Kqugpaekmtj fk Xrjtkïãj Gmfgvgfuai – KXG<   MRMR-13 13 – Caifkgras, ^asjs fk Xrkssãj k Vubuiaïûks< Vubuiaïûks<

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  MR-28 – Skouramïa k Saðfk mj VVrabaidj rabaidj cje Gmniaeáv Gmniaeávkgs kgs k Cjebuståvkgs< Cjebuståvkgs<   MR-2> – Sgmaigzaïãj Sgmaigzaïãj fk Skouramïa< 

  MR-33 – Skouramïa k Saðfk mj VVrabaidj rabaidj ke Kspaïjs Cjmngmafjs Cjmngmafjs ASEK Skc. ^ – Mjmfkstructgv Mjmfkstructgvkk Kxaegmatgjms. 3.? AXG Xubi. ;41 – Bask Rksjurck Fjcuekmt – Rgsl Baskf Gmspkctgjm. 3.4 AXG RX ;?7-1/ ;?7-1/ASEK ASEK NNS-1 Ngtmkss-njr-Skrvgck. 3.7 AXG RX ;?1 Faeaok Ekcdamgses Annkc Annkctgmo tgmo Ngxkf Kqugpekmt gm tdk Rkngmgmo Gmfustry.

6 FKNGMGÏÛKS 6.11 Aïãj prkvkmtgva 6. Aïãj gepikekmtafa para kigegmar as pjssåvkgs causas fk uea mãj cjmnjregfafk, fknkgtj, ju sgtuaïãj gmfksk`áv gmfksk`ávki, ki, cje j jb`ktgvj fk prkvkmgr a sua rrkgmcgfàmcga. kgmcgfàmcga.

6.2 Aitkraïãj Eufamïa fk caractkråstgca fk prj`ktj jrgogmai.

Avaigaïãj aïãj fa gmtkorgfafk 6.3 Avaig Cjm`umtj fk aïûks fk kmokmdarga keprkkmfgfas ke ue kqugpaekmtj, tkmfj pjr jb`ktgvj caractkrgzar j kstafj ks tafj ke quk kik sk kmcjmtra fgamtk fas kxgoàmcgas fk afkquaïãj aj usj.

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6.6 Caigbraïãj Cjm`umtj fk jpkraïûks quk kstabkikck a rkiaïãj kmtrk j vaijr gmfgcafj pjr ue gmstruekmtj fk ekfgfa k j vaijr kstabkikcgfj ke ue pafrãj.

6.; Caractkråstgca Xrjprgkfafk fgnkrkmcgafjra, pjfk skr gmkrkmtk ju atrgbuåfa, quaigtatgva ju quamtgtatgva.

6.> Ckrtgngcaïãj Vkstkeumdj njreai fk uea quaigngcaïãj pjr ekgj fa kegssãj fk ue ckrtgngcafj.

6.? Cjmfgïãj skoura para jpkraïãj Cjmfgïãj nåsgca fk ue kqugpaekmtj, quk pkregtk supjrtar as cjmfgïûks fk prj`ktj pjr ue pkråjfj prkkstabkikcgfj. Ksta avaigaïãj fkvk cjmsgfkrar, aiçe fjs crgtçrgjs fk fgekmsgjmaekmtj mj cófgoj fk prj`ktj, as mjreas fk skouramïa k saðfk fj trabaidafjr traba idafjr kfkngmgfjs a prkskrvaïãj fj ekgj aebgkmtk.

6.4 Cjmfgïãj fk prj`ktj Cjm`umtj fk vargávkgs jpkracgjmags quk skrvke fk bask ba sk para j fgekmsgjmaekmfgekmsgjmaekmtj fj kqugpaekmtj.

6.7 Cjrrkïãj Aïãj gepikekmtafa para kigegmar uea mãj cjmnjregfafk, fknkgtj ju sgtuaïãj gmfksk`ávki gmfksk`á vki jcjrr jcjrrgfa. gfa.

6.18 CRKA Cjmskidj Rkogjmai fk Kmokmdarga k Aorjmjega.

6.11 Fknkgtj Okmkrgcaekmtk0 mãj atkmfgekmtj atkmfgekmtj fk ue rkqugsgtj rkiacgjmafj a aioj prktkmfgfj ju kspkcgngcafj. Ke ektaiuroga0 cjmfgïãj (taeamdj, pjsgïãj, jrgkmtaïãj) fk uea fkscjmtgmugfafkk ektáigca quk mãj atkmfk ajs cófgojs fk prj`ktj ju kspkcgngcaïãj fkscjmtgmugfaf fk kmokmdarga.

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6.12 Fkscjmtgmugfafk Gmtkrrupïãj fas kstruturas tåpgcas fk uea pkïa, mj quk rknkrk è djejokmkgfafk fas caractkråstgcas nåsgcas, ekcâmgcas ju ektaiðrogcas. Mãj mkckssargaekmtk ue fknkgtj.

6.13 13 Fjcuekmtj fk autjrgzaïãj fk trabaidj 6. Fjcuekmtj jngcgai fa keprksa para piamk`aekmtj piamk`aekmtj k cjmtrjik fk atgvgfafks cje rgscj.

6.16 Kngcácga Kxtkmsãj ma quai as atgvgfafks piamk`afas sãj rkaigzafas k, cjej cjmskquàmcga, js rksuitafjs piamk`afjs aicamïafjs.

6.1; Kngcgàmcga Rkiaïãj kmtrk j rksuitafj aicamïafj k js rkcursjs usafjs.

6.1> Kmsagj Fktkregmaïãj fk uea ju eags caractkråstgcas caractkråstgca s fk acjrfj cje ue prjckfgekmtj.

6.1? 1? Kqugpaekmtj fk prjtkïãj gmfgvgfuai (KXG) 6. Vjfj fgspjsgtgvj ju prjfutj, fk usj gmfgvgfuai utgigzafj pkij trabaidafjr, fkstgmafj è prjtkïãj cjmtra rgscjs suscktåvkgs fk aekaïar a skouramïa k a saðfk mj trabaidj.

6.14 14 Kspaïj cjmngmafj 6. Quaiqukr kspaïj cje a abkrtura abkr tura igegtafa fk kmtrafa k saåfa fk vkmtgiaïãj maturai. Kxkepijs fk kspaïjs cjmngmafjs0 gmtkrgjr fk caifkgras, tamquks, carrjs-tamquk, rkatjrks, cjiumas, oaikrgas fk ksojtj, tubuiaïûks, sgijs, pjrûks ktc.

6.17 Kspkcgngcaïãj Fjcuekmtj quk kstabkikck rkqugsgtjs. [ea kspkcgngcaïãj pjfk sk rkiacgjmar a atgvgfafks (pjr kxkepij, kspkcgngcaïãj fk kmsagj) ju a prjfutjs (pjr kxkepij, kspkcgngcaïãj fk prjfutj). pr jfutj).

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6.28 Kxaek Atgvgfafk cjmfuzgfa para avaigar sk fktkregmafjs prjfutjs, prjckssjs ju skrvgïjs kstãj ke cjmnjregfafk cje crgtçrgjs kspkcgngcafjs.

6.21 Njreuiárgj Ejfkij geprkssj para prkkmcdgekmtj fk rkiatj fk atgvgfafks k/ju rksuitafjs.

6.22 Gsjiaekmtj tçregcj Cjepjmkmtks utgigzafjs para rkfuzgr a trjca fk caijr kmtrk j pkreutafjr (pjr cjmskquàmcga fj niugfj aqukcgfj) k j ekgj aebgkmtk. Ç utgigzafj para egmgegzar as pkrfas fk kmkroga, para eamtkr j niugfj aqukcgfj ma tkepkratura afkquafa ju prkskrvar suas caractkråstgcas nåsgcas k quåegcas k, agmfa, cjej barrkgra fk prjtkïãj pkssjai.

Gmspkïãj pkïãj fk skouramïa 6.23 Gms Kxaek fktaidafj fj kqugpaekmtj, ju fk suas partks, cje j jb`ktgvj fk asskourar quk j eksej aprkskmtk cjmfgïûks skouras fk jpkraïãj.

6.26 Gmspkïãj ke skrvgïj Kxaek pkrgófgcj fktaidafj fj kqugpaekmtj ke usj, cje j jb`ktgvj fk vkrgngcar sk j eksej aprkskmta cjmfgïãj skoura para a jpkraïãj jpkraï ãj mas cjmfgïûks fj prj`ktj.

6.2; Xrjngssgjmai dabgigtafj Aqukik quk tke cjepktàmcga ikoai para j kxkrcåcgj fa prjngssãj fk kmokmdkgrj mas atgvgfafks rknkrkmtks a prj`ktj fk cjmstruïãj, acjepamdaekmtj fk jpkraïãj k eamutkmïãj, gmspkïãj k supkrvgsãj fk gmspkïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs, ke cjmnjregfafk cje a rkouiaekmtaïãj prjngssgjmai vgokmtk mj paås.

6.2> Eçtjfj fk kmsagj mãj fkstrut fkstrutgvj gvj Vçcmgcas utgigzafas ma gmspkïãj fk eatkrgags k kqugpaekmtjs, ske famgngcá-ijs, Vçcmgcas para fktkregmar a kxgstàmcga fk fkscjmtgmugfafks quk pjssae vgr a fgegmugr a gmtkorgfafk ekcâmgca ju kstruturai fjs eksejs.

6.2? Mãj cjmnjregfafk Mãj atkmfgekmtj a ue rkqugsgtj prkkstabkikcgfj. 32

 

6.24 Jroamgzaïãj Orupj fk gmstaiaïûks k pkssjas cje ue cjm`umtj fk rkspjmsabgigfafks, autjrgfafks k rkiaïûks.

6.27 Xartk gmtkrk gmtkrkssafa ssafa Xkssja, ju orupj, quk tke ue gmtkrkssk mj fkskepkmdj, ju mj suckssj, fk uea jroamgzaïãj.

6.38 Xiamj fk gmspkïãj Fjcuekmtj quk fkscrkvk as atgvgfafks mkckssárgas para avaigar as cjmfgïûks nåsgcas fk ue kqugpaekmtj, cjmsgfkramfj j dgstórgcj, js ekcamgsejs fk famjs k js rgscjs kmvjivgfjs para as pkssjas, pkssja s, gmstaiaïûks k ekgj aebgkmtk. Fkvk gmciugr js kxaeks k tkstks a skrke rkaigzafjs.

6.31

Xrkssãj fk prj`ktj

Xrkssãj cjrrkspjmfkmtk è cjmfgïãj eags skvkra fk prkssãj k tkepkratura sgeuitâmkas quk pjssae jcjrrkr ke jpkraïãj mjreai.

6.32 Xrkssãj eáxgea fk jpkraïãj Eagjr vaijr fk prkssãj quk pjssa jcjrrkr jcjrr kr ke cjmfgïûks mjreags fk jpkraïãj ju ke sgtuaïûks amjreags tramsgtórgas.

6.33 Xrkssãj eáxgea fk trabaidj afegssåvki (XEVA) Eagjr vaijr fk prkssãj a quk ue vasj fk pr prkssãj kssãj pjfk skr subektgfj cjmtgmuaekmtk, fk acjrfj cje j cófgoj fk prj`ktj, è rksgstàmcga fjs eatkrgags utgigzafjs, ès fgekmsûks fj kqugpaekmtj k skus parâektrjs jpkracgjmags.

6.36 Xrjckfgekmtj Cjm`umtjs fk atgvgfafks gmtkr-rkiacgjmafas, gmtkr-rkiacgjmafas, ju gmtkratgvas, quk tramsnjreae gmsuejs ke prjfutjs k sãj piamk`afas, k rkaigzafas, sjb cjmfgïûks cjmtrjiafas para aorkoar vaijr vaijr..

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6.3; Xrjoraeaïãj fk gmspkïãj Cjm`umtj fas fgspjsgïûks kstabkikcgfas njreaiekmtk, pkij skrvgïj fk gmspkïãj, para asskourar a cjmnjregfafk mj tkepj, fk ue orupj fk kqugpaekmtjs, ès kxgoàmcgas rkouiaekmtarks fa ikogsiaïãj vgokmtk k ès kspkcångcas fa keprksa. keprksa .

6.3> Xrjngssgjmai dabgigtafj (XD) Xrjngssgjmai cje cjepktàmcga ikoai para j kxkrcåcgj fa prjngssãj fk kmokmdkgrj mas atgvgfafks rknkrkmtks a prj`ktj, jpkraïãj, eamutkmïãj k gmspkïãj fk caifkgras, vasjs fk prkssãj k tubuiaïûks, ke cjmnjregfafk cje a rkouiaekmtaïãj prjngssgjmai vgokmtk mj paås.

6.3? Quaigngcaïãj Cjeprjvaïãj fas caractkråstgcas k dabgigfafks, skoumfj prjckfgekmtjs aprjvafjs k cje rksuitafjs fjcuekmtafjs, quk pkregtke a ue gmfgvåfuj kxkrckr fktkregmafas tarknas.

6.34 Rkcjekmfaïãj fk gmspkïãj Fjcuekmtj fk sjigcgtaïãj fk skrvgïj prçvgj fk apjgj ju mkckssgfafk fk prjvgfàmcgas fkcjrrkmtks fk gmspkïãj.

6.37 Rkogstrj Fjcuekmtj quk aprkskmta rksuitafjs jbtgfjs ju njrmkck kvgfàmcgas fk atgvgfafks rkaigzafas (pjr kxkepij0 Rkiatórgj fk Gmspkïãj).

6.68 Rkogstrj fk Skouramïa

Rkogstrj ke igvrj próprgj, ju ekgj kiktrömgcj, fa jcjrràmcga fas gmspkïûks k amjreaigfafks furamtk a jpkraïãj fjs vasjs fk prkssãj.

6.61 Rkiatórgj fk Gmspkïãj Rkogstrj njreai fas gmspkïûks rkaigzafas mjs kqugpaekmtjs cje iaufj cjmciusgvj.

6.62 Rkparj Gmtkrvkmïãj kxkcutafa mue kqugpaekmtj cje j prjpósgtj fk rkcjijcá-ij ke cjmfgïûks fk usj. 36

 

6.63 Rkqugsgtj Xrjprgkfafk, ju cjepjrtaekmtj, quk ue prjfutj ju skr skrvgïj vgïj fkvk atkmfkr. atkmfkr.

6.66 Skmtgmkia Xkssja jrgkmtafa para aïûks fk kekroàmcga, quk sk pjsgcgjma fj iafj kxtkrmj fj kspaïj cjmngmafj, ejmgtjramfj as atgvgfafks mj gmtkrgjr fj kqugpaekmtj.

fkstrutgvj gvj 6.6; Vçcmgca fk kmsagj mãj fkstrut Ejfj kspkcångcj fk utgigzaïãj fk ue eçtjfj fk kmsagj mãj fkstrutgvj.

6.6> ^asj fk prkssãj Kqugpaekmtj prj`ktafj para rksgstgr cje skouramïa a prkssûks kxtkrmas ju gmtkrmas fgnkrkmtks fa atejsnçrgca.

6.6? ^krgngcaïãj Cjeprjvaïãj, pjr ekgj fk kvgfàmcga jb`ktgva, quk js rkqugsgtjs kspkcgngcafjs njrae atkmfgfjs.

; CIASSGN CIASSGNGCAÏÃJ GCAÏÃJ FJS EKCAMGSEJS FK FAMJ Ekcamgsejs fk famj (taebçe cjmdkcgfjs cjej ekcamgsejs fk fkorafaïãj) ç ue okrai rknkrgfj a quaiqukr ju naida quk jcjrra ke kqugpaekmtjs tkrej fk prjckssj. Xjfk vargar fksfkprjbikea ue prjckssj cjrrjsgvj, nkmöekmj fk trgmcaekmtj, famj pjr cdaea, ju quaiqukr cjebgmaïãj kmtrk kssas jcjrràmcgas. Quamfj prjcuramfj fkngmgr quai j ekcamgsej fk famj quk pjfk kstar jcjrrkmjcjrr kmfj ke ue kqugpaekmtj, fkvk-sk tkr ke cjmta mãj só a sgtuaïãj atuai fk fkorafaïãj, eas taebçe ta ebçe as naidas quk kssk ekcamgsej pjfk gepigcar ke sua kvjiuïãj. A suscktgbgigfafk fk ue kqugpaekmtj a ue ekcamgsej fk famj partgcuiar fkpkmfk fk aioueas vargávkgs, gmciugmfj j eatkrgai fk cjmstruïãj fj kqugpaekmtj, niugfjs prjckssafjs mj kqugpaekmtj, cjmfgï cjmfgïûks ûks fk jpkraï jpkraïãj ãj (tkepkratura k prkssãj), aebgkmtk kxtkrmj ktc. J bje kmtkmfgekmtj fa oramfk vargkfafk fk ekcamgsejs fk famj quk pjfke jcjrrkr ç gepjrtamtk para oaramtgr a gmtkorgfafk fas gmstaiaïûks gmfustrgags.

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[ea rkvgsãj aprjnumfafa fjs ekcamgsejs fk famj ç ksskmcgai para j piamk `aekmtj fk uea kstratçoga fk gmspkïãj. [ea vkz quk js tgpjs fk ekcamgsejs fk famj k sua ejrnjijoga sãj cjmdkcgfjs, j rkspjmsávki pkia gmspkïãj tke a pjssgbgigfafk fk skikcgjmar j eçtjfj fk gmspkïãj cje a eagjr prjbabgigfafk fk fktkctar, caractkrgzar, k ekfgr j famj pjtkmcgaiekmtk kxgstkmtk. Agmfa, js gmtkrvaijs fk gmspkïãj pjfke skr kstabkikcgfjs keprkoamfj cófgojs k mjreas cjej0 AXG ;18 (Xrkssurk ^ksski), ;?8 (Xgpgmo Gmspkctjr), >;3 (Stjraok Vaml), ;?7 (NNS), ;48 (RBG) k ;41 (RBG Ektdjfjijoy). Js ekcamgsejs fk famj eags cjeums ma gmfðstrga fk pktróikj k quåegca sãj0  cjrrjsãj0 atejsnçrgca< oaivâmgca< cçiuia jciusa/nrksta/akraïãj jciusa/nrkst a/akraïãj fgnkrkmcgai< sjb gsjiaekmtj< cjrrjsãj/krjsãj< assgstgfa pkij niuxj< cjrrjsãj/nafgoa< sjb s jb tkmsãj< egcrjbgjióogca< ácgfa< ke aita tkepkratura (jxgfaïãj)< 

aitkraïûks ektaiðrogcas0 ksnkrjgfgzaïãj< carbjmktaïãj/orangtgzaïãj< fkscarbjmktaïãj< nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj< nraogigzaïãj a 6?;jC< nraogigzaïãj pjr nask sgoea< skmsgtgzaïãj<

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naidas ekcâmgcas0 nafgoa ekcâmgca< nafgoa na fgoa tçregca< nratura nráogi< cavgtaïãj< sjbrkaqukcgekmtj< niuàmcga< cdjquk tçregcj tçr egcj (tkrejciask)<

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naidas causafas pjr dgfrjoàmgj0 famjs pkij dgfrjoàm dgfrjoàmgj< gj< ataquk pkij dgfrjoàmgj ke aita tkepkratura<

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jutrjs ekcamgsejs0 bjidas fk vapjr< vapjr < trgmcaekmtj ke sjifa fgssgegiar< trgmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj.

As gmnjreaïûks fk cafa ekcamgsej fk famj skrãj aprkskmtafas skoumfj a fkscrgïãj a skougr, fk njrea a nacgigtar a crgaïãj fk prjoraeas fk gmspkïãj, fkngmgr a apigcaïãj para usj kspkcångcj (amáigsk cje bask ma ekcâmgca fa nratura), kstabkikckr piamk`aekmtjs fk GBR (gmspkïãj baskafa ke rgscj) k fk GMG (gmspkïãj mãj gmtrusgva)0  fkscrgïãj fj famj – fkscrgïãj básgca fj ekcamgsej fk famj< 

eatkrgags suscktåvkgs – uea igsta fk eatkrgags suscktåvkgs aj ekcamgsej fk famj<

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natjrks cråtgcjs – uea igsta fk natjrks natjrk s quk anktae j ekcamgsej ekca mgsej fk famj (g.k., taxa fk fkorafaïãj)<

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umgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs – uea igsta fk kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs k/ju umgfafks jmfk j ekcamgsej fk famj cjeuekmtk jcjrrk<

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aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj – uea fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej fk famj,

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cje ngouras ke aioums casjs, para nacgigtar a gfkmtgngcaïãj fj famj< prkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj prkvkmïãj/e gtgoaïãj – eçtjfjs para prkvkmgr k/ju egtgoar j famj< 3>

 

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gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj – rkcjekmfaïãj fj KMF para fktkcïãj k avaigaïãj (fgekmsgjmaekm (fge kmsgjmaekmtj, tj, ijcaigzaïãj, jrgkmtaïãj) fas fkscjmtgmugfafks assjcgafas cje j ekcamgsej ekc amgsej fk famj<

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ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs – uea fgscussãj sjbrk js ekcamgsejs fk famj assjcgafjs<

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rknkràmcgas uea igsta fkajrknkràmcgas eags bask k jutras gmnjreaïûks–pkrtgmkmtks ekcamgsejquk fk njrmkcke famj.

> CJRRJSÃJ A cjrrjsãj ç a eagjr causa fk fktkrgjraïãj fjs kqugpaekmtjs fas gmfðstrgas fk pktróikj k pktrjquåegca. Cjej kssas kssa s gmfðstrgas tàe sk fkskmvjivgfj k afjtafj prjckssjs ejfkrmjs, aioums fjs quags keprkoamfj prjfutjs pr jfutjs quåegcjs cjrrjsgvjs, js prjbikeas fk cjrrjsãj sk tjrmarae eags muekrjsjs k cjepikxjs. Cjmckgtua-sk cjrrjsãj fj cjej a pjfkmfj fkstrugïãj fjs ju eatkrgags ektáigcjs pkianåsgca. aïãj quåegca ju kiktrjquåegca ekgj, kstar, mãj assjcgafa è aïãj Cjrrjsãj ç j prjckssj ke quk ue ektai ju igoa ektáigca, usafj cjej eatkrgai fk cjmstruïãj, ç tramsnjreafj fj kstafj ektáigcj para uea njrea cjebgmafa (prjfutj fk cjrrjsãj) pjr uea gmtkraïãj cje j ekgj jmfk kstá gmskrgfj, pjfkmfj ikvar è naida ke skrvgïj. A gmtkraïãj kmtrk ektai k ekgj pjfk skr fk maturkza quåegca ju kiktrjquåegca k kstar assjcgafa a ksnjrïjs ekcâmgcjs. Fk uea njrea okrai, a cjrrjsãj ç j prjckssj gmvkrsj fj prjckssj ektaiðrogcj kxtratgvj. Xartk-sk fj ektai k tke-sk cjej rksuitafj fa gmtkraïãj fkstk cje j ekgj jmfk kstá gmskrgfj j prjfutj fk cjrrjsãj, uea njrea cjebgmafa fj ektai. Kssk prjckssj ç kspjmtâmkj, pjfkmfj davkr igbkraïãj fk kmkroga, pjgs j cjmtkðfj kmkroçtgcj fj prjfutj fk cjrrjsãj ç ekmjr quk j fj ektai fk partgfa. J gmspktjr pjfk cjmtrgbugr eugtj para j cjmtrjik fjs custjs fk cjrrjsãj fktkc fktkc-tamfj a fktkrgjraïãj amtks quk kia prjvjquk pkrfa fk prjfuïãj ju oramfks famjs mjs kqugpaekmtjs. [ea cjeprkkmsãj oijbai fj prjbikea ç fk prgejrfgai gepjrtâmcga para j gmspktjr. Ç prjpósgtj fkstk Ouga aprkskmtar js prjckssjs cjrrjsgvjs kmcjmtrafjs mas gmfðstrgas fk pktróikj k pktrjquåegca k cjej kiks prjvjcae fktkrgjraïûks mjs kqugpaekmtjs.

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>.11 >.

Cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca

>.1. >. 1.11 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej Kssa ejfaigfafk fk prjckssj cjrrjsgvj jcjrrk ma prkskmïa fk uegfafk assjcgafa ès cjmfgïûks atejsnçrgcas k pjfk skr jbskrvafa kxtkrmaekmtk ajs kqugpaekmtjs, tubuiaïûks k kstruturas.

>.1.2 .2 Aebgkmtk Aebgkmtkss navjrávkgs >.1 Xara aebgkmtks eargmdjs, tags cjej umgfafks jnnsdjrk  (piatanjreas ngxas, NXSJs, barcjs fk apjgj, sjmfas fk pkrnuraïãj, kmtrk jutras), kssk ekcamgsej fk famj ç eugtj skvkrj. Ç pjssåvki jbskrvar kssa skvkrgfafk taebçe ke aebgkmtks gmfustrgags cje prkskmïa fk uegfafk k cjmtaegmamtks tramspjrtafjs tramspjr tafjs pkij ar.

>.1.3 >.1.3 Natjrks cråtgcjs Aioums natjrks sãj fktkregmamtks ma aïãj fj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj fa atejsnkra, tags cjej a uegfafk rkiatgva, substâmcgas pjiukmtks (partgcuiafjs k oasks), tkepkratura k tkepj fk kxpjsgïãj fj kiktróigtj ma supkrnåcgk ektáigca. Jutrjs pjfke cjeprjektkr a cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca, tags cjej js ektkjrjióogcjs. Fkmtrk kiks fkstacae-sk vkmtjs (gmtkmsgfafk k fgrkïãj), vargaïûks cåcigcas (tkepkratura k uegfafk), uegfafk), cduvas k rafgaïãj uitravgjikta. Kqugpaekmtjs ju kstruturas cje prj`ktjs quk pkregtae áoua kstaomafa ju prkskmïa fk uegfafk ke nkmfas sãj sã j eags prjpåcgjs aj famj. Atç eksej nkzks fk avks pjfke ackikrar kssk prjckssj cjrrjsgvj, cjej `á jbskrvafj ke aebgkmtks rurags ju rkogûks pjrtuárgas.

>.1 >.1.6 .6 [egfafk rkiatg rkiatgva va

[egfafk rkiatgva ç uea rkiaïãj kmtrk j tkjr fk vapjr fk áoua kmcjmtrafj mj ar k j tkjr eáxgej quk pjfk kxgstgr mj eksej. Jutra njrea fk kxprkssar sku sgomgngcafj ç pkia razãj kmtrk a prkssãj parcgai fk vapjr fk áoua mj ar k a prkssãj fk vapjr fk áoua saturafj, ke uea eksea tkepkratura. Sua umgfafk fk ekfgfa ç kxprkssa ke pjrckmtaoke. Apksar fj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj pjfkr jcjrrkr ke atejsnkra skca fk njrea bke ikmta, a prkskmïa fa uegfafk ackikra sgomgngcatgvaekmtk j prjckssj. Ke uegfafk rkiatgva ke tjrmj fk >8%, j prjckssj pjfk skr cjmsgfkrafj ikmtj-ejfkrafj, mj kmtamtj, ue auekmtj para ?8% pjfk ackikrá-ij gmtkmsaekmtk.

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>.1.; >. 1.; Substâmcgas pjiukmtks [ea pjkgra cjepjsta pjr partåcuias sóigfas s óigfas `á kxgstkmtk ma atejsnkra ç ue fjs natjrks quk ackikrae a cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca. Fkmtrk kssas partåcuias, pjfkejs fkstacar0  såigcas (SgJ ) quk okrae akraïãj fgnkrkmcgafa< 2  

partåcuias quk rktkmdae uegfafk< partåcuias quk rktkmdae oasks cjrrjsgvjs<

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sags ciassgngcafjs cjej njrtks kiktróigtjs<

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partåcuias ektáigcas quk pjssuae pjtkmcgags kiktrjquåegcjs fgnkrkmtks.

>.1.> Oasks A prkskmïa fk aioums oasks, quk cjepûke a atejsnkra ju jutrjs prjfuzgfjs fgrktaekmtk ke árkas gmfustrgags, pjfk ackikrar j prjckssj cjrrjsgvj, tags cjej0 CJ, CJ , J , SJ , SJ , MJ, MJ , D S, MD, DCi, D N , Ci . 2

3

2

3

2

2

2 2

2

>.1.? Cjmfgïûkss jpkra jpkracgjmags cgjmags >.1.? Cjmfgïûk Vaxas fk cjrrjsãj auekmtae ke tkepkraturas atç 121jC. Acgea fkssa tkepkratura, as supkrnåcgks kstãj okraiekmtk skcas para quk sk fkskmvjiva j prjckssj cjrrjsgvj. Mj kmtamtj, kssa prkegssa mãj ç váigfa ke casj fk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtjs tçregcjs. Js natjrks ektkjrjióogcjs k jpkracgjmags pjfke cjmtrgbugr mj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj fa skougmtk eamkgra0  tkepkratura0 sk njr eugtj kikvafa grá fgegmug fgegmugrr a pjssgbgigfafk fk acðeuij fk uegfafk ma supkrnåcgk fj kqugpaekmtj ju kstrutura, kstr utura, aiçe fk fgegmugr a afsjrïãj fk oasks. Fkssa njrea, as a s cdamcks fk jcjrrkr j prjckssj cjrrjsgvj fgegmuke cjmsgfkravkiekmtk< 

tkepj fk pkreamàmcga fj ngiek fk kiktróigtj0 quamtj ekmjr j tkepj fk kxpjsgïãj fa supkrnåcgk ektáigca aj ngiek n giek fk kiktróigtj, ekmjr skrá a prjbabgigfafk fj ataquk<

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vkmtjs0 a gmcgfàmcga gmcgfàmcga fk vkmtjs pjfk carr carrkoar koar para a supkr supkrnåcgk nåcgk ektáigca js aokmtks pjiukmtks k mçvja saigma, auekmtamfj j prjckssj cjrrjsgvj<

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rafgaïãj uitravgjikta0 pjfk atacar as tgmtas k rkvkstgekmtjs, kxpjmfj j substratj ektáigcj. Fkssa njrea, j prjckssj cjrrjsgvj ijcai skrá bke eags gmtkmsj. 37

 

>.1.4 Ejrnjijoga J ataquk fa cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca pjfk jcjrrkr fk njrea okmkraigzafa ju ijcaigzafa, fkpkmfkmfj fa rkogãj jmfk dá prkskmïa fk uegfafk. Ske a prkskmïa fk uea prjtkïãj cjej tgmta ju rkvkstgekmtj, a cjrrjsãj k sua rkspkctgva pkrfa fk kspkssura pjfkrãj jcjrrkr fk njrea okmkraigzafa. Ke kqugpaekmtjs quk njrae pgmtafjs ju rkvkstgfjs k kxgsta kxgst a uea naida mjs eksejs, a cjrrjsãj jcjrrkrá prknkrkmcgaiekmtk mkssk pjmtj. Ke eugtjs casjs, a pkrfa fk kspkssura mãj pjfk skr vkrgngcafa mj kmsagj vgsuai, fkvgfj è prkskmïa fj prjfutj fk cjrrjsãj quk sk njrea ma rkogãj.

>.1.7 Eatkrgags gs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs >.1.7 Eatkrga Js prgmcgpags eatkrgags anktafjs sãj aïjs-carbjmj, aïjs fk bagxa igoa k igoas fk cjbrk cje aiueåmgj.

>.1. 1.18 18 Kqugpaekmtjs k sgstkeas anktafjs >. Rkogûks k ackssórgjs anktafjs0  rkogûks cje tgmta ju rkvkstgekmtj cje gmtkorgfafk cjeprjektgfa< 

nrkstas ju rkogûks quk prjpjrcgjmke j acðeuij fk uegfafk<



supjrtks fk tubuiaïûks<



rkogûks cje jrgkmtaïãj prjpåcga a vkmtjs k cduvas.

>.1 >.1..11 Ekfgfa Ekfgfass prkvkmt prkvkmtgvas gvas A eamkgra eags kngcaz fk sk prkvkmgr a cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca ç cje ue prjoraea fk pgmtura. Xara js tai,prjckfgekmtjs a rkogãj fkvk cjrrktjs. skr prkparafa cjrrktaekmtk k skougfa fa pgmtura, rkspkgtamfj J prjoraea fk pgmtura cjmsgstk ke caeafas, kvgtamfj quk aj ijmoj fj tkepj as tgmtas sjnrae naidas k js substratjs ngquke kxpjstjs.

>.1 >.1..12 Gmspkï Gmspkïãj ãj k ejmgtjr ejmgtjraïã aïãj j A gmspkïãj vgsuai ç uea ektjfjijoga sgepiks k kngcaz fk gfkmtgngcar a prkskmïa fa cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca. Mj kmtamtj, kssa abjrfaoke ç ekraekmtk quaigtatgva. Xara uea avaigaïãj quamtgtatgva fj gepactj fa cjrrjsãj k fkngmgïãj fa pkrfa fk kspkssura, gmstruekmtjs fk ekfgïãj fk kspkssura k kmsagj uitrassömgcj sãj as ekidjrks nkrraekmtas.

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Ejfkrmaekmtk, ma árka fk gmspkïãj vgsuai, aparkckrae aparkidjs pjrtátkgs a iaskr 3F cje capacgfafk para nazkr j eapkaekmtj fj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj, fk njrea kxtrkeaekmtk prkcgsa. Ma árka fk uitrassje, kscâmkrks ekcâmgcjs (fgspjsgtgvjs ekcâmgcjs fksijcamfj cabkïjtks fk uitrassje ma rkogãj fk gmtkrkssk) k kiktrömgcjs (cabkïjtks cje eðitgpijs skmsjrks, array ) cjbrke fk njrea kngcgkmtk k rápgfa a rkogãj cje suspkgta fk cjrrjsãj.

>.1 >.1..13 Rkogstr Rkogstrj j njtjo njtjorángcj rángcj Ngoura >.1 – Cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca ke uea igmda fk OIX próxgea a uea tjrrk fk rksnrgaekmtj

 

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2828.

>.2

Cjrrjsãj oaivâmg oaivâmgca ca

>.2.1 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej Cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca ç j famj fk cjrrjsãj cjrr jsãj causafj quamfj kxgstk j acjpiaekmtj kmtrk fjgs eatkrgags fgssgegiarks ke ue kiktróigtj cjrrjsgvj. Jcjrrk quamfj fjgs ju eags ektags fgssgegiarks sãj pjstjs ke cjmtatj kiçtrgcj ke ekgj quk numcgj-

61

 

mk cjej kiktróigtj, cjej aebgkmtks ðegfjs ju aqujsjs. Quamfj j acjpiaekmtj oaivâmgcj ç njreafj, ue fjs ektags sk tjrma j amjfj k sjnrk cjrrjsãj ke uea eagjr taxa fk vkijcgfafk fj quk sjnrkrga sk mãj kstgvkssk acjpiafj. Skmfj assge, vaik gmtrjfuzgr j cjmckgtj fk acjpiaekmtj oaivâmgcj cjej skmfj a umgãj kmtrk fjgs ektags fgssgegiarks quk trazke, cjej prjprgkfafk gmtråmskca, pjtkmcgags kiçtrgcjs fgstgmtjs. Ke ue acjpiaekmtj bgektáigcj, j eatkrgai ekmjs mjbrk nará j papki fj amjfj ke rkiaïãj aj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj k tkmfk a skr cjrrjåfj ke taxa ackikrafa cjeparafj è sgtuaïãj ke quk mãj kstá acjpiafj. A utgigzaïãj fk ektags fk sacrgnåcgj cjej zgmcj, eaomçsgj ju aiueåmgj ç aepiaekmtk nkgta cjej eçtjfj fk prjtkïãj catófgca. Vjfjs js ektags sãj suscktåvkgs a njrear ue par oaivâmgcj, cje kxckïãj óbvga fa eagjr partk fjs ektags mjbrks. J eatkrgai eags atgvj pjfk gmgcgaiekmtk sjnrkr sgomgngcatgva pkrfa fk kspkssura k/ju aprkskmtar pjmtjs fk cjrrjsãj ijcaigzafa ea`jrgtargaekmtk mas rkogûks fk umgãj kmtrk js ektags, casj c asj da`a.

>.2.2 Eatkrgags fgssge fgssgegiarks giarks A ngoura >.2 ejstra a sçrgk oaivâmgca fk aioums ektags k igoas. ^krgngca-sk quk quamtj eagjr a fgstâmcga kmtrk js ektags kxkepigngcafjs, eagjr a tkmfàmcga fk acjpiaekmtj bgektáigcj. Ke jutras paiavras, quamtj eagjr a fgnkrkmïa kmtrk pjtkmcgags kiçtrgcjs, eagjr skrá a prjbabgigfafk fk davkr famj pjr cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca. [e natj gmtkrkssamtk ç quk ue eksej eatkrgai pjfk skr catófgcj k amófgcj, fkpkmfkmfj fk sua kscaia, aebgkmtk fk skrvgïj ju trataekmtj supkrngcgai, pjr kxkepij.

navjrávkgs gs k aïûks egtgoafjras >.2.3 Aebgkmtks navjrávk Fk njrea sucgmta, dá tràs rkqugsgtjs para quk j famj pjr cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca jcjrra0 

prkskmïa fk quaiqukr niugfj ke fktkregmafj kstafj nåsgcj quk numcgjmk cjej kiktróigtj, cjmfuzgmfj a cjrrkmtk kiçtrgca kmtrk js ektags< ekt ags<



prkskmïa fk fjgs eatkrgags ju igoas quk numcgjmke cjej amjfj k catjfj quamfj ke cjmtatj cje j kiktróigtj<



prkskmïa fa cjrrkmtk kiçtrgca kmtrk js eatkrgags ke qukstãj.

Jutrj natjr fktkregmamtk quk anktará a taxa fk cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca ç a árka supkrngcgai rkiatgva kxpjsta kmtrk j catjfj k j amjfj. Sk a rkiaïãj kmtrk a supkrnåcgk fj amjfj ke rkiaïãj aj catjfj njr aita, ait a, sgomgngca quk a árka fj amjfj ç eagjr quk

62

 

a fj catjfj. Skmfj assge, a cjrrjsãj a skr prgjrgzafa ç a fj amjfj, quk ç j ektai ekmjs mjbrk, nazkmfj fkssa sgtuaïãj uea cjmfgïãj fksk`ávki. fksk`ávki.

Jbvgaekmtk, j cjmtrárgj pjfk skr gmnkrgfj casj a rkiaïãj kmtrk j amjfj k j catjfj mãj sk`a tãj oramfk, a cjrrjsãj cjrr jsãj fj amjfj skrá eags bramfa ju ekmjs pkrckptåvki. Skmfj assge, fkvke skr kvgtafas cjebgmaïûks jmfk a árka supkrngcgai fj ektai ekmjs mjbrk sk`a rkiatgvaekmtk ekmjr. ekmjr. Ngoura >.2 – Sçrgk oaivâmgca (cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca)

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

Aiçe fj knkgtj fk árkas rkiatgvas, pjfk-sk cgtar a gmniuàmcga fa ijcaigzaïãj okjeçtrgca kmtrk js eatkrgags fgssgegiarks. Casj a njreaïãj fj par oaivâmgcj sk`a gmkvgtávki, acjmskida-sk rkfuzgr js knkgtjs fa cjrrjsãj pjsgcgjmamfj kstratkogcaekmtk j amjfj fk ejfj quk a cjrrkmtk oaivâmgca sk`a fgngcuitafa. Gssj pjfk skr atgmogfj quamfj a fgstâmcga kmtrk j catjfj k amjfj ç eaxgegzafa, casj a okjektrga fa kstrutura ke qukstãj j pkregta. Casj j gsjiaekmtj ju fgstamcgaekmtj nåsgcj fjs eatkrgags fgssgegiarks mãj njr 63

 

pjssåvki, suokrk-sk a apigcaïãj fk rkvkstgekmtjs amtgcjrrjsgvjs vgsamfj fgngcuitar a passaoke fk cjrrkmtk amófgca. J rkvkstgekmtj fj ektai eags mjbrk ç njrtkekmtk rkcjekmfafj. Quamfj pjssåvki, pjfk-sk taebçe utgigzar substâmcgas quåegcas mj kiktróigtj fk njrea a gmgbgr a passaoke fk cjrrkmtk. Eatkrgags gsjiamtks kiktrgcaekmtk pjfke skr usafjs mj casj fk tubuiaïûks k `umtas a nge fk fgngcuitar a cjmkxãj kiçtrgca. Casj a umgãj fk fjgs eatkrgags fgssgegiarks cje kikvafa fgnkrkmïa fk pjtkmcgai kiçtrgcj njr prj`ktafa para skr nkgta pjr rjsqukaekmtj, ç mkckssárgj cugfafj afgcgjmai. J gfkai ç quk a umgãj sk`a nkgta pjr sjifaoke ju quk as `umtas sk`ae brasafas, cjmtamfj agmfa cje uea prjtkïãj kmtrk js ektags fk ue tkrckgrj eatkrgai eags mjbrk quk pkij ekmjs ue fjs fjgs prgekgrjs.

>.2.6 Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj A gmspkïãj vgsuai ç uea ektjfjijoga sgepiks k kngcaz fk sk gfkmtgngcar a prkskmïa fa cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca. Mj kmtamtj, kssa abjrfaoke ç ekraekmtk quaigtatgva. Xara uea avaigaïãj quamtgtatgva fj gepactj fa cjrrjsãj k fkngmgïãj fa pkrfa fk kspkssura, gmstruekmtjs fk ekfgïãj fk kspkssura k kmsagj uitrassömgcj sãj as as ekidjrks nkrraekmtas. Aioueas vkzks, j famj pjr cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca pjfk kstar ijcaigzafj fk njrea mãj vgsåvki sjb paranusjs, rkbgtks, supjrtks k tkias fk apjgj a pjgj para tubuiaïûks. Ejfkrmaekmtk, ma árka fk gmspkïãj vgsuai aparkckrae aparkidjs pjrtátkgs a iaskr 3F cje capacgfafk para nazkr j eapkaekmtj fj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj fk njrea kxtrkeaekmtk prkcgsa. Ma árka fk uitrassje, kscâmkrks ekcâmgcjs (fgspjsgtgvjs ekcâmgcjs fksijcamfj cabkïjtks fk uitrassje ma rkogãj fk gmtkrkssk) k kiktrömgcjs (cabkïjtks cje eðitgpijs skmsjrks \arraysU cjbrke fk njrea kngcgkmtk k rápgfa a rkogãj cje suspkgta fk cjrrjsãj).

>.2.; Rkogstrj njtjorángcj Ngoura >.3 – Cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca prknkrkmcgai fj eags atgvj kmtrk fjgs eatkrgags

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2828.   66

 

Ngoura >.6 – Cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca fk uea umgãj ( mgppik) fk aïj-carbjmj ke ue vasj fk aïj gmjxgfávki para skrvgïj cje áoua qukmtk

 

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2828.

