GUIA Laboratorio 7

 

CHDETHPETFE >1 GCGOPTEXWÊJFOH V _W_ H^CFOHOFEKG_ F.

EDMGPFYE_=  

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Oekstrufr y edsgrvhr gc iukofekhjfgkte `g ukh ogc`h ahcvèkfoh. F`gktfifohr y gsorfdfr rghoofekgs hkÿ`fohs y ohtÿ`fohs. Oekstrufr y edsgrvhr gc iukofekhjf iukofekhjfgkte Oekstrufr ukh pfch sgoh (hcujfkfe) gkte `g chs ogc`hs gcgotrecêtfohs.

FF. FF. IW IWK@ K@H HJG JGKP KPE E PG PGßT ßTFO FOE= E= OETTE_FßK GCGOPTEXWÊJFOH= Ch oer oerres resfÿ fÿk k gcg gcgotr otrequ equêjf êjfoh oh gs uk pre preogs ogse e gsp gspekt ektèkg èkge e qug `gk `gketh eth sfg sfgjpr jprg g ch gxfstgkofh `g ukh zekh hkÿ`foh (ch qug suirg ch oerresfÿk), ukh zekh ohtÿ`foh y uk gcgotrecfte, y gs fjprgsofk`fdcg ch gxfstgkofh `g gstes trgs gcgjgktes, h`gjès `g ukh dugkh ukfÿk gcæotrfoh gktrg èke`es y oète`es, phrh qug gstg tfpe `g oerresfÿk pug`h tgkgr cuahr. Ch oerresfÿk jès irgougktg sfgjprg gs `g khturhcgzh gcgotrequêjfoh y rgsucth `g ch ierjhofÿk sedrg ch supgrifofg jgtècfoh `g juctftu` `g zekhs hkÿ`fohs y ohtÿ`fohs< gc gcgo gcgotre trecfcfte te gs gk oh ohse se `g ke gsth gsthrr su sujg jgra raf` f`e e e gktg gktgrr rrh` h`e e gk gc jg jgth thc,c, gc hauh hauh oek`gksh`h `g ch htjÿsigrh, phrh ce qug ch bujg`h` rgchtfvh `gdgrè sgr `gc 1>%.

Gc pr preo eogs gse e `g `f `fse secu cuof ofÿk ÿk `g uk jg jgth thcc gk uk èof` èof`e e gs fauh fauhcj cjgk gktg tg uk preo preogs gse e gcgotrequêjfoe. Ch fkifkf`h` `g durdumhs qug hphrgogk sedrg ch supgrifofg jgtècfoh rgvgch ch gxfstgkofh `g fkifkftes oète`es, jfgktrhs qug gk ces èke`es sg vh `fsecvfgk`e gc jgthc. H sfjpcg vfsth gs fjpesfdcg `fstfkaufr gktrg ukh zekh hkÿ`foh y ukh ohtÿ`foh, `h`h ch khturhcgzh jforesoÿpfoh `g chs jfsjhs (jfore pfchs ahcvèkfohs). Hc ohjdfhr  oektfkuhjgktg `g pesfofÿk chs zekhs hkÿ`fohs y ohtÿ`fohs, ccgah uk jejgkte gk qug gc jgthc sg `fsugcvg tethcjgktg. Chs rghoofekgs qug tfgkgk cuahr gk chs zekhs hkÿ`fohs y ohtÿ`fohs sek chs sfaufgktgs=

 

Vh qu qug g ch oe oerr rres esfÿ fÿk k `g ce cess jg jgth thcg cgss gk hj hjdf dfgk gktg tgss býjg býjg`e `ess gs `g khtu khturh rhcg cgzh zh gcgot gc gotreq requêj uêjfoh foh,, ukh ukh hp hprex rexfjh fjhofÿ ofÿk k cÿ cÿafo afoh h ph phrh rh fktgk fktgkthr thr phr phrhr hr ch oer oerres resfÿk fÿk sgr sgrêh êh jg`fhktg jæte`es gcgotrequêjfoes. Ces jæte`es gcgotrequêjfoes phrh ch pretgoofÿk oektrh ch oerresfÿk rgqufgrgk `g uk ohjdfe gk gc petgkofhc `gc jgthc phrh prgvgkfr e hc jgkes `fsjfkufr su `fsecuofÿk. OGC@H_ GCGOPTECÊPFOH_ Ch ogc`h gcgotrecêtfoh trhksierjh ukh oerrfgktg gcæotrfoh gk ukh rghoofÿk quêjfoh `g exf`hofÿk-rg`uoofÿk qug ke tfgkg cuahr `g je`e gspektèkge. Gk juobhs `g gsths rghoofekgs sg `gsoejpekg ukh susthkofh quêjfoh per ce qug `fobe preogse rgofdg gc kejdrg `g gcgotrecfsfs. Phjdfæk rgofdgk ces kejdrgs `g ogc`h gcgotrecêtfoh e oudh gcgotrecêtfoh  H `figrgkofh `g ch ogc`h vecthfoh, gk ch oæcuch gcgotrecêtfoh, ces `es gcgotre`es ke kgogsfthk gsthr sgphrh`es, per ce qug bhy uk sÿce rgofpfgktg gk gc qug tfgkgk cuahr chs `es sgjfrrghoofekgs OGC@H_ AHCYÈKFOH_ Ch gkgraêh cfdgrh`h per ukh rghoofÿk rg`ex gspektèkgh pug`g ushrsg phrh rghcfzhr  trhdhme gcæotrfoe. thrgh sg oujpcg per`g jg`fe `g ukh tfgkg ogc`hcuahr vecthfoh ahcvèkfoh), uk `fspesftfve gkGsth gc qug ch trhksigrgkofh gcgotrekgs h ce(echrae `g uk ohjfke gxtgrke, y ke `frgothjgktg gktrg ces rghotfves. _g ccgvh h ohde ukh rghoofÿk gspektèkgh `g gstg tfpe ouhk`e sg oeceoh ukh tfrh `g zfko gk oekthote oek ukh `fsecuofÿk qug oektfgkg Ou4. H jg`f`h qug ch rghoofÿk hvhkzh, gc oecer hzuc `g ces fekgs Ou4 (ho) sg `gsvhkgog, y sg `gpesfth oedrg jgtècfoe sedrg gc zfko. Hc jfsje tfgjpe, gc zfko oejfgkzh h `fsecvgrsg.

+

]k( s ) Ou

4

+ µ ↔ ]k + µ + 4

Ou

µ

(s )

µ

FF FFF. F. TGHO TGHOPF PFYE YE_ _ V _E _ECW CWOF OFEK EKG_ G_==     

 Hauh `gstfch`h `gstfch`h _ucihte `g oedrg 8 J (40,67 a Ou_E 0 . 7 B4E/8>> jc) _ucihte `g ofko 8 J 4 dhrrhs `g arhifte 8 cèjfkh `g oedrg

 

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8 cèjfkh `g ofko 8 pgqugøe `g phpgc cfmh _hc Oejýk  Hzýohr  ohrdÿk ^hpgc `g hcujfkfe ^hpgc Pfssug Pfrhs `g phpgc `g ifctre Ocerure `g se`fe (secuofÿk shturh`h) Igkecithcgêkh Teme `g jgtfce

FY. ^TE ^TEOG@ OG@FJF FJFGKP GKPE E V OW OWG_P G_PFEKH FEKHTFE= TFE= GR^GTFJGKPE 8= Gcgotrecftes 8. Wshk`e ch iugktg `g oerrfgktg oektfkuh `gc chderhterfe vgrfifohr ushk`e `es gcgotre`es `g arhifte sf jhroh vecthmg hc sujgrafrce gk ukh secuofÿk `g shcjugrh hc 4>% gk pgse gk uk vhse `g 8>>jc. 4. Tgpgtfr gc jfsje preog`fjfgkte oek hauh hzuohrh`h hc ?>%. ?>% .