>.3

Cçiuia jciusa jciusa/nrkst /nrksta/akraïãj a/akraïãj fgnkrkmcgai

>.3.1 Fkscrgïãj fj famj Mkstk gtke mãj sk prjcura fkscrkvkr ue tgpj kspkcångcj fk ekcamgsej fk cjrrjsãj, eas sge njrmkckr kxpigcaïûks para sua jcjrràmcga ju fkscrkvkr js nkmöekmjs fk cjrrjsãj quk gmniukmcgae a sua jcjrràmcga, gmciugmfj cjrrjsãj sjb fkpósgtj, cjrrjsãj ke trgmcas (crkvgck cjrrjsgjm), cjrrjsãj ke pjmtj fk cjmtatj, cjrrjsãj mj sjij k cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj. Eags kspkcgngcaekmtk, kstk prjckssj fk cjrrjsãj pjfk skr subfgvgfgfj, fkpkmfkmfj fa njrea cjej sk aprkskmta, ke cjrrjsãj pjr nrkstas k cjrrjsãj cjrrjs ãj sjb fkpósgtj. Kstk nkmöekmj kstá assjcgafj è fgnkrkmïa fk pjtkmcgai kiktrjquåegcj kmtrk uea rkogãj cje uea fktkregmafa cjmckmtraïãj fk åjms ju jxgoàmgj k jutra cje cjmckmtraïãj fgnkrkmtk. A rkogãj ekmjs akrafa, pjr kxkepij, aprkskmta caractkråstgca amófgca, kmquamtj a eags akrafa tke cjepjrtaekmtj catófgcj. Kmtãj, mj casj fa kxgstàmcga fk uea nrksta, pkqukma j sungcgkmtk para pkregtgr a kmtrafa fj kiktróigtj, eas mãj sua saåfa, davkrá a njreaïãj fk uea pgida oaivâmgca, jcasgjmamfj a cjrrjsãj. J eksej jcjrrkrá sk djuvkr sjb a supkrnåcgk ektáigca aioue fkpósgtj jroâmgcj ju mãj, quk prjpgcgk a jcjrràmcga fk fgnkrkmïa fk akraïãj kmtrk as rkogûks sjb fkpósgtj (rkogãj catófgca). J kiktróigtj pjfk skr a uegfafk fj ar ju quaiqukr jutrj ekgj gömgcj mj quai j ektai kstk`a gekrsj. A cjrrjsãj pjr nrkstas 6;

 

k sjb fkpósgtj sãj, pjrtamtj, casjs partgcuiarks fa cjrrjsãj pjr cçiuias jciusas quk tàe cjej njrïa ejtrgz a akraïãj fgnkrkmcgai kmtrk as rkogûks sjb k njra fj fkpósgtj ju fkmtrj k njra fa nrksta. A cjrrjsãj pjr nrkstas nrksta s ç caractkrgzafa pkia jcjrràmcga fk uea gmtkmsa cjrrjsãj (okmkraigzafa ju pjr pgtks) ke nrkstas quk sk njreae0  pjr natjrks okjeçtrgcjs, cjej sjifas, `umtas, jrgnåcgjs ju cabkïas cabkïa s fk ngxa

fjrks< pjr cjmtatj fk ektai cje ektai ju ektai cje mãj ektai ekt ai (eafkgra, bjrracda, piástgcj)<



fkvgfj è fkpjsgïãj fk arkga, prjfutjs fk cjrrjsãj cjrr jsãj pkrekávkgs, gmcrustaïûks eargmdas k jutrjs sóigfjs (cjrrjsãj sjb fkpósgtjs)<



trgmcas ju jutrjs fknkgtjs ektaiðrogcjs.

>.3.2 Eatkrgags anktafjs A cçiuia fk cjmckmtraïãj fk cjrrjsãj kstá cjrrkiacgjmafa è rksgstàmcga okrai fjs eatkrgags è cjrrjsãj aqujsa. J aïj-carbjmj ç j eatkrgai eags suscktåvki k j eags keprkoafj mas sgtuaïûks jmfk kssk nkmöekmj jcjrrk mas rkngmargas. Aïjs fk bagxa igoa k aïjs gmjxgfávk gmjxgfávkgs gs taebçe ssãj ãj suscktåvkgs. J orau fk suscktgbgigfafk fkpkmfk fa cjepjsgïãj quåegca fa igoa k fa aorkssgvgfafk fj ekgj. Aïjs fk aita igoa, gmciugmfj js aïjs gmjxgfávkgs nkrråtgcjs fk aitj crjej, aïjs supkrgmjxgfávkgs austkmåtgcjs, aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs supkrfðpikx, k igoas Mg-Cr-Ej, bke cjej j tgt tgtâmgj âmgj k suas igoas aprkskmtae aprks kmtae uea kxckikmtk rksgstàmcga mjs kmsagjs rkaigzafjs mas cçiuias fk cjrrjsãj para apigcaïûks ke rkngmargas. Xara quk jcjrra a cjrrjsãj, a nrksta fkvk skr oramfk j sungcgkmtk para pkregtgr j ackssj aj ekgj cjrrjsgvj, k pkqukma j bastamtk para prkvkmgr j tramspjrtk fk eatçrga kmtrk j amóigtj k j catóigtj, fk ejfj quk numcgjmk cjej cçiuia jciusa. As abkrturas fk nrkstas tåpgcas sãj fa jrfke fk 8,82ee a 8,1 8,1ee. ee. J ataquk ke nrkstas pjfk jcjrrkr ke quaiqukr ektai, eas js atgvjs passgvjs sãj eags prjpkmsjs.

>.3.3 Na Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs a) A cçiuia cçiuia fk cjm cjmckmtraïãj ckmtraïãj fk cjrrjsãj jcjrrk ke ekgjs aqujsjs. KKia ia kmvjivk kmvjivk uea cçiuia jciusa ckrcafa pjr ue aebgkmtk cje uea cjepjsgïãj igokgraekmtk fgnkrkmtk. A cçiuia jciusa ç a árka sjb j fkpósgtj, fkmtrj fj aivçjij, jmfk j tubj asskmta-sk sjbrk j supjrtk, js prgekgrjs ckmtåektrjs fk sjij abagxj fa supkrnåcgk fj cdãj, ju jmfk j tubj kstá ke cjmtatj cje

6>

 

gsjiaekmtj ðegfj. Ma eagjrga fjs casjs, a fgnkrkmïa kmtrk j aebgkmtk ma cçiuia jciusa k a árka aj rkfjr ç a cjmckmtraïãj fk jxgoàmgj. Cjej j jxgoàmgj fkmtrj fa cçiuia jciusa ç fgegmuåfj pkia cjrrjsãj quk sk gmgcga, a árka njra fa cçiuia jciusa tke uea eagjr cjmckmtraïãj fk jxgoàmgj. A cçiuia fk akraïãj fgnkrkmcgai, ju cçiuia fk cjmckmtraïãj fk jxgoàmgj, jxgoàmgj, prjvjca a njreaïãj fk uea árka amófgca mjs ijcags fk bagxa cjmckmtraïãj fk jxgoàmgj, quk sk cjrrjke prknkrkmcgaiekmtk as árkas ár kas fk eagjr cjmckmtraïãj fk jxgoàmgj. Gstj ç, ksskmcgaiekmtk, ue par oaivâmgcj, jmfk a árka á rka fk bagxj jxgoàmgj ç j amjfj k a árka fk aitj jxgoàmgj ç j catjfj. b) A cçiuia fk cjmckmtraïãj fk cjrrjsãj pjfk taebçe jcjrrkr ma ausàmcga fk ar ju jxgoàmgj, tags cjej sjb caeafas fk fkpósgtj ma partk bagxa fk tjrrks k vasjs, aj ijmoj fa partk bagxa fk tubuiaïûks ke umgfafks fk prjckssaekmtj, jmfk prksuegvkiekmtk mãj dá ar ju jxgoàmgj furamtk a jpkraïãj. Mkssk casj, sk kxgstk cjrrjsãj sjb fkpósgtj, skrá fkvgfj a jutrj cjepjstj quåegcj ke vkz fk jxgoàmgj jxgoàmgj,, cjej suinktjs ju cijrktjs. cijrktjs . c) Cjrrjsãj aivkjiar (crkvgck cjrrjsgjm) mjs aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 k jutras igoas sgegiarks kstá rkiacgjmafa è cjmckmtraïãj fk cijrktjs fj aebgkmtk bke cjej aj pD k è tkepkratura. Kstá njrtkekmtk rkiacgjmafa aj nkmöekmj fk njreaïãj fk pgtks pjr cijrktjs mkssks eatkrgags. Afgcgjmaiekmtk, kxgstk a cjmtrgbugïãj fa cçiuia fk akraïãj fgnkrkmcgai njreafa kmtrk a árka mj gmtkrgjr fj aivçjij k a árka kxtkrma. J pD mj gmtkrgjr fj aivçjij fgegmug quamfj a cjrrjsãj prjorgfk, pjr ue prjckssj cjmdkcgfj cjej dgfróigsk fj åjm ektáigcj, prjvjcamfj a ackikraïãj pjstkrgjr fa taxa fk cjrrjsãj. A rksgstàmcga è cjrrjsãj aivkjiar pjr cijrktjs (k a njreaïãj fk pgtks pjr cijrktjs) fk aïjs gmjxgfávkgs kstá rkiacgjmafa è quamtgfafk fk Cr k Ej, bke cjej a jutrjs kikekmtjs quåegcjs afgcgjmafjs è igoa ektáigca. f) Xara jcjrrkr a cçiuia fk cjmckmtraïãj fa cjrrjsãj, ue aebgkmtk aqujsj pjtkmcgaiekmtk cjrrjsgvj fkvk kstar prkskmtk. A prkskmïa fa cçiuia fk cjmckmtraïãj fa cjrrjsãj, okraiekmtk, ackikra a cjrrjsãj quk pjfkrga jcjrrkr muea vkijcgfafk eags ikmta ske kia. Fa eksea njrea, j par oaivâmgcj ackikra a cjrrjsãj mj eatkrgai eags amófgcj quamfj kstk kstá pjsgcgjmafj mue aebgkmtk pjtkmcgaiekmtk cjrrjsgvj, ske, mj kmtamtj, crgar ue ekcamgsej fk cjrrjsãj gsjiafaekmtk. A taxa fk cjrrjsãj sjb j fkpósgtj ju fkmtrj fj aivçjij jcjrrk muea taxa fk cjrrjsãj ackikrafa, quamfj cjeparafa cje a quk jcjrrkrga njra fj fkpósgtj ju aivçjij. A cjrrjsãj mj pjmtj ke quk a tubuiaïãj sk asskmta mj supjrtk ç ackikrafa quamfj cjeparafa cje a cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca (ju pjr áoua) quk pjfk

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jcjrrkr mj rkstamtk fa tubuiaïãj. A cjrrjsãj pjr sjijs ma gmtkrnack ar/ sjij ç ackikrafa pkia fgnkrkmïa fk jxgoàmgj kmtrk a rkogãj kxtkrma k a gmtkrma, aioums ckmtåektrjs abagxj fa supkrnåcgk mj sjij. Sk mãj kxgstk aebgkmtk cjrrjsgvj aj rkfjr fa cçiuia jciusa, pjr kxkepij, mj casj fk dgfrjcarbjmktjs igepjs k ske áoua, mãj davkrá cjrrjsãj kebagxj fj fkpósgtj (assuegmfj a mãj kxgstàmcga fk cjrrjsãj egcrjbgjióogca gmfuzgfa). Sgegiarekmtk, eksej fkpósgtjs fk sags cjrrjsgvjs, tags cjej js fk cijrktj fk aeömga, mãj causarãj cjrrjsãj atç quk sk tjrmke ðegfjs cje áoua k gmgcgke a njreaïãj fk ácgfj cjrrjsgvj cjrr jsgvj mj aebgkmtk sjb j fkpósgtj.

>.3.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs a) Vjfas as tubuiaïûks fk utgigfafks k js kqugpaekmtjs fk prjckssj ke uea rkngmarga sãj pjtkmcgaiekmtk suscktåvkgs mjs tkstks rkaigzafjs ke cçiuias fk cjrrjsãj, tamtj ma supkrnåcgk kxtkrma kx tkrma cjej ma gmtkrma. b) Quaiqukr tgpj fk fkpósgtj (iaea, carkpa, sags ktc.) prkskmtk mjs tubjs ju kqugpaekmtjs ç ue ijcai pjtkmcgai para jcjrràmcga fk cjrrjsãj sjb fkpósgtjs. c) Cjepjmkmtks gmtkrmjs fk kqugpaekmtjs q quk uk sãj ngxafjs pjr rkbgtks, pjr kxkepij, bamfk`as fk tjrrks, piacas fkniktjras fk trjcafjrks fk caijr, niamoks k `umtas fk vkfaïãj, k cjepjmkmtks fk vkfaïãj ke váivuias k gmstruekmtjs sãj ijcags prknkrkmcgags jmfk a cjrrjsãj aivkjiar pjfk jcjrrkr. f) A njreaïãj fk fkpósgtjs njra fa tubuiaïãj ju kqugpaekmtj kqugpaekmtj,, pjr kxkepij, kepgidaekmtj fk tubjs próxgej aj sjij ju ke uea pgsta pavgekmtafa sjbrk tubuiaïûks mj quai jcjrrku uea naida eai rkparafa fa pgsta pkregtgmfj quk tubuiaïûks ke rkvkstgekmtj sjnrae cjrrjsãj sjb fkpósgtj. Mkssk ðitgej kxkepij, pjfk taebçe skr catkojrgzafj cjej cjrrjsãj pjr sjijs ju cjrrjsãj cjr rjsãj ma gmtkrnack ar/sji ar/sjij. j. k) Rkvkstgekmtjs Rkvkstgekmtjs sjitjs ju cje kscaeaïãj pjfke aprgsgjmar uegfafk, uegfafk, su `kgra ju jutrjs cjmtaegmamtks cjmtaegmamtks k crgarke uea cj cjmfgïãj mfgïãj para jcjrràmcga fk fk cjrrjsãj sjb fkpósgtj ju fkmtrj fk aivçjijs. n) Vjfj pjmtj m mj j quai a tubuiaïãj ç supjrtafa pjr uea skia, ju kstá asskmtafa ke uea vgoa, ju apjgafa fk uea njrea a kvgtar kvgta r cjrrjsãj pjr pjmtj fk cjmtatj ç ue ijcai prknkrkmcgai para cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca ackikrafa. A sgtuaïãj pgjra sk su`kgra ju jutrjs eatkrgags ngcarke aprgsgjmafjs ke cjmtatj cje a árka a skr anktafa.

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>.3.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj Cjej ma eagjrga fas sgtuaïûks fk cjrrjsãj ke rkngmargas, a cçiuia fk cjmckmtraïãj fa cjrrjsãj grá tgpgcaekmtk rksuitar ke uea supkrnåcgk cjrrjåfa, mjreaiekmtk cjmtkmfj pgtks. Cjrrjsãj aivkjiar ke aïjs gmjxgfávkgs austkmåtgcjs fkvgfj a cijrktjs ç tgpgcaekmtk ue acðeuij fk pgtks aoufjs, kstrkgtjs k prjnumfjs.

>.3.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj a) Ma eagjrga fas sgtuaïûks, fgz-sk fgz-sk quk j usj fk eatkrgags eag eagss mjbrks quk j aïj-carbjmj cjeue mãj ç uea aitkrmatgva prátgca k kcjmöegca. b) A igepkza k a rkejïãj fk su`kgra su`kgra ju jutrjs fkpósgtjs fjs kqugpaekmtjs prkvkmgrãj kssk tgpj fk ataquk. c) Atuamfj ke pjmtjs pjmtjs prátgcjs para egmgegzar a njreaïãj fk fkpósgtjs, gjfj k carkpa mas umgfafks ke jpkraïãj grá prkvkmgr a jcjrràmcga fk famjs. f) Js supjrtks fk tubuiaïûks pjfke skr prj`ktafjs prj`ktafjs para fgegmugr a nacg nacgigfaigfafk fk acðeuij fk su`kgra k fk uegfafk kmtrk j tubj k sku supjrtk, pkij usj, pjr kxkepij, fk pjmtjs fk cjmtatj sjifafjs. k) Rkvkstgekmtjs Rkvkstgekmtjs pjfke skr usafjs para p prjtkokr rjtkokr js kqugpaekmtjs fk aïj fk ngcarke kxpjstjs è su`kgra ju aj acðeuij fk pjkgra. n) Rkvkstgekm Rkvkstgekmtjs tjs fkscascafjs fkv fkvke ke skr rkparafjs. o) Jmfk j usj fk eatkrgags eatkrgags eags mjbrks njr uea sjiuïãj sjiuïãj razjávki para kvgtar a cjrrjsãj sjb fkpósgtj ju ke aivçjijs, js aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 sãj cjeuekmtk keprkoafjs, ju quamfj kxgstk a prkjcupaïãj cje cjrrjsãj sjb fkpósgtjs fk sai j keprkoj fk eatkrgags eags rksgstkmtks è cjrrjsãj fkvk skr afjtafj. d) Caianktar niamoks k usar `umtas fk bagxa pjrjsgfafk mãj absjrvkmtks. g) Sjifar ju caianktar `umtas.  `) Ke tamquks, j prj`ktj fkvk pkregtgr frkmaok frkmaoke e cjepikta cjepikta k f fkvk-sk kvk-sk rkejvkr sóigfjs ke suspkmsãj k prkcgpgtafjs. l) [sar gmgbgfjrks gmgbgfjrks fk cjrrjsãj.

>.3.? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj a) Gmspkïãj vgsuai ç j eçtjfj eags cjeuekmtk cjeuekmtk keprkoafj quamfj j ackssj è supkrnåcgk cjrrjåfa cjrr jåfa ç pjssåvki. Ekfgfjr fk prjnumfgfafk fk pgtks ( pgt  pgt 67

 

oaogmo) ç nrkqukmtkekmtk apigcafj `umtj è gmspkïãj vgsuai para ekfgr a

prjnumfgfafk fj ataquk. Kscamkaekmtj fa supkrnåcgk cje iaskr k/ju iuz bramca kstruturafa pjfk taebçe t aebçe skr keprkoafj. b) Ekfgïãj fk kspkssura kspkssura pjr uitrassje pkij iafj jpjstj aj ataquk ataquk pjfk skr keprkoafa para ekfgr a kspkssura rkeamksckmtk. r keamksckmtk. c) Eçtjfjs fk kscamkaekmtj pjr uitrassje uitrassje (pjr kxkepij, uitrassje uitrassje autjeátgcj, uitrassje eamuai cje varrkfura fk eaida ngma) pjfke skr mkckssárgjs para avaigar oramfks árkas cjej a partk gmnkrgjr fk tjrrks ju vasjs, gstj ç, kscamkar pkia partk gmnkrgjr kxtkrma para fktkregmar a fgekmsãj fj famj causafj sjb fkpósgtj ma partk gmtkrma. A tçcmgca fk jmfas ougafas fk curta fgstâmcga (keprkoamfj eagjrks nrkquàmcgas) pjfk, taebçe, skr keprkoafa para fktkctar pkrfas fk kspkssura. f) Sk a causa fa cjrrjsãj mãj pjfk skr kig kigegmafa, egmafa, j usj fk fk skmsjrks pkreamkmtkekmtk gmstaiafjs ( pkreamkmt  pkreamkmt gmstaiikf ejmgtjrgmo skmsjrs, XGES) pjfk skr utgigzafj. k) A prkskmïa fk fkpósgtjs ke trjcafjrks fk caijr pjfk skr fktkctafa pkij auekmtj fa qukfa fk prkssãj ju sk j fkskepkmdj tçregcj fjs trjcafjrks kstá fktkrgjrafj.

>.3.4 Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs Cjrrjsãj pjr bgssuingtj fk aeömgj, pjr cijrktj fk aeömga, atejsnçrgca, pjr saiejura, pjr áoua fk rksnrgaekmtj, pjr cgmza niugfa, oaivâmgca, egcrjbgjióogca gmfuzgfa, pjr sjij k suinðrgca ðegfa.

>.6

Cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj

>.6.11 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej >.6. Cjrrjsãj fk tubuiaïûks, vasjs fk prkssãj k cjepjmkmtks kstruturags rksuitafj fj aprgsgjmaekmtj fk uegfafk sjb j gsjiaekmtj tçregcj ju prjtkïãj cjmtra njoj. A cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj tçregcj (CSGV) ç ue nkmöekmj quk tke prjvjcafj ue oramfk mðekrj fk jcjrràmcgas ke piamtas k gmstaiaïûks igoafas è gmfðstrga fj pktróikj. Quamtgas vuitjsas tàe sgfj fgspkmfgfas cje kstk prjckssj quk afqugrgu àmnask a partgr fa fçcafa fk 1748. A prjorkssgva acgfgngcaïãj k/ju gmtkmsgngcaïãj fj usj tçregcjs, prjoraeas cjmskrvaïãj ãj1748, fk kmkroga, sãjfk jsgsjiaekmtjs prgmcgpags natjrks parake suanumïãj aepiafk fgsskegmaïãj. fgsskegm aïãj.fkMacjmskrvaï fçcafa fk ke numïãj fa prjpjrïãj atgmogfa pkij nkmöekmj, a Matgjmai Assjcgatgjm jn Cjrrjsgjm ;8

 

Kmogmkkrs (MACK) crgju ue subcjegtà (V->D-3g) kspkcångcj para a abjrfaoke fj prjbikea. J prjckssj cjmsgstk ke ue casj partgcuiar fk cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca, aoravafa pkijs skougmtks aspkctjs0  ç fgnåcgi fk skr fktkctafj. A gmspkïãj/eamutkmïãj ç jmkrjsa k fkeamfa tkepj< 

prjvjca naidas gmkspkrafas, quk, ma eagjr partk fas vkzks, cjmfuzke a oramfks prk`uåzjs<

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as taxas taxa s fk cjrrjsãj, quamfj cjeparafas è cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca, sãj eags kxprkssgvas, ke numïãj fa eagjr cjmckmtraïãj fj kiktróigtj k fj eagjr tkepj fk cjmtatj cje a supkrnåcgk.

A CSGV pjfk jcjrrkr ke aïj-carbjmj ju aïjs gmjxgfávkgs austkmåtgcjs, pjrçe js ekcamgsejs kmvjivgfjs fgnkrke bastamtk. Ekcamgsej sgegiar pjfk jcjrrkr jcjrr kr ke basks fas sagas fk vasjs fk prkssãj rkvkstgfjs pjr cjmcrktj fj tgpj  ngrk prjjngmo. Js prjckssjs cjrrjsgvjs nrkqukmtkekmtk jbskrvafjs sjb gsjiaekmtj tçregcj sãj0

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cjrrjsãj oaivâmgca – jcjrrk skeprk quk eatkrgags fgnkrkmtks kstgvkrke ke cjmtatj kiçtrgcj k j gsjiaekmtj tçregcj uekfkcgfj cjmtgvkr razjávki quamtgfafk fk åjms fgssjivgfjs. J fksoastk jcjrrkrá skeprk mj eatkrgai fk ekmjr mjbrkza k sua gmtkmsgfafk fkpkmfkrá fa rkiaïãj kmtrk árkas catófgcas k amófgcas, bke cjej fj anastaekmtj anast aekmtj kxgstkmtk kmtrk js eatkrgags fa sçrgk oaivâmgca. J ekcamgsej tke sgfj jbskrvafj ke árkas crgjoàmgcas, partgcuiarekmtk ma rkogãj fk frkmjs, vkmts, vgsjrks fk måvki ktc., jmfk ç nrkqukmtk a utgigzaïãj fk ackssórgjs cjmstruåfjs cje eatkrgags fgssgegiarks< cjrrjsãj umgnjrek ácgfa ju aicaigma –gsjiafjs, kssk nkmöekmj jcjrrk partgcuiarekmtk para tubuiaïûks k kqugpaekmtjs cjmstruåfjs ke aïj-c arbjmj, aïj-carbjmj, quk aprkskmtke j gsjiaekmtj uekfkcgfj ke numïãj fk naidas. A prkskmïa fk pjiukmtks atejsnçrgcjs k/ju substâmcgas gmkrkmtks aj próprgj pr óprgj eatkrgai fj gsjiaekmtj, pjfkrá far jrgoke è njreaïãj fk kiktróigtjs njrtks.

>.6.2 Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs Aïjs-carbjmj, aïjs bagxa igoa, aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388, aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fðpikx.

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>.6.3 Na Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs 

Ankta kxtkrmaekmtk tubuiaïûks k kqugpaekmtjs gsjiafjs k aqukiks quk aprkskmtae skrvgïjs gmtkregtkmtks ju jpkramfj kmtrk0 18jN (-12jC) k 3;8jN (1?;jC) para aïjs-carbjmj k bagxa igoa< 168 jN (>8jC) k 688jN (28;jC) para aïjs gmjxgfávkgs austkmåtgcjs.

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A taxa fk cjrrjsãj sjbk cje j auekmtj fa tkepkratura fj ektai atç j pjmtj jmfk a áoua sk kvapjra rapgfaekmtk para cjepjmkmtks gsjiafjs. A cjrrjsãj tjrma-sk eags skvkra para tkepkraturas kmtrk j pjmtj fk kbuigïãj 212¸N (188¸C) k 368¸N (121¸C), jmfk a áoua ç ekmjs prjpkmsa a kvapjrar, nazkmfj j gsjiaekmtj pkreamkckr ðegfj pjr eags tkepj.

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Xrj`ktj fj sgstkea fk gsjiaekmtj, tgpj, tkepkratura k aebgkmtk a ebgkmtk aorkssgvj sãj natjrks cråtgcjs.

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Xrj`ktjs eai-njreuiafjs k/ju k/ju gmstaiaïûks quk pkregtke a áoua ngcar aprgsgjmafa auekmtae a pjssgbgigfafk fk jcjrrkr cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj.

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Eatkrgags gsjiamtks quk aprgsgjmae a uegfafk (niuxjs) pjfke skr eags ue prjbikea.

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Jpkraïûks cje cgcijs tçregcjs ju skrvgïjs skr vgïjs gmtkregtkmtks pjfke auekmtar a cjrrjsãj.

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Kqugpaekmtjs quk jpkrae abagxj fj pjmtj fk jrvaidj fa áoua tkmfke a cjmfkmsá-ia ma supkrnåcgk fk ektai, njrmkckmfj fkssk ejfj ue aebgkmtk ðegfj k auekmtamfj j rgscj fa cjrrjsãj.

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J famj ç aoravafj pkia prkskmïa fk cjmtaegmamtks prkskmtks mj gsjiaekmtj cjej j cijrktj.

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Xiamtas ijcaigzafas ke árkas árka s cje aitj åmfgck piuvgjeçtrgcj amuai, ke ijcags eugtj qukmtks, ju ijcaigzafas próxgej aj ear sãj eags suscktåvkgs è jcjrjcjrràmcga fk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj fj quk piamtas ijcaigzafas ijc aigzafas ke rkogûks eags nrgas, eags skcas k ijcaigzafas mj ekgj fj cjmtgmkmtk. Aebgkmtks quk pjssae njrmkckr cjmtaegmamtks mj ar cjej cijrktjs (aebgkmtks eargmdjs, próxgej a tjrrks fk rksnrgaekmtj) ju SJ 2 (kegtgfj ke abumfâmcga) pjfke ackikrar a cjrrjsãj.

>.6.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs Vjfas asmas tubuiaïûks kqugpaekmtjs gsjiafjs sãj sjb gsjiaekmtj cjmfgïûksk ejstrafas acgea, eksej kesuscktåvkgs tubuiaïûksèkcjrrjsãj kqugpaekmtjs jmfk j sgstkea fk gsjiaekmtj aparkmta kstar ke bjas cjmfgïûks k mãj kxgstk kvgfàmcga vgsuai fk quk a cjrrjsãj kstk`a prkskmtk. ;2

 

a) Kxkepijs fk ijcags jmfk a cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj pjssa acjmtkckr sãj aprkskmtafjs ma igsta a skougr0  a cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj pjfk skr kmcjmtrafa ke kqugpaekmtjs cje gsjiaekmtj tçregcj famgngcafj, barrkgras fk vapjr, fgspjsgtgvj fk prjtkïãj cjmtra a aïãj fj tkepj, prjtubkrâmcgas kxgstkmtks mj gsjiaekmtj, ju eksej mjs pjmtjs fk tkregmaïãj fj gsjiaekmtj tags cjej ke niamoks< 

kqugpaekmtjs prj`ktafjs cje amçgs fk supjrtaïãj supjrt aïãj fj gsjiaekmtj sjifafjs fgrktaekmtk ma parkfk fj vasj (ske anastaekmtj), partgcuiarekmtk aj rkfjr fk supjrtks fk fkoraus k piatanjreas fk ackssj, jidags fk gïaekmtj, bjcags k amçgs fk rknjrïj<

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kqugpaekmtjs k tubuiaïûks cje tubjs aqukckfjrks fk parkfk famgngcafjs/vazamfj<

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famjs ijcaigzafjs ke sgstkea fk pgmtura ju fk rkvkstgekmtj<

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ijcags jmfk uegfafk/áoua sk acueuiae (pkij knkgtj fa oravgfafk) amtks fk kvapjrarke (amçgs fk supjrtk fk gsjiaekmtj ke kqugpaekmtjs vkrtgcags) k

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prjtktjrks cjmtranjoj eai tkregmafjs< sgstkea fk tubuiaïãj cje vgbraïãj quk aprkskmtk tkmfàmcga a prjvjcar famjs è cdapa prjtktjra fj gsjiaekmtj tçregcj prjvkmfj passaoke para kmtrafa fk uegfafk<

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tkregmaïûks ’ejrtas― (vkmts, frkmjs k jutrjs jutr js gtkms sgegiarks)<



ngxafjrks fk tubuiaïûks k jutrjs supjrtks<

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váivuias k ackssórgjs (cje supkrnåcgk fk gsjiaekmtj grrkouiar)<



sapatas fk tubuiaïûks aparanusafas<

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pjmtjs fk kmtrafa k saåfa sa åfa fk tubjs fk aqukcgekmtj< tkregmaïûks fj gsjiaekmtj mjs niamoks k jutrjs cjepjmkmtks fa tubuiaïãj<





nkcdaekmtj fk cdapas fk prjtkïãj fj gsjiaekmtj ijcaigzafas mj tjpj fk tubuiaïûks djrgzjmtags, gmafkquafaekmtk sjbrkpjstas ju cje vkfaïãj famgngcafa ju gmaprjprgafa<

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tkregmaïãj fj gsjiaekmtj ke tubuiaïûks vkrtgcags<

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ausàmcga fk vkfaïãj, vkfaïãj kmfurkcgfa, ju prjvjcamfj skparaïãj fas partks cjepjmkmtks fj gsjiaekmtj<



a prkskmïa fk prjtubkrâmcgas, eamcdaekmtjs mas cdapas fk rknjrïj kxtkrmas aj gsjiaekmtj, bke cjej a ausàmcga ju qukbra fjs amçgs fk ngxaïãj ;3

 

fas cdapas pjfke gmfgcar a kxgstàmcga k xgstàmcga fk ue prjckssj cjrrjsgvj gmtkrmj< 

partks bagxas bagxa s fj sgstkea fk tubuiaïãj quk pjssuke pkmktraïãj fk uegfafk cjmdkcgfa, gmciugmfj pjmtjs bagxjs fk tubuiaïûks cje ijmojs trkcdjs fk cjeprgekmtj ske supjrtk<



niamoks, ngxafjrks k jutrjs jutr js cjepjmkmtks sjb j gsjiaekmtj tçregcj nabrgcafjs cje aïj-carbjmj k bagxa igoa ke sgstkeas fk tubaiaïûks nabrgcafjs cje aïj aita igoa<

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ijcaïûks ke tubuiaïûks ju kqugpaekmtjs jmfk as taepas fk gmspkïãj mj gsjiaekmtj njrae rktgrafas para ekfgïãj fk kspkssura fkvke rkckbkr uea atkmïãj kspkcgai. Kssas taepas fkvke skr prjmtaekmtk substgtuåfas k skiafas. ^árgjs tgpjs fk taepas rkejvåvkgs r kejvåvkgs kxgstke mj ekrcafj para pkregtgr a gmspkïãj k gfkmtgngcaïãj fjs pjmtjs para rknkràmcga nutura<

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j prgekgrj ektrj fk uea tubuiaïãj djrgzjmtai af`ackmtk è partk par tk bagxa fk uea tubuiaïãj vkrtgcai.

>.6.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj a) Aïjs-carbjmj k fk bagxa igoa kstãj su`kgtjs su`kgtjs è ccjrrjsãj jrrjsãj pgtgnjrek ijcaigzafa k/ju è pkrfa fk kspkssura ijcaigzafa. b) Aïjs gmjxgfávkg gmjxgfávkgss fa sçrgk 388 kstãj taebçe su`kgtjs è cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj sk cijrktj kstgvkr prkskmtk, kmquamtj js aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fðpikx sãj ekmjs suscktåvkgs. c) Aïjs gmjxgfávkg gmjxgfávkgss fa sçrgk 388 k fðpikx kstãj su`kgtjs è cjrrjsãj pgtgnjrek k ijcaigzafa. Xara aïjs gmjxgfávk gmjxgfávkgs gs fa sçrgk 38 388, 8, kspkcgngcaekmtk ke sgstkeas amtgojs fk gsjiaekmtj keprkoamfj sgigcatj fk cáicgj (cjmdkcgfaekmtk pjssugmfj cijrktjs), cjrrjsãj pgtgnjrek k trgmcas fk cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjr cijrktjs pjfke acjmtkckr. f) Após rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj fk aïjs-carbjmj k bagxa igoa, a cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj ç pkrckbgfa pkia carkpa ma njrea fk nijcjs sjitjs cjbrgmfj j cjepjmkmtk cjrrjåfj. J famj pjfk skr kxtrkeaekmtk ijcaigzafj (ngouras >.3 a >.7). k) Ke aioums casjs ijcaigzafjs, a cjrrjsãj pjfk tkr a aparàmcga fk ue carcarbðmcuij fk pgtk (mjreaiekmtk kmcjmtrafj sjb ue sgstkea fk pgmtura/ rkvkstgekmtj cje naida). n) Sgmags e earcamtks arcamtks fk famjs ke ggsjiaekmtj, sjiaekmtj, p pgmtura gmtura k rkvkstge rkvkstgekmtj kmtj nrkqukmtkekmtk prkckfke j surogekmtj fk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj. ;6

 

>.6.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj a) ^gstj quk a eagjrga eagjrga fjs eatkrgags fk cjmstruïãj usafa ke p piamtas iamtas ç suscktåvki è fkorafaïãj pjr cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj, a egtgoaïãj fj famj ç ekidjr aicamïafa pkij usj aprjprgafj fk pgmtura/rkvkstgekmtj k a eamutkmïãj aprjprgafa fj gsjiaekmtj, skiaoke k barrkgras fk vapjr para kvgtar j gmorkssj fk uegfafk. b) Rkvkstgekmtj cje akrjssji fk aiueåmgj apigcafj cje cdaea tke sgfj keprkoafj ke aïj-carbjmj. J rkvkstgekmtj sk cjrróg prknkrkmcgaiekmtk pkia aïãj oaivâmgca, prjtkokmfj assge j ektai fk bask. ba sk. c) Rkvkstgekmtjs Rkvkstgekmtjs mãj ektáigcjs fk aita quaigfafk, prjprgaekmtk prjprgaekmtk apigcafjs è supkrnåcgk a skr gsjiafa, pjfke njrmkckr uea prjtkïãj furafjura. f) Njida fk aiueåmgj aiueåmgj ngma kmrjiafa aj rkfjr fk tubuiaïûks k kqugpaekmtjs ke aïj gmjxgfávki tke sgfj usafa cjej uea barrkgra knktgva cjmtra j gsjiaekmtj. k) A skikïãj cugfafjsa fj eatkrgai eatkrgai gsjiamtk ç gepjrtamtk. Kspuea fk vgf vgfrj rj cje cçiuia nkcdafa rktçe ekmjs uegfafk mj tubj/vasj quk iã egmkrai k ç pjtkmcgaiekmtk ekmjs cjrrjsgva. n) Gsjiaekmtj cj cje e bagxj tkjr fk cijrktjs fkvk skr usafj kke e aïjs gmjxgfágmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 para egmgegzar j pjtkmcgai fk aparkcgekmtj fk pgtks k fk cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj. o) Mãj ç mjreaiekmtk mjreaiekmtk pjssåvki aitkrar as cjmfgïûks cjmfgïûks fk jpkraïãj. Kmtrktamtj, fkvk-sk cjmsgfkrar a pjssgbgigfafk fk rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj jmfk a cjmskrvaïãj fk caijr mãj ç eugtj rkikvamtk r kikvamtk para j prjckssj.

>.6.? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj a) [e piamj fk ggmspkïãj mspkïãj para a fktkcïãj fa prkskmïa fk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj fkvk skr kstruturafj skmfj quk j trataekmtj sgstàegcj fkva cjekïar cje prkfgïãj k amáigsk, fkpjgs partgmfj para par a prjckfgekmtjs eags gmvasgvjs. J piamj fk gmspkïãj fkvk cjmsgfkrar a tkepkratura jpkracgjmai, tgpj k gfafk/kstafj fj rkvkstgekmtj aiçe fj tgpj k gfafk/kstafj fj eatkrgai gsjiamtk. Xrgjrgfafk aafgcgjmai fgcgjmai fkvk skr fafa è gmspkïãj nåsgca fj kqugpaekmtj, prjcuramfj pjr kvgfàmcgas fk famjs mj gsjiaekmtj k skiaoke, sgmags fk pkmktraïãj fk áoua k su`kgra bijqukamfj árkas fk frkmjs oravgtacgjmags mj kqugpaekmtj. b) Kebjra j gsjiaekmtj kxtkrmaekmtk pjssa aparkmtar uea bja cjmfgïãj, j famj pjr cjrrjsãj sjb j gsjiaekmtj pjfk kstar jcjrrkmfj. A gmspkïãj fk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj rkqukr a rkejïãj fk partk ju tjfj j gsjiaekmtj. Sk a cjbkrtura ;;

 

kxtkrma kstá ke bjas bj as cjmfgïûks k mãj dá ejtgvj para suspkgtar fk famjs sjb s jb kia, pjfk mãj skr mkckssárga a rkejïãj fa cjbkrtura cjbkr tura para gmspkïãj fj vasj. c) Aioueas cjmsgfkraïûks sjbrk a rkejïãj fj ggsjiaekmtj sjiaekmtj gmciuk gmciuke, e, eas mãj kstãj igegtafas a0  dgstórgcj fk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj mj vasj kspkcångcj ju jutrj skekidamtk< 

cjmfgïãj vgsuai fa cdapa fk rkvkstgekmtj kxtkrmj kx tkrmj k fj gsjiaekmtj<

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kvgfàmcga fk vazaekmtj fk niugfj, pjr kxkepij k xkepij,, eamcdas<



kqugpaekmtjs cje skrvgïj gmtkregtkmtk<

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cjmfgïãj/gfafk fj rkvkstgekmtj kxtkrmj, sk apigcávki.

f) Árkas cjeums fk prkjcupaïãj ke umgfafks fk prjckssj sãj árkas fk aita cjmckmtraïãj fk uegfafk cjej as a navjr fj vkmtj vgmfj fk tjrrks fk rksnrgaekmr ksnrgaekmtj, próxgej fjs vkmts fk vapjr, sgstkeas fk fgiðvgj, vapjrks ácgfjs, ju próxgejs a sgstkeas fk rksnrgaekmtj supikekmtar cje akrjssji fk áoua. k) Quamfj piamk`amfj piamk`amfj a gmspkïãj para fktkcïãj f fkk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj, j gmspktjr fkvk cjmsgfkrar0 1. árkas quk sãj eags ssuscktåvkgs uscktåvkgs è cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj. Sk j famj pjr cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj ç kmcjmtrafj, j gmspktjr fkvk gmspkcgjmar jutras árkas suscktåvkgs fj vasj< 2. utgigzar eðitgpias tçcmgcas tçcmgcas fk gmspkïãj para prjfuzgr a eagjr asskrïãj fj kmsagj, gmciugmfj0  rkejïãj parcgai ju tjtai fj gsjiaekmtj para gmspkïãj vgsuai< 

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ekfgïãj fk kspkssura pjr uitrassje, ke pjmtjs fk tkstk ju cje a rktgrafa ijcai fj gsjiaekmtj< prjngijektrga fa parkfk ke tkepj rkai pjr ragjs T fk bagxa kmkroga (aprjprgafj para tubuiaïûks fk pkqukmj fgâektrj)< tçcmgca fk rktrjkspaidaekmtj cje màutrjms para fkngmgr rkogûks ðegfas fj gsjiaekmtj. Eçtjfj gmfgrktj fk fktkcïãj fk pjssåvkgs rkogûks cråtgcas. cråtgca s.

n) Vkrejoranga cje gm gmnravkrekidj nravkrekidj p prjcuramfj rjcuramfj pjr gsjiaekmtj ðe ðegfj gfj k/ju fafamgngcafj ju auskmtk sjb a cdaparga fk rknjrïj. Eçtjfj gmfgrktj fk fktkcïãj fk pjssåvkgs rkogûks cråtgcas. o) Jmfas ougafas uitrassömgcas, mkckssgtamfj rkejïãj fk trkcdjs fj gsjiaekmtj mas partks rktas fj tra`ktj fjs futjs. d) A tçcmgca fk cjrrkmtk parasgta puisafa  puiskf  (puiskf kffy currkmt, XKC), pjmtuai k array , sjnrku ue oramfk avamïj mjs ðitgejs amjs k tke sk tjrmafj ue eçtjfj cjmngávki fk gmspkïãj ske a mkckssgfafk fk rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj.

;>

 

>.6.4 Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs Cjrrjsãj atejsnçrgca, jxgfaïãj k cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjr cijrktjs. Ngoura >.; – ’V― ke uea igmda fk ktgikmj cje 1.888 psgo fk prkssãj amtks fa rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj

 

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811. Ngoura >.> – ^gsta aprjxgeafa fj prjckssj fk cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj kxgstkmtk mj ’V― fa ngoura >.; após rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj  

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.  

;?

 

Ngoura >.? – Aspkctj fa cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj fk uea igmda fk butafgkmj ke aïj-carbjmj aprkskmtamfj cjrrjsãj ijcaigzafa gmtkmsa quk sjekmtk njg fktkctafa após a rkejïãj fj gsjiaekmtj fa igmda. Jbskrvk j nurj kxgstkmtk cje 8.2;gm (>,;ee) fk fgâektrj

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811). Ngoura >.4 – Cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj prkskmtk ke ue bjcai mj taepj gmnkrgjr

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

;4

 

Ngoura >.7 – Cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj mj bjcai fj taepj supkrgjr

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811. Ngoura >.18 – Cjrrjsãj sjb gsjiaekmtj mj supjrtk fk ngxaïãj fk tubuiaïãj mj taepj fj vasj

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

;7

 

Ngoura >.11 – Cjrrjsãj ke ue igegtafjr fk måvki ke aïj-carbjmj

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

>.; Cjrrjsãj/krjsãj >.;.11 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej >.;. A krjsãj ç ue prjckssj ekcâmgcj quk pkregtk a rkejïãj ackikrafa fk eatkrgai supkrngcgai pkia ejvgekmtaïãj ju gepactj fk partåcuias sóigfas, iåqugfjs, vapjr ju a cjebgmaïãj kmtrk kiks. Cdaeaejs fk cjrrjsãj/krjsãj cjrrjsã j/krjsãj quamfj kssk ekcamgsej fk famj rkejvk j ngiek prjtktjr fa supkrnåcgk, kxpjmfj j ektai aj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj.