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Gk hjdes ohses sg prgsgktÿ rgafstre `g vecthmg (_F/KE)………_F

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@g sgr hsê, hketg gc vecthmg rgafstrh`e phrh oh`h ohse= Yhse 8:…………………………… Yhse 4: …………………………..

GR^GTFJGKPE Ke 4= Ogc`hs Ahcvèkfohs 8. Gk sus rgsp rgspgotfv gotfves es vhses `g prgo prgofpft fpfthofÿ hofÿk k vfgrth chs sec secuofe uofekgs kgs sfau sfaufgk fgktgs= tgs= 0> jc `g sucihte `g ofko 8,> J y 07 jC `g sucihte `g oedrg 8,> J. Gkujgrhrh ces vhses. 4. Gk oh` oh`h h uke `g gste gstess vhse vhsess sg oeceo oeceohrèk hrèk ce cess sfau sfaufgkt fgktgs gs sÿcf sÿcf`es, `es, qu qug g sgrvf sgrvfrèk rèk oeje gcgotre`es= cèjfkh `g cèjfkh `g zfko (]k) y oedrg (Ou). ?. Cugae oekgotg ces gcgotre`es h uk vectêjgtre gk phrhcgce per jg`fe `g hchjdrgs prevfstes prevfs tes `g pfkzhs pfkzhs,, `g thc jhkgrh qug uk gcgotre gcgotre`e `e gstæ gstæ oekgot oekgoth`e h`e hc tgr tgrjfk jfkhc hc kgahtfve `gc vectêjgtre y gc etre gcgotre`e hc tgrjfkhc pesftfve. ^hrh ogrrhr gc ofroufte oekgotg hjdes vhses oek ukh tfrh `g phpgc `g ifctre prgvfhjgktg bujg`gof`e oek ukh secuofÿk shturh`h `g ocerure `g se`fe (pugktg shcfke). Auêgsg `g ch sfaufgktg fjhagk=

 

KE WPFCFOG ^WGKPG_ _HCFKE_ VH W_H@E_

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µOÿje shdgr ouèk`e ch fksthchofÿk oek gc vectêjgtre gs oerrgoth5

Ouhk`e `e gk ch jg`fofÿk jg`fofÿk `gdg shcfr pesftfve pesftfve gk gc gxpgrfjgkte gxpgrfjgkte oek ch Ouhk bgrrhjfgkth ^H_OE 

Gsorfdh chs sgjfrghoofÿk qug sg pre`uog gk gc èke`e y oète`e.

Ou_E0 + ]k ]k_E0 + Ou

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]k ]k4+ + 4±g-

Gc zfko sg exf`h

Ou4+ + 4±g- Ou

Gc oedrg sg rg`uog

Fk Fk`f `fqu qug g gc pe petg tgko kofh fhcc gstè gstèk` k`hr hr `g gsth gsth sgjf sgjf rgho rghoof ofÿk ÿk.. Ws Wsg g ch thdc thdch h `g petgkofhcgs `g exf`hofÿk.

]k + Ou :^   >.19 Y + >.?0 Y: 8.8Y 

Gk gcgotrequêjfoh µXuæ gs uk gcgotre`e5

Wk gcgotre`e gk ukh ogc`h gcgotrequêjfoh sek ces gcgotrekgs shcgk `g ch ogc`h y eourrg ch exf`hofÿk, y gc oète`e gs `gifkf`e oeje gc gcgotre`e gk gc ouhc ces gcgotrekgs gktrhk h ch ogc`h y eourrg ch rg`uoofÿk.  Oh`h gcgotre`e pug`g oekvgrtfrsg gk èke`e e oète`e `gpgk`fgk`e `gc vecthmg qug sg hpcfqug h ch ogc`h.