>.;.2 Aebgkmtks navjrávk navjrávkgs/natjrks gs/natjrks cråtgcjs Ma oramfk eagjrga fas vkzks, j prjckssj cjrrjsgvj skeprk kstá prks prkskmtk. kmtk. Fkssa njrea, ç eugtj rarj rar j cjmsgfkrar ue prjckssj krjsgvj gsjiafj. J papki fa cjrrjsãj mkssk ekcamgsej fk famj ç numfaekmtai. Aioums natjrks gmniukmcgae ma pkrfa fk kspkssura, tai t ai cjej a vkijcgfafk k cjmckmtraïãj fjs ekgjs krjsgvjs, taeamdj fk partåcuias, furkza k rksgstàmcga è cjrrjsãj fj eatkrgai su`kgtj aj ekcamgsej fk famj. Jutrj Jutr j natjr cjmtrgbugmtk ç j âmouij fj gepactj.

>8

 

Mj casj fk igoas cje furkzas eags bagxas, cjej igoas fk cjbrk ju aiueåmgj, j prjckssj fk famj ekcâmgcj ç eagjr, okramfj ue fksoastk eags skvkrj. Ke casjs ca sjs fk vkijcgfafks eags kikvafas, kssa skvkrgfafk auekmta. Eksej mj casj fk igoas cje aita furkza, j prjckssj pr jckssj krjsgvj pjfk skr sgomgngcatgvj. A cjrrjsgvgfafk fj aebgkmtk ç ue natjr quk pjfk rkfuzgr a kstabgigfafk fj ngiek prjtktjr fa supkrnåcgk ektáigca, cjmskqukmtkekmtk kxpjmfj j eatkrgai a eagjr famj pjr krjsãj. Aioums natjrks pjfke pj fke auekmtar a cjrrjsgvgfafk fj aebgkmtk, tai cjej tkepkratura k pD.

>.;.3 Ejrnjijoga A ejrnjijoga fj prjckssj krjsãj/cjrrjsãj ç caractkrgzafa carac tkrgzafa pkia pkrfa fk kspkssura ijcaigzafa, ke njrea fk pgtks, ramduras ju nurjs. Kssas pkrfas fk kspkssura aprkskmtae okraiekmtk ue pafrãj fgrkcgjmai. Kssk ekcamgsej fk famj pjfk jcjrrkr ke ue tkepj rkiatgvaekmtk curtj.

>.;.6 Eatkrgags anktafjs Vjfjs js ektags k suas igoas sãj su`kgtjs a kssk ekcamgsej fk famj, assge cjej js eatkrgags rknratárgjs.

>.;.; Kqugpaekmtjs k sgstkeas anktafjs Sgstkeas fk tubuiaïãj, váivuias, bjebas, aogtafjrks, vasjs fk prkssãj, trjcafjrks fk caijr, turbgmas k cjeprkssjrks.

>.;.> Rkogûks k ackssórgjs anktafjs Curvas, cjtjvkijs, ’V―s, rkfutjrks, nkgxks fk trjcafjrks fk caijr, jrgnåcgjs fk ekfgfjrks, pás fk turbgmas k bjcags.

>.;.? Ekfgfas prkvkmtgvas Ekidjrgas mj prj`ktj fjs kqugpaekmtjs tags cjej eufamïas ma njrea, okjektrga k skikïãj fk eatkrgags sãj oramfks ora mfks ekfgfas prkvkmtgvas. Aioums kxkepijs fk eufamïas skrgae j auekmtj fj fgâektrj fa tubuiaïãj vgsamfj è fgegmugïãj fa vkijcgfafk, curvaturas eags bramfas, auekmtj fa kspkssura fa parkfk ktc. J auekmtj fa rksgstàmcga è krjsãj pkij auekmtj fa furkza fj substratj pjfk skr jbtgfj pjr igoas fk aita furkza ju trataekmtj fk kmfurkcgekmtj. Jutra eamkgra fk egtgoar j prjckssj fk krjsãj/cjrrjsãj ç cje a utgigzaïãj fk igoas rksgstkmtks è cjrrjsãj. Sk djuvkr pjssgbgigfafk, pjssgbgigfafk, aitkrar j aebgkmtk para rkfur kfuzgr a cjrrjsgvgfafk fj ekgj, tai cjej gm`kïãj fk gmgbgfjr fk cjrrjsãj.

>1

 

>.;.4 Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj Quamfj pjssåvki, a gmspkïãj vgsuai pjfk gfkmtgngcar a prkskmïa fj prjckssj. pr jckssj. Sk mãj, tçcmgcas cjej uitrassje k rafgjoranga pjfke skr apigcafas. Cje as ekseas ç pjssåvki avaigar a kxtkmsãj fj famj. Mj casj fk rknratárgjs, gmspkïûks tkrejorángcas pjfke fktkctar pkrfa fk kspkssura ijcaigzafa.

>.;.7 Rkogstrj njtjorángcj Ngoura >.12 – Cjrrjsãj/krjsãj fk ue niamok nia mok ke aïj 1 1/6 Cr – µ Ej, 13>lon ke uea igmda fa umgfafk fk craqukaekmtj cataiåtgcj niugfj

 

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2828.

>2

 

b jeba fk rkcgcij Ngoura >.13 – Cjrrjsãj/krjsãj fk ue gepkigfjr fk bjeba fk áoua nkgtj ke eatkrgai ASVE A64 Ciassk 38

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2828).

>.>

Cjrrjsãj assgstgfa pkij niuxj (CAN)

>.>.11 Fkscrgïãj fj famj >.>. Ç a fgssjiuïãj quåegca fa caeafa prjtktjra fk óxgfj k ektai ba bask, sk, quk fkpkmfk fj eatkrgai, okjektrga k cjmfgïûks fk niuxj, rksuitamfj ma pkrfa fk eatkrgai fk tubjs, vasjs k kqugpaekmtjs.

>.>.2 Eatkrgags anktafjs Vjfjs js oraus fk aïj-carbjmj k aïj fk bagxa igoa cje tkjr fk crjej gmnkrgjr a 1%.

>.>.3 Natjrks cråtgcjs a) Vkepkratura0 tkepkratura fa áoua/vapjr ma nagxa fk 188 a 2;8jC, skmfj quk a CAN ç pjtkmcgaigzafa ma nagxa fk tkepkratura kmtrk 167jC a 177jC. b) ^kijcgfafk fj niugfj0 vkijcgfafk fa áoua ju vapjr acgea fk >,1e/s >,1e/s pjfk cjmtrgbugr para a pkrfa fk eatkrgai. As rkfks cje fgâektrj mjegmai ekmjr quk 2― (;8,4ee) kstãj su`kgtas a kikvafas vkijcgfafks k turbuiàmcgas k kssks natjrks ackikrae j fkscjiaekmtj fa caeafa fk prjtkïãj fjs tubjs (eaomktgta 5 Nk3J6).

>3

 

c) Okjektrga0 quamfj dá uea tkmfàmcga fk eufamïa fk rkogek fk niuxj, fk iaegmar para turbuikmtj, k fk pkqukma aitkraïãj fk kstafj fa áoua/vapjr fkvgfj è rkfuïãj fk kmtaipga, acaba sk tjrmamfj ue njcj prjpåcgj para a CAN cje mjtávki pkrfa fk kspkssura. Ke suea, quagsqukr fgstðrbgjs fk niuxj, nack è aitkraïãj fk okjektrga fa rkfk fk áoua/vapjr, pjfke cjmtrgbugr para j surogekmtj fk CAN C AN.. f) Vkjr fk crjej0  eatkrgags cjstuekgraekmtk apigcafjs mas tubuiaïûks cje tkjr fk crjej abagxj fk 1% rkfuzke a rksgstàmcga aj fksoastk, nazkmfj cje quk aïjs-carbjmj aprkskmtke bagxa rksgstàmcga aj nkmöekmj fa CAN. k) pD0 j pD acgea fk 7,2 gepkfk j ataquk è eaomktgta, rkfuzgmfj kmjrekekmtk a taxa fk krjsãj. n) Jxgoàmgj fgssjivgfj0  j jxgoàmgj fkvk skr rkfuzgfj, pjrçe, dá tgpjs fk trataekmtj fk áoua quk cje uea cjmckmtraïãj fk jxgoàmgj acgea fk 188ppb (188ιo/lo) aparkmtkekmtk kvgtae a cjrrjsãj k oaramtke a njreaïãj fa caeafa prjtktjra fj aïj (eaomktgta). Kssa cjmckmtraïãj fk 188ppb ç rkcjekmfafa para gmstaiaïûks quk utgigzae ut gigzae sjekmtk j jxgoàmgj gm`ktafj mj prjckssj cjej prjfutj ðmgcj fk trataekmtj fk áoua.

>.>.6 [mgfafks k kqugpaekmtjs mjreaiekmtk anktafjs Vubuiaïûks fk aita kmkroga k tubjs fk piamtas gmfustrgags k fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca, prgmcgpaiekmtk mj sgstkea fk áoua fk aigekmtaïãj k skus auxgigarks, rkcgrcuiaïãj fk áoua fk aigekmtaïãj k cjmfkmsafj, igmdas fk kxtraïãj kxtraï ãj fk vapjr, igmdas fk fkscaroa (bijwfjwm igmks), gmtkrskïãj fas turbgmas, skparafjr s kparafjr fk uegfafk, frkmjs fj rkaqukckfjr, aigekmtaïãj fj rkaqukckfjr, tubjs fk cjmkxãj fj rkcupkrafjr r kcupkrafjr fk caijr fj okrafjr fk vapjr (DRSO). Kssk ekcamgsej ç nrkqukmtk ke umgfafks quk jpkrae fk eamkgra cåcigca.

>.>.; Aparàmcga k ejrnjijoga fj famj J famj causafj pkia CAN, ma eagjrga fjs casjs, sk caractkrgza pjr uea rkfuïãj okrai fa kspkssura fa parkfk ke vkz fk ue ataquk ijcaigzafj cjej pgtks ju trgmcas. Apksar fa CAN jcjrrkr ke uea árka rkiatgvaekmtk oramfk, pjfk skr cjmsgfkrafa ue tgpj fk cjrrjsãj ijcaigzafa, pjgs sk atçe ès rkogûks fk turbuiàmcga. A caeafa prjtktjra fk óxgfj sk tjrma ngma, skmfj quk, cje pjuca nrkquàmcga, j ektai bask ngca kxpjstj. Ma eagjrga fjs casjs, a supkrnåcgk cjrrjåfa kxgbk uea cjijraïãj prkta tåpgca fk eaomktgta.

>6

 

>.>.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj A prkvkmïãj k a egtgoaïãj fa CAN sãj rkaigzafas pkij cjmtrjik k jtgegzaïãj quåegca fa áoua fk aigekmtaïãj. J cjmtrjik quåegcj fa áoua fk aigekmtaïãj mas piamtas tkrekiçtrgcas k gmfustrgags tke cjej jb`ktgvj fgegmugr a okraïãj fk prjfutjs fk cjrrjsãj k rkfuzgr ju kigegmar a pjssgbgigfafk fk CAN mjs eatkrgags afjtafjs. Vamtj mas tubuiaïûks tjtaiekmtk nkrrjsas cjej mas egstas, j trataekmtj fa áoua fk aigekmtaïãj tke quk skr tjtaiekmtk tjta iekmtk vjiátgi. vjiátgi. Basgcaekmtk kxgstke tràs tgpjs fk trataekmtj0  tgpj A0 trataekmtj tjtaiekmtk vjiátgi (A^V) usamfj aeömga k ue aokmtk rkfutjr ju amtgjxgfamtk cjej dgfrazgma< 

tgpj B0 eksej quk A ske j aokmtk rkfutjr, fkmjegmafj mjvj A^V<

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tgpj C0 trataekmtj jxgokmafj (JV) usamfj apkmas aeömga k jxgoàmgj.

A eagjr fgnkrkmïa, ke tkrejs fk CAN, kmtrk js trataekmtjs A, B k C ç quk j A prjejvk ue aebgkmtk rkfutjr (JRX 99 8e^) kmquamtj B k C rksuitae ke ue aebgkmtk jxgfamtk (JRX, 8e^). Xara uea quåegca tgpj A mjreai, j JRX (jxgfatgjm rkfuctgjm pjtkmtgai ) ç tgpgcaekmtk ekmjr quk 2.388e^ k j måvki fk prjfutjs fk cjrrjsãj ma áoua fk aigekmtaïãj (ekfgfjs mj kcjmjegzafjr fk kmtrafa) skrá ekmjr quk 18ppb. A eagjrga fas piamtas tçregcas pjfk nacgiekmtk atgmogr ;ppb cje a sgtuaïãj skmfj cjmsgfkrafa mjreai ske eagjrks prkjcupaïûks cje a CAN C AN.. Xara uea umgfafk cje quåegca tgpj A k taxas fk CAN eags aitas, j JRX taebçe skrá ekmjr quk 2.388e^, eas, fkvgfj è dktkrjfgmâegca ijcai, j prjckssj tjtai fk cjrrjsãj k fgssjiuïãj ç eags rápgfj. J rksuitafj ç eagjr fgssjiuïãj k eagjr arrastj fas partåcuias fk óxgfj. Mjs pgjrks casjs, j NAC skrá tãj rápgfj, quk sjbrará apkmas uea ngma caeafa fk Nk 3J6 ma supkrnåcgk. J måvki fk prjfutjs fk cjrrjsãj ma áoua fk aigekmtaïãj (ekfgfa mj kcjmjegzafjr fk kmtrafa) pjfk skr bke eagjr quk 18ppb. Quåegcas tgpj B k C prjfuzke uea sgtuaïãj cjepiktaekmtk fgnkrkmtk, kstamfj ke ue aebgkmtk fk áoua fk aigekmtaïãj jxgfamtk. A supkrnåcgk ç cjbkrta cje ue dgfratj fk óxgfj nkrråtgcj (NkJJD), quk taebçe pkrekga js pjrjs fa eaomktgta. Mkssk casj, j JRX ç eagjr quk zkrj, j quk navjrkck j cr crkscgekmtj kscgekmtj fj NkJJD. Kssa njreaïãj naz fuas cjgsas0 (g) rkfuz a taxa tjtai fk cjrrjsãj, pjgs a fgnusãj ju j ackssj fj jxgoàmgj aj ektai fk bask bas k ç rkstrgtj ju rkfuzgfj k (gg) rkfuz a sjiubgigfafk fas caeafas fk óxgfj supkrngcgags. Fj pjmtj fk vgsta fa CAN, a supkrnåcgk cje caeafa fk surnack NkJJD fgssjivk eugtj eags fkvaoar (pkij ekmjs fuas jrfkms fk eaomgtufk ekmjr) quk a eaomktgta ma eksea cjmfgïãj dgfrjfgmâegca cje a quåegca tgpj A. J rksuitafj okrai ç quk js prjfutjs fk cjrrjsãj ekfgfjs ma áoua fk aigekmtaïãj pjfke skr eugtj ekmjrks quk 1ppb k a CAN ç eåmgea.

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Kxgstke fjgs tgpjs fk sgstkeas tjtaiekmtk nkrrjsjs0 aqukiks cjmtkmfj apkmas aïj-carbjmj mjs tubjs k tubuiaïûks k aqukiks cjmtkmfj tubjs fk aïj gmjxgfávki  `umtj cje as tubuiaïûks fk aïj-carbjmj. Js casjs eags sçrgjs fk CAN jcjrrke quamfj tjfjs js tubjs sãj fk aïj gmjxgfávki k a quåegca ç fj tgpj A (A^G mjreai cje dgfrazgma prjfuzgmfj JRX, 8e^). Gssj gepigca quk j aebgkmtk rkfutjr ç eags skvkrj ma áoua fk aigekmtaïãj fk aita prkssãj (DX) quamfj j tubj ç fk aïj gmjxgfávki quamfj cjeparafj cjeparafj cje j tubj fk aïj-c aïj-carbjmj arbjmj ju cje bask fk cjbrk. Sgstkeas ektaiðrogcjs egstjs só pjfke usar a quåegca tgpj A ma áoua fk aigekmtaïãj, quk eamtçe ue aebgkmtk rkfutjr furamtk tjfa a jpkraïãj para prjtkokr js tubjs è bask fk cjbrk. Gssj sgomgngca quk js tubjs fk gmtkrcjmkxãj fk aïj-carbjmj taebçe tàe quk skr kxpjstjs aj eksej aebgkmtk rkfutjr. Mkmduea naida sçrga fk CAN jcjrrku ke piamtas nósskgs cje sgstkeas ektaiðrogcjs egstjs, cjmtufj pkrfas fk parkfk assjcgafas cje CAN njrae jbskrvafas jbskrvafa s ke piamtas nósskgs k sçrgas naidas jcjrrkrae ke piamtas mucikarks cje sgstkeas ektaiðrogcjs egstjs< kmtãj js cjepjmkmtks fk aïj-carbjmj ke sgstkeas fk áoua fk aigekmtaïãj ektaiðrogcjs egstjs fkvke skr subektgfjs aj eksej prjoraea rgojrjsj quk js sgstkeas tjtaiekmtk nkrrjsjs. A cjepjsgïãj quåegca fj aïj ankta fgrktaekmtk a rksgstàmcga fj eatkrgai è CAN. Js aïjs-carbjmjs, pjr kxkepij, tgpj ASVE A 18> Orau B ju FGM St 6;.4, sãj js quk eags kstãj suscktåvkgs è krjsãj k cjrrjsãj. Kssks aïjs sãj js prknkrgfjs pkijs prj`ktgstas para tubuiaïûks fk áoua k vapjr quk jpkrae ke tkepkraturas bagxas (93;8jC) k cje bagxas sjigcgtaïûks ekcâmgcas, `á quk sãj skikcgjmafjs vgsamfj è jtgegzaïãj fk custjs fk ejmtaoke. Vkjrks fk crjej acgea fk 1% rkfuzke cjmsgfkravkiekmtk cjmsgfkravkiekmtk a suscktgbgigfafk fj eatkrgai è CAN. J aïj eags rksgstkmtk ajs ekcamgsejs fk naida pjr CAN ç j ASVE A 213 Orau V22 quk pjssug tkjr fk crjej ke tjrmj fk 2,2;% (k 1% fk ejigbfàmgj ejigbfàmgj)) cjmnkrgmfj aj aïj eagjr rksgstàmcga aj fksoastk pjr krjsãj.

>.>.?? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj >.>. A oramfkza a skr gmspkcgjmafa k ejmgtjrafa para a gfkmtgngcaïãj fa CAN ç a kspkssura fa parkfk fjs cjepjmkmtks, tubjs k tubuiaïûks. Vke-sk jbskrvafj quk a gmspkïãj vgsuai, ekfgïãj fk kspkssura pjr uitrassje k rafgjoranga fgogtai aprkskmtae cjmngabgigfafk ma fktkcïãj fa rkfuïãj rkfuïã j fk kspkssura pjr CAN. Dá uea vamtaoke fj usj fk rafgjoranga fgogtai quamtj ajs custjs fa gmspkïãj, pjgs mãj ç mkckssárgj rkejvkr j gsjiaekmtj tçregcj. Aiçe fgstj, ç rkcjekmfávki a ejmgtjraïãj fa áoua fk aigekmtaïãj, skmfj j JRX (jxgfatgjm rkfuctgjm pjtkmtgai ) j prgmcgpai parâektrj quåegcj fk cjmtrjik. Njrae fkskmvjivgfjs fgvkrsjs prjoraeas para prkvkr j knkgtj fa CAN assjcgafa a tçcmgcas fk gmspkïãj afkquafas k cjmtrjik fj cgcij quåegcj quk oaramtke ue måvki fk skouramïa afkquafj.

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Xjrtamtj, rkcjekmfae-sk js skougmtks passjs0 (g) gfkmtgngcar js sgstkeas suscktåvkgs< (gg) skikcgjmar js ijcags fk gmspkïãj< (ggg) cjmfuzgr a gmspkïãj< (gv) rkparar ju substgtugr js cjepjmkmtks cje kspkssura rkfuzgfa< (v) jtgegzar a quåegca fa áoua fk aigekmtaïãj.

>.>.4 Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs 

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Cjrrjsãj/nafgoa0 ke numïãj fa jpkraïãj cåcigca fas umgfafks, eugtas vkzks kssks ekcamgsejs sk cjmnumfke ju sk supkrpûke. Krjsãj.  cje j cjiktjr gmnkrgjr Ngoura >.16 – Vubj fk gmtkrigoaïãj fj fjwmcjrmkr  cje fa parkfk fk áoua fk uea caifkgra fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca. Caractkråstgcas eacrjscópgcas fa CAN0 earcas fa turbuiàmcga fj niugfj ma caeafa fk óxgfj prjtktjra (eaomktgta) mj tubj fk aïj-carbjmj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

>?

 

Ngoura >.1; – Kstrutura ektaijorángca fj tubj fk gmtkrigoaïãj fj fjwmcjrmkr cje j cjiktjr gmnkrgjr fa parkfk fk áoua fk uea caifkgra fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca0 nkrrgta k pkrigta ksnkrjgfgzafas cje rkfuïãj fa kspkssura fk caeafa fk óxgfj. Ataquk0 mgtai 1%, auekmtj0 288x

a) mj tubj fk aïj-carbjmj. (Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks).

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura >.1> – Fktaidk fa supkrnåcgk kxtkrma fj tubj fk gmtkrigoaïãj fj fjwmcjrmkr  cje  cje j cjiktjr gmnkrgjr fa parkfk fk áoua fk uea caifkgra fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca0 trgmca passamtk após rkfuïãj fa kspkssura fk parkfk pjr CAN

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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Ngoura >.1? – Fktaidk fa supkrnåcgk gmtkrma fj tubj fk gmtkrigoaïãj fj fjwmcjrmkr  cje  cje j cjiktjr gmnkrgjr fa parkfk fk áoua fk uea caifkgra fk okraïãj tkrekiçtrgca0 (a) jbskrva-sk cjrrjsãj supkrngcgai okmkraigzafa k pgtks aigmdafjs, jmfk sk gmgcgarae trgmcas< (b) trgmca passamtk após rkfuïãj fa kspkssura fk parkfk pjr CAN

  Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

>.?

Cjrrjsãj/nafgoa

>.?..1 Fkscr >.? Fkscrgïãj gïãj fj ekca ekcamgsej mgsej A njrea fk trgmcaekmtj ç aqukia ma quai as trgmcas sk fkskmvjivke pkijs knkgtjs cjebgmafjs fk caroa cåcigca k cjrrjsãj. Vrgmcaekmtj nrkqukmtkekmtk sk gmgcga ke ijcags fk cjmckmtraïãj fk tkmsûks tags cjej pgtks ma supkrnåcgk. J trgmcaekmtj pjfk sk gmgcgar ke várgjs ijcags.

>.? >.?.2 .2 Eatkrga Eatkrgags gs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs Vjfjs js eatkrgags k igoas ektáigcas.

>.?.3 .3 Natjrks cråt cråtgcjs gcjs >.? a) Js natjrks cråtgcjs sãj eatkrgai, aebgkmtk cjrrjsgvj, tkmsûks cåcigcas k auekmtj fk tkmsãj. b) J trgmcaekmtj jcjrrk eags prjvavkiekmtk prjvavkiekmtk kke e aebgkmtks quk p prjvjcae rjvjcae j aparkcgekmtj fk pgtks ju cjrrjsãj ijcaigzafa sjb tkmsûks cåcigcas fkvgfj a tkmsûks tçregcas, vgbraïûks ju kxpamsãj fgnkrkmcgai.

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c) Fgnkrkmtkekmtk fj ekcamgsej ekcamgsej fk nafgoa pura, mãj dá caroa igegtk f fkk nafgoa ke nafgoa assgstgfa pjr cjrrjsãj. A cjrrjsãj prjvjca naida ke ekmjrks tkmsûks k mðekrj fk cgcijs quk js igegtks mjreags fjs eatkrgags ma ausàmcga fk cjrrjsãj k dá j acjmtkcgekmtj nrkqukmtk fk prjpaoaïãj fk trgmcas paraikias. f) Js ijcags fk gmåcgj fk trgmcas gmciuke cjmckmtrafjrks fk tkmsãj cjej pgtks, fkscjmtgmugfafks supkrngcgags, eufamïas fk skïãj ju sjifas fk ngiktk.

>.?.6 >.?.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs Kqugpaekmtjs rjtatgvjs, fksakrafjrks k caifkgras cåcigcas, bke cjej quaiqukr kqugpaekmtj su`kgtj a tkmsûks cåcigcas ke ue aebgkmtk cjrrjsgvj. Aioums kxkepijs gmciuke0  kqugpaekmtjs rjtatgvjs0 acjpiaekmtjs ekcâmgcjs kmtrk j gepkigfjr k j kgxj fa bjeba ju jutrj ekcamgsej fk cjrrjsãj pjfke rksuitar ke prjbikeas fk pgtks mj kgxj. Js pgtks pjfke atuar cjej cjmckmtrafjrks ju gmcrkekmtafjrks fk tkmsãj para prjfuïãj fk trgmcas. A eagjrga fas trgmcas ç tramsoramuiar cje pjucas raegngcaïûks< 

fksakrafjrks0 mjs ðitgejs amjs fa fçcafa fk 1748, fksakrafjrks fas gmfðstrgas fk papki k ckiuijsk, rkngmj k pktrjquåegca k cje njmtk fk kmkroga nóssgi tàe aprkskmtafj eugtjs prjbikeas fk trgmcaekmtj. Naidas tjtags fk vasjs ma árka fk papki k ckiuijsk gepigcarae ue gmtkmsj prjoraea fk gmspkïãj quk fkngmgrae js eagjrks prjbikeas fk trgmcaekmtj ke várgas gmfðstrgas. Cdkoju-sk è cjmciusãj quk tkmsûks rksgfuags fk nabrgcaïãj k sjifaoke, auekmtj fk tkmsãj furamtk a vgfa ðtgi (ackssórgjs k rknjrïjs sjifafjs) k j aebgkmtk mjreai fjs fksakrafjrks pjfgae prjvjcar prjbikeas fk cjrrjsãj/nafgoa<

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caifkgras cåcigcas0 ma vgfa fkssas caifkgras, várgas ckmtkmas fk partgfas a nrgj jcjrrke j quk gepigca a kxpamsãj fgnkrkmcgai quk prjvjca j trgmcaekmtj fa caeafa supkrngcgai prjtkrjra fk eaomktgta, pkregtgmfj a cjmtgmuaïãj fj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj.

>.?.; >.?.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj a) A nratura ke nafgoa ç nráogi k as trgmcas sãj eags nrkqukmtkek nrkqukmtkekmtk mtk tramsoramuiarks, mj casj fas trgmcas fkma cjrrprjpaoaïãj cjrrjsãj jsãj sjb tkmsãj, pjrçe mãj raegngcafas,cjej k nrkqukmtkekmtk rksuita fk várgas trgmcas paraikias.

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b) A prkskmïa fk trgmcaekmtj trgmcaekmtj pjr cjrrjsãj/nafgoa pjfk sk skrr kvgfkmcgafa pkia pjuca fknjreaïãj piástgca kxcktj k xcktj quamfj fa nratura ngmai quk pjfk jcjrrkr pjr kxckssj fk carrkoaekmtj acjepamdafj fk fknjreaïãj piástgca. c) Ke caifkgras cåcigcas, j famj usuaiekmtk aparkck gmg gmgcgaiekmtk cgaiekmtk mj iafj fa áoua ma vgoa gmnkrgjr fk rknjrïj kstruturai fjs pgiarks vkrtgcags (ngoura >.14). A ejrnjijoga fas trgmcas pjfk skr cgrcumnkrkmcgai kmtrk a vgoa djrgzjmtai fk rknjrïj k js tubjs fa parkfk fk áoua. Jbskrvamfj j cjrtk ma skïãj tramsvkrsai fa rkogãj, as trgmcas aparkmtae a njrea fk várgjs buibjs (ngoura >.17). As kxtrkegfafks fas trgmcas tkmfke a skr aioj arrkfjmfafj (mãj pjmtgaoufas), pjrçe cdkgas fk óxgfj k tramsoramuiarks (ngouras >.28 a >.22). f) Ke aebgkmtks cje suinktjs, as trgmcas aprkskmtae aparàmcga sgegiar, eas prkkmcdgfas cje suinktjs. k) Ke kqugpaekmtjs kqugpaekmtjs rjtatgvjs, a eagjrga fas trgmcas ç tramsoramuiar tramsoramuiar cje eåmgeas raegngcaïûks.

>.?.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj a) Kqugpaekmtjs rjtatgvjs0  ejfgngcar j aebgkmtk cjrrjsgvj pkij usj fk rkvkstgekmtjs ju gmgbgfjrks< 

egmgegzar egmgeg zar js knkgtjs fk par oaivâmgcj<



keprkoar eatkrgags rksgstkmtks è cjrrjsãj.

b) Fksakrafjrks0  cjmtrjik quåegcj aprjprgafj fa áoua fk aigekmtaïãj k fj cjmfkmsafj< 



egmgegzar as tkmsûks rksgfuags fk nabrgcaïãj k sjifaoke pkij keprkoj fk egmgegzar trataekmtj tçregcj fk aiåvgj fk tkmsûks< egmgegzar js rknjrïjs fk sjifas pkij ksekrgidaekmtj fj cjmtjrmj fa sjifa egmgegzar suavgzamfj-j.

c) Caifkgras cåcigcas0  far partgfa ma caifkgra ikmtaekmtk para egmgegzar as fknjreaïûks causafas pkia kxpamsãj fgnkrkmcgai< 

skeprk far partgfa cje a cjepjsgïãj quåegca fa áoua sjb cjmtrjik aprjprgafj.

?1

 

>.?.? .? Gmspkï Gmspkïãj ãj k ejmgtjr ejmgtjraïãj aïãj >.? a) Kqugpaekmtjs rjtatgvjs0  js eçtjfjs fk uitrassje k eaomçtgcjs pjfke skr keprkoafjs para a fktkcïãj fas trgmcas. b) Fksakrafjrks0  j trgmcaekmtj mjreaiekmtk ç fktkctafj pkij keprkoj fk kmsagj pjr partåcuias eaomçtgcas niujrksckmtks vga skca. skca . Atuaiekmtk taebçe sk rkcjekmfa j keprkoj fj kmsagj fk cjrrkmtks parasgtas< 

a eagjrga fas trgmcas ç eugtj ngma n gma j quk fgngcuita sua fktkcïãj.

c) Caifkgras cåcigcas0  j prgekgrj sgmai fk naida ç j vazaekmtj va zaekmtj pjr ue nurj fgegmutj fj iafj nrgj mjs tubjs fa parkfk fk áoua ma igoaïãj cje a vgoa fk rknjrïj gmnkrgjr< 

gmspkcgjmar as rkogûks aitaekmtk tkmsgjmafas fa caifkgra cje uitrassje uitra ssje k KEAV<



j trgmcaekmtj pjfk jcjrrkr mas ekebramas fas rkogûks aitaekmtk tkmsgjmafas, prgmcgpaiekmtk mjs camtjs fas vgoas fk rknjrïj gmnkrgjr. Ngoura >.14 – Naida pjr cjrrjsãj/nafgoa ke tubj fk caifkgra

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

?2

 

Ngoura >.17 – Cjrpj fk prjva para ektaijoranga fk uea aejstra rktgrafa fk ue tubj cje naida fk uea caifkgra  

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811. Ngoura >.28 – Auekmtj fa vgsuaigzaïãj ( zjje  zjje) fa aejstra aprkskmtafa ma ngoura >.17

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

?3

 

Ngoura >.21 – Njtj fk ue tubj fk vapjr fk caifkgra cjrtafj aj ijmoj fk sua skïãj ijmogtufgmai. Vrgmcas fk cjrrjsãj/nafgoa gmgcgafas ma parkfk gmtkrma fj tubj, fj iafj jpjstj fa vgoa djrgzjmtai gmnkrgjr fk rknjrïj ma partk kxtkrma fj tubj

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811. Ngoura >.22 – Egcrjoranga ejstramfj a ejrnjijoga fas trgmcas cje ióbuijs eðitgpijs k raegngcaïûks famfj ue aspkctj fk ’jrkidas fk cjkidj―

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

?6

 

>.4 Cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj (pjr cijrktjs) >.4.11 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej >.4. Vrgmcaekmtj pkij ekgj prjfuzgmfj trgmcas supkrngcgags ke aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 k aioueas igoas fk måquki pkia aïãj cjebgmafa fk tkmsãj tratgva, tkepkratura k aebgkmtk aqujsj cje a prkskmïa fk ácgfj cijråfrgcj. A prkskmïa fk jxgoàmgj fgssjivgfj fgssjivgfj auekmta a prjpkmsãj aj trgmcaekmtj.

>.4.2 Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs a) Vjfjs js aïjs gmjxgfá gmjxgfávkgs vkgs fa sçrgk 388 sãj aitaekmtk suscktåvkgs. suscktåvkgs. b) Aïjs gmjxgfávkg gmjxgfávkgss fðpikx sãj eag eagss rksgstkmtks. c) Igoas è bask fk måquki sãj aitaekmtk rksgstkmtks, eas mãj geum geumks. ks.

>.4.3 Natjrks cråtgcjs a) Vkjr fk cijrktjs, pD, tkepkratura, tkmsãj, prkskmïa fk j jxgoàmgj xgoàmgj k cjepjsgïãj fa igoa sãj natjrks cråtgcjs. b) J auekmtj fa tkepkratura gepi gepigca gca a eagjr suscktgbgigfafk suscktgbgigfafk aj trgmcaekmtj. c) Auekmtj fj fj tkjr fk cijrktjs auekm auekmta ta a prjbabgigfafk fk trgmcaekmtj. f) Mãj kxgstk igegtk prátgcj gmnkrgjr para cijrktjs pjrquk skeprk skeprk kxgstk pjtkmcgai para j cijrktj sk cjmckmtrar. k) Cjmfgïûks fk tramsnkràmcga tramsnkràmcga fk caijr auekmtae sgomgngcatgvaekmtk sgomgngcatgvaekmtk a suscktgbgigfafk aj trgmcaekmtj pjrquk kiks pkregtke a cjmckmtraïãj fk cijrktjs. Kxpjsgïãj aitkrmafa è cjmfgïãj skca k ðegfa ju vapjr k áoua taebçe cjmfuzke aj trgmcaekmtj. n) Cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj mjreaiekmtk acjmtkck acjmtkck para vaijrks fk pD acg acgea ea fk 2. Cje vaijrks ekmjrks fk pD, a cjrrjsãj okmkraigzafa umgnjrek prkfjegma. A tkmfàmcga fk jcjrrkr cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj fgegmug ma rkogãj aicaigma fk pD. o) J trgmcaekmtj jcjrrk mjreaiekmtk mjreaiekmtk para tkepk tkepkraturas raturas fj ektai acgea fk 168jN (>8jC), kebjra kxckïûks pjssae jcjrrkr a tkepkraturas ekmjrks. d) Vkmsãj apigcafa ju eksej rksgfuai. Cjepjmkmtks aitaekmtk tkmsgjmafjs ju ke trabaidj a nrgj, cjej as `umtas fk kxpamsãj, sãj aitaekmtk suscktåvkgs aj trgmcaekmtj.

?;

 

g) Jxgoàmgj fgssjivgfj ma áou áouaa mjreaiek mjreaiekmtk mtk ack ackikra ikra a cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj, tkmsãj, eas mãj ngca ciarj sk kxgstk ue igegtk fk cjmckmtraïãj fk jxgoàmgj abagxj fj quai mãj jcjrra cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj.  `) J tkjr fk måquki fa igoa tke papki prkpjmfkramtk ma rksgstàmcga. A eáxgea suscktgbgigfafk jcjrrk ke cjmckmtraïûks fk måquki kmtrk 4 k 12%. Igoas tkjrpratgcaekmtk fk måquki acgea fk 3;% sãj aitaekmtk rksgstkmtks k igoas acgeacje fk 6;%, geumks. l) Aïjs cje bagxjs tkjrks fk måquki, tags cjej js aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs fðpikx fðpikx (austkmjnkrråtgcjs) (austkmjnk rråtgcjs) aprkskmtae uea rksgstàmcga eagjr fj quk js gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388, eas mãj sãj geumks. i) Aïjs-carbjmj, aïjs fk bagxa igoa igoa k gmjxgfá gmjxgfávkgs vkgs fa fa sçrgk 688 mãj sãj suscktåvkgs è cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjr cijrktjs.

>.4.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs a) Cjepjmkmtks fk tubuiaïûks k fk vasjs fk prkssãj ke quaiq quaiqukr ukr umgfafk fk prjckssj sãj suscktåvkgs è cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjr cijrktjs. b) Vrgmcaekmtj jcjrrk ke cjmfk cjmfkmsafjrks msafjrks rknrgokrafjs cje áoua mj iiafj afj fj prjckssj fj pktróikj cru ke tjrrks fjs cjmfkmsafjrks supkrgjrks. c) Frkmjs ke umgfafks umgfafks fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj sãj suscktåv suscktåvkgs kgs aj trgmcaekmtj furamtk parafas sk mãj njrke puroafjs prjprgaekmtk. f) Njiks k tubjs fk gmstruekmtaïãj, partgcuiarekmtk aqukiks assjcgafjs cje cgcijs fk rkcgciaoke fk dgfrjoàmgj cjmtaegmafjs cje cijrktjs, pjfke skr anktafjs. k) Cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjr cijrktjs tke sgfj sgfj taebçe prjbikea ke ssupkr upkr-nåcgks gsjiafas quamfj j gsjiaekmtj kstá kmcdarcafj. n) Vrgmcaekmtj tke jcjrrgfj ke igmdas f fkk frkmjs fk caifkgras.

>.4.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj a) Vrgmcas supkrngcgags pjfke jcjrrkr fj iafj fj prjckssj ju kxtkrmaekmtk sjb gsjiaekmtj (ngouras >.23 k >.26). b) J eatkrgai tgpgcaekmtk tgpgcaekmtk aprkskmta sgmag sgmagss vgsåvkgs vgsåvkgs fk cjrrjsãj. c) Vrgmcas caractkråstgcas fk cjrrjsãj sjb tkm tkmsãj sãj aprkskmtae eugtjs eugtjs raejs k pjfke skr vgsuaiekmtk fktktávkgs pkia njrea ske jrgkmtaïãj fas trgmcas ma supkrnåcgk (ngouras >.26 k >.2;).

?>

 

f) Ektaijorangas fk aejstras fa rkogãj trgmcafa tgpgcaekmtk ejstrae a prkskmïa fk trgmcas tramsoramuiarks (ngouras >.2> a >.2?). k) Aioueas vkzks pjfke jcjrrkr trgmcas gmtkroramuiarks ke aïjs gmj gmjxgfáxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 skmsgtgzafjs. n) Sjifas ke aïjs ggmjxgfá mjxgfávkgs vkgs fa sçrgk 388 cjmtàe pjrïûks fk nkrrgta, prjfuzgmfj uea egcrjkstrutura fðpikx quk mjreaiekmtk ç eags rksgstkmtk è cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjr cijrktjs. o) Igoas rksgstkmtks è cjrrjsãj è bask fk måquki måquki sãj taebçe suscktåvkg suscktåvkgss aj trgmcaekmtj sjb skvkras cjmfgïûks (ngoura >.24). >.2 4). d) A supkrnåcgk fa nratura nrkqukmtkekmtk nrkqukmtkekmtk tke aparàmcg aparàmcgaa nráogi.

>.4.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj a) [sj fk e eatkrgags atkrgags rksgstkm rksgstkmtks tks ma nabrgcaïãj, cjmstruïãj k ejmtaoke. b) Quamfj rkaigzar kmsagj dgfrjstátgcj, keprkoar áoua cje bagxj m måvki åvki fk cijrktj k rkaigzar skcaoke gekfgataekmtk após j tkstk. c) Apigcar rkvkstge rkvkstgekmtjs kmtjs rkcjekmfafjs rkcjekmfafjs sjb gsjiaekmtj. f) Kvgtar prj`ktjs quk pkregtae rkogûks fk kstaomaïãj fk niugfjs niugfjs jmfk cijrktjs pjfke sk cjmckmtrar k fkpjsgtar. k) Vrataekmtj tçregcj fk aiåvgj fk tkmsãj è aita tkepkratura fk aïjs gmjxggmjxgfávkgs austkmåtgcjs fa sçrgk 388 após a nabrgcaïãj pjfk rkfuzgr tkmsûks rksgfuags. Kmtrktamtj, cjmsgfkraïûks fkvke skr jbskrvafas vgstj quk pjssåvkgs skmsgbgigzaïûks skmsgbgigzaïûks pjfke jcjrrkr, auekmtamfj a suscktgbgigfafk suscktgbgigfafk è cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj fk pjigtgömgcjs, prjbikeas pjssåvkgs fk fgstjrïãj k pjtkmcgags trgmcas fk rkaqukcgekmtj.

>.4.? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj a) Vrgmcas sãj cjmkctafas è supkrnåcgk k pjfke skr fktkctafas vgsuaiekmtk ke aioums casjs. b) Kmsagjs pjr iåqugfj p pkmktramtk kmktramtk ju pjr cjrrkmtks parasgtas sãj js eçtjfjs prknkrkmcgags. c) J eçtjfj fk cjrrkmtks parasgtas tke sgfj taebçe usafj ke tubjs fk fk cjmfkmsafjrks assge cjej ke tubuiaïûks k vasjs fk prkssãj. f) Vrgmcas kxtr kxtrkeaekmtk keaekmtk ngmas pjfke skr fgnåck fgnåckgs gs fk fktkctar cje iåqugfjs pkmktramtks. Eçtjfjs kspkcgags fk prkparaïãj fa supkrnåcgk, gmciugmfj

??

 

pjigekmtj ju dgfrj`atkaekmtj cje aita prkssãj, pjfke skr rkqukrgfjs ke aioums casjs, kspkcgaiekmtk ke skrvgïjs fk aita prkssãj. prkss ãj. k) [itrassje. n) Nrkqukmtkekm Nrkqukmtkekmtk, tk, kmsagjs raf rafgjorángcjs gjorángcjs mãj sãj sungcgkm sungcgkmtkekmtk tkekmtk skmsåskmsåvkgs para fktkcïãj kxcktj ke kstáogjs avamïafjs jmfk uea rkfk sgomgngcatgva fk trgmcas sk fkskmvjivku. Quamfj rkaigzafj kmsagj dgfrjstátgcj, keprkoar áoua cje bagxj måvki fk cijrktj k rkaigzar skcaoke gekfgataekmtk após j tkstk.

>.4.4 Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs Cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj cáustgca k pjr ácgfjs pjigtgömgcjs. Ngoura >.23 – Vrgmcas kxtkrmas fk tubj fk gmstruekmtj ke aïj gmjxgfávki 386 sjb gsjiaekmtj

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

?4

 

Ngoura >.26 – Vrgmcaekmtj kxtkrmj ke tubjs quk trabaidae cje vapjr a 6;8jN (232jC), kmsagafjs cje iåqugfjs pkmktramtks. As trgmcas pjfke skr vgstas mj tubj ckmtrai (skta)

G ;?1/2811).

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

?7

 

Ngoura >.2; – Njtj aprjxgeafa ( zjje  zjje) fj tubj fa ngoura >.26 ejstramfj as trgmcas ngmas cje aparàmcga fk tkgas fk aramda

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

48

 

Ngoura >.2> – Egcrjoranga fk uea skïãj tramsvkrsai (cjrtk) fa aejstra fa ngoura >.2; ejstramfj trgmcas raegngcafas ngmas

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811. Ngoura >.2? – Jutra egcrjoranga fk uea skïãj tramsvkrsai (cjrtk) fk ue tubj trgmcafj giustramfj a njrea fk prjpaoaïãj tramsoramuiar fas trgmcas gmgcgafas ma supkrnåcgk (cje ataquk ektaijorángcj)

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

41

 

Ngoura >.24 – Ataquk fk cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjr cijrktjs ma supkrnåcgk fjs ngjs fk ue paranusj ke aïj gmjxgfávki 386

  Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

42

 

Ngoura >.27 – Vrgmcaekmtj skvkrj fk tubjs aiktafjs ke igoa C C-2?> -2?> fk uea caifkgra fk rkaqukcgekmtj para rkejïãj fk ktamj após 4 amjs ke skrvgïj fkvgfj aj carrkaekmtj fk cijrktjs fk aeömga ma igmda (a). Ckmtkmas fk trgmcas gmgcgafas ma partk kxtkrma (iafj fj prjckssj) fj tubj assjcgafj cje a pjrïãj ke trabaidj a nrgj fjs tubjs assjcgafa ès aiktas (b). Vrgmcas raegngcafas tramsoramuiarks (c)

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

43

 

>.7 Cjrrjsãj egcrjbgjióogca >.7.11 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej >.7. Vaebçe cjmdkcgfa cjej cjrrjsãj gmfuzgfa pjr egcrjroamgsejs ju cjrrjsãj egcrjbgama ç uea ejfaigfafk fk prjckssj cjrrjsgvj causafj pjr egcrjroamgsejs egcrjr oamgsejs vgvjs tags cjej bactçrgas, aioas ju numojs. J ekcamgsej ç taebçe cjeuekmtk cjmdkcgfj pkia sgoia EGC, jrgumfa fa sua tkregmjijoga ke gmoiàs0 egcrjbgjijogcaiiy gmfuckf cjrrjsgjm.

>.7.2 Egcrjroamgsejs Ke okrai, as bactçrgas sãj js egcrjroamgsejs eags cjeums mj prjckssj fk EGC, fkstacamfj-sk as rkfutjras fk suinatj, jxgfamtks fk kmxjnrk ju skus cjepjstjs cjej suinktj, as jxgfamtks fk nkrrj k eamoamàs k as njreafjras fk igejs. Mj kmtamtj, j prjckssj taebçe pjfk skr jrgumfj jr gumfj fa prkskmïa fk numojs k aioas.

>.7.3 Crkscgekmtj fj bgjngiek A njreaïãj fj bgjngiek, ma prkskmïa fk áoua, jcjrrk fk acjrfj cje as pjssåvkgs ktapas0  afsjrïãj fk cjepjstjs jroâmgcjs fgssjivgfjs ma áoua< 

njreaïãj fj bgjngiek pkia fkpjsgïãj fk bactçrgas fa nask aqujsa<



euitgpigcaïãj bactkrgama ma prkskmïa fk mutrgkmtks.

Aebgkmtkss navjrávkgs >.7.6 Aebgkmtk Kstãj su`kgtjs aj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj, js kqugpaekmtjs quk jpkrke ke aebgkmtks fk prjignkraïãj fkssks egcrjroamgsejs, tags cjej áoua fj ear, fk rgjs k fk sgstkeas fk rknrgokraïãj, skfgekmtjs jikjsjs, kmtrk jutrjs. Aebgkmtk aqujsjs ju ma prkskmïa fk áoua, ke rkogek kstaomafj ju fk bagxa vazãj navjrkcke j crkscgekmtj fk egcrjroamgsejs. Xjfkejs kmcjmtrar kssk ekcamgsej fk famj ke aebgkmtks cjmtkmfj rksåfujs jroâmgcjs ju sags cjej suinatjs, suinktjs, mgtratjs, njsnatjs k kmxjnrk.

>.7.;; Cjmfgïûks jpkracgjmags >.7. Fkvgfj è oramfk vargkfafk fk tgpjs fk egcrjroamgsejs, pjfkejs kmcjmtrá-ijs ke fgnkrkmtks cjmfgïûks skvkras fk jpkraïãj, gmciugmfj ausàmcga fk jxgoàm jxgoàmgj, gj, aebgkmtks cje ju ske giuegmaïãj, aitj orau fk saigmgfafk sa igmgfafk,, kscaias fk pD kmtrk 8 k 12 k aebgkmtks vargamfj fk -1?jC atç 113jC.

46

 

As cjmfgïûks eags navjrávkgs navjrávkgs para j cr crkscgekmtj kscgekmtj fjs egcróbgjs pjfke skr kmcjmtrafas a skougr0  tkepkratura0 j auekmtj fa tkepkratura navjrkck a prjignkraïãj. pr jignkraïãj. A cjmfgïãj gfkai ç ke tjrmj fk 38 jC a 68jC< 

pD0 j auekmtj fj pD gmgbk j fkskmvjivgekmtj fkskmvjivgekmtj fk bactçrgas<



jxgoàmgj0 a ausàmcga fk jxgoàmgj pjssgbgigta j crkscgekmtj fk bactçrgas amakróbgcas. amak róbgcas.

>.7. >.7.> > Natjrks cråtgcjs Ke sgstkeas cje cjmfgïûks fk prjignkraïãj, pjfkejs tkr uea gmtrjfuïãj fkssks jroamgsejs quk sk euitgpigcae k sk kspaidae, a ekmjs quk sk apigquke ekfgfas fk cjmtrjik. Fgnkrkmtks jroamgsejs crkscke ma prkskmïa fk mutrgkmtks gmjroâmgcjs k jroâmgcjs, mj kmtamtj tjfjs kiks mkckssgtae fk uea njmtk fk carbjmj, mgtrjoàmgj k nósnjrj para j sku rkspkctgvj crkscgekmtj. J vazaekmtj fk cjmtaegmamtks fj prjckssj, tags cjej dgfrjcarbjmktjs k D2S pjfk ikvar a ue auekmtj sgomgngcatgvj fa gmcrustaïãj fkssks egcrjroamgsejs k sku rkspkctgvj prjckssj cjrrjsgvj. Kqugpaekmtjs quk sk`ae subektgfjs a tkstks dgfrjstátgcjs cje áoua mãj tratafa cje aokmtks bgjcgfas k quk agmfa pkreamkïae cje a sua prkskmïa após j tkstk kstãj su`kgtjs aj ekcamgsej fk famj ke qukstãj. J eksej jcjrrk para kqugpaekmtjs njra fk jpkraïãj k quk mãj kstk`ae prjtkogfjs k/ju gsjiafjs cjrrktaekmtk.

>.7.? Ejrnjijoga Cjrrjsãj egcrjbgjióogca okraiekmtk tke uea ejrnjijoga caractkråstgca, aprkskmtamfj pkrfas fk eatkrgai ijcaigzafas ( pgttgmo  pgttgmo). As pkrfas ijcaigzafas pjssuke njreas arrkfjmfafas. Ç pjssåvki jbskrvar a prjignkraïãj fjs pgttgmos ke fgspkrsãj fj tgpj ’gidas―. J fkpósgtj fj bgjngiek ke rkogûks prknkrkmcgags ç rkspjmsávki pjr kssa aparàmcga.

>.7.4 Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ^árgjs eatkrgags pjfke skr anktafjs pkia cjrrjsãj gmfuzgfa pjr egcrjroamgsejs, ektáigcjs ju mãj ektáigcjs. Mj casj fjs mãj ektáigcjs, tai ekcamgsej pjfk skr tas.rkspjmsávki pkia fktkrgjraïãj fk eárejrk, cjmcrktj, eafkgra, bjrracda k tgm-

4;

 

Mjs eatkrgags ektáigcjs, kmcjmtraejs j ekcamgsej ke aïjs-carbjmj aïjs-ca rbjmj fk bagxa igoa, mjs aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs fas naeåigas 388 k 688, igoas fk aiueåmgj, igoas fk cjbrk k ke aioueas igoas fk måquki.

>.7. >.7.7 7 Kqugpaekmtjs k sgstkeas anktafjs Vrjcafjrks fk caijr< numfj fk tamquks fk area areazkmaekmtj< zkmaekmtj< tubuiaïûks cje niugfjs kstaomafjs ju cje bagxa ba gxa vazãj< tubuiaïûks kmtkrrafas< sgstkeas fk cjebatk a gmcàmfgj< eamojtks fk tramsnkràmcga fk óikj (jnnijafgmo)< vasjs fk prkssãj k kqugpaekmtjs cje prkskmïa fk áoua mãj tratafa cje bgjcgfas.

>.7.18 >.7.18 Rkogûks k ackssórgjs anktafjs Numfj fk tamquks, vasjs fk prkssãj k tubuiaïûks< nkgxks fk trjcafjrks fk caijr< cjrfûks fk sjifa k bjcas fk vgsgta.

>.7. >.7.11 11 Ekfgfas prkvkmtgvas Cjej js egcrjroamgsejs mkckssgtae fk áoua para sua prjignkraïãj, sgstkeas cje a sua prkskmïa, tags cjej fk arrknkcgekmtj k tamquks fk areazkmaekmtj, fkvke trabaidar cje áoua tratafa cje bgjcgfas. Kssk trataekmtj fkvk skr cjmtåmuj pjgs sua apigcaïãj cjrrkta cjmtrjiará j crkscgekmtj fjs egcróbgjs, eas mãj grá kigegmar sua prkskmïa. Ç prkcgsj egmgegzar rkogûks ke rkogeks kstaomafjs ju ke bagxa vazãj tkmfj ke vgsta quk kssas cjmfgïûks prjpgcgae uea cjmfgïãj gfkai para quk js egcrjroamgsejs prjspkrke. Skeprk quk pjssåvki, ç gepjrtamtk eamtkr a vazãj ke cjmfgïûks eåmgeas fk niuxj. Sgstkeas k kqugpaekmtjs quk mãj njrae prj`ktafjs para jpkrar cje a prkskmïa fk áoua ju skrke cjmtaegmafjs pjr kia fkvke skr eamtgfjs skeprk igepjs k skcjs. Kssa ektjfjijoga ç numfaekmtai após a rkaigzaïãj fk tkstks dgfrjstátgcjs. Ekfgfas fk cjmtrjik ciássgcas cjmtra cjrrjsãj, tags cjej pgmturas, rkvkstgekmtjs, wrappgmo k prjtkïãj catófgca pjr cjrrkmtks gmfuzgfas tàe sk ejstrafj kngcgkmtks ma prkvkmïãj fk EGC. Sgstkeas k kqugpaekmtjs quk njrae prj`ktafjs para jpkrar cje a prkskmïa fk áoua fkvke kstar skeprk cje sku ekcamgsej fk cjmtrjik fa cjrrjsãj ke pkrnkgtas cjmfgïûks, tags cjej tgmtas k rkvkstgekmtjs. Fkpjgs quk j bgjngiek njr fkpjsgtafj ke uea supkrnåcgk fj kqugpaekmtj, sua rkejïãj knktgva fkvk skr fafa pjr ue skqukmcgaekmtj fk aïûks, tags cjej igepkza ekcâmgca, igepkza quåegca k trataekmtj cje bgjcgfa. Kstk ðitgej fkvk skr apigcafj skeprk ke kqugpaekmtjs tags cjej sgstkea fk rknrgokraïãj, areazkmaekmtj k tramsnkràmcga.

4>

 

>.7.12 12 Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj >.7. Ke kqugpaekmtjs k sgstkeas cjej rknrgokraïãj, areazkmaekmtj k tramsnkràmcga, a knktgvgfafk fj trataekmtj fkvk skr nkgta pkia ekfgïãj fj rksgfuai fk bgjcgfa, cjmtaoke fk egcrjroamgsejs k aparàmcga ma gmspkïãj vgsuai. A pkrfa fk pkrnjreamck ke trjcafjrks fk caijr pjfk skr ue gmfgcatgvj fa prjignkraïãj fjs egcrjroamgsejs k cjrrjsãj egcrjbgjióogca. A prkskmïa fk ue cdkgrj njrtk ma áoua taebçe pjfk skr ue gmfgcatgvj fkssa prjignkraïãj.

>.7.13 13 Rkogstrj njtjorángcj >.7. Ngoura >.38 – Numfj fk tamquk fk fgkski

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1.

4?

 

Ngoura >.31 – Vubuiaïãj fk dgfrjca dgfrjcarbjmktj rbjmktj

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1. Ngoura >.32 – Nkgxk fk trjcafjrks fk caijr ca ijr ke aïj gmjxgfávki 386

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1.

44

 

Ngoura >.33 – Eamojtk fk jnnijafgmo

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura >.36 – Bjca fk vgsgta fk skparafjr kiktrjstátgcj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

47

 

Ngoura >.3; – Vu  Vubuiaïãj buiaïãj fj sgstkea fk frkmj nkcdafj

 Njmtk0 Vjrbkm Iumf Sljvdus. Ngoura >.3> – Xgmdjik ke tubuiaïãj fj sgstkea fk gmcàmfgj

Njmtk0 Ciarlk< Aougikra.

78

 

Ngoura >.3? – Vubu  Vubuiaïãj iaïãj fk áoua prjfuzgfa

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

>. >.18 18 Cjrrjsãj ácgfa >.18. >. 18.11 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej Ç a cjrrjsãj quk jcjrrk mjs eatkrgags ektáigcjs ma prkskmïa fk ácgfjs fj prjckssj ju okrafjs pkijs cjmtaegmamtks prkskmtks ma cjrrkmtk, sk`a ke jpkraïãj ju quamfj fa parafa fk prjfuïãj. Sãj natjrks quk gmniukmcgae ma skvkrgfafk fj ekcamgsej0 pD, cjmckmtraïãj, tkepkratura.

>.18.2 8.2 Eatkrga Eatkrgags gs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs >.1 A afgïãj fk crjej auekmta a rksgstàmcga aj ataquk ácgfj, cjej pjr cjepjstjs fk kmxjnrk. J crjej ekidjra as caractkråstgcas prjtktjras fa caeafa fk suinktj kmquamtj j måquki fgegmug a fgnkrkmïa kmtrk js cjkngcgkmtks fk fgiataïãj tçregca fj suinktj k fj ektai, kvgtamfj j sku fkstacaekmtj fkvgfj ajs cgcijs tçregcjs. J aiueåmgj k j sgiåcgj rkfuzke a taxa fk cjrrjsãj pjr cjepjstjs fk kmxjnrk eags quk j crjej. Sua afgïãj ç igegtafa a 1% pjrquk acgea fkssk vaijr prk`ufgca eugtj as prjprgkfafks ekcâmgcas ekcâ mgcas fjs aïjs (nraogigzaïãj (nraogigzaïãj).). Fk eamkgra okrai, js rkcgpgkmtks k tubuiaïûks para areazkmaoke, tramspjrtk ju prjfuïãj ju atç eksej cjmfuïãj fkssks cjepjstjs gmjroâmgcjs kxgoke oramfks eassas ju pksjs ke numïãj fk suas aitas kspkssuras, fk igoas kspkcgags k sk

71

 

tjrmae ès vkzks natjrks quk gmvgabgigzae a cjmciusãj fj prj`ktj pkij aitj custj kmvjivgfj,, tjeamfj-sk cje ba kmvjivgfj bask sk as aitkrmatgvas a itkrmatgvas cjmnjrek a skougr. As igoas ektáigcas kspkcgags fk aita rksgstàmcga quåegca sãj keprkoafas. Igoas cjej Dastkiijy, Gmcjijy, gmcjmki, ejmki, måquki purj tàe sgfj ke eugtas sgtuaïûks. Cjmtufj ke mjvjs prj`ktjs kias vàe skmfj substgtuåfas pkij rkvkstgekmtj amtgcjrrjsgvj quk ekidjr sk apigcar aj prj`ktj, cjej vgfrj bjrjssgigcatj, NKX NKX,, VNA, XVNK, X^FN, X^FN, bjrracda cijrjbutåigca, cijrjbutåigca , kbjmgtks, ju eksej cdapas cdapa s ciafkafas pjr kxpijsãj, cje kspkssuras cjepikekmtafas pjr eatçrgas fk ekmjr custj a kxkepij fk aïj fk bagxa igoa. Igmkrs ke rksgmas kpóxg navjrkcke a prjtkïãj cjmtra kssk ataquk quåegcj prjpjrcgjmamfj a apigcaïãj fk eatkrgags sgepiksekmtk sgepiksekmtk quk numcgjmae cjej prjtkïãj prjtkïã j k rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca fkvgfj è prkssãj ju quaiqukr jutra tkmsãj ekcâmgca gmkrkmtk aj prjckssj. Mas apigcaïûks aigekmtåcgas, nareacàutgcas ju eksej vktkrgmárgas, fkvkejs cjmsgfkrar mãj só j ataquk quåegcj, fj ektai ju rkvkstgekmtj, eas taebçe a pjssgbgigfafk pjssgbgigf afk fk cjmtaegmaïãj fj prjfutj mj prjckssj. Vai Vai cjej j arrastk ar rastk ju fksprkmfgekmtj fk óxgfjs ektáigcjs quk pjfke gmniukmcgar ma quaigfafk fj prjfutj ngmai. J ekgj ácgfj ackikra j prjckssj cjrrjsgvj, prjvjcamfj ke okrai a cjrrjsãj cjrrjs ãj cje aspkctj umgnjrek.

>.18.3 18.3 Na Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs >. Rkaïûks fk cjrrjsãj fk igoas nkrrjsas ke ekgj ácgfj0

Js cjmtaegmamtks prgmcgpags sãj ácgfjs nracjs, ácgfj carbömgcj k sags quk dgfrjigsae prjfuzgmfj js åjms D+ cjej cijrktj k eaomçsgj, cijrktj fk cáicgj, suinatj fk eaomçsgj k cijrktj nkrrjsj. Sk aprkskmtamfj mas supkrnåcgks gmtkrmas fk kqugpaekmtjs rksuitamtks fj usj cje bagxjs vaijrks fk pD, jxgoàmgj fgssji fgssjivgfj, vgfj, tkjrks kikvafjs fk cijrktjs, dgfróxgfjs fk sófgj, cjbrk k måquki, as rkaïûks fk cjrrjsãj vãj vargar cjej gmfgcafj a skougr. Ke ekgj mkutrj ju básgcj akrafj0

72

 

Jcjrrkmfj as skougmtks rkaïûks0

Ke ekgj mãj akrafj, ma ausàmcga fk jxgoàmgj ke tkepkraturas acgea a cgea fk 228¸C, j nkrrj ç tkrejfgmaegcaekmtk gmstávki jcjrrkmfj a rkaïãj quåegca0

Apksar fa rkaïãj amtkrgjr, j bje cjepjrtaekmtj fj aïj-carbjmj ke tkepkraturas kikvafas sk fkvk è njreaïãj fk ue ngiek fk eaomktgta Nk3J6, fk caractkråstgcas prjtktjras. [e sai ç ue cjepjstj gömgcj, ju sk`a, njreafj pjr cátgjms k âmgjms. Kiks sãj tgpgcaekmtk j prjfutj fk uea rkaïãj quåegca kmtrk uea bask k ue ácgfj0 njrea-sk ue sai k áoua. Xjr kxkepij0

[e ektai k ue ácgfj0 njrea-sk ue sai s ai k dgfrjoàmgj. Xjr kxkepij0

[e óxgfj ácgfj k ue óxgfj básgcj0 njrea-sk ue sai. Xjr kxkepij0 kxkepij0

Js acktatjs sãj js sags fj ácgfj acçtgcj, js carbjmatjs sãj js sags fj ácgfj carbömgcj, cijrktjs sãj js sags fj ácgfj cijråfrgcj, cgamktjs sãj js sags fj ácgfj prðssgcj, eags cjmdkcgfj pjr ácgfj cgamåfrgcj, suinktjs sãj js sags sa gs fj ácgfj suinåfrgcj, mgtratjs sãj js sags fj ácgfj måtrgcj, mgtrgtjs sãj s ãj js sags fj ácgfj mgtrjsj, njsnatjs sãj js sags fj ácgfj njsnórgcj, suinatjs sãj js sags fj ácgfj suinðrgcj, cgtratjs sãj js sags fj ácgfj cåtrgcj. cåtr gcj. A skougr, cjej kxkepij, fkstacaejs casjs fk cjepjrtaekmtj fk aioums ke ekgj ácgfj k quk skrvke cjej parâektrj fk amáigsk prkigegmar fk prj`ktj k apigcaïãj fk fktkregmafj eatkrgai ju rkvkstgekmtj cjej prjtkïãj amtgcjrrjsgva ke kqugpaekmtjs fk prjckssj. Kmtrktamtj cabk saigkmtar quk js natjrks nåsgcjs cjej vkijcgfafk, gepgmogekmtj, cavgtaïãj, tkepkratura, prkssãj fkvke skr amaigsafjs è partk ke numïãj fk quk j auekmtj fas taxas taxa s fk cjrrjsãj, pjfk skr aitkrafj a itkrafj sgomgngcatgvaekmtk.

73

 

>.18.6 Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj 

Cjmtrjik fjs tkjrks fk cjmtaegmamtks mas cjrrkmtks fk prjckssj.



[tgigzar eatkrgags cje eagjr tkjr fk crjej ma cjepjsgïãj quåegca para ekidjrar a rksgstàmcga è cjrrjsãj.



Keprkoj fk gmgbgfjrks nåiegcjs ju rkvkstgekmtjs rksgstkmtks.

>. >.18.; 18.; Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj 

Rkaigzar kmsagjs fk uitrassje para acjepamdaekmtj fa kspkssura fk tubuiaïûks k kqugpaekmtjs. Rafgjoranga fgogtai aprkskmta bjms rksuitafjs ma ejmgtjraïãj fa kspkssura ke cjmkxûks fk pkqukmj fgâektrj.



Kmsagjs fk cjrrkmtks parasgtas (k suas vargaïûks) aprkskmtae bja cjrrkiaïãj cje as ekfgfas fj kmsagj fk uitrassje k pjfke skr utgigzafjs cjej eçtjfj fk scrkkmgmo ke oramfks árkas ju cjepjmkmtks cje rkvkstgekmtjs ma supkrnåcgk fk kmsagj.



Acjepamdaekmtj fas vargávkgs fk prjckssj quk pjssae aitkrar js tkjrks fk ácgfjs k/ju k /ju cjmtaegmamtks quk pjssae aoravar j ekcamgsej.



[tgigzar sjmfa fk cjrrjsãj fk rksgstàmcga r ksgstàmcga kiçtrgca, fk dgfrjoàmgj k cupjms fk pkrfa fk eassa para ejmgtjraïãj fa cjrrjsãj. cjrr jsãj.



Ejmgtjrar j tkjr fk Nk prkskmtk mj sgstkea.

>.11 11 Cjrrjsãj ke aita tkepkratura tkepkratura (jxgfaïãj) (jxgfaïãj) >. >.11. >.1 1.11 Fkscr Fkscrgïãj gïãj fj ekca ekcamgsej mgsej 

Jxgoàmgj rkaok cje aïjs-carbjmj k jutras igoas a aita tkepkratura cjmvkrtkmfj j ektai ke carkpa car kpa fk óxgfj.



Ç eags nrkqukmtkekmtk prkskmtk pkia kxgstàmcga fj jxgoàmgj mj ar quk mjs ckrca (aprjxgeafaekmtk 28%) usafj para cjebustãj fj njoj fk aqukckfjrks k caifkgras.

>.11.2 1.2 Eatkrga Eatkrgags gs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs >.1 

Vjfjs js eatkrgags cje bask fk nkrrj gmciugmfj aïj-carbjmj k aïjs fk bagxa igoa, tamtj ma cjmfgïãj numfgfa cjej njr`afa.

76

 



Vjfjs js aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388, fa sçrgk 688 k igoas è bask fk måquki taebçe sk jxgfae ke várgjs måvkgs, fkpkmfkmfj fa cjepjsgïãj k fa tkepkratura.

>.1 >.11.3 1.3 Natjrks cråt cråtgcjs gcjs 

Js natjrks prgmcgpags quk anktae a jxgfaïãj ke aita tkepkratura sãj a tkepkratura fj ektai k a cjepjsgïãj fa igoa.



A jxgfaïãj fj aïj-carbjmj cjekïa a tjrmar-sk sgomgngcatgva acgea fk ckrca fk 1.888jN (;34jC). A taxa fk pkrfa ektáigca crksck cje j auekmtj fa tkepkratura.



Ke okrai, a rksgstàmcga fj aïj-carbjmj k fk jutras igoas ç fktkregmafa pkij tkjr fk crjej fj eatkrgai. Auekmtar j måvki fk crjej prjfuz uea caeafa fk óxgfj eags prjtktjra. Js aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 sãj rksgstkmtks è jxgfaïãj atç ckrca fk 1.;88jN (41>jC). ^kr tabkia >.1.



A prkskmïa fk vapjr fk áoua pjfk auekmtar sgomgngcatgvaekmtk a taxa fk jxgfaïãj fk aioums aïjs gmciugmfj-sk j 7Cr-1Ej (Fkttkmwamokr, 2881).

>.11.6 11.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs >. A jxgfaïãj jcjrrk ke aqukckfjrks a njoj k caifkgras assge cjej kqugpaekmtjs fk cjebustãj, tubuiaïûks k kqugpaekmtjs quk jpkrae ke aebgkmtks cje aita tkepkratura quamfj ksta kxckfk ckrca fk 1.888jN (;34jC).

>. >.11. 11.;; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj 

A eagjrga fas igoas, gmciugmfj aïjs-carbjmj k bagxa igoa, sjnrke fgegmugïãj fk kspkssura okmkraigzafa fkvgfj è jxgfaïãj. Mjreaiekmtk, j cjepjmkmtk skrá cjbkrtj ma supkrnåcgk kxtkrma cje uea caeafa fk óxgfj, fkpkmfkmfj fa tkepkratura k tkepj fk kxpjsgïãj (ngouras >.34 a >.68).



Aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 688 k igoas fk måquki okraiekmtk aprkskmtae uea caeafa ngma k kscura quamfj kxpjstjs a tkepkraturas kxtrkeaekmtk aitas jmfk as taxas fk pkrfa ektáigca sãj kxckssgvas.

>.11.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj 

A rksgstàmcga è jxgfaïãj ç ekidjr aicamïafa aicamïa fa pkij usj fk igoas eags rksgstkmtks.

7;

 



Crjej ç j prgmcgpai kikekmtj fk igoa quk gmniukmcga ma rksgstàmcga è jxgfaïãj. Jutrjs kikekmtjs fk igoa, gmciugmfj sgiåcgj k aiueåmgj, sãj knktgvjs, eas sua cjmckmtraïãj fkvk skr igegtafa pjr causa c ausa fjs knkgtjs mkoatgvjs quk prjvjcae mas prjprgkfafks ekcâmgcas. Kiks sãj nrkqukmtkekmtk keprkoafjs ke igoas para apigcaïûks cjej supjrtks fk aqukckfjrks, bgcjs fk qukgeafjrks k cjepjmkmtks para cjebustãj ke kqugpaekmtjs.

>.11 11.? .? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj >. 

As cjmfgïûks fk prjckssj fkvke skr ejmgtjrafas para kstabkikckr a tkmfàmcga fk jcjrràmcga fk aitas tkepkraturas mjs kqugpaekmtjs jmfk a jxgfaïãj pjssa jcjrrkr.



As tkepkraturas fkvke skr ejmgtjrafas pkij usj fk tkrejparks k/ju tkrejoranga cje gmnravkreki gmnravkrekidj. dj.



Xkrfa fk kspkssura fkvgfj è jxgfaïãj ç usuaiekmtk avaigafa pkij keprkoj fk ekfgïãj fk kspkssura pjr uitrassje.

>. >.11 11.4 .4 Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs Js famjs pjr jxgfaïãj rknkrgfjs mkstk tkxtj tkx tj sãj fj tgpj caeafa jxgfafa (carkpa). Aioums ekcamgsejs fk famjs rksuitae ma jxgfaïãj gmtkrma quk kstá njra fj kscjpj fkstk Ouga

7>

 

Vabkia >.1 – Vaxa fk cjrrjsãj kstgeafa kst geafa pjr jxgfaïãj (ee/amj) Eatkrgai

Vkepkratura Eáxgea fj Ektai (8C) 67>

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8 .8 3

8 .8 3

8 .8 3

8 .8 3

8 .8 3

8. 83

8 .8 3

8 .8 3

8.8;

1 8? 7 2 82 ;

113;

Eatkrgai

Vkepkratura Eáxgea fj Ektai (8C) 4 27

4;?

4 4;

71 3

761

7>4

77>

1 82 6

13 2 ;

CS

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1 1/6 Cr

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

2 1/6 Cr

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

; Cr

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

? Cr

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

7 Cr

1 ,; 2

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1 2 Cr 38 6 S S

1, 2 ? 8,1;

– 8, 2 3

– 8, 3 3

– 8, 6 >

– 8 ,> 6

– 8,?3

– 1, 22

– –

– –

– –

– –

– –

3 8 7 SS

8,18

8,1;

8 , 28

8, 2 ;

8. 3 3

8 , 61

8,;1

8,?>

1 ,8 2

1,2?

–

–

318 SS/DL

8 ,8 4

8,18

8.13

8,14

8, 2 8

8, 2 ;

8, 33

8, 3 4

8, 6 4

8, ; 4

8,>7

8,?7

488 D/DX

8 ,8 4

8,18

8.1;

8, 2 8

8, 2 ;

8. 3 3

8. 63

8,;3

8 ,> 7

8, 46

1,8 6

1, 2?

Njmtk0 AXG RX ;41 1.

7?

 

Ngoura >.34 – Jxgfaïãj ke pjrca fk aïj-carbjmj ke paranusj fk aïj gmjxgfávki a 1.388 jN (?86jC)

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

Ngoura >.37 – Jxgfaïãj ke uea tkia ke aïj-carbjmj fk ue rkatjr fk kmxjnrk

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

74

 

Ngoura >.68 – Jxgfaïãj ma supkrnåcgk kxtkrma fk uea igmda fk tramsnkràmcga fk njrmj ke aïj-carbjmj

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

? AI AIVKR VKRAÏÛKS AÏÛKS EKVAIÐROGCA EKVAIÐROGCAS S Js cjepjmkmtks ektáigcjs naidae cjej rksuitafj fas cjmfgïûks fj aebgkmtk aj quai kstãj kxpjstjs, bke cjej fjs carrkoaekmtjs ca rrkoaekmtjs ekcâmgcjs a quk kstãj su `kgtjs. uea cjebgmaïãj cjebgm aïãj fk aebgkmtags k tkmsûks cauc ausarae Nrkqukmtkekmtk a naida. Js cjepjmkmtks ektáigcjs sãjcjmfgïûks prj`ktafjs para supjrtar a s tkmsûks as k as cjmfgïûks a quk kstãj subektgfjs. A egcrjkstrutura ektaiðrogca fk ue ektai pjfk gmniukmcgar njrtkekmtk suas prjprgkfafks nåsgcas cjej a rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca, tkmacgfafk, fuctgigfafk, furkza, rksgstàmcga è cjrrjsãj, cjepjrtaekmtj ke aita/bagxa aita/ bagxa tkepkratura k rksgstàmcga aj usj. Kssas prjprgkfafks, fk natj, ojvkrmae a apigcaïãj fkssks ektags ma prátgca gmfustrgai. Mkstk gtke prktkmfk-sk cgtar a eagjrga fjs ekcamgsejs fk famjs quk, eksej skmfj fkvgfjs a eags fk uea aïãj, tke cjej prgmcgpai knkgtj quk j fkscrkvk as aitkraïûks ektaiðrogcas egcrjkstruturags quk jcjrrkrae furamtk j usj fj cjepjmkmtk ektáigcj.

77

 

?.1 Ksnkrjgfgzaïãj ?.1. 1.11 Fkscr Fkscrgïãj gïãj fj famj Aioums aïjs quamfj kxpjstjs a tkepkraturas kmtrk 668¸C k ?>8¸C sjnrke aitkraïãj egcrjkstruturai. Mkssa nagxa fk tkepkratura, js carbjmktjs fjs aïjs sk tjrmae gmstávkgs k tàe a sua ejrnjijoga aitkrafa fk iaekias fgspkrsas para oióbuijs ju ksnkras aoijekrafas. Mjreaiekmtk, kssa kxpjsgïãj pjfk skr nkgta prjpjsgtaiekmtk quamfj fksk`aejs ekidjrar a usgmabgigfafk fj eatkrgai. Casj jcjrra pjr aiouea kxpjsgïãj gmfkvgfa fk ue aïj a kssas aitas tkepkraturas, jcjrrk rkfuïãj fa rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca k fa rksgstàmcga è niuàmcga.

Eatkrgags gs ankt anktafjs afjs ?.1.2 Eatkrga Kssa tramsnjreaïãj egcrjkstruturai jcjrrk mjs aïjs-carbjmj k aïjs fk bagxa igoa cjej C-8.;Ej, 1Cr-8.;Ej, 1.2;Cr-8.;Ej, 2.2;Cr-1Ej, 3Cr -1Ej, ;Cr-8.;Ej k 7Cr-1Ej.

?.1.3 Natjrks cråt cråtgcjs gcjs Cjepjsgïãj quåegca k egcrjkstrutura fj aïj, tkepj fk kxpjsgïãj, tkepkratura fk kxpjsgïãj. Quamtj eagjr a tkepkratura fk kxpjsgïãj, ekmjr tkepj ç mkckssárgj para quk jcjrra a tramsnjreaïãj egcrjkstruturai. Xara knkgtj fk cjeparaïãj, aïjs rkcjzgfjs sãj eags rksgstkmtks è ksnkrjgfgzaïãj fj quk js aïjs mjreaigzafjs, fa eksea njrea quk aïjs fk oramuijektrga orjsskgra sãj eags rksgstkmtks è ksnkrjgfgzaïãj fj quk js aïjs fk oramuijektrga ngma.

?.1.6 Kqugpaekm Kqugpaekmtjs tjs ankt anktafjs afjs A ksnkrjgfgzaïãj pjfk jcjrrkr ke tubuiaïûks k kqugpaekmtjs ke okrai, fksfk quk sk`ae nkgtjs fk aïj-carbjmj k aïjs fk bagxa igoa suscktåvkgs è ksnkrjgfgzaïãj k quk jpkrke ke aitas tkepkraturas (acgea fk 668¸C). Xara ue kqugpaekmtj ke skrvgïj, js prgmcgpags prjbikeas sãj a rkfuïãj fa rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca (ke aioums casjs pjfk cdkoar a 38%). [ea naida kxciusgvaekm kxciusgvaekm-tk assjcgafa è ksnkrjgfgzaïãj ç bastamtk geprjvávki, mjreaiekmtk a naida jcjrrk quamfj a ksnkrjgfgzaïãj ç assjcgafa a jutrjs ekcamgsejs ekc amgsejs fk famjs.

188

 

?.1.; Ejrnjijoga Kssa tramsnjreaïãj mãj ç vgsåvki a jidj mu, só pjfkmfj skr fktkctafa pkia amáigsk ektaijorángca. Ngoura ?.1 – Egcrjoranga fk aïj kutktógfk, ckekmtgta

ke njrea fk iaekias (rkogûks kscuras)

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura ?.2 – Egcrjoranga – aïj quk sjnrku ksnkrjgfgzaïãj, ckekmtgta (orãjs kscurjs) ke njrea fk ksnkras

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

181

 

?.1.> Xrkvkmïãj Kvgtar kxpjsgïãj fjs aïjs suscktåvkgs è ksnkrjgfgzaïãj mjs gmtkrvaijs fk tkepkratura jmfk kssa tramsnjreaïãj egcrjkstruturai egcrjkstrutura i mjreaiekmtk jcjrrk. Casj sk`a gmkvgtávki, pjfkejs skikcgjmar eatkrgags quk mãj sk`ae suscktåvkgs è njreaïãj fk ksnkrjgfgta trabaidamfj mj gmtkrvaij fk tkepkratura `á gmfgcafj.

?.1.? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj 

J nkmöekmj fk ksnkrjgfgzaïãj ç prgmcgpaiekmtk fktkctafj pkij usj fk ektaijoranga fk caepj, ektaijoranga fk caepj cje rçpigcas, ju pkia rkejïãj fk eatkrgai fk aejstra para rkaigzaïãj fk ektaijoranga ke iabjratórgj.



Cjej a ksnkrjgfgzaïãj pjfk rksuitar ma rkfuïãj fj igegtk fk rksgstàmcga è traïãj fj eatkrgai (k cjmskqukmtkekmtk ma sua furkza), kmsagj fk furkza rkaigzafj mj caepj pjfk gmfgcar a kxgstàmcga fj nkmöekmj fk ksnkrjgfgzaïãj, eas a cjmngreaïãj fkvk skr jbtgfa pkij usj fk ektaijoranga. ektaijoranga .



Cjej j nkmöekmj fk ksnkrjgfgzaïãj gepigca aitkraïûks ektaiðrogcas k cjmskqukmtkekmtk aitkraïûks fk prjprgkfafks nåsgcas fjs eatkrgags k igoas, j usj fk tçcmgcas mãj fkstrutgvas fk caractkrgzaïãj fj eatkrgai, uitrassje k cjrrkmtks parasgtas sãj pjssgbgigfafks fk apigcaïãj, eas ue kstufj kspkcångcj fk cjrrkiaïãj fj rksuitafj fa tçcmgca cje j nkmöekmj prkcgsa skr pksqugsafj para j eatkrgai/igoa kspkcångcj.

?.2 Carbjmktaïãj/orangtgzaïãj ?.2.1 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej 

A orangtgzaïãj ç uea eufamïa egcrjkstruturai quk jcjrrk ke ckrtjs aïjs-carbjmj k aïjs 8,;Ej após ijmoj tkepj fk jpkraïãj ma nagxa fk 62?jC a ;73jC quk causa uea pkrfa fk rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca, fuctgigfafk k rksgstàmcga è niuàmcga.



A kikvafas tkepkraturas, nasks fk carbktjs fkssks aïjs tjrmae-sk gmstávkgs k pjfke sk fkcjepjr ke mófuijs fk orangta. Kssa fkcjepjsgïãj ç cjmdkcgfa cjej orangtgzaïãj.

?.2.2 Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs

Aioums oraus fk aïjs-carbjmj k aïjs 8,;Ej.

182

 

.2.33 Natjrks cråt cråtgcjs gcjs ?.2. 

Js natjrks eags gepjrtamtks quk anktae a orangtgzaïãj sãj a cjepjsgïãj quåegca, tkmsãj apigcafa, tkepkratura atuamtk k tkepj fk kxpjsgïãj.



Fk njrea okrai, a orangtgzaïãj mãj ç mjreaiekmtk jbskrvafa. Aioums aïjs sãj eugtj eags suscktåvkgs è orangtgzaïãj quk jutrjs, eas as a s razûks kxatas quk nazke cje quk aioums aïjs orangtgzke kmquamtj jutrjs sãj rksgstkmtks mãj sãj bke cjeprkkmfgfas. Jrgogmaiekmtk pkmsava-sk quk j tkjr fk sgiåcgj k fk aiueåmgj tgmda a eagjr gmniuàmcga, eas jbskrvju-sk quk kiks aprkskmtae apkmas ue knkgtj eugtj ejfkstj ma orangtgzaïãj.



A orangtgzaïãj njg kmcjmtrafa ke aïjs fk bagxa igoa C-Ej cje atç 1%Ej. Jbskrvju-sk quk a afgïãj fk 8,?% fk crjej kigegma a orangtgzaïãj.



A tkepkratura tke ue papki gepjrtamtk ma taxa ta xa fk orangtgzaïãj. Abagxj fk 488jN (62?jC), a taxa ç kxtrkeaekmtk bagxa. A taxa crksck cr ksck cje j auekmtj fa tkepkratura.



Kxgstke fjgs tgpjs fk orangtgzaïãj. A prgekgra ç uea orangtgzaïãj ma quai js mófuijs fk orangta sãj fgstrgbuåfjs aikatjrgaekmtk ma egcrjkstrutura fj aïj. Kmquamtj kssk tgpj fk orangtgzaïãj pjfk fgegmugr a rksgstàmcga è traïãj ke tkepkratura aebgkmtk, mãj fgegmug usuaiekmtk a rksgstàmcga è niuàmcga.



J skoumfj k eags famjsj tgpj fk famj fk orangtgzaïãj rksuita mj kmcafkaekmtj fk piamjs ijcags fk mófuijs fk orangta cjmckmtrafjs. Kssa njrea fk orangtgzaïãj pjfk rksuitar ma rkfuïãj sgomgngcatgva ma capacgfafk fk supjrtar carrkoaekmtjs k auekmtar j pjtkmcgai para nratura nráogi aj ijmoj fkssks piamjs. As fuas njreas fkssk tgpj fk orangtgzaïãj sãj orangtgzaïãj ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa fa sjifa k orangtgzaïãj njra fa sjifa.



A orangtgzaïãj ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa fa sjifa ç eags nrkqukmtknr kqukmtkekmtk kmcjmtrafa ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa af`ackmtk è sjifa, ke uea nagxa kstrkgta, cjrrkspjmfkmtk è kxtrkegfafk fa zjma anktafa pkij caijr. Ke sjifas sjifas euitgpassk fk tjpj, kssas zjmas sk sjbrkpûke ueas ès jutras, cjbrgmfj tjfa a skïãj tramsvkrsai. Mófuijs fk orangta pjfke sk njrear mj kxtrkej fk bagxa tkepkratura fkssa zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa, rksuitamfj muea nagxa nraca fk orangta sk kstkmfkmfj pkia skïãj tramsvkrsai. Xjr causa fk sua aparàmcga, kssa njreaïãj fk orangta orangt a fkmtrj fa zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa ç cdaeafa fk orangtgzaïãj sjbramckida (kykbrjw).

183

 



A orangtgzaïãj njra fj cjrfãj fk sjifa ç uea njrea ijcaigzafa fk orangtgzaïãj quk aioueas vkzks acjmtkck aj ijmoj fk piamjs fk kscjaekmtj ijc ijcaigaigzafj mjs aïjs. Vaebçe jcjrrk muea njrea fk kmcafkaekmtj ke rkogûks quk kxpkrgekmtarae fknjreaïûks piástgcas sgomgngcatgvas cjej rksuitafj fk jpkraïûks fk trabaidj a nrgj ju fjbraekmtj.



A kxtkmsãj k j orau fk orangtgzaïãj sãj usuaiekmtk rkpjrtafjs quamtj è gmtkmsgfafk (mkmduea, igokgra, ejfkrafa, skvkra). Kebjra sk`a fgnåcgi fk prkvkr a taxa ma quai kia sk njrea, orangtgzaïûks skvkras s kvkras ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa pjfke sk fkskmvjivkr ke tkepjs tãj curtjs cjej ; amjs ke tkepkraturas fk skrvgïj acgea fk 1.888 jN (;34jC). Orangtgzaïãj eugtj igokgra pjfk skr kspkrafa após 38 a 68 amjs a 4;8jN (6;6jC). Curvas fk tramsnjreaïãj tkepkratura-tkepj para orangtgzaïãj ke zjmas anktafas pkij caijr pjfke skr kmcjmtrafas ke Njuifs k ^gswamatdam.

?.2.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs 

Vubjs fa parkfk qukmtk prgeárga k kqugpaekmtjs fk craqukaekmtj cataiåtgcj niugfj, umgfafks fk rknjrea cataiåtgca k umgfafks fk cjquk.



Egcrjkstruturas bagmåtgcas sãj ekmjs suscktåvkgs quk as pkriåtgcj orjsskgras.



Xjucas naidas atrgbuåfas è orangtgzaïãj njrae rkpjrtafas ma gmfðstrga fk rkngmj. Kmtrktamtj, a orangtgzaïãj njg kmcjmtrafa jmfk naidas rksuitarae prgeargaekmtk fk jutras causas.



^árgjs casjs oravks fk orangtgzaïãj jcjrrkrae ke rkatjrks k tubuiaïûks fa umgfafk fk craqukaekmtj cataiåtgcj niugfj, n iugfj, bke cjej ke tubjs fk njrmjs ke umgfafks fk craqukaekmtj tçregcj k a naida fk sjifas fk skiaoke mj kspkidj fa partk gmnkrgjr fk uea caifkgra vkrtgcai fk aqukcgekmtj fk rk`kgtjs ke uea umgfafk fk craqukaekmtj cataiåtgcj niugfj. [ea naida pjr orangtgzaïãj jcjrrku aj ijmoj fj cjrfãj fk sjifa fk uea igmda fk gmtkraqukcgekmtj fk ue rkatjr fk rknjrea cataiåtgca.



Jmfk jcjrrk cjmckmtraïãj fk orangtgzaïãj tgpj sjbramckida aj ijmoj fa zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa, a tkmsãj fk ruptura pjr niuàmcga pjfk skr frastgcaekmtk fgegmuåfa. Quamtgfafks igokgras a ejfkrafa fk orangtgzaïãj aj ijmoj fa zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa mãj parkcke fgegmugr sgomgngcatgvaekmtk as prjprgkfafks fj eatkrgai a tkepkratura aebgkmtk k a aitas tkepkraturas.

186

 



A orangtgzaïãj raraekmtk jcjrrk ma supkrnåcgk fjs tubjs fk caifkgras, c aifkgras, eas acjmtkcku ke tubjs fk aïj fk bagxa igoa C-8,;Ej k cabkïjtks ma fçcafa fk 1768. Vubuiaïãj fk kcjmjegzafjrks, tubuiaïãj fk vapjr k jutrjs kqugpaekmtjs quk jpkrae ma nagxa fk tkepkratura fk 4;8jN a 1.82;jN (661jC a ;;2jC) kstãj eags su`kgtjs a sjnrkr orangtgzaïãj.

?.2.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj 

Famjs fkvgfjs è orangtgzaïãj mãj sãj s ãj vgsåvkgs ju prjmtaekmtk aparkmtks k pjfke apkmas skr jbskrvafjs pjr kxaek ektaijorángcj (ngoura ?.3 k ngoura ?.6).



Kstáogjs avamïafjs fk famjs rkiatgvjs è pkrfa fk rksgstàmcga è niuàmcga pjfke gmciugr a njreaïãj fk egcrjngssuras/egcrjvazgjs, trgmcas subsupkrngcgags ju supkrngcgags.

?.2.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj

A orangtgzaïãj pjfk skr kvgtafa pkij usj fk aïjs fk bagxa igoa cje a prkskmïa fk crjej para jpkraïãj cjmtåmua acgea fk 488jN (62?jC).

?.2.? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj 



A kvgfàmcga fk orangtgzaïãj ç eags knktgvaekmtk cjeprjvafa pkia rkejïãj fk aejstras fk tjfa a kspkssura fj cjepjmkmtk para kxaek ektaijorángcj. Famjs pjfke jcjrrkr a ekga kspkssura fk njrea quk rçpigcas fk caepj pjfke skr gmafkquafas. Js kstáogjs avamïafjs fj famj è pkrfa rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca gmciuke a prkskmïa fk trgmcas jurkiatgvjs fknjreaï fknjreaïãj ãj pjrfk niuàmcga quk pjfke skr fk fgnåcgi fktkcïãj.

?.2.4 Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs Ksnkrjgfgzaïãj k orangtgzaïãj sãj ekcamgsejs cjepktgtgvjs quk jcjrrke ke nagxas fk tkepkratura supkrgepjstas. A ksnkrjgfgzaïãj tkmfk a jcjrrkr prknkrkmcgaiekmtk acgea fk 1.82;jN (;;1jC), kmquamtj a orangtgzaïãj prkfjegma abagxj fkssa tkepkratura.

18;

 

Ngoura ?.3 – Egcrjoranga cje oramfk auekmtj fk aejstra ektaijorángca ejstramfj mófuijs fk orangta. Cjepark cje a egcrjkstrutura aprkskmtafa ma ngoura ?.6

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811. Ngoura ?.6 – Egcrjoranga cje oramfk auekmtj fk aejstra ektaijorángca ejstramfj uea egcrjkstrutura nkrrgta-pkrigta tåpgca

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

18>

 

?.3 Fkscarbjmktaïãj ?.3.1 Fkscr Fkscrgïãj gïãj fj famj Rkejïãj fk carbjmj k fk carbjmktjs, a partgr fa supkrnåcgk ektáigca fk kqugpaekmtjs fk prjckssj. A fkscarbjmktaïãj pjfk jcjrrkr furamtk a nabrgcaïãj ju jpkraïãj fj kqugpaekmtj ke aitas tkepkraturas. Ma rkogãj fkscarbjmktafa jcjrrk pkrfa fk rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca k, cjmskqukmtkekmtk, rkfuïãj fk furkza.

?.3.2 Eatkrgags anktafjs Aïjs-carbjmj k aïjs igoa.

.3.33 Natjrks cråt cråtgcjs gcjs ?.3. Cjej ç ue prjckssj quk kmvjivk fgnusãj, kmtãj fkpkmfk fj orafgkmtk fk cjmckmtraïãj, tkepkratura k tkepj. Fkvk kxgstgr ue ekgj oasjsj (cje bagxa atgvgfafk fk carbjmj) ca rbjmj) para navjrkckr a fgnusãj fk carbjmj para a supkrnåcgk fj eatkrgai k rkaïãj fj carbjmj cje j oás. Xjr kxkepij, j fgóxgfj fk carbjmj navjrkck a fkscarbjmktaïãj, ikvamfj è njreaïãj fk ejmóxgfj fk carbjmj, carb jmj, cjmnjrek a skougmtk rkaïãj0 CJ2 + C 2CJ. A prjnumfgfafk fa caeafa fkscarbjmktafa fkpkmfk fa tkepkratura k fj tkepj fk kxpjsgïãj. Sk apkmas uea pkqukma parckia fa kspkssura njr fkscarbjmktafa, kmtãj mãj davkrá pkrfa fk rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca sgomgngcatgva fj cjepjmkmtk. Kmtrktamtj, pjfk skr ue gmfgcatgvj fk sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ju jcjrràmcga fk fkscarbjmktaïãj assjcgafa aj ekcamgsej fk ataquk pjr dgfrjoàmgj ke aitas tkepkraturas.

?.3.; Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs Quaiqukr kqugpaekmtj ju tubuiaïãj, furamtk trataekmtj tçregcj ju jpkraïãj ke aita tkepkratura, casj kxpjstj a ue ekgj fkscarbjmktamtk. Fkscarbjmktaïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs taebçe pjfk jcjrrkr furamtk gmcàmfgj.

?.3.> Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj Ektaijoranga fk caepj grá rkvkiar egcrjkstrutura cjmtkmfj basgcaekmtk nkrrgta.

?.3.? Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj

Rkaigzar trataekmtj tçregcj ke atejsnkras prjtktjras para kvgtar fkscarbjmktaïãj. 18?

 

Skikcgjmar eatkrgai eags rksgstkmtk aj ekcamgsej, casj jpkrk ke ekgj fkscarbjmktamtk. Aïjs quk cjmtàe eagjrks tkjrks fk crjej k fk ejigbfàmgj sãj eags rksgstkmtks, ke numïãj fa eagjr kstabgigfafk fjs carbjmktjs.

?.3.4 Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj Ektaijoranga fk caepj. Xara sabkr a kxtkmsãj fj famj, uea aejstra fkvk skr rkejvgfa para amáigsk ektaijorángca aj ijmoj fa kspkssura. Kmsagj fk furkza.

Nraogigzaïãj ãj aj rkvkmgfj ?.6 Nraogigzaï ?.6.1 Fkscr Fkscrgïãj gïãj fj ekca ekcamgsej mgsej A nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj ç uea rkfuïãj fa tkmacgfafk è nratura fkvgfj è eufamïa ektaiðrogca quk pjfk jcjrrkr ke aioueas igoas fk aïj cjej rksuitafj fa kxpjsgïãj fk ijmoa furaïãj ma nagxa fk tkepkratura fk ckrca fk >;8jN a 1.8?8jN (363jC a ;??jC). Kssa eufamïa prjvjca ue auekmtj ma tkepkratura fk tramsgïãj fðctgi-nráogi ekfgfa pkij kmsagj fk gepactj Cdarpy. Kebjra a pkrfa fk tkmacgfafk mãj sk`a kvgfkmtk ma tkepkratura fk jpkraïãj, kqugpaekmtjs quk kstãj nraogigzafjs aj rkvkmgfj pjfke skr suscktåvkgs è nratura nráogi furamtk parafa k rrkgmåcgj kgmåcgj fk jpkraïûks.

.6.22 Eatkrga Eatkrgags gs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs ?.6. 

Xrgearga ekmtk aïjs fk bagxa igoa 2,2;Cr-1 Xrgeargaekmtk 2,2 ;Cr-1Ej, Ej, 3Cr-1Ej 3Cr-1Ej muea ekmjr kxtkmsãj, k js aïjs fk aita rksgstàmcga Cr-Ej-^.

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Aïjs fk vkida okraïãj 2,2;Cr-1Ej nabrgcafjs amtks fk 17?2 pjfke skr partgcuiarekmtk suscktåvkgs. Aioums aïjs fk aita rksgstàmcga k bagxa igoa taebçe sãj suscktåvkgs.

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Jsaïjs igoafjsC C-8.;Ej, -8.;Ej, 1Cr-8.;Ej 1Cr-8.;Ejk 1.2;Cr-8.;Ejmãjsãj sgomgngcatgvaekmtk anktafjs pkia nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj. Kmtrktamtj, jutrjs ekcamgsejs fk famj a aita tkepkratura prjejvke eufamïas ektaiðrogcas quk pjfke aitkrar a tkmacgfafk ju a fuctgigfafk ke aita tkepkratura fkssks eatkrgags.

cråtgcjs gcjs ?.6.3 Natjrks cråt 

Cjepjsgïãj fk igoa fj aïj, dgstórga tçregca, tkepkratura fj ektai k tkepj

fk kxpjsgïãj sãj js natjrks cråtgcjs. 184

 

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Suscktgbgigfafk è nr Suscktgbgigfafk nraogigzaïãj aogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj ç njrtkekmtk fktkregmafa pkia prkskmïa fjs kikekmtjs fk igoa eamoamàs k sgiåcgj k fjs kikekmtjs gepurkza nósnjrj, tgtâmgj, amtgeömgj k arsàmgcj. J igegtk fk rksgstàmcga k a dgstórga fk trataekmtj tçregcj k fk nabrgcaïãj fkvke taebçe skr cjmsgfkrafjs.

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Nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj fk aïjs 2.2;Cr-1Ej jcjrrk eags rapgfaekmtk a 642jC quk kmtrk 62?jC a 668jC, eas j famj ç eags skvkrj após kxpjsgïãj fk ijmoa furaïãj a 668jC.

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Aiouea nraogigzaïãj pjfk jcjrrkr furamtk j trataekmtj tçregcj ma nabrgcaïãj, eas a eagjrga fjs famjs jcjrrk após eugtjs amjs ke skrvgïj ke tkepkraturas fk jcjrràmcga fk nraogigzaïãj. nra ogigzaïãj.

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Kssa njrea fk famj rkfuzgrá gmtkmsaekmtk a gmtkorgfafk kstruturai fk ue cjepjmkmtk cje fknkgtj fj tgpj trgmca. [ea avaigaïãj fa tkmacgfafk fj eatkrgai pjfk skr rkqukrgfa fkpkmfkmfj fj tgpj fa fkscjmtgmugfafk, fa skvkrgfafk fj aebgkmtk, k fas cjm cjmfgïûks fgïûks jpkracgjmags, partgcuiarekmtk para skrvgïjs cje dgfrjoàmgj.

?.6.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs 

A nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj jcjrrk ke uea vargkfafk fk umgfafks fk prjckssj após ijmoj pkråjfj fk kxpjsgïãj a tkepkraturas acgea fk >;8jN (3;3jC). Xjfk skr mjtafj quk pjuquåssgeas naidas gmfustrgags jcjrrkrae fgrktaekmtk rkiacgjmafas è nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj.

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Kqugpaekmtjs suscktåvkgs suscktåvkgs è nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj sãj eags nrkqukmtkekmtk kmcjmtrafjs ke umgfafks fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj, partgcuiarekmtk par tgcuiarekmtk rkatjrks, cjepjmkmtks fj niuxj qukmtk fk kniukmtks ke trjcafjrks, k skparafjrks fk aita prkssãj. Jutras umgfafks cje pjtkmcgai para nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj gmciuke umgfafks fk rknjrea cataiåtgca (rkatjrks k trjcafjrks), rkatjrks fk rknjrea cataiåtgca niugfa, n iugfa, umgfafks fk cjqukaekmtj k fk qukbra tçregca.

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A rkogãj sjifafa fkssas igoas ç nrkqukmtkekmtk eags suscktåvki quk j ektai fk bask k fkvk skr avaigafa.

?.6.; Aparàmcga k ejrnjijoga fj famj 

Nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj ç uea eufamïa ektaiðrogca quk mãj ç prjmtaekmtk aparkmtk k pjfk skr cjmngreafa pjr ekgj fk tkstk fk gepactj.

187

 

Famjs fkvgfjs è nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj pjfke rksuitar ke nratura nráogi catastróngca. 

Nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj pjfk skr gfkmtgngcafa pkij auekmtj para par a eagjrks tkepkraturas fa tramsgïãj fðctgi-nráogi ekfgfa mj kmsagj fk gepactj Cdarpy cje kmtaidk ke ’^― ’^ ―, quamfj cjeparafa ajs rksuitafjs fj eksej kmsagj ke eatkrgai m mãj ãj nraogigzafj ((ngoura ngoura ??.;). .;). Jutra caractkråstgca gepjrtamtk fa nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj ç quk mãj dá knkgtj ma kmkroga fk gepactj supkrgjr (eagjrks tkepkraturas fk kmsagj).



Aejstras fk eatkrgags nraogigzafjs nr aogigzafjs amaigsafas pjr egcrjscjpga kiktrömgca fk varrkfura ejstrae trgmcaekmtj prgeárgj tramsoramuiar fkvgfj è skorkoaïãj fk gepurkzas mjs cjmtjrmjs fk orãj.

?.6.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj Eatkrgags cjeums. 

A nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj mãj pjfk skr kvgtafa j eatkrgai cjmtçe cråtgcjs fk kikekmtjs gepurjs nraogigzamtks k sk ç kxpjstj è nagxa fkmåvkgs tkepkratura fk rkvkmgfj.

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Xara egmgegzar egmgegzar a pjssgbgigfafk fk nratura nráogi furamtk parafas k partgfas par tgfas fas umgfafks, eugtas rkngmargas usae uea skquàmcga fk prkssurgzaïãj quk igegta a prkssãj fj sgstkea a ckrca fk 2;% fa eáxgea eá xgea prkssãj fk prj`ktj para tkepkraturas abagxj fa tkepkratura fk eåmgea prkssurgzaïãj (VEX). Jbskrvk quk VEX mãj ç ðmgca, ðmgca , eas sge ue ’kmvk ’kmvkijpk― ijpk― fa cjebgmaïãj fkprkssãj-tkepkratura quk fkngmk a cjmfgïãj jpkracgjmai skoura para egmgegzar a prjbabgigfafk fk jcjrràmcga fk nratura nráogi.

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VEX okraiekmtk kstá kmtrk 3;8jN (1?1jC) para js prgekgrjs aïjs nabrgcafjs, j eags suscktåvkgs è nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj, r kvkmgfj, fgegmug fgegmug para 12; N (;2jC) para aïjs mjvjs ju eags rksgstkmtks è nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj (taebçe atkmfkmfj ajs rkqugsgtjs mkckssárgjs ajs aïjs rksgstkmtks è nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj).

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Sk rkparj pjr sjifa ç mkckssárgj, js knkgtjs fa nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj pjfke skr tkepjrargaekmtk rkvkrtgfjs pkij aqukcgekmtj a 1.1;8jN (>28jC) pjr 2 djras pjr pjikoafa fk kspkssura, k rksnrgaekmtj rápgfj atç a tkepkratura aebgkmtk. Ç gepjrtamtk mjtar quk a rknraogigzaïãj rknr aogigzaïãj grá jcjrrkr pjstkrgjrekmtk sk j eatkrgai njr rkkxpjstj è nagxa fk nraogigzaïãj nr aogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj.

Mjvjs eatkrgags.

118

 

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A ekidjr njrea fk egmgegzar a prjbabgigfafk k a kxtkmsãj fa nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj ç igegtar js måvkgs fk ackgtaïãj ackgtaï ãj fk eamoamàs, sgiåcgj, nósnjrj, tgtâmgj, amtgeömgj k arsàmgcj mj ektai ekt ai fk bask k mjs cjmsueåvkgs fk sjifaoke. Afgcgjmaiekmtk, Afgcgjmaiekmtk, måvkgs fk tkmsãj k trataekmtj tçregcj fk aiåvgj fk tkmsãj pós-sjifaoke fkvke skr kspkcgngcafjs k cugfafjsaekmtk cjmtrjiafjs.

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[ea njrea cjeue fk egmgegzar a nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj ç igegtar j natjr  @* para j ektai fk bask k j natjr T para j ektai fk sjifa baskafj ma cjepjsgïãj cjej skouk0

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Natjrks @* k T tåpgcjs keprkoafjs keprkoafjs para aïjs 2. 2.2;Cr 2;Cr sãj mj eá eáxgej xgej 188 k 1;, rkspkctgvaekmtk. Kstufjs taebçe ejstrarae quk igegtar (X + S) a ekmjs quk 8,81% ç sungcgkmtk para egmgegzar a nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj pjrquk (Sg + Em) cjmtrjiae a taxa ta xa fk nraogigzaïãj.

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[e natjr mjvj, pjrçe ekmjs keprkoafj aepiaekmtk, ç cdaeafj tkjr fk nósnjrj kqugvaikmtk k njg fkskmvjivgfj para ektags fk bask k ektags fk sjifa k ç fkngmgfj cjej skouk0

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Fkngmgïãj ektaiðrogca kspkcgaigzafa fkvk skr sjigcgtafa para fktkregmar a cjepjsgïãj ackgtávki, igegtks fk tkmacgfafk k fk rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca, bke cjej prjckfgekmtjs aprjprgafjs para sjifaoke, nabrgcaïãj k trataekmtj tçregcj para aïjs fk bagxa igoa mjvjs keprkoafjs ke kqugpaekmtjs fk parkfk orjssa k kqugpaekmtjs cje aïjs fk bagxa igoa jpkramfj ma nagxa fk nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj ju fk niuàmcga. n iuàmcga.

?.6.? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj 

[e eçtjfj cjeue fk ejmgtjraïãj ç gmstaiar bijcjs fk eatkrgai fa cjrrgfa jrgogmai fj aïj igoa fkmtrj fj rkatjr. Aejstras sãj pkrgjfgcaekmtk rkejvgfas fkssks bijcjs para rkaigzar kmsagjs fk gepactj k ejmgtjrar/ kstabkikckr a tkepkratura fk tramsgïãj fðctgi-nráogi. Js bijcjs fk tkstk pjfke skr kstratkogcaekmtk ijcaigzafjs próxgej fj tjpj k fa partk fk

111

 

bagxj fj rkatjr para oaramtgr quk j eatkrgai sk`a kxpjstj ès è s cjmfgïûks fk aigekmtaïãj k fk saåfa fj rkatjr rkatjr.. 

As cjmfgïûks fk prjckssj fkvke skr ejmgtjrafas para oaramtgr quk a skquàmcga fk prkssurgzaïãj aprjprgafa ç skougfa para a`ufar a prkvkmgr a nratura nráogi fkvgfj è nraogigzaïãj aj rkvkmgfj.

Ngoura ?.; – Orángcj fk kmsagj fk tkmacgfafk aj gepactj Cdarpy cje kmtaidk ke ’^― ke numïãj fa tkepkratura ejstramfj a eufamïa ma tkepkratura fk tramsgïãj fk 68 igbras-pç

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2811.

112

 

Nraogigzaïãj ãj a 6?;jC ?.; Nraogigzaï ?.;.1 Fksc Fkscrgïã rgïãj j fj ekca ekcamgsej mgsej Aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 688 k fðpikx, quamfj kxpjstjs a tkepkraturas ma nagxa fk 31;¸C a ;68¸C, pjfke sjnrkr pkrfa fk tkmacgfafk. J famj ç cueuiatgvj k kstá assjcgafj è njreaïãj fk uea nask gmtkrektáigca, a partgr fa fkcjepjsgïãj fa nkrrgta. Kssk ekcamgsej ç rknkrgfj cjej nraogigzaïãj a 6?;¸C, pjrquk ksta ç a tkepkratura aprjxgeafa ke quk a nraogigzaïãj jcjrrk jcjrr k eags rapgfaekmtk. J ekcamgsej prjvjca rkfuïãj fk fuctgigfafk, auekmtj fk furkza k fa tkepkratura fk tramsgïãj fðctgi-nráogi. fðc tgi-nráogi.

?.;.2 Eatkrgags anktafjs Aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 688 ([MS S68;88, S61888, S63888, S66>88 ktc.) k aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs fðpikx ([MS S3228;, [MS S32?;8 ktc.).

?.;.3 Natjrks cråt cråtgcjs gcjs 

Vkepkratura k tkepj.

  J ekcamgsej jcjrrk ma nagxa fk 31;¸C a ;68¸C. Ke tkepkraturas eags aitas ju eags bagxas fj quk 6?;¸C ç mkckssárgj ue tkepj eagjr para atgmogr a eáxgea nraogigzaïãj. Xjr kxkepij, sk j kqugpaekmtj njr kxpjstj a 328¸C, pjfkrá fkejrar egidarks fk djras para jcjrrkr a nraogigzaïãj.   A pkrfa fk tkmacgfafk mãj ç sgomgngcatgva ma tkepkratura fk jpkraïãj (ke quk jcjrrk a aitkraïãj ektaiðrogca). Kmtrktamtj, ke tkepkraturas eags bagxas (pjr kxkepij, furamtk partgfas k parafas) dá rgscj fk nratura nráogi. 

Cjepjsgïãj quåegca/egcrjkstrutura. J auekmtj fj tkjr fk nkrrgta navjrkck a jcjrràmcga fa nraogigzaïãj.

?.;.6 Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs A nraogigzaïãj a 6?;¸C pjfk jcjrrkr ke kqugpaekmtjs k tubuiaïûks nabrgcafjs ke aïj gmjxgfávki fa sçrgk 688, sk kxpjstjs è nagxa fk 31;¸C a ;68¸C. Cjej j ekcamgsej pjfk jcjrrkr ke curtj pkråjfj fk tkepj, ke tkrejs prátgcjs, sk ue

113

 

kqugpaekmtj nabrgcafj cje eatkrgai suscktåvki njr kxpjstj a tkepkraturas kmtrk 3?8¸C k ;68¸C, pjfk skr cjmsgfkrafj cjej anktafj. Cjepjmkmtks fk aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fðpikx, pjr kxkepij, tubuiaïûks k tubjs fk pkreutafjrks fk caijr, pjfke sjnrkr nraogigzaïãj sk kxpjstjs a tkepkraturas acgea fk 328¸C furamtk tkepj sungcgkmtk.

?.;.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj Cjepjmkmtks nraogigzafjs nraogigzafjs pjfke sjnrkr nr nratura atura nráogi, casj mãj sk`ae afjtafas ekfgfas afkquafas fk prkvkmïãj. Mjreaiekmtk, mãj ç pjssåvki gfkmtgngcar kssk ekcamgsej pjr ektaijoranga.

?.;.> Xrkvkmï Xrkvkmïãj ãj k egtgoaï egtgoaïãj ãj Skikïãj fk eatkrgai. [sj fk igoas mãj nkrråtgcas ju cje bagxj tkjr fk nkrrgta nkrrgta.. Kvgtar usj fk cjepjmkmtks fk eatkrgags suscktåvkgs ma nagxa fk tkepkratura ke quk jcjrrk a nraogigzaïãj. Xjfk skr knktuafj trataekmtj tçregcj para fgssjiuïãj fa nask gmtkrektáigca, a partgr fk aqukcgekmtj acgea fk >88¸C, skougfj pjr rksnrgaekmtj rápgfj. Kmtrktamtj, kssk trataekmtj tçregcj mãj ç prátgcj para a eagjrga fjs kqugpaekmtjs fk prjckssj. Aiçe fgssj, ke casj fk mjva kxpjsgïãj ès cjmfgïûks fk jpkraïãj (ma nagxa fk tkepkratura fk nraogigzaïãj), j ekcamgsej grá jcjrrkr mjvaekmtk.

?.;.? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj Kmsagj fk fjbraekmtj k kmsagj fk gepactj fk aejstras aejs tras rkejvgfas fj kqugpaekmtj anktafj sãj as njreas eags kngcazks fk gfkmtgngcar j ekcamgsej. Kmsagj fk furkza fk cjepjmkmtks anktafjs.

116

 

Ngoura ?.> – Aejstra fk eatkrgai trgmcafj cje a prkskmïa fk trgmcas gmtkroramuiarks ma egcrjkstrutura, gmfgcamfj nraogigzaïãj skvkra

Njmtk0 AXG ;?1/2828.

?.> Nraogigzaïãj pjr nask sgoea ?.>. .>.11 Fkscr Fkscrgïãj gïãj fj famj Ke aioums aïjs gmjxgfávkgs, dá uea nask cjmdkcgfa cjej nask na sk sgoea, quk mjreaiekmtk ç kvgtafa pjgs cjeprjektk a tkmacgfafk k fuctgigfafk fj eatkrgai. Kia jcjrrk pkia kxpjsgïãj fj eatkrgai a aitas tkepkraturas.

?.>.2 Eatkrgags cjeuekmtk anktafjs Aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs fas sçrgks 388 k 688, aiçe fjs aïjs gmjxgfávkg gmjxgfávkgss fðpikx.

cråtgcjs gcjs ?.>.3 Natjrks cråt Cjepjsgïãj quåegca fa igoa, tkepj k tkepkratura fk kxpjsgïãj. A nraogigzaïãj pkia nask sgoea jcjrrk mjs aïjs gmjxgfáv gmjxgfávkgs kgs nkrråtgcjs (Nk-Cr), eartkmsåtgcjs (Nk-Cr), austkmåtgcjs (Nk-Cr-Mg) (Nk-Cr-Mg) k aïjs fðpikx quamfj kxpjstjs aj gmtkrvaij fk tkepkratura kmtrk ;34¸C a 7;6¸C. A nraogigzaïãj acjmtkck quamfj j eatkrgai ç kxpjstj pjr ijmoj pkråjfj fk tkepj k taebçe quamfj j rksnrgaekmtj fj eatkrgai passa pkij gmtkrvaij fk tkepkraturas.

11;

 

Aïjs gmjxgfávkgs cje nask sgoea tàe a rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca auekmtafa, pjrçe pkrfke eugta fuctgigfafk k rksgstàmcga aj gepactj. Ektaiurogcaekmtk, a nask sgoea ç ue prkcgpgtafj furj k nráogi quk sk njrea mjs cjmtjrmjs fk orãj, taebçe ta ebçe tjrmamfj j eatkrgai eags suscktåvki è cjrrjsãj cjrrj sãj gmtkroramuiar.

?.>.6 Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs ^asjs, tubuiaïûks k váivuias ke skrvgïj cje aitas tkepkraturas, kqugpaekmtjs fk jutrjs eatkrgags quk pjssuae caeafa fk rrkvkstgekmtj kvkstgekmtj fk aïjs gmjxgfáv gmjxgfávkgs kgs suscktåvkgs è njreaïãj fk nask sgoea.

?.>.; Ejrnjijoga A aitkraïãj ç ektaiðrogca, só pjfkmfj skr fktkctafa pjr ektaijoranga k tkstks fk gepactj. Mjreaiekmtk js famjs jcjrrke ma njrea fk trgmcas, fkvgfj è nraogigfafk k pkrfa fk fuctgigfafk fuc tgigfafk fj eatkrgai. Ngoura ?.? – Ejrnjijoga fj trgmcaekmtj ma zjma anktafa pkij caijr (PAC) fk uea sjifa fk aïj a ïj AGSG 36?. A trgmca ç gmtkroramuiar k skouk pjr uea ngma rkfk fk nask sgoea (σ)

Njmtk0 dttp0//gmspkcajkqugptj.bijospjt.cje/2816/83/nask-sgoea.dtei.

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Ngoura ?.4 – Egcrjoranga fj aïj [MS M84>3? ejstramfj a njreaïãj fk bamfa fk prkcgpgtaïãj fk nask (σ) njreafa mj rksnrgaekmtj fj eatkrgai a partgr fa sjigfgngcaïãj

Njmtk0 dttp0//gmspkcajkqugptj.bijospjt.cje/2816/83/nask-sgoea.dtei.

?.>.> Xrkvkmïãj Skikïãj fk eatkrgags quk sk`ae geumks è nask sgoea, casj mãj sk`a pjssåvki, fkvk-sk kvgtar a kxpjsgïãj fj eatkrgai ès tkepkraturas jmfk jcjrrk a njreaïãj fk nask sgoea. Fkvk-sk tjear bastamtk bast amtk cugfafj cje js eatkrgags suscktåvkgs, ke sgtuaïûks fk parafas prjoraeafas, pjgs, fkvgfj è nraogigzaïãj, quamfj jcjrrkr j rksnrgaekmtj j eatkrgai pjfkrá sjnrkr nratura nráogi ke tkepkraturas próxgeas è aebgkmtk.

Gmspkïãj ãj k ejmgtjr ejmgtjraïãj aïãj ?.>.? Gmspkï 

Vkstks nåsgcjs fk aejstras aejstra s rkejvgfas fk skr skrvgïj vgïj sãj js gmfgcafjrks eags pjsgtgvjs fa jcjrràmcga fk ue prjbikea.

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A eagjrga fjs casjs fk nraogigzaïãj ç kmcjmtrafa ma njrea fk trgmcas ke ektags njr`afjs k numfgfjs (sjifafjs) furamtk parafas fk eamutkmïãj ju furamtk parafas k partgfas fk eamutkmïãj quamfj j eatkrgai kstá abagxj fk ;88jN (2>8jC) k js knkgtjs fa nraogigzaïãj sãj eags prjmumcgafjs.

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Aioums trabaidjs prátgcjs tàe ejstrafj rkckmtkekmtk a pjssgbgigfafk fk usj fj kmsagj fk cjrrkmtks parasgtas para gfkmtgngcar a jcjrràmcga fk nasks fkiktçrgas sgoea mjs aïjs gmjxgfávkgs. gmjxgfávkgs.

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?.? Skmsgtgzaïãj ?.? .?..1 Fksc Fkscrgïã rgïãj j fj ekca ekcamgsej mgsej fk famj Aïjs austkmåtgcjs, cjej AGSG 386 k AGSG 31>, sãj njrmkcgfjs cje j carbjmj rktgfj ke sjiuïãj supkrsaturafa pjr rápgfj arrknkcgekmtj arr knkcgekmtj fk ue trataekmtj tçregcj ngmai a 1.188¸C 1.188¸C k sk fkstgmae a skr usafjs mkssa cjmfgïãj. Sk njrke subskqukmtkekmtk rkaqukcgfjs k rksnrgafjs ikmtaekmtk ma nagxa fk 688¸C a 41;¸C fk tkepkratura, sjnrke prkcgpgtaïãj fk carbjmktjs fk crjej mjs cjmtjrmjs fk orãj. Kssa tramsnjreaïãj prjvjca a rkfuïãj fj tkjr fk crjej aj ijmoj fj cjmtjrmj fk orãj. J tkjr fk crjej mksta rkogãj r kogãj pjfk cagr abagxj fk ;%, abagxj fj igegtk quk j aïj fkgxa fk skr gmjxgfávki (~12%). Assge jcjrrk a skmsgtgzaïãj, cjmfgïãj ma quai js aïjs austkmåtgcjs sãj suscktåvkgs è cjrrjsãj gmtkrcrgstaigma, gstj ç, cjrrjsãj aj ijmoj fjs cjmtjrmjs fk orãjs. J eatkrgai mkssa rkogãj ç eugtj ekmjs ’mjbrk― (pjtkmcgai eags kiktrjmkoatgvj) kiktrjmkoatgvj) quk j rkstamtk fj orãj. Casj j eatkrgai mkssk kstafj kmtrk ke cjmtatj cje ue ekgj cjrrjsgvj, grá sk njrear uea pgida oaivâmgca cje fgnkrkmïa fk pjtkmcgai kikvafa. Cjej a árka amófgca ç eugtj ekmjr, a vkijcgfafk fj ataquk skrá aitåssgea. Cjej sjekmtk uea ngma caeafa fj cjmtjrmj ç cjrrjåfa, j fksoastk kvjiug pkij fkstacaekmtj fjs orãjs supkrngcgags, supkrn gcgags, quk pratgcaekmtk mãj sãj cjmsuegfjs. A pkïa cjrrjåfa sjnrk njrtk fksoastk k j aspkctj fa supkrnåcgk atacafa ç oramuijsj. As tkepkraturas k js tkepjs fk pkreamàmcga mkckssárgjs para tjrmar js aïjs skmsåvkgs a kstk tgpj fk cjrrjsãj kstãj giustrafjs ma ngoura ?.7. ?.7.

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Ngoura ?.7 – Skmsgtgzaïãj fjs aïjs gmjxgfávkgs

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

Furamtk a sjifaoke, as fuas nagxas aj iafj fa sjifa pjfke ngcar aqukcgfas ma nagxa fk tkepkratura fk skmsgtgzaïãj. A cjrrjsãj gmtkrcrgstaigma fkvgfj è skmsgtgzaïãj fas zjmas anktafas pkij caijr próxgeas ès sjifas sãj cjmdkcgfas cjej cjrrjsãj ke tjrmj fk cjrfãj fk sjifa ( lmgnk-igmk attacl ).).

.?.2 .2 Eatkrga Eatkrgags gs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs ?.? J tkjr fk carbjmj k a dgstórga tçregca fa igoa tàe ue knkgtj sgomgngcatgvj ma suscktgbgigfafk suscktgbgigf afk è skmsgtgzaïãj. Maprjejvkr eagjrga fjs cjepjmkmtks, tkmsûks rksgfuags sãjfkokraiekmtk sungcgkmtks para trgmcas. Aïjs cje tkjr fk carbjmj acgea 8,83% sãj suscktåvkgs a kstk famj ma nagxa cråtgca fk tkepkratura fk 688¸C a 41;¸C. Ke tkepkraturas eags bagxas, j carbjmj taebçe fgnumfk eugtj ikmtaekmtk k, ke tkepkraturas eags aitas, j crjej fgnumfk rápgfj j sungcgkmtk para suprgr partk fa fgegmugïãj ijcai. J ejigbfàmgj pjfk substgtugr parcgaiekmtk j crjej mjs carbjmktjs cjej (Cr, Ej)23C> k (Cr, Ej)?C3, fk ejfj quk as ciassks fk aïj gmjxgfávki cje ejigbfàmgj sãj ekmjs suscktåvkgs è skmsgtgzaïãj fj quk j cjrrkspjmfkmtk aïj igvrk fk ejigbfàmgj, eas mãj sãj geumks è skmsgtgzaïãj.

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.?.3 .3 [mgfafk [mgfafkss ju kqugpa kqugpaekmtjs ekmtjs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs ?.? 

Vjfas as umgfafks jmfk igoas skmsgtgzafas sãj usafas ke aebgkmtks cjmtkmfj kmxjnrk. Okraiekmtk, Okraiekmtk, js kqugpaekmtjs suscktåvkgs sãj tubjs fk trjcafjr fk caijr, tubjs fk njrmj k tubuiaïûks.

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Njrmjs quk qukgeae óikj, oás, cjquk k jutras njmtks fk cjebuståvki pjfke skr anktafjs fkpkmfkmfj fj tkjr fk kmxjnrk mj cjebuståvki.

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[mgfafks fk NCC.

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Mas umgfafks fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj (tubjs fk njrmjs, tubjs fk trjcafjrks fk caijr).

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[mgfafks fk pktróikj k cjqukrga (tubuiaïãj). (tubuiaïãj).

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Caifkgras k kqugpaekmtjs fk aita tkepkratura kxpjstjs a prjfutjs fk cjebustãj cjmtkmfj kmxjnrk.

.?.6 .6 Xrkvkmï Xrkvkmïãj ãj k egtgoaï egtgoaïãj ãj ?.? A skmsgtgzaïãj pjfk skr kvgtafa usamfj js aïjs cje bagxj tkjr fk carbjmj, ju sk`a, AGSG 386I, AGSG 31>I k AGSG 31?I, k aïjs kstabgigzafjs cjmtkmfj tgtâmgj ju mgóbgj cjej captafjrks fk carbjmj, cjej j AGSG 321 k j AGSG 36? 36?,, mjs quags a prk prkcgpgcgpgtaïãj fk carbjmktjs car bjmktjs fk crjej ç amtkcgpafa pjr ue trataekmtj tçregcj prkigegmar fk 788 a 728°C para captar carbjmj cjej VgC ju MbC. J mgóbgj ç ekidjr captafjr para aïjs kxpjstjs a ácgfjs aitaekmtk jxgfamtks, pjrquk j VgC pjfk skr atacafj, ataca fj, gmfuzgmf gmfuzgmfj j cjrrjsãj ke tjrmj fk cjrfãj fk sjifa. Ke tkjrga, a skmsgtgzaïãj pjfk skr kigegm kigegmafa afa pjr trataekmtj tçregcj prjijmoafj fk pós-sjifaoke fk njrea a rkabastkckr as zjmas kepjbrkcgfas pjr fgnusãj fk crjej fk jutras partks fj ektai, eas pjfk skr gepratgcávki para oramfks kstruturas sjifafas.

EKCÂMGCAS S 4 NAIDAS EKCÂMGCA Cjmnjrek `á fgtj amtkrgjrekmtk, js cjepjmkmtks ektáigcjs naidae cjej ue rksuitafj fas cjmfgïûks fj aebgkmtk aj quai kstãj kxpjstjs, bke cjej fjs carrkoaekmtjs ekcâmgcjs a quk kstãj su`kgtjs. Nrkqukmtkekmtk uea cjebgmaïãj fk cjmfgïûks aebgkmtags k tkmsûks causju a naida. Js cjepjmkmtks ektáigcjs sãj prj`ktafjs para supjrtar as tkmsûks k as cjmfgïûks a quk kstãj subektgfjs.

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Mkstk gtke prktkmfk-sk cgtar a eagjrga fjs ekcamgsejs fk famj quk, eksej skmfj fkvgfj a eags fk uea aïãj, tke cjej prgmcgpai pr gmcgpai knkgtj quk a fkscrkvk a tkmsãj atuamtk ma rkogãj fj cjepjmkmtk quk naidju.

4.1 Nafgoa ekcâ ekcâmgca mgca 4.1. 4. 1.11 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej 

J trgmcaekmtj pjr nafgoa ç uea njrea ekcâmgca fk fkorafaïãj quk jcjrrk quamfj ue cjepjmkmtk kstá kxpjstj a ksnjrïjs cåcigcjs pjr ue oramfk pkråjfj fk tkepj, pjr kxkepij sjb carrkoaekmtj fgmâegcj fkvgfj è vgbraïãj, aïãj fk carrkoaekmtj pjr áoua, ju niuxj gmstávki fk niugfjs, skeprk rksuitamfj ke aparkcgekmtj rkpkmtgmj fk trgmcas passamtks ma parkfk.

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As tkmsûks quk causae j famj pjfke surogr tamtj fk carrkoaekmtj ekcâmgcj ju fk cgcijs tçregcjs quk sãj bke abagxj fa tkmsãj fk kscjaekmtj fj eatkrgai. Kstk tópgcj sk cjmckmtra ke carrkoaekmtjs ekcâmgcjs kmquamtj j próxgej fkscrkvkrá carrkoaekmtjs fk jrgoke tçregca.

4. 4.1.2 1.2 Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs Vjfjs js eatkrgags k igoas ektáigcas ekt áigcas keprkoafjs ke kmokmdarga kstãj su`kgtjs aj trgmcaekmtj pjr nafgoa kebjra j måvki fk tkmsãj k j mðekrj fk cgcijs mkckssárgjs para prjvjcar a naida pjssa vargar para js fgnkrkmtks eatkrgags.

4.1.3 1.3 Na Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs 4. 

Okjektrga, måvki fk tkmsãj, mðekrj fk cgcijs k prjprgkfafks fjs eatkrgags (rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca, furkza, egcrjkstrutura) sãj js natjrks prkfjegmamtks ma fktkregmaïãj fa rksgstàmcga è nafgoa fj cjepjmkmtk. cjepjmkmtk. A aepigtufk k nrkquàmcga fas vgbraïûks (rkiatgvas aj måvki fk tkmsãj k j mðekrj fk cgcijs) ke kqugpaekmtjs quk vgbrae tags cjej tubuiaïûks sãj taebçe natjrks cråtgcjs.

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Natjrks fk prj`ktj – trgmcas fk nafgoa okraiekmtk gmgcgae ke kmtaidks supkrngcgags ju cjmckmtrafjrks fk tkmsãj ke carrkoaekmtj cåcigcj. Xjr kssa razãj, j prj`ktj fj cjepjmkmtk ç j natjr eags gepjrtamtk gepjr tamtk ma fktkregmaïãj fa rksgstàmcga è nafgoa fj cjepjmkmtk. Caractkråstgcas cjeums fa supkr-

nåcgk quk pjfke ikvar è mucikaïãj fk trgmcas fk nafgoa, pjrquk kias aoke

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cjej cjmckmtrafjrks fk tkmsãj, gmciuke0 nurjs fk travaekmtj ju kmtaidks fk kgxjs ke kqugpaekmtjs rjtatgvjs< kmtaidks ekcâmgcjs (camtjs aoufjs ju rkkmtrâmcgas)< fkscjmtgmugfafks fk `umtas sjifafas k/ju naita fk aigmdaekmtj< earcas fk nkrraekmtas< earcas fk usgmaoke< rkbarbas ke nurjs usgmafjs< kmtaidks fk rjscas k cjrrjsãj. 

Ke kqugpaekmtjs cje vgbraïãj ju ejvgekmtj grrkouiar, kspkcgaiekmtk tubuiaïûks, naita ju ijcaïãj gmafkquafa fk supjrtks ju fk rknjrïjs pjfke ikvar aj trgmcaekmtj gmgcgamfj mjs cjmckmtrafjrks fk tkmsãj ju kmtaidks igstafjs amtks. J rknjrïj ju ragz fk uea sjifa kxkcutafa fkmtrj fjs crgtçrgjs prkscrgtjs mjs cófgojs fk cjmstruïãj pjfke prjvjcar cjmckmtrafjrks fk tkmsãj para gmgcgar a trgmca fk nafgoa ke kqugpaekmtjs vgbramtks ju cje ejvgekmtj grrkouiar. Nrkqukmtkekmtk as trgmcas sk njreae mas ijcaïûks jmfk j kqugpaekm kqugpaekmtj tj vgbramfj ju sk ejvkm ejvkmfj fj ç ngxj para prkvkmgr a ejvgekmtaïãj vgmfa fk ue cjepjmkmtk af`ackm af`ackmtk. tk. A sgtuaïãj eags nrkqukmtk fkvk skr fkscjbkrta para rkfuzgr a quamtgfafk fk vgbraïãj ju ejvgekmtj grrkouiar grr kouiar..

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Caractkråstgcas ektaiðrogcas k egcrjkstrutura –  aioums eatkrgags tags cjej tgtâmgj, aïj-carbjmj, k aïjs fk bagxa igoa aprkskmtae ue tgpj fk igegtk fk rksgstàmcga è nafgoa. Mkssks casjs, j mðekrj fk cgcijs atç quk jcjrra a nratura pjr nafgoa fgegmug cje a fgegmugïãj fa aepigtufk fa vargaïãj fa tkmsãj atç a jcjrràmcga fj igegtk fk rksgstàmcga è nafgoa. Abagxj fkssk igegtk j trgmcaekmtj pjr nafgoa mãj jcjrrkrá, gmfkpkmfkmtkekmtk pkmfkmtkekm tk fj mðekrj fk cgcijs a quk kstá subektgfj j eatkrgai.

– Xara igoas igoas ektáigcas cje igegtk fk rksgstàm rksgstàmcga cga è nafgoa, kxgstk uea cjrrkiaïãj kmtrk a tkmsãj igegtk fk rksgstàmcga k a eåmgea aepigtufk fk tkmsãj mkckssárga para gmgcgar j trgmcaekmtj pjr nafgoa. A razãj kmtrk kssk k js igegtks fk rksgstàmcga è nafgoa k j fk carrkoaekmtj c arrkoaekmtj ejmjtömgcj fk tkmsãj kstá tgpgcaekmtk kmtrk 8,6 k 8,;. – Aïjs gmjxgfávkg gmjxgfávkgss fa sçrgk 388, 688, aiueåmgj, k a eagjrga f fas as igoas mãj nkrrjsas pjssuke cjej caractkråstgca carac tkråstgca mãj aprkskmtar ue igegtk fk rksgstàmcga è nafgoa. Gssj sgomgngca quk a nratura ke nafgoa pjfk jcjrrkr sjb carrkoaekmtj cåcigcj após ue fktkregmafj mðekrj fk cgcijs gmfkpkmfkmtkekmtk fa aepigtufk fk tkmsãj apigcafa. A eáxgea eá xgea aepigtufk fk tkmsãj cåcigca ç utgigzafa mj prj`ktj fjs cjepj cjepjmkmtks mkmtks para quk j mðekrj fk cgcijs atç a nratura ke nafgoa sk`a eagjr quk a vgfa prkvgsta para par a j kqugpaekmtj. J mðekrj fk cgcijs cjmsgfkrafj ç tgpgcaekmtk 18> atç 18? cgcijs.

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– J igegtk igegtk fk rksgstàmcga è nafgoa fkscrgtj mj prgekg prgekgrj rj gtke prgmcgpaiekmtk prgmcgpaiekmtk sk apigca a barras cje supkrnåcgk igsa k cjepjmkmtks sgegiarks cjej pjfk skr kmcjmtrafj ke ue kgxj fk bjeba. Xara cjepjmkmtks sjifafjs, tags cjej tubuiaïûks ju jutras sgtuaïûks cje a prkskmïa fk fkscjmtgmugfafks gmkrkmtks, naidas, ju jm jmfk fk kxgstae cjmc cjmckmtrafjrks kmtrafjrks fk tkmsãj, a partk fk mucikaïãj gmgcgai fa trgmca ç fksprkzafa, kmtramfj ke cjmsgfkraïãj apkmas a partk fk crkscgekmtj fa trgmca. Kssa sgtuaïãj kigegma knktgvaekmtk a kxgstàmcga fk ue igegtk fk rksgstàmcga è nafgoa. Kmtãj, j cjmckgtj fk igegtk fk rksgstàmcga è nafgoa okraiekmtk mãj pjfk skr cjmsgfkrafj, k suas vamtaokms afvgmfas, mj casj fk kqugpaekmtjs su`kgtjs a vgbraïãj. – Gmciusûks kxgstkmtks kke e ektags pjf pjfke ke ackik ackikrar rar j knkgtj fk trgmcaekmtj pjr nafgoa. Gssj ç rkikvamtk quamfj trabaidamfj cje aïjs vkidjs cjmsgfkrafjs ’su`js― (gepurkzas kikvafas) ju ke sjifas, quk nrkqukmtkekmtk nr kqukmtkekmtk aprkskmtae gmciusûks k jutras fkscjmtgmugfafks quk pjfke fgegmugr a rksgstàmcga è nafgoa. – Vrataekmtj tçregcj pjfk tkr ue knkgtj ma rksgstàm rksgstàmcga cga è nafgoa fj ektai. Fk njrea okrai, egcrjkstruturas cje orãjs ngmjs tkmfke a sk cjepjrtar ekidjr quk as egcrjkstruturas cje orãjs orjsskgrjs. Vrataekm Vrataekmtjs tjs tçregcjs cjej a tàepkra k j rkvkmgfj pjfke auekmtar a rksgstàmcga è nafgoa fk aïjs-carbjmj cjeums.

4.1.6 1.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs 4. 

Sjifa fk sjquktk k tubuiaïûks fk pkqukmj fgâektrj (pjr kxkepij kxkepij,, igmdas aitkrmatgvas, cgrcugtjs fk niuxj eåmgej) assjcgafas cje ju próxgej fk bjebas, cjeprkssjrks, ju jutrjs kqugpaekmtjs rjtatgvjs ju aitkrmatgvjs quk mãj kstk`ae fkvgfaekmtk ngxafjs k aejrtkcgfjs.

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Xkqukmas cjmkxûks fk raeags cje váivuias, cjmtrjiafjrks, ju ekfgfjrks ske supjrtk quk pjfke sjnrkr vgbraïûks fk kqugpaekmtjs af`ackmtks af`ackmtks ju eksej j vkmtj. Xara pkqukmjs cjepjmkmtks, a rkssjmâmcga ekcâmgca pjfk taebçe prjfuzgr carrkoaekmtj cåcigcj k fkvk skr cjmsgfkrafj mj prj`ktj fa tubuiaïãj ju rkvgstj fkvgfj a pjtkmcgags prjbikeas após a gmstaiaïãj.

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^áivuias fk skouramïa k aiåvgj quk kstãj su`kgtas a curtjs gmtkrvaijs fk abkrtura/nkcdaekmtj, abkrtura prkeatura, abkrtura grrkouiar k naida fk jpkraïãj.

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^áivuias fk cjmtrjik fk aita qukfa fk prkssãj ju kstaïûks fk rkfuïãj fk vapjr quk causae sçrgjs prjbikeas fk vgbraïãj mas tubuiaïûks quk kstãj a kias cjmkctafas.

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Kgxj rjtatgvj ke bjebas ckmtrånuoas k cjeprkssjrks quk tàe cjmckmtraïãj fk tkmsãj fkvgfj è eufamïa mj fgâektrj ju a cdavktas.

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Vubjs fk trjcafjrks fk caijr ca ijr quk pjfke kstar su`kgtjs a vórtkx mj niugfj. n iugfj.

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^asjs absjrvkfjrks fk vargaïãj fk prkssãj ke umgfafks fk purgngcaïãj fk dgfrjoàmgj.

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Cjmfgïûks tramsgkmtks tramsgkmtks (tags cjej partgfas, parafas k vargaïûks brusca bruscass fa cjmfgïãj jpkratgva) pjfke crgar cjmfgïûks gmtkregtkmtks, eas skvkras.

4.1.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj 4.1.; Jcjrràmcga fk trgmcaekmtj ju nratura, cje ju ske fknjreaïãj piástgca. A jcjrràmcga fk fknjreaïûks piástgcas ma rkogãj nraturafa, ke okrai, kvgfkmcga nafgoa fk bagxj cgcij. Quamfj fa nratura ske fknjreaïûks piástgcas, ç eags prjvávki a jcjrràmcga fk nafgoa fk kikvafj mðekrj fk cgcijs k abagxj fj igegtk fk kscjaekmtj fj eatkrgai. Mãj ç mkckssárgj ue pgcj fk caroa c aroa para j gmåcgj fa nratura nngmai, gmai, eugtj kebjra casj ksta jcjrra, ikvará è naida prkeatura.

4.1.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj J tkepj fk vgfa fk ue cjepjmkmtk ju kikekmtj su`kgtj a nafgoa okraiekmtk ç prkvgstj ke numïãj fj mðekrj fjs cgcijs rkqukrgfjs fk tkmsãj k fknjreaïãj. A cjepikxgfafk fas eugtas vargávkgs para cdkoar aj mðekrj kxatj, naz cje quk sk naïae mðekrj. ^argávkgs kxkepij,cjmfgïûks måvkgs fk tkmsãj, kstafjkstgeatgvas fk tkmsûks,fkssk njreas fas jmfas fjs cjej, cgcijs pjr fk tkmsûks, ektaiðrogcas k aebgkmtags sãj aioueas fas quags mke skeprk pjfke skr ekmsurafas. A amáigsk k gmvkstgoaïãj fk naidas prjvjcafas pjr nafgoa ç fk oramfk vaijr fgfátgcj, mãj só para prkvkmgr pjssåvkgs naidas, eas taebçe mj fgrkcgjmaekmtj fk pjmtjs a skrke jbskrvafjs k gmspkcgjmafjs. Cjmtrgbugm Cjmtrgbugmfj fj ke aspkctjs fk ekidjrgas, auekmtamfj a vgfa ðtgi fk kqugpaekmtjs k pjssgbgigtamfj uea eagjr cjmngabgigfafk fj prjckssj, rkfuzgmfj pjssåvkgs parafas acgfkmtags k pkrfas fk prjfuïãj.

4.1. 1.?? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj 4. A avaigaïãj fa cjmfgïãj ektaiðrogca fj eatkrgai gmgcga-sk cje a caractkrgzaïãj car actkrgzaïãj

fa jcjrràmcga (ju mãj) fk fknjreaïãj piástgca ijcaigzafa, mãj sk kstkmfkmfj pjr 126

 

eags fk fjgs a cgmcj orãjs. Ksta ç uea fas caractkråstgcas ca ractkråstgcas fa quask gepjssgbgi gepjssgbgigfagfafk fk fktkcïãj mj kstáogj gmgcgai. Ma oramfk eagjrga fjs casjs, kstk prjckssj gmgcga-sk ma supkrnåcgk, mkstks casjs js kmsagjs mãj fkstrutgvjs fk ACNE, partåcuias eaomçtgcas, ju eksej iåqugfjs pkmktramtks sãj fk oramfk vaiga. Xara casjs eags rarjs ke quk j gmåcgj fj prjckssj abagxj(ke fa supkrnåcgk, mjs eatkrgags eaomktgzávkgs, j kmsagj fk partåcuiasfá-sk eaomçtgcas cjrrkmtk cjmtåmua) ju fk cjrrkmtks parasgtas pjfk skr ðtgi. J usj fk uitrassje taebçe ç pjssåvki. J kmsagj rafgjorángcj mãj aprkskmta bje fkskepkmdj, ke numïãj fa mkckssárga pkrpkmfgcuiargfafk fa fkscjmtgmugfafk cje j ngiek para par a quk kxgsta fgnkrkmïa fk fkmsgfafk quk kvgfkmcgk a gmfgcaïãj. J kmsagj vgsuai taebçe fkvk skr keprkoafj cjej uea avaigaïãj prçvga fas pjssåvkgs rkogûks su`kgtas è nafgoa fk kikekmtjs ju cjepjmkmtks su`kgtjs a ksnjrïjs cåcigcjs k pjmtjs fk rkstrgïûks fk ejvgekmtj, jbskrvamfj pjssåvkgs rkogûks cje fknjreaïûks piástgcas. Ngoura 4.1 – Rkogãj fk ruptura pjr nafgoa

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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Ngoura 4.2 – Fktaidk fa trgmca fk nafgoa

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

4.2 Nafgoa tçregca 4.2.1 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej A nafgoa tçregca jcjrrk ke cjepjmkmtks ju kikekmtjs su`kgtjs su`kgtjs a cgcijs tçregcjs fksfk quk da`a rkstrgïãj, crgamfj rkogûks fk tkmsûks rksgfuags quk sjnrkrãj cje js cgcijs tçregcjs. A nafgoa tçregca taebçe pjfk skr causafa pjr eatkrgags cje fgnkrkmtks cjkngcgkmtks fk fgiataïãj assjcgafjs kmtrk sg quk kstãj fk aiouea njrea igegtafjs ke skus fksijcaekmtjs, sk`a pjr natjrks okjeçtrgcjs, fgnkrkmïas fk kspkssura ju kmoastaekmtj purj k sgepiks, pjr kxkepij, cdgcamas ngxas ke cjrpjs fk vasj fk prkssãj su`kgtjs a cgcijs tçregcjs. A nafgoa tçregca kmvjivk as ekseas vargaïûks fas tkmsûks quk jcjrrke ma nafgoa ekcâmgca ciássgca0 ma ciássgca dá fgnkrkmïa mj carrkoaekmtj carr koaekmtj quk kstãj assjcgafas ès vargaïûks fk caroas ekcâmgcas, kmquamtj a nafgoa tçregca kstá rkiacgjmafa ès vargaïûks fk tkepkratura quk ikvae a fgiataïûks/cjmtraïûks k as rkstrgïûks gepjstas gepjsta s aj cjepjmkmtk/kqugpaekmtj. cjepjmkmtk/kqugpaekmtj. Mjs ekgjs jmfk kxgsta a vargaïãj fk tkepkratura k j prjfutj prgmcgpai fk cjrrjsãj ç ue óxgfj, taebçe jcjrrk nafgoa tçregca, cje j óxgfj pjfkmfj ackikrar j ekcamgsej.

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Aioums jutrjs natjrks assjcgafjs è nafgoa tçregca pjfke ikvar ue kikekmtj ju cjm`umtj aj cjiapsj, cjej, pjr kxkepij, a fkscarbjmktaïãj, quamfj kxgstk a pkrfa fk carbjmj fa supkrnåcgk fk uea igoa fk nkrrj cjej rksuitafj fj aqukcgekmtj ke ue ekgj quk pjssa ikvar a kssk nkmöekmj.

Ngoura 4.3 – Vrgmcas fk nafgoa tçregca

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura 4.6 – Vrgmcas fk nafgoa tçregca

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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4.3 Nratura nráogi 4.3.1 Dgstórgcj Mj sçcuij TT, aioueas catástrjnks earcarae a dgstórga fas naidas ekcâmgcas. Ke `amkgrj fk 1717, ke Bjstjm/K[A ue tamquk fk ekiaïj rjepku kspaidamfj fjgs egidûks fk oaiûks fk ekiaïj pkias ruas fa cgfafk. ^gmtk k uea pkssjas ejrrkrae k eags fk 1;8 ngcarae nkrgfas. Furamtk a Skoumfa Oukrra Eumfgai, js mavgjs cdaeafjs Igbkrty Sdgps njrae aivj fk naidas ke skrvgïj. Fjs 6.>76 Igbkrty Sdgps cjmstruåfjs, 1.247 aprkskmtarae naidas kstruturags, fjs quags 233 catastróngcas, jcasgjmamfj a pkrfa fj mavgj cje nratura tjtai. Ke fkzkebrj fk 17>?, 17>?, uea naida ekcâmgca ekcâ mgca ma pjmtk Sgivkr sjbrk j rgj Jdgj, ke ^grogmga/K[A rksuitju ma ejrtk fk 6> pkssjas k mjvk nkrgfjs. Mjs tràs acjmtkcgekmtjs, mãj jcjrrku ue gmfgcatgvj fk quk a naida grga jcjrrkr, mãj djuvk uea fknjreaïãj pkreamkmtk amtks fa nratura ngmai. Kssk tgpj fk naida ç cdaeafa fk nratura nráogi (brgttik nracturk).

4.3.2 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej fk famj J tkrej tçcmgcj nráogi sgomgngca bagxa ju mkmduea fknjreaïãj piástgca eacrjscópgca amtks fa nratura, okraiekmtk prjpgcgafa pjr furkza k rksgstàmcga kikvafas ju fkscjmtgmugfafks okjeçtrgcas. Kssk cjmckgtj eacrjscópgcj ç gepjrtamtk para kvgtar-sk a cjmnusãj eags cjeue fk sk tjear cjej sgmömgejs, nratura nráogi k cigvaoke (cigvaok), agmfa quk nraturas quk sk fkskmvjivke pkij egcrjekcamgsej fk cigvaoke sk`ae mjreaiekmtk nráokgs (dá kxckïûks) kxckïûks).. Mke tjfa nratura nráogi ç pjr cigvaoke, ju eksej gmtkroramuiar, skmfj nrkqukmtks casjs fk nratura nráogi pjr egcrjekcamgsejs quk kmvjivke aita fknjreaïãj ijcaigzafa (fgepiks). A nratura nráogi jcjrrk sjb a atuaïãj fk tkmsûks gmnkrgjrks ès cjrrkspjmfkmtks aj kscjaekmtj okmkraigzafj. Assge, crgtçrgjs fk prj`ktj baskafjs ke tkmsûks eçfgas ju cjkngcgkmtks fk cjmckmtraïãj fk tkmsûks kiástgcas mãj sãj oaramtga fk kstabgigfafk fa kstrutura, pjgs kiks cjmsgfkrae apkmas a pjssgbgigfafk fk fknjreaïãj ackmtuafa ju gmstabgigfafk ekcâmgca. [ea caractkråstgca fa nratura nráogi ç a gmstabgigfafk fa trgmca, gstj ç, prjpaoask ske a mkckssgfafk fk auekmtj fk tkmsûks, k a sua vkijcgfafk fk prjpaoaïãj kikvafa (pjfk atgmogr ckrca fk 2.888e/s ke aïj) j quk prjvjca cjmskquàmcgas nrkqukmtkekmtk oravks quamfj jcjrrke ke skrvgïj. Xjfk-sk geaogmar uea crgtg-

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cgfafk agmfa eagjr ke kstruturas quk aprkskmtae uea pjssgbgigfafk fk pkrcursj cjmtåmuj para a trgmca, cjej acjmtkck ma eagjrga fas cjmstruïûks sjifafas, jcjrrkmfj naidas ke skrvgïj catastróngcas. Js natjrks básgcjs quk cjmtrgbuke para a nratura nráogi sãj0 prkskmïa fk ue kstafj trgaxgai fk tkmsûks< taxa fk fknjreaïãj kikvafa ju taxa fk carrkoaekmtj rápgfj< Xaratkepkratura quk jcjrra abagxa. nratura nráogi mãj ç mkckssárgj quk js tràs natjrks sk eamgnkstke aj eksej tkepj. J natjr eags cjeue, rkspjmsávki pkia eagjrga fas naidas jcjrrgfa ke skrvgïj, ç a prkskmïa fk ue kstafj trgaxgai fk tkmsûks, tai cjej kxgstk mjs kmtaidks, mas trgmcas pjr nafgoa, mas trgmcas fk cjrrjsãj pjr tkmsãj, fknkgtjs fk usgmaoke, fknkgtjs fk sjifaoke, mas trgmcas fk trataekmtj tçregcj, mas fjbras fk njr`aekmtj, pjrjsgfafk gmtkrfkmfråtgca, ke rkogûks fj cjepjmkmtk ekcâmgcj ske ragj fk cjmcjrfâmcga, kmtrk jutras.

4.3.3 Caractkråstgcas fa supkrnåcg supkrnåcgkk fa nratura A caractkråstgca eags gepjrtamtk fas supkrnåcgks fk nratura sãj as earcas rafgags quk sk kstkmfke pkia supkrnåcgk fk nratura atç próxgej fas supkrnåcgks supkr nåcgks igvrks, jmfk sk njreae as zjmas fk cgsaidaekmtj ( sdkarigps). Quamfj j cjepjmkmtk aprkskmta kspkssura rkfuzgfa, cjej uea cdapa, as earcas rafgags aprkskmtae j aspkctj caractkråstgcj cjmdkcgfj cjej earcas fk sarokmtj (cdkvrjm earlgmos) quk apjmtae ma fgrkïãj fa jrgoke fa nratura. Fkpjgs fk gfkmtgngcafa a nratura nráogi, j jb`ktgvj ç fktkregmar j ijcai fk gmåcgj fa trgmca, pjgs ç mkstk ijcai quk kxaeks cjepikekmtarks, cjej j ektaijorángcj, fkvke skr rkaigzafjs para a fktkregmaïãj fa causa fa nratura. A fktkregmaïãj fj ijcai fk gmåcgj fa trgmca pjfk skr nkgta pkias skougmtks jbskrvaïûks0  as earcas rafgags grrafgae fj pjmtj fk gmåcgj fa nratura k quamfj aprkskmtae j aspkctj fk earcas fk sarokmtj, apjmtae para a rkogãj fk gmåcgj< 

quamfj a nratura ç mucikafa ma supkrnåcgk fj cjepjmkmtk, cjepjmkmtk, ju bke próxgea a kia, a rkogãj fk gmåcgj fa nratura mãj aprkskmta a prkskmta zjma fk cgsaidaekmtj<

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ue cjepjmkmtk nraturafj pjr gepactj, partgcuiarekmtk mj casj cas j fk aïjs fk aita igoa, tkepkrafjs k rkvkmgfjs, pjfk aprkskmtar uea sçrgk fk fkoraus ma supkrnåcgk fk nratura quamfj a apigcaïãj fk ue gepactj mãj njr sungcgkmtk para cjepiktar a nratura k kik tgvkr sgfj rkgmgcgafj< ma rkogãj

fk rkgmåcgj aparkcke js fkoraus quk cjmvkroke mj skmtgfj fk prjpaoa ïãj< 127

 

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mj casj fk kstruturas nabrgcafas cje cdapas sjifafas, pjfk jcjrrkr bgnurcaïãj fas trgmcas.

Cjej as trgmcas sk bgnurcae mj skmtgfj fk prjpaoaïãj, jnkrkcke ue ekgj afgcgjmai fk sk gfkmtgngcar a jrgoke. Mjta-sk quk, atç ckrtj pjmtj, kssk aspkctj ç j jpjstj fjs fkoraus njreafjs ma supkrnåcgk supkrn åcgk fa nratura. Vrgm Vrgmcas cas quk sk kmcjmtrae aprjxgeafaekmtk a 78°, njreamfj `umtas ue V taebçe nacgigtae a fktkregmaïãj fj ijcai fk jrgoke.

4.3.6 Kmsagj fk gepactj A tkmfàmcga fk ue eatkrgai a sk cjepjrtar fk eamkgra nráogi ju fðctgi pjfk skr avaigafa pkij kmsagj fk gepactj. Fkskmvjivgfj mj gmåcgj fj sçcuij passafj, kssk kmsagj pkregtk fktkctar fgnkrkmïas kmtrk eatkrgags quk mãj sãj jbskrvávkgs jbskr vávkgs ke ue kmsagj kmsagj fk traïãj. J kmsagj fk gepactj ç rkaigzafj ke cjrpjs fk prjva pafrjmgzafjs fk skïãj quafrafa (fk 18x18ee) 18x18ee) cje kmtaidk ke ^ cje 6;° fk abkrtura ab krtura k 2ee fk prjnumfgfafk, cu`j ragj fa ragz ç fk 8,2;ee. J cjrpj fk prjva ç apjgafj cjej uea vgoa ke pjsgïãj djrgzjmtai k carrkoafa fj iafj jpjstj aj kmtaidk pkij gepactj fk ue pàmfuij fk eassa e k vkijcgfafk v . A mjrea para rkaigzaïãj fj kmsagj fk gepactj ç a ASVE K23. A kmkroga absjrvgfa para nraturar j cjrpj fk prjva ç j rksuitafj fj kmsagj fk gepactj. Kssa kmkroga, mjreaiekmtk, ç kxprkssa ke qugijoraea njrïa/ektrj. Assge js rksuitafjs fj kmsagj fk gepactj mãj sãj kxprkssjs fgrktaekmtk ke tkrejs fk rkqugsgtj fk prj`ktj. [ea ekfgfa gepjrtamtk jbtgfa mj kmsagj fk gepactj sk rknkrk è jbskrvaïãj fa supkrnåcgk fk nratura fj cjrpj fk prjva, pjfkmfj skr fðctgi, nráogi ju egsta. mj ejfj nráogi ç(nkrrj jbskrvafa, ke eatkrgagsKssa cu`aaitkraïãj crgstaigzaïãj ç fj fk tgpjnratura cðbgcafk fkfðctgi cjrpjpara ckmtrafj k aïjs nkrråtgcjs), quamfj jcjrrk uea fgegmugïãj fa tkepkratura. Fkssa njrea, j kmsagj fk gepactj cjmfuzgfj ke ue gmtkrvaij fk tkepkraturas pkregtk fktkregmar a tkepkratura fk tramsgïãj fðctgi-nráogi. Kssk rksuitafj ç eugtj gepjrtamtk gepjr tamtk ma skikïãj fk eatkrgags, pjgs, ma ngijsjnga fk prj`ktj, ç numfaekmtai fktkregmar ue eatkrgai quk pjssua sungcgkmtk tkmacgfafk para cjmfgïûks skvkras fk skrvgïj, fk eamkgra quk a dabgigfafk fj cjepjmkmtk kstruturai pjssa skr caicuiafa pkijs eçtjfjs pafrûks fa rksgstàmcga fjs eatkrgags, ske cjmsgfkrar as prjprgkfafks fk nratura fj eatkrgai.

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4.3.; Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs è nratura nráogi Js eatkrgags fk prgmcgpai prkjcupaïãj, anktafjs pjr nratura nráogi, nr áogi, sãj js aïjs-carbjmj k js aïjs fk bagxa igoa, par partgcuiarekmtk tgcuiarekmtk js eags amtgojs. Aïjs gmjxgfá gmjxgfávkgs vkgs fa sçrgk 688 taebçe ta ebçe sãj suscktåvkgs. A suscktgbgigfafk è nratura nráogi pjfk auekmtar cje a prkskmïa fk nasks quk nraogigzae j eatkrgai. J taeamdj fk orãj k j tkjr fk gepurkzas fj aïj tàe sgomgngcatgva gmniuàmcga gmniuàmcga ma tkmacgfafk k rksgstàmcga è nratura nráogi. As skïûks eags kspkssas fj eatkrgai taebçe aprkskmtae uea ekmjr rksgstàmcga è nratura nráogi fkvgfj è eagjr rkstrgïãj, quk auekmta as tkmsûks trgaxgags ma pjmta fa trgmca. Ma eagjrga fjs casjs, a nratura nráogi jcjrrk apkmas ke tkepkraturas abagxj fa tkepkratura fk tramsgïãj fj kmsagj fk gepactj (tkepkratura fk tramsgïãj fðctginráogi), pjmtj mj quai a tkmacgfafk fj eatkrgai cag abruptaekmtk.

4.3.> [mgfafks k kqugpaekmtjs suscktåvkgs è nratura nráogi Eugtjs prjckssjs jcjrrke ke tkepkraturas kikvafas fk ejfj quk a prgmcgpai prkjcupaïãj ç a nratura nráogi furamtk a partgfa ju parafa. A tkepkratura fj niugfj ke tkstks fk kstamqukgfafk/dgfrjstátgcj ks tamqukgfafk/dgfrjstátgcj fkvk skr avaigafa. Kqugpaekmtjs fk kspkssura aita, ke quaiqukr umgfafk, fkvk fkvke e skr jbskrvajbskr vafjs. A nratura nráogi pjfk jcjrrkr furamtk ue kvkmtj fk autjrrknrgokraïãj autjrrknr gokraïãj ke umgfafks quk prjckssae dgfrjcarbjmktjs ikvks tags cjej ektamj, ktamj/ktgikmj, prjpamj/prjpgikmj ju butamj. Gmciusgvk umgfafks fk aiqugiaïãj, umgfafks fk jikngmas k piamtas fk pjiåekrjs. As ksnkras fk areazkmaekmtj fk dgfrjcarbjmktjs ikvks pjfke taebçe skr suscktåvkgs.

4.3.? Ejrnjijoga fj famj As trgmcas sãj s ãj tgpgcaekmtk rktas, ske ra raegngcaïûks egngcaïûks k, prgmcgpaiekmtk, fksp fksprjvgrjvgfas fk quaiqukr fknjreaïãj piástgca assjcgafa. Egcrjscjpgcaekmtk, a supkrnåcgk fa nratura ç cjepjsta prkpjmfkramtkekmtk fk cigvaoke, cje igegtafj trgmcaekmtj gmtkroramuiar k eugtj pjuca cjaikscàmcga fk egcrjvazgjs.

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4.3.4 Xrkvkmïãj k egtgoaïãj Xara kqugpaekmtjs mjvjs, a ekidjr njrea fk kvgtar a nratura nráogi ç usamfj eatkrgags prj`ktafjs kspkcgngcaekmtk para skrvgïj skr vgïj ke bagxa tkepkratura, gmciugmfj kvkmtjs fk pkrturbaïãj mj prjckssj k autjrrknrgokraïãj. Eatkrgags cje cjepjsgïãj quåegca cjmtrjiafa, trataekmtj tçregcj kspkcgai k avaigaïãj cje kmsagjs fk gepactj pjfke skr mkckssárgjs. A nratura nráogi ç ue ekcamgsej fk famj acgjmafj pjr ’kvkmtjs ’kvkmtjs――. Xara js eatkrgags kxgstkmtks, jmfk a cjebgmaïãj fk tkmsãj, tkmacgfafk fj eatkrgai k taeamdj fj fknkgtj ojvkrmae a prjbabgigfafk fj kvkmtj, ue kstufj fk kmokmdarga pjfk skr rkaigzafj fk acjrfj cje a AXG RX ;?7. Ekfgfas prkvkmtgvas para egmgegzar j pjtkmcgai fk nraturas nráokgs mjs kqugpaekmtjs kxgstkmtks sãj igegtafas aj cjmtrjik fas cjmfgïûks fk jpkraïãj (prkssãj, tkepkratura), egmgegzamfj egmgegzamfj a prkssãj a tkepkratura aebgkmtk furamtk a partgfa par tgfa k a parafa, k gmspkïãj pkrgófgca fjs ijcags fk aita a ita tkmsãj. [ea rkfuïãj ma prjbabgigfafk fk uea nratura nráogi pjfk skr aicamïafa cje a kxkcuïãj fk ue trataekmtj tçregcj pós-sjifa (X_DV) mj vasj, sk mãj tgvkr sgfj nkgtj jrgogmaiekmtk furamtk a nabrgcaïãj< ju quamfj j vasj njg rkparafj/aitkrafj pjr sjifa, kmquamtj ke skrvgïj, ske j trataekmtj tçregcj pós-sjifa subskqukmtk.

4.3.7 Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj Gmspkïãj cjmvkmcgjmai pjr gmtkrvaij fk tkepj mãj ç mjreaiekmtk keprkoafa para fktkctar ju egtgoar nratura nráogi, eas a prkjcupaïãj cje a pjssgbgigfafk fk jcjrràmcga ke kqugpaekmtjs suscktåvkgs pjfk a`ufar a prkvkmgr ue famj nuturj. ^asjs suscktåvkgs pjfke skr gmspkcgjmafjs para a prkkxgstàmcga fk trgmcas jrgogmafas mj prjckssj fk nabrgcaïãj ju eksej mucikafas furamtk a vgfa ke skrvgïj fj kqugpaekmtj keprkoamfj kmsagj pjr partåcuias eaomçtgcas, iåqugfjs pkmktramtks, cjrrkmtks parasgtas, para sgtas, ACNE k/ju uitrassje quamfj aapigcávki pigcávki..

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Ngoura 4.; – Vubj fk ;88ee fk fgâ fgâektrj ektrj quk naidju furamtk tkstk dgfrjstátgcj a partgr fk ramduras supkrngcgags

 

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura 4.> – Fktaidk fa ngoura 4.; ejstramfj as ramduras k a jrgoke fa nratura (skta) ke uea fas ramduras

 fjs autjrks).

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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Ngoura 4.? – Nratura nráogi mj cascj próxgej aj kspkidj fk ue trjcafjr cje ;>ee fk kspkssura nabrgcafj nabrgc afj cje aïj C-8,;Ej furamtk  j kmsagj dgfrjstátgcj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

Ngoura 4.4 – Nratura nráogi mj cjstafj fk ue vasj furamtk tkstk dgfrjstátgcj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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Ngoura 4.7 – Ciássgcj kxkepij fk nratura nráogi quk jcjrrku furamtk kmsagj dgfrjstátgcj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura 4.18 – ^gsta aprjxgeafa fa supkrnåcgk fk nratura fk ue vasj nabrgcafj ke aïj A;1>-?8M ejstramfj as earcas fk cdkvrjm quk apjmtae ma fgrkïãj fa jrgoke fa trgmca

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

13;

 

4.6 Cavgtaïãj 4.6.11 Fkscrgïãj fj famj 4.6. A cavgtaïãj ç ue ekcamgsej ekca mgsej fk famj quk jcjrrk jmfk dá uea vargaïãj brusca fk prkssãj, cjej pjr kxkepij ma kmtrafa fk bjebas k jutras ju tras rkogûks jmfk j jcjr cjr-rkr uea rkstrgïãj brusca mj kscjaekmtj fk ue niugfj. Kssas rkstrgïûks crgae rkogûks fk prkssãj eugtj bagxas quk acabae prjvjcamfj a vapjrgzaïãj fk uea nraïãj fj iåqugfj ke kscjaekmtj, cje gssj j iåqugfj kscja cje uea oramfk quamtgfafk fk pkqukmas bjidas, quk, aj passarke pjr uea rkogãj fk eagjr prkssãj, cjmfkmsae-sk kmtramfj ke cjiapsj causamfj oramfks jmfas fk cdjquk quk fksoastae k okrae pkrfa fk eatkrgai.

4.6.2 Eatkrgags cjeuekmtk anktafjs Cjej ç ue nkmöekmj quk ç rksuitafj fas cjmfgïûks fk niuxj, pjfk anktar pratgcaekmtk tjfjs js eatkrgags utgigzafjs ke cjmstruïãj ekcâmgca, cjej nkrrjs nkrr js numfgfjs, aïjs-carbjmj, aïjs igoa, aïjs gmjxgfá gmjxgfávkgs, vkgs, igoas fk måquki, kmtrk jutrjs

4.6.3 Na Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs Xara uea bjeba, ue vaijr mkt pjsgtgvk suctgjm dkaf (MXSD) gmafkquafj pjfk rksuitar ke cavgtaïãj, kscjaekmtj fk niugfjs cje tkepkraturas próxgeas a sku pjmtj fk kbuigïãj taebçe pjfke okrar cavgtaïãj. Kscjaekmtj fk niugfjs cje partåcuias sóigfas pjfk ackikrar a jcjrràmcga fk famjs ajs eatkrgags.

4.6.6 Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs Cavgtaïãj mjreaiekmtk ç kmcjmtrafa ke turbgmas, dçigcks fk kebarcaïûks, carcaïas k gepkigfjrks fk bjebas k ke tubuiaïûks, mas rkogûks fk niuxj turbuikmtj após rkstrgïûks abruptas abrupta s fk niuxj cjej pjr kxkepij ma saåfa fk váivuias fk cjmtrjik.

4.6.; Ejrnjijoga Mjreaiekmtk ç gfkmtgngcafj j fksoastk fjs cjepjmkmtks, ke aioums casjs sgegiar è cjrrjsãj pjr pgtks, bke ackmtuafj mas rkogûks cråtgcas jmfk sk cjmckmtrarae j cjiapsj fas bjidas fk vapjr.

13>

 

4.6.> Xrkvkmïãj A rksgstàmcga è cavgtaïãj pjfk skr igokgraekmtk ekidjrafa pkia eufamïa fk eatkrgai, pjrçe gssj mke skeprk ç a ekidjr jpïãj ke tkrejs kcjmöegcjs, j eags cjeue ç egmgegzar js knkgtjs fa cavgtaïãj cje a eufamïa fk aioue parâektrj jpkracgjmai cjej auekmtj fa prkssãj fk sucïãj, rkfuïãj fa vkijcgfafk fk kscjaekmtj fj niugfj, tjrmamfj j niuxj n iuxj ekmjs turbuikmtj.

4.6.? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj 

Gmspkïãj vgsuai fas árkas supkgtas, gmciugmfj j usj fk bjrjscópgj sk j ackssj fgrktj mãj ç pkregtgfj, pjfk mjreaiekmtk gfkmtgngcar famjs pjr cavgtaïãj. Vgpgcaekmtk a gmspkïãj ç kxkcutafa furamtk as parafas fk jpkraïãj.



Gmspkïãj uitrassömgca, eamuai ju autjeatgzafa, pjfk skr ke keprkoafa prkoafa para ekfgr a kspkssura rkeamksckmtk mas árkas cje famj, sk a árka famgngcafa ç oramfk j sungcgkmtk sun gcgkmtk k cje a supkrnåcgk suavk k rkouiar quk pkregta a kngcgàmcga fj kmsagj fk uitrassje. Kmtrktamtj, cjej j famj ç aitaekmtk ijcaigzafj, pjfk skr fgnåcgi fktkregmar a cjmfgïãj fk eáxgea pkrfa fk kspkssura.

Xjfk skr fgnåcgi jbtkr ekfgfas fk kspkssura prkcgsas cje uitrassje ke carcaïas fk bjeba ju jutrjs prjfutjs numfgfjs fkvgfj a sua gmkrkmtk vargabgigfafk fk kspkssura cjebgmafa cje j natj quk as supkrnåcgks gmtkrma k kxtkrma pjfke mãj skr paraikias.  J kmsagj rafgjorángcj pjfk skr keprkoafj para quamtgngcar a pkrfa fk kspkssura mj cjepjmkmtk anktafj sk j ackssj njr pjssåvki. A ijcaigzaïãj ktgtatgva. a prjnumfgfafk fjs pgtks sãj jbtgfas cje a tçcmgca rafgjorángca quam

Ejmgtjraïãj acðstgca fas árkas turbuikmtas pjfk fktkctar fktkcta r nrkquàmcgas fk sje caractkråstgcas assjcgafas cje cavgtaïãj. A tçcmgca ç ue eçtjfj quaigtatgvj para fktkregmar a prjorkssãj fj famj.



Jutras tçcmgcas gmciuke a ejmgtjraïãj fas prjprgkfafks fj niugfj para kmcjmtrar ijcags fk niuxj aitaekmtk ait aekmtk turbuikmtj.

13?

 

Ngoura 4.11 – Skïãj fk váivuia bjrbjikta cje famj pjr cavgtaïãj após 2 amjs fk skrvgïj fkvgfj a uea aita qukfa fk prkssãj atravçs fa váivuia ke uea igmda fk frkmj fk dgfrjcarbjmktj ke ue skparafjr fk bagxa prkssãj muea umgfafk fk fkssuinurgzaïãj atejsnçrgca

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura 4.12 – ^gsta aprjxgeafa fj famj ma supkrnåcgk fa váivuia bjrbjikta fa ngoura 4.11

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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Ngoura 4.13 – Supkrnåcgk cje acðeuij fk pgtks causafj pjr cavgtaïãj mj iafj fk bagxa prkssãj fk ue gepkigfjr fk bjeba nkgtj ke aïj gmjxgfávki

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura 4.16 – Xgtks causafjs pjr cavgtaïãj mj iafj fa áoua fk ue cgigmfrj fk nkrrj numfgfj mj iafj fa aigekmtaïãj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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4.; Niuàmcga Kmtkmfk-sk pjr niuàmcga ue ikmtj prjckssj fk fknjreaïãj pkreamkmtk gepjstj a fktkregmafj eatkrgai, cu`a ikg fk acueuiaïãj fkpkmfk, ke kssàmcga, fa tkepkratura, fas caractkråstgcas egcrjkstruturags k fj tkepj ke quk atua uea sjigcgtaïãj ekcâmgca. A taxa fk acueuiaïãj fk famjs pjr niuàmcga aprkskmtafa pjr ckrtj eatkrgai sk gmtkmsgngca cje a kikvaïãj fa tkepkratura k fa tkmsãj apigcafa. ^asjs fk prkssãj, tubuiaïûks k fkeags cjepjmkmtks quk jpkrae sjb aitas tkepkraturas, ju sk`a, ke rkogek fk niuàmcga, pjfke tkr sua vgfa ðtgi igegtafa pjr famjs fkcjrrkmtks fkssk ekcamgsej. Ma eagjr partk fas apigcaïûks fk kmokmdarga, as prjprgkfafks ekcâmgcas utgigzafas mj prj`ktj sãj baskafas mj cjepjrtaekmtj cjepjr taekmtj kiástgcj fjs eatkrgags k tjeae cjej rknkràmcga tkmsûks afegssåvkgs rkiacgjmafas aj igegtk fk kscjaekmtj ju aj fk rksgstàmcga, fktkregmafjs ma tkepkratura aebgkmtk ju ma tkepkratura fk skrvgïj. [ea vkz quk a tkepkratura kxckfa ckrtj måvki, j eatkrgai pjfk acueuiar fknjreaïãj pkreamkmtk cje j tkepj sjb s jb tkmsûks gmnkrgjrks aj igegtk kiástgcj. Cjmsgfkramfj gssj, j prj`ktj ekcâmgcj fk cjepjmkmtks fkstgmafjs a jpkrar pjr ijmoj tkepj ke aitas tkepkraturas usuaiekmtk fgekmsgjma a kspkssura eåmgea fk parkfk pjr apigcaïãj fk prjckfgekmtj fk cáicuij sgegiar aj utgigzafj mj rkogek kiástgcj, pjrçe keprkoamfj tkmsãj afegssåvki kstabkikcgfa a partgr fj cjepjrtaekmtj ekcâmgcj fj eatkrgai fktkregmafj ke kmsagjs fk niuàmcga. J tkepj fk ruptura ç ue fjs åmfgcks eags utgigzafjs para caractkrgzar j cjepjrtaekmtj ekcâmgcj ke niuàmcga fjs eatkrgags. A fktkregmaïãj fkssk åmfgck ç jbtgfa subektkmfj-sk ue cjm`umtj fk cjrpjs fk prjva a fgnkrkmtks tkmsûks umgaxgags fk traïãj sjb tkepkratura cjmstamtk. Js fgvkrsjs tkepjs fk ruptura jbtgfjs sãj cjrrkiacgjmafjs k a tkmsãj ç kxprkssa para tkepjs fk ruptura fk rknkràmcga fk 188 djras, 1.888 djras, 18.888 djras k 188.888 djras, pjr gmtkrpjiaïãj ju kxtrapjiaïãj. Mãj jbstamtk, gmnjreaïûks sjbrk ijmojs tkepjs fk ruptura gmcjrpjrae gmckrtkzas afgcgjmags quamtj eags ackmtuafas njrke as kxtrapjiaïûks. As tkmsûks afegssåvkgs fkcjrrkmtks sãj jbtgfas pkia apigcaïãj fk ue natjr fk skouramïa è tkmsãj jbtgfa kxpkrgekmtaiekmtk. Fafjs kxpkrgekmtags sjbrk taxas fk niuàmcga pjfke skr jbtgfjs pjr eçtjfj skekidamtk, ekfgmfj-sk ekfgmfj-sk a fknjreaïãj furamtk js kmsagjs. Mkssk casj, c asj, para cafa kmsagj, cjmstróg-sk a cdaeafa curva fk niuàmcga, cjrrkiacgjmamfj fknjreaïãj k tkepj, jbtkmfj-sk j vaijr fa taxa eåmgea. Quamtj ajs famjs ke sg, ke brkvk rksuej, js ekcamgsejs fk fknjreaïãj pjr niuàmcga pjfke skr ciassgngcafjs ke tràs catkojrgas, a sabkr sabkr00 fksigzaekmtj fk fgscjrfâmcgas, niuàmcga pjr fgscjrfâmcgas k niuàmcga pjr fgnusãj, cafa ue fkiks famfj

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jrgoke a fktkregmafa ejrnjijoga fk famjs. Js ekcamgsejs fk fksigzaekmtj fk fgscjrfâmcgas k fk niuàmcga pjr fgscjrfâmcgas pjfke cjmfuzgr a uea nratura fðc fðctgi, tgi, kvkmtuaiekmtk prkckfgfa fk kstrgcïãj, ju a uea nratura nráogi ke kscaia eacrjscópgca, rksuitamtk fa gmtkrigoaïãj fk vazgjs fk niuàmcga fj tgpj arksta. Js vazgjs ke arksta sãj njreafjs pjr fksigzaekmtj fk cjmtjrmj fk orãj, quamfj kstks pkrfke a capacgfafk fk acjejfar a fknjreaïãj gmtraoramuiar acueuiafa ekfgamtk niuàmcga pjr fgscjrfâmcgas. A niuàmcga pjr fgnusãj prjejvk uea nr atura nráogi, nratura cje a prjpaoaïãj fk egcrjtrgmcas mucikafas a partgr fj aigmdaekmtj fk vazgjs fk niuàmcga fj tgpj ikmtgcuiar mjs cjmtjrmjs fk orãj jrgkmtafjs ke fgrkïãj mjreai aj caepj fk tkmsãj fk traïãj. Oramfk partk fas rupturas ke tubjs fk njrmjs k fk caifkgras, pjr kxkepij, ç prjfuzgfa pjr niuàmcga fkcjrrkmtk fk sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ijcaigzafj, cje aioueas gmfgcaïûks óbvgas, tags cjej pjmtjs qukmtks, fknjreaïûks k iaram`as. Afkeags, a gmspkïãj ç navjrkcgfa pkij natj fk quk, ke okrai, js eatkrgags trafgcgjmags eags utgigzafjs ke apigcaïûks kstruturags ke aitas tkepkraturas sãj tjikramtks è acueuiaïãj fk famj pjr niuàmcga, cjmquamtj uea fgngcuifafk gepjsta è gmspkïãj ç a pjssåvki acueuiaïãj prknkrkmcgai fjs famjs muea kstrkgta rkogãj, pjr njrïa fk tkmsãj ju tkepkratura ijcaigzafas. Jutras pjssgbgigfafks afvkrsas sãj a ijcaigzaïãj prknkrkmcgai fjs famjs mj gmtkrgjr fa parkfk ju ke supkrnåcgks gmackssåvkgs.

7 NAIDAS CA[SAFAS XJR   DGFRJOÀMGJ Ma gmfðstrga fk óikj k oás, famjs causafjs pjr dgfrjoàmgj rkprkskmtae eags fk 2;% fj tjtai fk naidas. Gssj jcjrrk pjr cjmta fa kmtrafa fj dgfrjoàmgj mj gmtkrgjr fas kstruturas ektáigcas acarrktamfj ejrekmtk nraturas fj tgpj nráogi, j quk ç partgcuiarekmtk pkrgojsj pjgs mãj dá avgsj prçvgj fk uea naida catastróngca. J dgfrjoàmgj prkskmtk mj gmtkrgjr fk ue aïj, ektai aepiaekmtk utgigzafj mj sktjr fk J&O, pjfk gmtkraogr cje a kstrutura crgstaigma njreamfj sjiuïûks sóigfas, dgfrjoàmgj ejikcuiar, ejikcuiar, prjfutjs oa oasjsjs sjsjs ju dgfrktjs. Ektaiurogcaekmtk naiamfj, js ekcamgsejs fk famjs causafjs pjr dgfrjoàmgj pjfke skr fkscrgtjs pjr fgnkrkmtks prjckssjs cjej0 nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj, nratura gmfuzgfa pjr dgfrjoàmgj, cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj ma prkskmïa fk suinktj, trgmca gmfuzgfa pjr dgfrjoàmgj jrgkmtafa pjr tkmsãj, ataquk pkij dgfrjoàmgj k nratura pjr njreaïãj fk dgfrktjs. Mj casj fj prkskmtk Ouga, è iuz fas apigcaïûks ke óikj k oás, skrãj ekmcgjmafjs js ekcamgsejs fk famjs causafjs pjr dgfrjoàmgj ke

aitas tkepkraturas.

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A busca pjr rkfuïãj fk custjs cje gmstaiaïãj k eamutkmïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs fa gmfðstrga fk pktróikj tke fkeamfafj fas sgfkrðrogcas ue aïj eags rksgstkmtk quk pkregta a fgegmugïãj fa kspkssura fa parkfk k cjmskqukmtkekmtk fk sku pksj. Eas ma cjmtraeãj fj auekmtj fa rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca vke a fgegmugïãj fa tkmacgfafk, prjprgkfafk gepjrtamtk ma sjifaoke k nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj. Kssks kqugpaekmtjs trabaidae cjeuekmtk ke aitas k prkssurgzafjs k sua naida pjfk causar acgfkmtks gmfustrgags cje tkepkraturas a pkrfa fk vgfas dueamas, sçrgjs famjs aebgkmtags, è saðfk pðbigca k trazkr gekmsj prk`uåzj kcjmöegcj.

7.1 7.1

Nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj

7.1. 7. 1.11 Fksc Fkscrgïã rgïãj j fj ekca ekcamgsej mgsej Nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj ç a pkrfa fk rksgstàmcga, fuc fuctgigfafk, tgigfafk, k/ju tkmacgfatkmacgfafk è nratura fk eatkrgags suscktåvkgs è pkmktraïãj k fgnusãj fj dgfrjoàmgj atöegcj. A nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj ikva aj trgmcaekmtj nráogi. Xjfk jcjrrkr furamtk a nabrgcaïãj, sjifaoke ju ke skrvgïj quk pkregtk j carrkoaekmtj c arrkoaekmtj fk dgfrjoàmgj mj ektai.

7.1.2 1.2 Eatkrga Eatkrgags gs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs 7. Aïjs fk bagxa igoa, aïjs fk aita igoa, aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 688, aïjs gmjxgfávkgs kmfurkcåvkgs pjr prkcgpgtaïãj, aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fðpikx, k aioueas igoas fk måquki fk aita rksgstàmcga. Aïjs-carbjmj pjfke sjnrkr nraogigzaïãj fk dgfrjoàmgj sk kmfurkcgfjs pjr trabaidj a nrgj ju pjr sjifaoke. Vgpgcaekmtk, ue aïj tke quk aprkskmtar furkza eagjr quk 22 Rjclwkii C (DRC) para skr suscktåvki è nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj cje a njreaïãj fk trgmcas mjs aebgkmtks aorkssgvjs eags skvkrjs. Eagjrks igegtks fk rksgstàmcga/furkza sãj pkregtgfjs mjs aïjs para aebgkmtks fk aorkssgvgfafk eçfga (kepjiaekmtj k trgmcas gmfuzgfas pjr dgfrjoàmgj sãj cjmsgfkrafjs kxkepijs fk nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj). dgfrjoàmgj).

7.1.3 1.3 Natjrks cråtgcj cråtgcjss 7. 

As skougmtks cgmcj cjmfgïûks fkvke skr satgsnkgtas.

– J eatkrgai fkvk skr suscktåvki. – Dgfrjoàmgj fkvk kstar prkskmtk muea cjmckmtraïãj tåpgca mj mj eatkrgai. eatkrgai. – J igegtk igegtk fk rksgstà rksgstàmcga/furkza mcga/furkza fkvk skr aitj j sungcgkmtk sungcgkmtk k a eg egcrjkstrutura crjkstrutura fkvk skr suscktåvki para jcjrràmcga fk nraogigzaïãj nr aogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj.

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– [e måvki måvki fk tkmsãj acgea fj igeg igegar ar para jcjrràmcga fk nraogigzaïãj nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj fkvk kxgstgr tamtj jrgumfj fk tkmsãj rksgfuai k/ju fk tkmsãj apigcafa. – A tkepkratura tkepkratura fkv fkvkk kstar ma nagxa fk nraogigzaïãj k fk trgmcaekmtj. 

J dgfrjoàmgj pjfk skr jrgogmafj fas skougmtks s kougmtks njmtks.

1. Sjifaoke – sk njrke keprkoafjs kiktrjfjs ðegfjs ju kiktrjfjs cje niugfjs cjmtkmfj aitj tkjr fk uegfafk, j dgfrjoàmgj pjfk skr carrkoafj mj eatkrgai. Jcjrràmcga fk trgmcas ke eatkrgags suscktåvkgs, fkvgfj a kssas causas, ç cdaeafa fk trgmca fk rksnrgaekmtj ju trgmca sjb j cjrfãj fk sjifa.

– Rkaïûks fk cjrrjsãj – a eagjrga fas rkaïûks cjrrjsgvas aqujsas prjfuz dgfrjoàmgj. Skrvgïjs ðegfjs cje D2S k DN mj quai j dgfrjoàmgj atöegcj sk fgnumfk mj ektai cjej ue rksuitafj fa rkaïãj r kaïãj fk cjrrjsãj sãj s ãj fjgs fjs eags skvkrjs kxkepijs. Kmxjnrk k arsàmgj aoke cjej gepkfgfjrks fa rkaïãj fk rkcjebgmaïãj fj dgfrjoàmgj atöegcj mjs aebgkmtks ðegfjs gepkfgmfj a njreaïãj fk oás fk dgfrjoàmgj ejikcuiar (D2) cje D2S k DN, gepkfgmfj k pkregtgmfj quk j dgfrjoàmgj atöegcj sk fgnumfa mj ektai. Ke aïjs fk aita rksgstàmcga eugtj suscktåvkgs, apkmas a rkaïãj fk cjrrjsãj, cjrr jsãj, ske a mkckssgfafk fk aioue gepkfgfjr fk rkcjebgmaïãj, basta para jcjrràmcga fk trgmtr gmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj. – Skrvgïjs ke aita tkepkratura (= 28;jC) ke atejsnkras oasjsas rgcas ke dgfrjoàmgj. J dgfrjoàmgj ejikcuiar sk fgssjcga k njrea dgfrjoàmgj atöegcj quk pjfk sk fgnumfgr mj ektai. – Igepkza k cjmskrvaïãj ke sjiuïûks ácgfas. – Nabrgcaïãj – prá prátgcas tgcas fk numfgïãj ju fk fknjreaïãj, partgcuiarekmtk jmfk cjepjmkmtks suscktåvkgs sãj fknjreafjs, pjr kxkepij, paranusjs jbtgfjs pjr njr`aekmtj ke aïjs cje prjtkïãj supkrngcgai è bask fk cáfegj, pjfke skr suscktåvkgs aj trgmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj. Kssk nkmöekmj aioueas vkzks ç cdaeafj fk ksnjigaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj. – Xrjtkïãj catófgca – j dgfrjoàmgj ç njreafj ma supkrnåcgk fj ektai prjtkogfj, quk pjfk ikvar aj trgmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj sk j ektai njr suscktåvki. 

J knkgtj ç okraiekmtk eags prjmumcgafj ke tkepkratura aebgkmtk, fgegj

mugmfj rapgfaekmtk acgea fk >; C, k knktgvaekmtk fksaparkck acgea fk

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1;8jC. A tkepkratura acgea fa quai mãj jcjrrk j trgmcaekmtj fkpkmfk fa suscktgbgigfafk suscktgbgigf afk fj eatkrgai k fa caroa fk dgfrjoàmgj prkskmtk mj aebgkmtk. 

A nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj ankta eags njrtkekmtk as prjprgkfafks kstátgcas quk as prjprgkfafks aj gepactj. Sk j dgfrjoàmgj kstá prkskmtk k uea tkmsãj sungcgkmtk ç apigcafa, a naida pjfk jcjrrkr rapgfaekmtk. ra pgfaekmtk.

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A quamtgfafk fk dgfrjoàmgj aprgsgjmafj fkpkmfk fj aebgkmtk, rkaïûks fk supkrnåcgk, k a prkskmïa prks kmïa fk ijcags para aprgsgjmaekmtj fj dgfrjoàmgj cjej gepkrnkgïûks fa rkfk crgstaigma, gmciusûks, k fkscjmtgmugfafks ektáigcas ju trgmcas prkkxgstkmtks.

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A quamtgfafk fk dgfrjoàmgj mkckssárga para jcjrràmcga fk knkgtj ekmsurávki mas prjprgkfafks ekcâmgcas varga cje j måvki fk tkmsãj kxgstkmtk, egcrjkstrutura prkskmtk, k trataekmtj apigcafj ma igoa. Ke aioueas sgtuaïûks, igegarks fk cjmckmtraïãj fk dgfrjoàmgj cråtgca njrae kstabkikcgfjs.

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Vkmsãj para prjvjcar j surogekmtj fk trgmcas pjfk skr prjvkmgkmtk fk rksnrgaekmtj furamtk a nabrgcaïãj, fk tkepkraturas fk trataekmtj tçregcj fk aiåvgj fk tkmsãj pós-sjifaoke, fk tkmsûks rksgfuags fk sjifa, ju fk caroas apigcafas.

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Js cjepjmkmtks fk kspkssura kikvafa pjfke skr vuimkrávkgs fkvgfj ès oramfks tkmsûks tçregcas jcjrrgfas furamtk j rksnrgaekmtj a partgr fa tkepkratura fk skrvgïj atç a tkepkratura aebgkmtk, rkstrgïãj è fknjreaïãj k cjmckmtraïûks fk tkmsãj pjtkmcgai ke fkscjmtgmugfafks ju trgmcas, k pjrquk ikvae eags tkepj para j dgfrjoàmgj sk fgnumfgr fgnumfgr..

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Ke okrai, cje j auekmtj fa tkmsãj, a suscktgbgigf suscktgbgigfafk afk aj trgmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj auekmta. Ckrtas egcrjkstruturas, tags cjej eartkmsgta mãj rkvkmgfa, sãj eags suscktåvkgs para j eksej måvki fk tkmsãj quk a eartkmsgta rkvkmgfa. Aïjs-carbjmj carrkoafjs skvkraekmtk cje dgfrjoàmgj aprkskmtae ekmjr tkmacgfafk è nratura quk aqukiks ske dgfrjoàmgj.

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A nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj pjfk skr rkvkrtgfa casj mãj jcjrra j trgmcaekmtj. J dgfrjoàmgj pjfk skr rkejvgfj a tkepkraturas kikvafas, 28; jC ju eags, tgpgcaekmtk aj rkfjr fk 31;jC.

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7.1.6 1.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs 7. 

Rkatjrks nabrgcafjs cje aïj Cr-Ej, taebjrks, cascjs fk pkreutafjrks, tubuiaïûks fk umgfafks fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj k fk umgfafks fk rknjrea cataiåtgca pjfke skr suscktåvkgs aj trgmcaekmtj sk a furkza furkz a fa zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa fa sjifaoke kxckfkr a furkza Brgmkii (DB) fk 22;.



Ksnkras fk areazkmaekmtj skeprk sãj nabrgcafas cje aïjs fk aita ait a rksgstàmcga (tkmsãj fk ruptura eagjr quk 643EXa) k, pjrtamtj, pjrt amtj, eags suscktåvkgs quk a eagjrga fjs jutrjs kqugpaekmtjs fk rkngmargas sk mãj sjnrkrke sjnr krke trataekmtj tçregcj fk aiåvgj fk tkmsãj.

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Js paranusjs k as ejias nabrgcafjs cje aïjs fk aita ait a rksgstàmcga sãj eugtj suscktåvkgs aj trgmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj. Cjepjmkmtks cje igegtk fk rksgstàmcga acgea fk 643EXa pjfke absjrvkr dgfrjoàmgj furamtk a jpkraïãj fk oaivamjpiastga k sjnrkr trgmcaekmtj tr gmcaekmtj amtks fk kmtrar ke jpkraïãj.

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Ke jutrjs skrvgïjs jmfk a nraogigzaïãj n raogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj ç uea prkjcupaïãj gmciugmfj eatkrgags eatkrgags suscktåvkgs tags cjej cjepjmkmtks fk váivuia fk aita rksgstàmcga, cjepjmkmtks fk gmstruekmtjs fk ekfgïãj, k sgegiarks sãj kxpjstjs a aebgkmtk ðegfj cje D2S ke umgfafk fk dgfrjcraqukaekmtj niugfj, umgfafk fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj, umgfafk fk aegma, k jutrjs skrvgïjs sjb a prkskmïa fk D2S, bke cjej a prkskmïa pr kskmïa fk DN ke umgfafks fk aiqugiaïãj. Xara kssks skrvgïjs, kqugpaekmtjs nabrgcafjs cje eatkrgags rksgstkmtks è nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj sãj skikcgjmafjs. Kxkepigngcae-sk js rkqugsgtjs fa mjrea MACK ER8183/GSSJ 1?76;.

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Aïjs-carbjmj, mjreaiekmtk usafjs para nabrgcaïãj fk vasjs, tubuiaïûks k jutrjs kqugpaekmtjs ma eagjrga fas apigcaïûks ke rkngmargas, aprkskmtae apr kskmtae bagxjs igegtks fk rksgstàmcga/furkza k tgpgcaekmtk mãj sãj suscktåvkgs è nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj quamfj prjckfgekmtjs usuags fk sjifaoke cje prkcauïûks mj cjmtrjik fk uegfafk fjs cjmsueåvkgs fk sjifaoke sãj afjtafjs.

7.1.; 7.1.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj 

A nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj mãj ç vgsåvki. Apkmas ç pkrckbgfa quamfj j trgmcaekmtj jcjrrk.

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J trgmcaekmtj rksuitamtk fa nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj pjfk sk gmgcgar subsupkrngcgaiekmtk, eas ma eagjrga fjs casjs jcjrrk ma supkrnåcgk. ^kr ngouras 7.1 k 7.2.

16;

 

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Vrgmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj jcjrrk ke ijcags fk aita tkmsãj rksgfuai ju fk kstafj trgaxgai trga xgai fk tkmsûks (kmtaidks, rkstrgïûks) k jmfk a furkza k a egcrjkstrutura sãj cjmfgzkmtks para jcjrràmcga, tags cjej ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa fa sjifa.



Ke uea kscaia eacrj, dá pjuca pjuc a kvgfàmcga fk fknjreaïãj. J trgmcaekmtj parkckrá nráogi, cje as supkrnåcgks fa nratura vgsåvki aprkskmtamfj aparàmcga nráogi. Ke uea kscaia egcrj, j eatkrgai aprkskmtará pjuca supkrnåcgk fk nratura fðtgi eas prkcgsa skr cjeparafa cje uea nratura ske a prkskmïa fk dgfrjoàmgj.

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Mj kxaek ektaijorángcj, as trgmcas sãj tgpgcaekmtk raegngcafas. Ke aïjs fk aita rksgstàmcga, j trgmcaekmtj ç nrkqukmtkekmtk gmtkroramuiar (ngoura 7.1).

7.1.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj 

Fkpkmfkmfj fa njmtk fj dgfrjoàmgj, kscjidkr uea cjepjsgïãj fa igoa, tgpj fk nabrgcaïãj k fk trataekmtj tçregcj, k igegtk fk furkza cjmvkmgkmtk para j skrvgïj prktkmfgfj.



Cjmtrjiar a furkza fjs aïjs kmfurkcåvkgs k rkaigzar trataekmtj tçregcj fk aiåvgj fk tkmsûks fk sjifaoke para rkfuzgr a furkza k as tkmsûks rksgfuags.

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Furamtk a sjifaoke, keprkoar kiktrjfjs skcjs k fk bagxj dgfrjoàmgj k rkaigzar prkaqukcgekmtj amtks fa sjifaoke.

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Sk j dgfrjoàmgj sk fgnumfgr mj ektai furamtk a sjifaoke ç uea prkjcupaj

ïãj, eamtkr fk rkejvkr 28; C juj eags, tgpgcaekmtk aj rkfjr fk 31;jaC sjifa pjfk ke skr tkepkratura rkqukrgfj para dgfrjoàmgj fj ektai amtks fj rksnrgaekmtj atç a tkepkratura aebgkmtk. 

Kspkra-sk quk j dgfrjoàmgj sk fgnumfa mj ektai furamtk a jpkraïãj, jpkraïã j, uea tkepkratura fk trataekmtj tçregcj fk 28;jC ju eags, tgpgcaekmtk aj rkfjr fk 31;jC, fkvk skr apigcafa amtks fa sjifaoke fk eamutkmïãj ju fk rkparj.

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Kqugpaekmtjs fk parkfk kspkssa ke trabaidj cje dgfrjoàmgj qukmtk rkqukrke prjckfgekmtjs cjmtrjiafjs fk partgfa (aqukcgekmtj) k fk parafa (rksnrgaekmtj) para cjmtrjiar a skquàmcga fk prkssurgzaïãj ke numïãj fa tkepkratura.

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Ke skrvgïjs cjrrjsgvjs aqujsjs, uea caeafa prjtktjra (igmgmo, ciafgmo, wkif jvkriay ) para prkvkmgr rkaïûks cje dgfrjoàmgj ma supkrnåcgk.

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Kvgtar j usj fk cáfegj para prjtkïãj supkrngcgai ke paranusjs fk aita rksgstàmcga.

7.1. 1.?? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj 7. 

Kmsagj pjr iåqugfj pkmktramtk, cjrrkmtks parasgtas, partåcuias eaomçtgcas, prknkrkmcgaiekmtk vga ðegfa k cje giuegmaïãj niujrksckmtk para fktkcïãj fk trgmcas.

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[itrassje cje cabkïjtk amouiar cjmvkmcgjmai ju  pdaskf array   pjfk taebçe skr ðtgi para fktkcïãj k fgekmsgjmaekmtj fk trgmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj.

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Kmsagj rafgjorángcj mjreaiekmtk mãj ç sungcgkmtkekmtk skmsåvki para fktkctar trgmcas pjr dgfrjoàmgj.

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Kmsagj vgsuai mãj ç cjmngávki ma fktkcïãj fk trgmcas trgmca s pjr dgfrjoàmgj.

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Sk a njmtk fk dgfrjoàmgj ç ue aebgkmtk aqujsj fk bagxa tkepkratura, j niuxj fk dgfrjoàmgj pjfk skr ejmgtjrafj pjr gmstruekmtjs kspkcgaigzafjs.

7.1.4 1.4 Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs 7. Vaebçe cjmdkcgfjs cjej trgmcaekmtj sjb j cjrfãj, trgmca fk rksnrgaekmtj, trgmcaekmtj assgstgfj pkij dgfrjoàmgj, trgmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj-tkmsãj dgfrjoàmgj-tkmsãj sãj njrnjreas asssjcgafas fk trgmcaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj.

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Ngoura 7.1 – (a) Vrgmcaekmtj fkvgfj è nraogigzaïãj pjr p jr dgfrjoàmgj fk ue tubj ke aïj fk aita rksgstàmcga. (b) Vrgmca gmtkroramuiar surogfa ma supkrnåcgk fk ue tubj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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Ngoura 7.2 – (a) Nraogigzaïãj pjr dgfrjoàmgj fk ue cjepjmkmtk fk bjeba nabrgcafj cje aïj gmjxgfávki. (b) Njtjoranga fk aita aepigaïãj fa supkrnåcgk fa nratura ejstramfj a maturkza gmtkroramuiar fj trgmcaekmtj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

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7.2 Ataquk pkij dgfrjoàmgj ke aita tkepkratura 7.2.11 Fkscrgïãj fj famj 7.2. Kqugpaekmtjs quk jpkrae ke ekgj cjmtkmfj oás dgfrjoàmgj (D2) ke aitas tkepkraturas k prkssûks pjfke sjnrkr ataquk pjr dgfrjoàmgj ke aitas tkepkraturas. Dgfrjoàmgj atöegcj, atöegcj, okrafj a partgr par tgr fa fgssjcgaïãj tçregca fk D2, pjfk fgnumfgr mj aïj k rkaogr cje carbjmktjs, ikvamfj è njreaïãj fk ektamj (CD6) mjs cjmtjrmjs fk orãjs. Xjr kssa razãj, kssk ekcamgsej taebçe ç cdaeafj fk ektamgzaïãj. A kikvafa prkssãj fj oás njreafj (CD󰀶) prjvjca trgmcaekmtj gmtkroramuiar. Aiçe fgssj, a fkscarbjmktaïãj ikva è pkrfa fk rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca. Xjrtamtj, kssk ekcamgsej pjfk prjvjcar fkscarbjmktaïãj supkrngcgai, fkscarbjmktaïãj gmtkrma, trgmcaekmtj ju uea cjebgmaïãj fkssks.

7.2.2 Eatkrgags anktafjs Ke jrfke crksckmtk2,2;Cr-1Ej, fk rksgstàmcga0 aïjs-carbjmj, aïjs cje cjmtkmfj 8,;Ej, 1Cr-8,;Ej< 1,2;Cr-8,;Ej, ;Cr-8,;Ej k aïjs sgegiarks pkqukmas vargaïûks ma cjepjsgïãj quåegca.

Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs 7.2.3 Na 

Xrkssãj parcgai fk dgfrjoàmgj0 quamtj eagjr a prkssãj parcgai fk dgfrjoàmgj, eagjr skrá a suscktgbgigfafk suscktgbgigfafk aj ekc ekcamgsej. amgsej.

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Vkepkratura k tkepj0 quamtj eagjr a tkepkratura k j tkepj, eagjr skrá a suscktgbgigfafk suscktgbgigf afk aj ekcamgsej.

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Cjepjsgïãj quåegca0 auekmtj fj tkjr fk crjej fjs eatkrgags suscktåvkgs prjpgcga eagjr rksgstàmcga è jcjrràmcga fj ekcamgsej, ekc amgsej, ke numïãj fa njreaïãj fk carbjmktjs eags kstávkgs.

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Måvki fk tkmsãj0 j ekcamgsej pjfk skr ackikrafj pjr tkmsûks skcumfárgas, tags cjej tkmsûks tçregcas ju tkmsûks gmfuzgfas pjr cjmnjreaïãj a nrgj.

As curvas curva s fk Mkisjm, ejstrafas mj AXG RX 761, gmfgcae js igegtks jpkracgjmags fk aïjs-carbjmj k fk aïjs fk bagxa igoa ke rkiaïãj è prkssãj parcgai par cgai fk dgfrjoàmgj k tkepkratura. Kssas curvas cur vas sãj baskafas ke kxpkrgàmcga afqugrgfa fksfk a fçcafa fk 1768 (a partgr fk kmsagjs ke iabjratórgj k fafjs fk caepj).

1;8

 

As curvas fk Mkisjm tàe sjnrgfj aitkraïûks aj ijmoj fj tkepj. [e casj tåpgcj njg a rkejïãj fa curva fj aïj C-8,;Ej, ke vgrtufk fk jcjrràmcga fk naidas pkij ekcamgsej fk ADAV. ADAV. Ma ðitgea kfgïãj fkssa prátgca rrkcjekmfafa, kcjekmfafa, taebçe njg gmciuåfa uea curva kspkcångca para aïjs-carbjmj sjifafjs ske trataekmtj tçregcj fk aiåvgj fk tkmsûks.

7.2.6 Kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs Kqugpaekmtjs quk jpkrae cje dgfrjoàmgj ke aitas tkepkraturas. Vubjs fk caifkgra ke skrvgïjs cje vapjr fk aita prkssãj.

7.2.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj Fkscarbjmktaïãj supkrngcgai, fkscarbjmktaïãj gmtkrma, trgmcas gmtkroramuiarks (af`ackmtks (af`ac kmtks è pkrigta ke aïjs-carbjmj) k kepjiaekmtj (fkvgfj è njreaïãj fk ektamj ju dgfrjoàmgj ejikcuiar). ejikcuiar).

7.2.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj  

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[sj fk aïjs cje eagjrks tkjrks fk crjej. Keprkoj fas curvas curva s fk Mkisjm para skikïãj fk eatkrgai. Okraiekmtk utgigzask ue natjr fk skouramïa sjbrk a tkepkratura. Aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 mãj sãj suscktåvkgs aj ekcamgsej. Cjmtufj, ç rkcjekmfafj quk eatkrgags fk kqugpaekmtjs, cje rkvkstgekmtj fk aïj gmjxgfávki austkmåtgcj, pjssuae rksgstàmcga aj ataquk pjr dgfrjoàmgj ke aitas tkepkraturas.

7.2.? Gmspkïãj/ejmgtjraïãj Xartåcuias eaomçtgcas mãj sãj knktgvas, kxcktj ke kstáogjs avamïafjs fj ekcamgsej. Amáigsk fk sgmags rktrjkspaidafjs fk uitrassje tke sgfj usafa para fktkcïãj fj famj ke kstáogjs gmgcgags. Ektaijoranga fk caepj ç igegtafa è gfkmtgngcaïãj fk trgmcas supkrngcgags supkr ngcgags (ke kstáogjs avamïafjs fj ekcamgsej) k fkscarbjmktaïãj supkrngcgai. Kmtrktamtj, fkscarbjmktaïãj supkrngcgai pjfk tkr jcjrrgfj furamtk a nabrgcaïãj fj kqugpaekmtj.

1;1

 

18 J[VRJS EKCAMGSEJS Js ekcamgsejs fk famj aprkskmtafjs mkstk Ouga njrae fgvgfgfjs ke orupjs cjej0 cjrrjsãj, aitkraïûks ektaiðrogcas, naidas ekcâmgcas k naidas causafas pjr dgfrjoàmgj. Mkstk gtke aprkskmtae-sk js ekcamgsejs fk famjs rkstamtks, quk jcjrrke ma árka fk óikj k oás, k quk mãj sk kmquafrae mjs gtkms acgea cjmstgtugmfj ue orupj kspkcångcj.

18.11 Bjidas fk vapjr 18. 18.1. 18. 1.11 Fksc Fkscrgïã rgïãj j fj ekca ekcamgsej mgsej Fknjreaïãj pkreamkmtk jcjrrkmfj a tkepkraturas eugtj aitas k a rkiatgvaekmtk bagxjs måvkgs fk tkmsãj cjej rksuitafj fk sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ijcaigzafj. Kssk nkmöekmj mjreaiekmtk mjreaiekmtk rksuitará ma njreaïãj fk prjtubkrâmcgas mas ma s cdapas fj kqugpaekmtj k ma naida kvkmtuai pjr rutura rutur a fkvgfa á tkmsãj. Sk a tkepkratura njr sungcgkmtkekmtk aita, a naida jcjrrkrá fk njrea rápgfa pjr sjbrkcaroa fk tkmsãj, vgstj quk j igegtk fk rksgstàmcga ekcâmgca fkcag rapgfaekmtk a tkepkraturas eugtj aitas. Ke tkepkraturas ekmjs skvkras, naida pjr niuàmcga fk curta furaïãj pjfkrá jcjrrkr jcjrr kr..

18. 18.1.2 1.2 Eatkrga Eatkrgags gs susckt suscktåvkgs åvkgs Vjfjs js eatkrgags fjs tubjs fk aqukckfjrks k fk caifkgras k eatkrgags cjeums fk cjmstruïãj ekcâmgca.

18. 18.1.3 1.3 Natjrks cråtg cråtgcjs cjs 

Vkepkratura, tkepj k tkmsûks sãj natjrks cråtgcjs.

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Ke aqukckfjrks, ç mjreaiekmtk fkvgfj aj gepgogekmtj fa cdaea ju quaiqukr jutra causa fk aqukcgekmtj ijcai.

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Mjs tubjs fas caifkgras, ç fkvgfj è njreaïãj fk bjidas fk vaijr, causafa pjr gepgogekmtj fk cdaea ju rkstrgïãj fj niuxj fk áoua.

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Quamtj eagjr a prkssãj gmtkrma ju j carrkoaekmtj, c arrkoaekmtj, ekmjr skrá j tkepj atç a naida. Kmtrktamtj, prjtubkrâmcgas k fgstjrïûks pjfke jcjrrkr sgomgngcatgvaekmtk eksej a bagxas prkssûks k tkmsûks sk a tkepkratura njr eugtj aita.

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J sjbrkaqukcgekmtj jcjrrk ke tkepkraturas bke acgea fa fk prj`ktj. 1;2

 

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Xkrfas prkigegmarks fk kspkssura pjr cjrrjsãj rkfuzgrãj j tkepj atç a naida fkvgfj aj auekmtj fk tkmsãj quk jcjrrk jcjrr k ma kspkssura rkfuzgfa.

18.1.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs 18.1.6  

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Vjfjs js tubjs fjs aqukckfjrks su`kgtjs a cdaea sã sãj j suscktåvkgs. Aqukckfjrks cje tkmfàmcga aj cjqukaekmtj tags cjej as piamtas fk prjckssj ke umgfafks fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj fk óikjs pksafjs, óikj cru k vácuj, k agmfa umgfafks fk cjquk sãj nrkqukmtkekmtk gmtkmsaekm gmtkmsaekm-tk aqukcgfas para eamtkr aita a tkepkratura fjs prjfutjs k ke cjmskquàmcga eags suscktåvkgs a aqukcgekmtjs ijcaigzafjs fk tubjs. Gepgogekmtj fk cdaea taebçe pjfk ikvar a aqukcgekmtj ijcaigzafj. Rkejïãj fk cjquk pjr gm`kïãj fk vapjr pjfk pj fk taebçe crgar pjmtjs qukmtks gmtkrmjs sk j cjquk njr qukgeafj mkssk prjckssj fk njrea eugtj ackikrafa. Vjfas as umgfafks fk okraïãj fk vapjr gmciugmfj caifkgras aqukcgfas a cdaea k trjcafjrks fk caijr fk fk`ktjs (okrafjrks fk vapjr) ke piamtas fk prjckssj, gmciugmfj piamtas piamtas fk kmxjnrk, rknjreafjrks cat cataiåtgcjs, aiåtgcjs, rknjreafjrks fk dgfrjoàmgj k umgfafks fk craqukaekmtj niugfj. Naidas pjfke jcjrrkr ke supkraqukckfjrks k rkaqukckfjrks furamtk a partgfa quamfj j cjmfkmsafj bijqukga j niuxj n iuxj fk vapjr.

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Rkatjrks fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj pjfke skr suscktåvkgs a sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ijcaigzafj fk ikgtjs fk rkaïãj fkvgfj aj rksnrgaekmtj pjr dgfrjoàmgj gmafkquafj ju eá fgstrgbugïãj fk niuxj.

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Rkatjrks fk rknjrea cataiåtgca pjfke skr suscktåvkgs aj sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ijcaigzafj fkvgfj aj cjqukaekmtj fj cataigsafjr.

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Kqugpaekmtjs cje parkfk rknratárga ke umgfafks fk craqukaekmtj cataiåtgcj niugfj, piamta fk kmxjnrk, piamta okrafjra fk dgfrjoàmgj, k jutras jutra s umgfafks pjfke sjnrkr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ijcaigzafj fkvgfj a famjs mj rknratárgj k/ju cdaea gmtkmsa.

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Cagxas fk njoj fk aqukckfjrks pjfke sjnrkr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ijcaigzafj fkvgfj è pkrfa fj gsjiamtk ju fj rknratárgj.

18.1.; 18.1.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj 

J famj ç tgpgcaekmtk caractkrgzafj pjr fknjreaïãj ijca ijcaigzafa igzafa k aparkcgekmtj fk prjtubkrâmcga fk 3 a 18%, ju eags, fj fgâektrj fj tubj, fkpkm-

fkmfj fa igoa, tkepkratura k fj måvki fk tkmsãj.

1;3

 

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Rupturas fk tubjs caractkrgzafas pkia aparàmcga fj tgpj ’bjca fk pkgxk― sãjmjreaiekmtk acjepamdafas pkij angmaekmtj, kxtrkegfafk ma njrea fk naca rksuitafj fa fknjreaïãj kxckssgva k pkia njreaïãj fk prjtubkrâmcgas amtks fa nratura (ngoura 18.1). 18.1).

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A egcrjkstrutura fjs tubjs rjepgfjs ejstra aijmoaekmtj skvkrj fjs orãjs ma supkrnåcgk fa nratura fkvgfj è fknjreaïãj piástgca jcjrrgfa (ngoura 18.2).

18.1.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj 

J famj pjfk skr kvgtafj egmgegzamfj js auekmtjs kxckss kxckssgvjs gvjs fk tkepkratura.

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Eamutkmïãj prkvkmtgva k aprjprgafa fjs aqukckfjrks, okstãj k cjmtrjik fk nuigoke/fkpósgtjs sãj mkckssárgjs para egmgegzar pjmtjs qukmtks k sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ijcaigzafj ke aqukckfjrks a cdaea k caifkgras.

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Aqukckfjrks quk prjfuzae uea cdaea eags fgnusa fkvke skr usafjs ke aqukckfjrks.

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Vrataekmtj aprjprgafj fa áoua fk aigekmtaïãj fa caifkgra pjfk prkvkmgr aioueas cjmfgïûks quk pjfke ikvar è rkstrgïãj fk niuxj mjs tubjs.

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Ke kqugpaekmtj fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj, a gmstaiaïãj k cjmtrjik fk tkrejparks mj ikgtj fk prjckssj mjs rkatjrks a`ufarãj a egmgegzar a jcjrràmcga fk pjmtjs qukmtks. Xrj`ktj afkquafj k eamutkmïãj fj sgstkea sãj taebçe gepjrtamtks.

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Js rknratárgjs k js kqugpaekmtjs quk js keprkoae fkvke skr eamtgfjs ke cjmfgïûks jpkracgjmags afkquafas.

18.1.?? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj 18.1. 

Famjs prkeaturjs pjr supkraqukcgekmtj ju eksej naidas pjfke jcjrrkr ke gmtkrvaijs fk tkepj ekmjrks quk aqukiks usuags fk gmspkïãj gepkfgmfj aïûks egtgoafjras ju ekfgfas prkvkmtgvas. Kmtrktamtj, kxgstke várgjs eçtjfjs fk gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj apigcávkgs aj casj fk naidas prkeaturas pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj.

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Cjepjmkmtks ackssåvkgs ackssåvkgs furamtk parafas, partgcuiarekmtk ke aqukckfjrks k caifkgras a cdaea, pjfke skr vgsuaiekmtk gmspkcgjmafjs para fk-

tkcïãj fk prjtubkrâmcgas, aejikcgekmtj fj eatkrgai, k jutrjs tgpjs fk fknjreaïãj. Famjs pjfke skr quamtgngcafjs pkij usj fk ekfgïãj fk ks1;6

 

pkssura pjr uitrassje. Kmtrktamtj, mke tjfjs js tubjs pjfke skr vkrgngcafjs, a gmspkïãj ç igegtafa, pratgcaekmtk, ajs tubjs cje ackssj vgsuai, k mke tjfjs js famjs sãj aparkmtks vgsuaiekmtk vgsuaiekmtk.. 

Ejmgtjraïãj pjr ekgj fk tkrejoranga cje gmnravkrekidj fk tubjs fk aqukckfjrks para fktkcïãj fk pjmtjs qukmtks suscktåvkgs a naidas prkeaturas pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj. Kssa gmspkïãj taebçe ç igegtafa a ijcaïûks cje ackssj vgsuai, eas a tçcmgca pjfk skr keprkoafa cje j kqugpaekmtj ke jpkraïãj keprkoamfj aparkidjs tkreóoranjs gmstaiafjs ju pjrtátkgs.

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Vkrejparks pjfke skr gmstaiafjs para ejmgtjrar a tkepkratura fk tubjs fjs aqukckfjrks ju eksej fk jutrjs kqugpaekmtjs, gmciugmfj kqugpaekmtjs gsjiafjs pjr rknratárgjs furamtk a jpkraïãj. Vkrejparks pjfke skr pjsgcgjmafjs fgrktaekmtk sjbrk a supkrnåcgk ektáigca ju sjb gsjiaekmtj para ekfgfas aprj aprjxgeafas xgeafas fa tkepkratura atuamtk. Kmtrktamtj, mke skeprk pjfke gfkmtgngcar pjmtjs qukmtks ijcaigzafjs, pjrquk j pjsgcgjmaekmtj fkstk mjreaiekmtk mãj cjgmcgfk cje a ijcaigzaïãj fk jcjrràmcga nutura fjs pjmtjs qukmtks.

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Famjs mj eatkrgai rknratárgj fkvke skr gmspkcgjmafjs mas parafas para gmfgcar pjmtjs prjvávkgs fk jcjrràmcga fk famjs pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj ju njrmkckr pgstas fk jmfk jbskrvar para pjssåvkgs tubjs ju cjepjmkmtk cje famjs pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj.

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Rçpigcas ektaijorángcas fk caepj fk cjepjmkmtks ackssåvkgs pjfke ejstrar a egcrjkstrutura k sãj keprkoafas para a njr njreaïãj eaïãj fk vazgjs fk niuàmcga. Cje cjmdkcgekmtj fas cjmfgïûks fk jpkraïãj j usj fk rçpigcas ektaijorángcas fk caepj para kstabkikckr kst abkikckr a vgfa rkeamksckmtk fk fk cjepjmkmtks anktafjs.

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Bjidas fk vapjr quk rksuitke ke cjrrjsãj cáustgca ijcaigzafa após ue oramfk pkråjfj ke vkz fk naidas prkeaturas pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj pjfke skr gmspkïãj vgsuai gmtkrma fjs tubjs keprkoamfj bjrjscópgj.

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Jutras tçcmgcas fk gmspkïãj para fktkcïãj fk rkfuïûks fk kspkssura tags cjej uitrassje cjmvkmcgjmai cje cabkïjtk mjreai, uitrassje  pdaskf array , ju VjNF pjfke skr keprkoafas, eas mjs casjs jmfk js tubjs fk okraïãj fk vapjr kstãj cje a kspkssura rkfuzgfa, kssas tçcmgcas mãj pjfke skr apigcafas.

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18.1.4 1.4 Ekcamgsejs rkiacgjmafjs 18. Ruptura pjr tkmsãj/niuàmcga k cjrrjsãj/prjtubkrâmcga cáustgca (caifkgras). Ngoura 18.1 – Naida prkeatura pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj fk ue tubj fa zjma fk rafgaïãj fk rkatjr fk dgfrjcraqukaekmtj (fgâektrj kxtkrmj 11;ee, kspkssura 13,;ee 2¹Cr 2¹Cr-1 -1Ej Ej SA3 SA33;-X22) 3;-X22) após 21 amjs fk usj. A naida rksuitju fa naita fk prjfutj fk prjckssj mj gmtkrgjr fj tubj sjb a prkskmïa fk aqukcgekmtj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

1;>

 

Ngoura 18.2 – Vubj cje prjtubkrâmcga k rjepgfj prkeaturaekmtk pjr sjbrkaqukcgekmtj a tkepkratura bke acgea fk ?;8°C

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura 18.3 – Vubj fk supkraqukckfjr fk caifkgra (1Cr-1/2Ej) ke skrvgïj a ?88 psgo quk naidju fkvgfj a sjbrkaqukcgekmtj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

1;?

 

Ngoura 18.6 – A egcrjkstrutura fa kxtrkegfafk fa nratura ejstra orãjs fk nkrrgta skvkraekmtk aijmoafjs, prjva fa kxgstàmcga fk nratura fðtgi. A kspkssura ma kxtrkegfafk ç fk ckrca fk 8,3ee, quk rkprkskmta uea rkfuïãj fa kspkssura fk eags quk 7;%. Auekmtj fk ;8x cje ataquk ektaijorángcj

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks. Ngoura 18.; – Naida prkeatura fk tubj subektgfj a aita tkepkratura ma partgfa fa caifkgra cje abkrtura aepia fa naida k kxtrkegfafks ngmas (’pjmta fk naca―). Ruptura fj tgpj fðtgi. Auekmtj fk 2;x

Njmtk0 Ackrvj fjs autjrks.

1;4

 

fgssgegiar giar 18.2 Vrgmcaekmtj ke sjifa fgssge 18.2.11 Sjifaoke fk eatkrgags fgssge 18.2. fgssgegiarks giarks Xara jbtkr sjifas fk bja quaigfafk, js prjckfgekmtjs, okraiekm okraiekmtk, tk, kspkcgngcae pkïas fk eatkrgags gfàmtgcjs ju, pkij ekmjs, fk eatkrgags fk cjepjsgïãj k prjprgkfafks skekidamtks. Cjmtufj, kxgstke eugtas apigcaïûks mas quags sãj mkckssárgas prjprgkfafks fgvkrsas ke fgnkrkmtks partks fj eksej kqugpaekmtj k, para gssj, sãj utgigzafjs eatkrgags fk fgnkrkmtks cjepjsgïûks. Gssj acarrkta a mkckssgfafk fk sjifar eatkrgags fgssgegiarks. [ea sjifa bke-suckfgfa kmtrk eatkrgags fgssgegiarks fgssgegiarks ç tãj t ãj njrtk quamtj j eags nracj fjs fjgs eatkrgags quk kstá skmfj umgfj, ju sk`a, pjssugmfj rksgstàmcga è traïãj k fuctgigfafk fuc tgigfafk sungcgkmtks para quk a `umta mãj naidk ma sjifa. Vags `umtas pjfke skr rkaigzafas ke uea vargkfafk fk ektags ekt ags fgnkrkmtks k pjr várgjs prjckssjs fk sjifaoke. J prjbikea fas sjifas fk eatkrgags fgssgegiarks kstá rkiacgjmafj è zjma fk tramsgïãj kmtrk js ektags k js cjepjstjs gmtkrektáigcjs njreafjs mkssa zjma fk tramsgïãj. Xara js prjckssjs fk sjifaoke pjr nusãj, ç gepjrtamtk gmvkstgoar j fgaoraea fk nasks fjs fjgs ektags kmvjivgfjs. Sk djuvkr sjiubgigfafk eðtua fjs fjgs ektags, as `umtas fgssgegiarks pjfke skr nkgtas cje suckssj. Sk djuvkr pjuca ju mkmduea sjiubgigfafk sjiubgigfafk kmtrk js fjgs ektags a skrke skr ke umgfjs, a `umta fk sjifa mãj skrá bke-suckfgfa. Js cjepjstjs gmtkrektáigcjs njreafjs fkvke skr avaigafjs. A egcrjkstrutura fkstk cjepjstj gmtkrektáigcj ç kxtrkeaekmtk gepjrtamtk. Ke aioums casjs, ç mkckssárgj usar ue tkrckgrj ektai quk sk`a sjiðvki ke cafa ektai para prjfuzgr uea `umtanatjr bke-suckfgfa. Jutrj cråtgcj kmvjivgfj ma `umta fk eatkrgags fgssgegiarks kstá rkiacgjmafj aj cjkngcgkmtk fk kxpamsãj tçregca fk aebjs js eatkrgags. Sk kstks njrke aepiaekmtk fgnkrkmtks, jcjrrkrãj tkmsûks gmtkrmas ma zjma gmtkrektáigca ke quaiqukr eufamïa fk tkepkratura fj eatkrgai sjifafj. Casj a zjma gmtkrektáigca sk`a nráogi, pjfkrá jcjrrkr uea naida fk skrvgïj rapgfaekmtk. A fgnkrkmïa mas tkepkraturas fk nusãj fjs fjgs ektags a skrke umgfjs taebçe fkvk skr cjmsgfkrafa. Gssj ç fk gmtkrkssk prgejrfgai quamfj ue prjckssj fk sjifaoke utgigzamfj caijr kstá kmvjivgfj, pjgs ue ektai skrá numfgfj eugtj amtks fj jutrj quamfj subektgfj è eksea njmtk fk caijr.

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18.2.2 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej fk famj ke aïjs Vrgmcas ke sjifas fk eatkrgags fgssgegiarks jcjrrke mj iafj nkrråtgcj (aïj-carbjmj ju aïj fk bagxa igoa) fk uea sjifa kmtrk ue austkmåtgcj (aïj gmjxgfávki fa sçrgk 388) k ue eatkrgai nkrråtgcj jpkramfj ke aita tkepkratura. Js eatkrgags anktafjs eags cjeums sãj js eatkrgags nkrråtgcjs, cjej j aïj-carbjmj k js aïjs fk bagxa igoa, sjifafjs a aïjs gmjxgfávkgs austkmåtgcjs, bke cjej quagsqukr cjebgmaïûks fk eatkrgags cje cjkngcgkmtks fk kxpamsãj tçregca eugtj fgnkrkmtks.

18.2.3 Na Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs ke aïjs 

Natjrks gepjrtamtks gmciuke j tgpj fk ektai fk afgïãj usafj para umgr js eatkrgags, taxa fk aqukcgekmtj k rksnrgaekmtj, tkepkratura fj ektai, tkepj ma tkepkratura, okjektrga fa sjifa k cgciaoke tçregca.

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A trgmca jcjrrk pjrquk js cjkngcgkmtks fk kxpamsãj tçregca kmtrk aïjs nkrråtgcjs k SS fa sçrgk 388 fgnkrke ke 38% ju eags. Ke aitas aita s tkepkraturas fk jpkraïãj, as fgnkrkmïas fk kxpamsãj ikvae a aitas tkmsûks ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa mj iafj nkrråtgcj.

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È ekfgfa quk a tkepkratura auekmta, a kxpamsãj tçregca fgnkrkmcgai kmtrk js ektags rksuita r ksuita ke auekmtj fa tkmsãj ma sjifaoke, prgmcgpaiekmtk sk njr usafj ue ektai fk sjifa fk aïj gmjxgfávki fa sçrgk 388.

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As tkmsûks quk atuae sjbrk a sjifa sãj sgomgngcatgvaekmtk eagjrks quamfj ue ektai fk afgïãj fk aïj gmjxgfávki austkmåtgcj ç usafj. [e ektai fk afgïãj è bask fk måquki pjssug ue cjkngcgkmtk fk kxpamsãj tçregca eags próxgej fj aïj-carbjmj, rksuitamfj ke uea tkmsãj sgomgngcatgvaekmtk ekmjr ke tkepkraturas kikvafas.

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A tkepkraturas kikvafas, j prjbikea ç aoravafj pkia fgnusãj fj carbjmj fa zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa fj eatkrgai nkrråtgcj para j ektai fk sjifa. A pkrfa fk carbjmj rkfuz a rksgstàmcga è niuàmcga fa zjma anktafa pkij caijr fj eatkrgai nkrråtgcj, auekmtamfj assge a prjbabgigfafk fk trgmcas.

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Xara tkepkraturas acgea fk 62?jC, a fgnusãj fj carbjmj sk tjrma uea prkjcupaïãj ke aïjs-carbjmj k aïjs fk bagxa igoa.

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As `umtas nkrråtgcas/austkmåtgcas pjfke okrar tkmsûks sgomgngcatgvas fk kxpamsãj tçregca/nafgoa tçregca a tkepkraturas supkrgjrks a 2>8 jC.

1>8

 

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Sjifas fk eatkrgags fgssgegiarks cje ue ektai ekt ai fk sjifa fk aïj gmjxgfávki fa sçrgk 388 ke aïj nkrråtgcj taebçe pjfke rksuitar ke uea rkogãj kstrkgta fk aita furkza mj pç fa sjifa, próxgej è igmda fk nusãj mj iafj fj aïj nkrråtgcj. Pjmas fk aita furkza tjrmae j eatkrgai suscktåvki a várgas njreas fk trgmcas jcasgjmafas jca sgjmafas pkij ekgj, cjej trgmcas gmfuzgfas/assgstgfas pkij dgfrjoàmgj. J cgcij tçregcj aorava j prjbikea.

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Ke aebgkmtks quk prjejvae a cjrrjsãj pjr cgmzas numfgfas, js prjbikeas fk trgmcas ma sjifa pjfke skr ackikrafjs pkia cjrrjsãj assgstgfa pkia tkmsãj. A zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa nkrråtgca cjrrjkrá prknkrkmcgaiekmpr knkrkmcgaiekmtk fkvgfj è oramfk tkmsãj tçregca. Js rksuitafjs sãj s ãj cumdas ijmoas k kstrkgtas fk óxgfj, paraikias è igmda fk nusãj fa sjifa.

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A eá okjektrga fa sjifa, ejrfkfura kxckssgva k jutrjs natjrks fk gmtkmsgngcaïãj fk tkmsãj aoravae a njreaïãj fk trgmcas.

18.2.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs 

Sjifas eatkrgags fgssgegiarks utgigzafas ke apigcaïûks kspkcgags ke rkngmar kngmargas k jutras piamtas fk prjckssj.

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Sjifas eatkrgags fgssgegiarks fgssgegiarks usafas ke tubuiaïûks ke tjrmj fjs rrkatjkatjrks fa NCC k mjs vasjs rkokmkrafjrks, ke apigcaïûks fk njrmjs jmfk j eatkrgai fj tubj fj njrmj eufa fk ;Cr ; Cr ju 7Cr par paraa aïj gmjxgfávki gmjxgfávki fa sçrgk 388 k ke tramsgïûks ma tubuiaïãj fk saåfa fj rkatjr fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj, fas cjmkxûks fk CrEj fk bagxa igoa rkvkstgfas para tubuiaïãj gmtkoraiekmtk ke aïj gmjxgfávki fa sçrgk 388.

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Vjfjs js supkraqukckfjrks k rkaqukckfjrks quk pjssuke sjifas kmtrk eatkrgags nkrråtgcjs (1,2;Cr-8,;Ej k 2,2;Cr-1Ej) k eatkrgags austkmåtgcjs (aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 38 388, 8, 386D, 321D k 36?D).

18.2.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj As trgmcas sk njreae mj pç fa sjifa, ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa fj eatkrgai nkrråtgcj. As sjifas quk umke js tubjs sãj a árka prjbikeátgca eags cjeue, eas supjrtks ju cjmkxûks fk aïjs gmjxgfávkgs numfgfjs ju njr`afjs fa sçrgk 388 è sçrgk 688 taebçe sãj anktafjs.

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18.2.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj 

Js ektags fk afgïãj è bask fk måquki quk pjssuke ue cjkngcgkmtk fk kxpamsãj tçregca eags próxgej aj fj aïj-carbjmj k ajs aïjs fk bagxa igoa pjfke auekmtar frastgcaekmtk a vgfa ðtgi fa `umta, fkvgfj è rkfuïãj sgomgngcatgva ma tkmsãj tçregca quk atua mj iafj fk aïj (nkrråtgcj) fa `umta.

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Sk njrke utgigzafjs kiktrjfjs fk sjifa SS fa sçrgk 388, a sjifa fk eatkrgai fgssgegiar fgssgeg iar fkvkrá kstar ijcaigzafa ke uea rkogãj fk bagxa tkepkratura fk skrvgïj.

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Mjs kqugpaekmtjs fk okraïãj fk vapjr, a sjifa ma kxtrkegfafk fk aita tkepkratura fkvk skr nkgta njra fa zjma fk tramsnkràmcga fk caijr.

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Gmstaiaïãj fk ue eatkrgai fk tramsgïãj cje ue cjkngcgkmtk fk kxpamsãj tçregca gmtkrekfgárgj kmtrk js fjgs eatkrgags a skrke skr ke umgfjs. [e kxkepij fgssj ç a tkmtatgva fk sjifar cjbrk aj aïj. Js fjgs ektags mãj sãj eutuaekmtk sjiðvkgs, eas j måquki ç sjiðvki ke aebjs. Xjrtamtj, usamfj måquki cjej ektai gmtkrekfgárgj, a `umta pjfk skr nkgta.

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Fjgs eçtjfjs sãj usafjs0 usamfj uea pkïa fk måquki, ju fkpjsgtamfj várgas caeafas fk igoa fk måquki mj aïj, ju sk`a, rkvkstgmfj j aïj cje ue fkpósgtj fk ektai fk sjifa fk måquki.

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J måquki ju fkpósgtj fk måquki pjfk skr sjifafj è igoa fk cjbrk usamfj ue ektai fk afgïãj fk måquki. Kssa artgcuiaïãj ar tgcuiaïãj njrmkckrá prjprgkfafks satgsnatórgas k skrá bke-suckfgfa.

18.3 Vrgmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj 18.3.11 Fkscrgïãj fj ekcamgsej fk famj 18.3. Eugtjs aïjs fk bagxa igoa utgigzafjs ke vasjs fk prkssãj sãj eags ju ekmjs suscktåvkgs a trgmcas ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa (PVA) fas sjifas furamtk trataekmtjs tçregcjs fk aiåvgj fa tkmsãj fa kstrutura ju quamfj njg subektgfj a skrvgïj ke aita tkepkratura. A egcrjkstrutura mãj rkngmafa fk oramuiaïãj orjsskgra fa PVA pjfk tkr uea fuctgigfafk tãj bagxa ma nagxa fk 3;8 a ;;8 jC quk mke eksej as pkqukmas fknjreaïûks fk niuàmcga mkckssárgas para rkiaxar rkia xar as tkmsûks rksgfuags pjfke skr acjejfafas. Assuek-sk, okraiekmtk, quk kssk rkiaxaekmtj fa tkmsãj tçregca jcjrrk pjr uea fknjreaïãj fk niuàmcga umgnjrekekmtk fgstrgbuåfa pjr tjfa a kstrutura sjifafa.

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Mj trataekmtj tçregcj fk aïjs suscktåvkgs, a prkcgpgtaïãj fk carbjmktjs mj gmtkrgjr fjs orãjs orjsskgrjs fa PVA rksuita mj kmfurkcgekmtj fjs orãjs, ngcamfj a rkogãj fjs cjmtjrmjs fjs orãjs ekmjs rksgstkmtks k njrïae a fknjreaïãj pjr niuàmcga a jcjrrkr mjs cjmtjrmjs fjs orãjs.

18.3.2 Na Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs

A prkskmïa fk gepurkzas quk skorkoae mjs cjmtjrmjs fjs orãjs k prjejvke nraogigzaïãj fa tàepkra (pjr kxkepij0 amtgeömgj, arsàmgcj, kstamdj, kmxjnrk k nósnjrj) auekmta a suscktgbgigfafk aj trgmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj. A okjektrga fa `umta pjfk auekmtar j rgscj fk racdafuras. r acdafuras. Xjr kxkepij, `umtas quk pjssgbgigtke cjmckmtraïãj fk tkmsãj, cjej sjifas fk pkmktraïãj parcgai, sãj eags prjpkmsas a gmgcgar trgmcas. J prjckfgekmtj fk sjifaoke taebçe tke gmniuàmcga. Cjrfûks fk sjifa oramfks sãj gmfksk`ávkgs, gmfksk`ávkgs, pjgs prjfuzke orãjs cjiumarks orjsskgrjs mj gmtkrgjr fj ektai fk sjifa k ma PVA fk oramuiaïãj orjsskgra quk tke ekmjs prjbabgigfafk fk skr rkngmafa pjr ue passj subskqukmtk k, pjrtamtj, skrá eags suscktåvki aj trgmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj. J trgmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj rkqukr a prkskmïa fk tkmsûks kikvafas k, pjrtamtj, ç eags prjvávki quk jcjrra ke skïûks k eatkrgags fk eagjr rksgstàmcga. Vrgmcas fk rkaqukcgekmtj jcjrrke a tkepkraturas kikvafas quamfj a fuctgigfafk fk niuàmcga ç gmsungcgkmtk para acjejfar as fknjreaïûks mkckssárgas para j aiåvgj fk tkmsûks apigcafas ju rksgfuags. Ke eugtjs casjs, as trgmcas kstãj cjmngmafas è zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa, cjekïamfj ke aioue tgpj fk cjmckmtraïãj fk tkmsãj k pjfke atuar cjej ue ijcai fk gmgcgaïãj è nafgoa. J trataekmtj tçregcj fk aiåvgj fk tkmsãj k kstabgigzaïãj fk aïjs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 para eaxgegzar ea xgegzar a rksgstàmcga aj trgmcaekmtj pjr cjrrjsãj sjb tkmsãj pjfk causar prjbikeas fk trgmcaekmtj tr gmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj, prgmcgpai prgmcgpaiekmtk ekmtk ke skïûks eags kspkssas.

18.3.3 Eatkrgags suscktåvkgs Aïjs fk bagxa igoa k aita rksgstàmcga r ksgstàmcga (DSIA) (partgcuiarekmtk, aïjs rksgstkmtks è niuàmcga, cjej j aïj fk crjej-ejigbfàmgj 8,;Cr 8,;Ej 8,2;^), aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs fa sçrgk 388 k igoas fk måquki sãj suscktåvkgs a kssk ekcamgsej ekc amgsej fk famj.

18.3.6 [mgfafks k kqugpaekmtjs suscktåvkgs J trgmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj tke eags prjbabgigfafk fk jcjrrkr ke árkas fk aita rkstrgïãj fk vasjs fk aita kspkssura, gmciugmfj sjifas fk bjcags k tubuiaïûks fk aita kspkssura. 1>3

 

18.3.; Ejrnjijoga fj famj A trgmca fk rkaqukcgekmtj ç gmtkroramuiar k pjfk anijrar è supkrnåcgk ju ngcar kebutgfa mj eatkrgai, fkpkmfkmfj fkpkmfkmfj fj kstafj fk tkmsûks k okjektrga. Ç eags nrkqukmtkekmtk jbskrvafa ke skïûks fk oramuiaïãj ora muiaïãj orjsskgra fk uea zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa fa sjifa. A trgmca pjfk tkr uea njrea fk eacrjngssuras orjsskgras ju cjiömgas fk egcrjngssuras.

18.3.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj J prjckfgekmtj fk sjifaoke pjfk skr usafj para egmgegzar j rgscj fk rkaqukcgekmtj fj craclgmo0 prjfuzgmfj j rkngmaekmtj eáxgej fj DAP DA P fk orãj orjsskgrj< igegtamfj j orau fk crkscgekmtj fk orãjs fk austkmgta< kigegmamfj as cjmckmtraïûks fk tkmsûks. As cjmngouraïûks fk `umtas mas skïûks fk aita kspkssura fkvke skr prj`ktafas para egmgegzar as rkstrgïûks furamtk a sjifaoke k j trataekmtj tçregcj fk póssjifaoke. [e prkaqukcgekmtj afkquafj taebçe fkvk skr apigcafj. J taeamdj fj orãj tke uea gmniuàmcga gepjrtamtk ma fuctgigfafk a aitas tkepkraturas k ma suscktgbgigfafk aj trgmcaekmtj pjr rkaqukcgekmtj. [e taeamdj fk orãj oramfk rksuita ke zjmas tkregcaekmtk anktafas ekmjs fðctkgs, tjrmamfj j eatkrgai eags suscktåvki a trgmcas fk rkaqukcgekmtj. Kmtaidks ektaiðrogcjs fkcjrrkmtks fa jpkraïãj fk sjifaoke sãj nrkqukmtkekmtk a causa fk trgmcas trgmca s ma zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa (mjs igegtks kmtrk a sjifa k a zjma tkregcaekmtk anktafa). Rkcjekmfa-sk kvgtar eufamïas bruscas ma skïãj tramsvkrsai mj prj`ktj k ma nabrgcaïãj, cjej ngiktks fk ragj pkqukmjs ju ejrfkfuras quk pjfke jrgogmar cjmckmtraïûks fk tkmsãj. Sjifas fk cjstura ijmoa sãj partgcuiarekmtk suscktåvkgs a fksaigmdaekmtj pjr prjbikeas ma ejmtaoke.

18.6 Cdjquk tçregcj (tkrejciask) 18.6.11 Fkscrgïãj fjs famjs 18.6. [e iascaekmtj (tkrejciask, ke gmoiàs spaiigmo) pjr nafgoa tçregca ç jcasgjmafj pkij nkmöekmj fk cdjquk tçregcj, tçr egcj, rksuitamtk fk ue orafgkmtk fk tkepkratura sgomgngcatgvj. Kstk nkmöekmj ikva ue kqugpaekmtj ju cjepjmkmtk aj cjiapsj pjr ekgj fk caroas fk tkmsûks aitas k mãj umgnjreks quk sk fkskmvjivke mue curtj pkråjfj fk tkepj. Sk a kxpamsãj ju a cjmtraïãj tçregca njr rkstrgmogfa, pjfkrãj

jcjrrkr tkmsûks acgea fa rksgstàmcga aj kscjaekmtj fj eatkrgai. J cdjquk tçregcj okraiekmtk jcjrrk quamfj ue iåqugfj eags nrgj kmtra ke cjmtatj cje uea supkrnåcgk fk ektai eags qukmtk. 1>6

 

18.6.2 Eatkrgags anktafjs Vjfjs js ektags k igoas.

Natjrks tjrks cråtgcjs 18.6.3 Na 

A eaomgtufk fj fgnkrkmcgai fk tkepkratura k j cjkngcgkmtk fk kxpamsãj tçregca fj eatkrgai fktkregmae a eaomgtufk fa tkmsãj.

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As tkmsûks cåcigcas okrafas pkij cgcij fk tkepkratura fj eatkrgai pjfke gmgcgar trgmcas pjr nafgoa.

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Js aïjs gmjxgfávkgs gmjxgfávkgs pjssuke cjkngcgkmtks fk kxpamsãj tçregca eags aitjs quk js aïjs-carbjmj k igoas ju igoas è ba bask sk fk måquki k tàe eagjr prjbabgigfafk fk sjnrkr tkmsûks eags aitas.

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Kxpjsgïãj a aitas tkepkraturas furamtk ue gmcàmfgj.

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Aitkraïûks fk tkepkratura quk pjfke rksuitar fj rksnrgaekmtj fa áoua

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cjej rksuitafj fk fgiðvgjs fk cduva. A nratura kstá rkiacgjmafa è rkstrgïãj fk ue cjepjmkmtk quk gepkfk a kxpamsãj ju cjmtraïãj fj cjepjmkmtk cje uea eufamïa fk tkepkratura.

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A ngssuraïãj ke cjepjmkmtks numfgfjs, cjej váivuias, pjfk gmgcgar mas naidas fk numfgïãj k prjorkfgr atravçs fa kspkssura.

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Skïûks kspkssas pjfke pj fke fkskmvjivk fkskmvjivkrr aitjs orafgkmtks ora fgkmtks tçregcjs.

18.6.6 [mgfafks ju kqugpaekmtjs anktafjs 

Cjquk, rknjrea cataiåtgca k umgfafks fk dgfrjprjckssaekmtj fk aita oravgfafk sãj umgfafks fk aita tkepkratura, jmfk ç pjssåvki cdjquk tçregcj.

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Vubuiaïûks k kqugpaekmtjs fk aita tkepkratura ke quaiqukr umgfafk pjfke skr anktafjs.

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Js eatkrgags quk pkrfkrae a fuctgigfafk, cjej kqugpaekmtjs CrEj (nraogigzaïãj fa tàepkra), sãj partgcuiarekmtk suscktåvkgs a cdjquks tçregcjs.

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Kqugpaekmtj su`kgtj su`kgtj a prjckfgekmtjs pr jckfgekmtjs fk rksnrgaekmtj ackikrafj para egmgegzar j tkepj fk fksigoaekmtj.

18.6.; Aparàmcga ju ejrnjijoga fj famj Vrgmcas k iascaekmtj cje pkrfa fk nraoekmtjs ma supkrnåcgk fj eatkrgai. 1>;

 

18.6.> Xrkvkmïãj/egtgoaïãj 

Kvgtar gmtkrrupïûks mj niuxj fk igmdas fk aita tkepkratura.

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Egmgegzar rkstrgïûks skvkras.

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Gmstaiar iuvas tçregcas para kvgtar j gepactj gepac tj fk iåqugfj mjs cjepjmkm cjepjmkmtks tks fj igegtk fk prkssãj.

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Egmgegzar Egmge gzar as sgtuaïûks fk fgiðvgj fk áoua fa cduva ju gmcàmfgj gmcàmfgj..

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Rkvgsar js pjmtjs fk gm`kïãj qukmtk/nrgj para vkrgngcar sk dá cdjquk tçregcj.

18.6. 18.6.?? Gmspkïãj k ejmgtjraïãj Kssk tgpj fk famj jcjrrk ijcaigzafaekmtk k fk fgnåcgi ijcaigzaïãj. Iåqugfj pkmktramtk k partåcuias eaomçtgcas pjfke skr usafjs para cjmngrear as trgmcas.

18.6.4 Ekcamgsej rkiacgjmafj Nafgoa tçregca.

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RKNKRÀMCGAS AIDKOAOG, N. A. 6?;¸C kebrgttikekmt gm stagmikss stkkis. Gmtkrmatgjmai @jurmai jn Scgkmtgngc & Kmogmkkrgmo Rkskarcd, v. >, m. 7, Skp. 281;. AMÁIGSK FK NAIDAS KE KQ[GXAEKMVJS FK XRJCKSSJ – EKCAMGSEJS FK FAMJS K CASJS CAS JS XRÁVGCJS. XRÁVGCJS. AXG. Rgsl-baskf Rgsl-baskf gmspkctgjm tkcdmjijoy. RX ;41. _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG, 2884. ZZ ZZ ZZ. ZZ . Xrkssurk vksski gms gmspkctgjm pkctgjm cjfk0 Eagmtkmamck Eagmtkmamck gmspkctgjm, ratgmo, rkpagr, rkpagr, amf aitkratgjm. Aekrgc  Aekrgcam am Xktrjikue Gm Gmstgtutk stgtutk ; ;18, 18, _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. ZZZZZZ. Xgpgmo gmspkctgjm cjfk.  Aekrgcam Xktrjikue Gmstgtut Gmstgtutk k ;?8 ;?8,,  _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. AXG RX 736-A. Eatkrgais amf nabrgcatgjm rkqugrkekmts njr 2-1/6Cr-1Ej, 2-1/6Cr-1Ej-1/6^, 3Cr-1Ej amf 3Cr-1Ej-1/6^ stkki dkavy waii prkssurk vksskis njr dgod tkepkraturk, dgod prkssurk skrvgck. _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG, Eay 2884.

AXG RX 736-B. Nabrgcatgjm cjmsgfkratgjms njr ¹^ stkki dkavy waii prkssurk vksskis njr dgod tkepkraturk, dgod prkssurk dyfrjokm skrvgck. _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. AXG RX 736-C. Eatkrgais amf nabrgcatgjm rkqugrkekmts njr 1 1/6Cr-1/2Ej stkki dkavy waii prkssurk vksskis njr dgod tkepkraturk, dgod prkssurk dyfrjokm skrvgck.  _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. AXG RX 736-F. Vkcdmgcai rkpjr rkpjrtt jm tdk ea eatkrgais tkrgais a amf mf nabrgcatgjm gssu gssuks ks jn 1¹C 1¹Crr-µEj µEj amf 1Cr-µEj stkki prkssurk vksskis. _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. AXG RX 736-K. RX njr eatkrgais amf nabrgcatgjm jn 1¹Cr-µEj stkki prkssurk vksskis njr skrvgck abjvk 42;jN (661jC). _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. ZZ ZZ ZZ. ZZ . Faeaok ekcdamg ekcdamgses ses annkctgmo ngxkf kqugp kqugpekmt ekmt gm tdk rkngmgmo gmfustry. gmfustry. AXG Rkcjeekmfkf Xractgck ;?1. 2. kf. Aprgi 2811. AXG 734-C. [sk jn fupikx stagmikss stkkis gm tdk jgi rkngmgmo gmfustry.  _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG, iatkst kfgtgjm. ZZZZZZ ;1?, 2828.

ZZZZZ ZZ ZZZ Z ;?1, 22828 828..

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AXG ;?7-1/ASEK NNS-1. Ngtmkss-njr-skrvgck. _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. AXG SVAMFARF ;38. Caicuiatgjm jn dkatkr-tubk tdgclmkss gm pktrjikue rkngmkrgks.  _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. AXG SVAMFARF >>8. Sdkii-amf-tubk dkat kxcdamokrs. _asdgmotjm, F.C.0 AXG. ASLKIAMF, F.< XD[IÇ, X. Cgàmcga k kmokmdarga fjs eatkrgags. 1. kf. Ckmcaok Ikarmgmo. ASE. Ektais damfbjjl. Xrjpkrtgks amf a mf skikctgjm0 grjm, stkkis, amf dgod-pk dgod-pkrnjreamrnjreamck aiijys. v. 1. Eatkrgais Xarl, JD0 ASE Gmtkrmatgjmai. ZZZZZZ. Ektais damfbjjl, cjrrjs cjrrjsgjm. gjm. v. 7, 177?. ZZZZZZ. Ektais damfbjjl. Eatkrgais cdaractkrgz cdaractkrgzatgjm. atgjm. v. 18. Eatkrgais Xarl, JD0 ASE Gmtkrmatgjmai. ASE DAMFBJJL. v. 11. Nagiurk amaiysgs amf prkvkmtgjm. ASE DAMFBJJL – CJRRJSGJM. CJRRJSGJM. v. 13. Eatkrgais Xarl, JD0 ASE Gmtkrmatgjmai. CDA[^GKRK, E. E. kt ai. Eamaogmo C[G gm aogmo rkngmkry prkssurk vksskis. Xapkr #8?;>>. Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai. CDGA^KRGMG, ^. Aïjs k nkrrjs nkrrjs numf numfgfjs. gfjs. >. kf. ABE. CIARLK, B. D.< AO[GIKRA, A. E. Egcrjbgjijogcaiiy gmniukmckf cjrrjsgjm gm ngrk sprgmlikr systkes.  CJEB[SVGJM NJSSGI XJ_KR SWSVKES. 3. kf. Cjebustgjm Kmogmkkrgmo, CV, 1741. CJRRJSGJM BASGCS – AM GMVRJF[CVGJM. Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai CJRRJSGJM Gmtkrmatgjmai,, p. 128-1 128-121, 21, 1746. FKSGOM O[GFKIGMKS NJR VDK SKIKCVGJM AMF [SK JN SVAGMIKSS SVKKI.  A Fksgomkrs‗ Damfbjjl Skrgks, m. 7816, Mgclki Fkvkijpekmt Gmstgtutk. FKVVKM_AMOKR, N. N. kt ai. Vdk gmniukmck jn Sg, _ amf watkr vapjr jm tdk jxgfatgjm bkdavgjr jn 7Cr stkkis. Xapkr m. 811;1, MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai, Djustjm, 2881.

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FKTVKR, S. C. Bgjijogcaiiy gmfuckf cjrrjsgjm. MACK Xrjckkfgmos jn tdk Gmtkrmatgjmai Cjmnkrkmck jm Bgjijogcaiiy Gmfuckf Cjrrjsgjm, @um. 174;. Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai. FGIIJM, C. X. Cjrrjsgjm cjmtrji gm tdk cdkegcai prjckss gmfustrgks. Eatkrgais Vkcdmjijoy Gmstgtutk. p. 44-78, 1776. FJBGS, @. F.< D[AMO, I. Asskssekmt jn orapdgtgzkf carbjm stkki tubks gm ngrkf dkatkr skrvgck. Cjrrjsgjm/8;, MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai, papkr #8;;;7, Djustjm, 288;. FJJIKW, B.< ECMA[ODVJM, _. Bjgikr tubk nagiurks0 Vdkjry amf practgck. 3 v. KXRG, 177;. ZZZZZZ< CDK^AI, ^. L. KXRG – nijw-acckikratkf cjrrjsgjm. Gm0 MACK Cjrrjsgjm, papkr  36?,, 1777.  36? ZZZZ ZZ ZZZZ< ZZ< ZZZZ ZZ ZZZZ. ZZ. Nijw-acc Nijw-acckikra kikratkf tkf cjrrjsg cjrrjsgjm jm jn prkssurk vks vksski ski gm njssg njssgii piamts. Gmtkrmatgjmai @jurmai jn Xrkssurk ^ksski amf Xgpgmo, m. ??, p. 4;-78, 2888. KXRG. Nijw-acckikratkf Nijw-acckikratkf cjrrjsgjm gm pjwkr piamts. VR-18>>11-R1, KXRG. KR_GM, _. K.< LKRR, @. O. Vdk usk jn qukmcdkf amf tkepkrkf 2¹Cr-1Ej stkki njr tdgcl waii rkactjr vksskis gm pktrjikue rkngmkry prjckssks0 Am gmtkrprktgvk rkvgkw jn 2; ykars jn rkskarcd amf appigcatgjm. _RC Buiiktgm, m. 2?;, _kifgmo Rkskarcd Cjumcgi, Sdalkr Dkgodts, JD. NKIGXXK, i. kt ai.  A apigcaïãj fa eamutkmïãj prkfgtgva prkfgtgva para tubuiaïûks fk áoua k vapjr, assjcgafa aj nkmöekmj fa krjsãj/cjrrjsãj ackikrafa fkvgfj aj niuxj.  GGG Skegmárgj Catargmkmsk fk Eamutkmïãj, Abraeam, Samta Catargma, 288;. NKIGXXK, I. Aikrta fk skouramïa skouramïa k js rrgscjs gscjs fk acgfkm acgfkmtks tks fkvgf fkvgfj j a naidas ke tubjs fk caifkgras k cjepjmkm cjepjmkmtks tks assjcgafjs. Orupj fk Vrabaidj OXV GG, TGT SMXVKK, Rgj fk @amkgrj, 288?. NKRRKGRA, R. C. Kstufj fa njreaïãj fk nask sgoea ke aïjs gmjxgfávkgs austkmåtgNKRRKGRA, cjs. Fgsskrtaïãj fk ekstrafj, [NROS, 2887. NJ[IFS, @. R.< ^GS_AMAVDAM, R. Orapdgtgzatgjm jn stkkis gm kikvatkf-tkepkraturk skrvgck.  Xrjckkfgmos jn tdk Ngrst Gmtkrmatgjmai Syepjsgue0 Egcrjstructurks amf Ekcdamgcai Xrjpkrtgks jn Aogmo Eatkrgais, Mjv. 1772.

NRKMCD, F. M. Ektaiiurogcai nagiurks gm njssgi ngrkf bjgikrs. Mkw Wjrl0 @jdm _giky amf Sjms, Xubigsdkrs, Gmc., 1773. 1>7

 

ZZZZZZ. Egcrjstructurai fkorafatgjm.  Vdk Matgjmai Bjarf jn Bjgikr amf Xrkssurk ^ksski Gmspkctjrs, @um. 2881. Fgspjmåvki Fgspjmåvki ke0 9dttp0//www 9dttp0//www.matgjmaibjarf.cje .matgjmaibjarf.cje=. =. OKMVGI, ^. Cjrrjsãj. ;. kf. Rgj fk @amkgrj0 IVC. O[GA ORGMSX-SX. Mjtas fk auia. O[VPKGV,, @. kt ai. Cjrrjsgjm gm pktr O[VPKGV pktrjikue jikue rkngmgmo amf pktrjcdkegcai pktr jcdkegcai jpkratgjms. Gm0  ASE Ektais Damfbjjl, v. 13, p. 1.2>2-1.244. ASE Gmtkrmatgjmai, JD, 174?. GBX. Causas okrags fk fktkrgjraïãj k avarga fjs kqugpaekmtjs – ouga m. >. Gmspkïãj fk kqugpaekmtjs, GBX. MACK ER8183/GSJ 1?76;. Xktrjikue, pktrjcdkegcai amf maturai oas gmfustrgks – Ektaiigc eatkrgais rksgstamt tj suingfk strkss craclgmo gm cjrrjsgvk pktrjikue rkngGmtkrmatgjmai. mgmo kmvgrjmekmts. Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai.

MACK. Cjrrjsgjm basgcs – am gmtrjfuctgjm. Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai, p. 111-123< p. 2?>-244, 1746. ZZZZZZ. Vdk cjmtrji jn cjrrjsgjm umfkr tdkreai gmsuiatgjm, amf ngrkprjjngmo – a systkes apprjacd. Stamfarf RX8174. Djustjm0 MACK M ACK Gmtkrmatgjmai. ZZZZZZ. Basgc cjrrjsgjm cjursk damfbjjl. Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai, 2888. XJIIJCL, _. G.< SVKKIW, C. M. Cjrrjsgjm umfkr wkt tdkreai gmsuiatgjm. Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai, 1778. XGIIJV, S. kt ai. Knnkct jn aokgmo amf dyfrjokm jm nracturk ekcdamgcs amf C^M prjpkrtgks jn 2.2;Cr1Ej stkki orafks – appigcatgjm tj EXV gssuks. Xapkr #887361.  Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai, 288;. XJRV, R. F. Mjm-wkif rkiatkf orapdgtgzatgjm nagiurks. Cjrrjsgjm/47,  Xapkr #264, Djustjm0 MACK, 1747. ZZZZ ZZ ZZZZ< ZZ< DKRRJ DKRRJ,, D. E E.. Vdk MAICJ ougfk tj bjgikr nagiurk amaiysgs.  Mkw Wjrl0 EcOraw Dgii, 1771. RABAIF, K. Cjrrjsgjm ougfk. Aestkrfae0 Kiskvgkr, 17?4. Vdk numfaekmtais jn cjrrjsgjm.

SC[IIW, @. C.

 Mkw Wjrl0 Xkroaejm Xrkss, 17?;.

SVKAE – GVS OKMKRAVGJM OKMKRAVGJM AMF [SK. 68. kf. Babcjcl amf _gicjx, 1772. 1?8

 

S_GNV, R. A. Vkepkr kebrgttikekmt gm ijw aiijy nkrrgtgc stkkis. Cjrrjsgjm/?>, Xapkr #12;, Djustjm0 MACK, 17?>. VAIBJV, F.< VAIBJV, @. Cjrrjsgjm scgkmck amf tkcdmjijoy. VDGKISCD, D. Fknkcts amf nagiurks gm prkssurk vksskis amf pgpgmo. Mkw Wjrl0 Lrgkokr Xubigsdgmo Cj., p. 67-43, 17??. VRKSKFKR, R. S. Ouarfgmo aoagmst dyfrjokm kebrgttikekmt. Cdkegcai Kmogmkkrgmo Eaoazgmk, Cdkegcai _kkl Xubigsdgmo, @umk 1741. V_G. Fknkcts/gepkrnkctgjms gm wkifs – rkdkat craclgmo. ^AM FKIGMFKR, I. S. Cjrrjs Cjrrjsgjm gjm ba basgcs, sgcs, am gmtrjfuctgjm. Djustjm0 MACK Gmtkrmatgjmai, 1746. ^GMCLGKR, A.< FDJJOK, A. Rkdkat craclgmo gm wkifkf structurks furgmo strkss rkigkn dkat trkatekmts.

^GS_AMAVDAM, R. Faeaok ekcdamgses amf ignk asskssekmt jn dgod tkepkraturk cjepjmkmts. ASE Gmtkrmatgjmai, 1747. _AILKR, S. E. KXRG MFK Ckmtkr – [S [S 13 Mkw MFK fkvkijpekmts suppjrt rapgf, ra pgf, kcjmjegcai scrkkmgmo njr nijw-acckikratkf cjrrjsgjm. Gm0 Ngrst Gmtkrmatgjmai Gmtkrmatgjmai Cjmnkrkmck jm MFK gm Rkiatgjm tj Structurai Gmtkorgty njr Mucikar amf Xrkssurgzkf Cjepjmkmts, Aestkrfae, 1774. _KIFGMO JN FGSSGEGIAR EKVAIS. Fgspjmåvki ke0 9dttps0//www.tjtaieatkrga.cje/ paok.aspx:GF5CdkclArtgcik&IM5KM&sgtk5ltm&ME51;2=. _DGVK, R. A.< KDELK, K. N. Eatkrgais skikctgjm njr rkngmkrgks amf assjcgatkf nacgigtgks. Djustjm0 MACK, p. ;3-;6, 1771. _GISJM, @. O. Orapdgtgzatgjm jn stkki gm pktrjikue rkngmgmo kqugpekmt amf tdk knnkct jn orapdgtgzatgjm jn stkki jm strkss-rupturk prjpkrtgks. _RC Buiiktgm Skrgks, m. 32, Sdalkr Dkgodts, JD, @am. 17;?.

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