 

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@fsgøg ukh pfch oek jhtgrfhcgs fkusuhcgs y gxprgsg su oejperthjfgkte oek gsqugjhs y gouhofekgs, sf cg gs pesfdcg fk`fqug gc vecthmg gspgrh`e.

µBhyy `figrg µBh `figrgkof kofhs hs gk gktrg trg ces pet petgko gkofhc fhcgs gs `g ogc ogc`h, `h, Gogc`h  (jg (jg`f `f`es `es oek gc vectêjgtre) gc petgkofhc gstèk`hr `g ogc`h, G½ ogc`h (edtgkf`es `g ukh thdch)5. µ^er quæ5, yµOÿje gvfthrce5

sf bhy `figrgkofhs, pugste qug gc jg`fe hjdfgktg fkocuyg y bhy etres juobes hotergs qug bhogk bhogk qug pug`h gxfstfr ukh pgr`f`h Gk te`es ces ohses rgsucthk sgr pesftfves, gste pgrjftg shdgrqug chs rghoofekgs sek gspektèkghs

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Ces sfakes `g ces petgkofhcgs gstèk`hr `g ogc`h, µsek pesftfves e kgahtfves5. Gstes stes sf sfa akes fk`f `foohk qug chs rg rgh hoof oofekgs sek sek µg µgsp spe ektèk tèkghs e ke gspektèkghs5

GR^GTFJGKPE ?= ^fch sgoh Hcujfkfe - Exêagke Tghoofekgs prepugsths=

 Hc(s) + ?EB (hq)  ↔ Hc(EB) (s) + ?g∔ ∔

E (a) + 4B E(c) + 0g∔ ↔ 4

4

?

0EB∔(hq)

Acedhc= 0Hc(s) + ?E4(a) + 9B4E(c)  ↔

0Hc(EB) ?(s)

8. Hoek Hoek`fof `fofekhr ekhr ph phpgc pgc `g hc hcujfk ujfkfe fe `g hpr hprexfj exfjh`hj h`hjgktg gktg 8? x 8 8? ? oj. 4. Cugae prgphrg 4 4> > jc ` `g g ukh secuofÿk shturh`h `g Oce Ocerure rure `g _e`fe (g (gcgotrecfte). cgotrecfte). ?. Jugc Jugch h ifkhj ifkhjgktg gktg oh ohrdÿk rdÿk ho hotfvh` tfvh`e e gk uk jertg jertgre re y hrjg ch og ogc`h c`h `g hou hougr`e gr`e hc gsqugjh sfaufgktg=

0. `gdg Gc php phpgc gc bujg`gof`e Pfss Pfssug ug `gd `gdg goek tgk tgkgr gr jgke jgkerr thjhø thjhøe e qug tre treze ze `g phpg phpgcc hcuj hcujfkf fkfe ey sgr ch secuofÿk shturh`h `g gc KhOc.

 

7. Wkh vvgz gz bgo bgobe be gs gste te bujg bujg`gog `gogrr thjd thjdfæk fæk gc oohrd hrdÿk ÿk hotf hotfvh`e vh`e.. 9. H` H`bgr bgrfr fr uk ocfp gst gstfrh frh`e `e gk uk gxt gxtrgj rgje e `gc phpg phpgcc hcuj hcujfkf fkfe e y etr etre e gk gc ohr ohrdÿk dÿk hotfvh`e bujg`gof`e phrh pe`gr oeagr `g gses gxtrgjes ces oeoe`rfces `gc juctêjgtre. 1. Wsh Wshk`e k`e gc ju juctêjg ctêjgtre tre `gtg `gtgrjfk rjfkg g gc èke`e èke`e y gc oète` oète`e e `gc sfs sfstgjh tgjh.. 2. Tg Tgspe spek` k`h h chs sfa sfaufg ufgktg ktgss prga prgaukt ukths= hs= 

µ^er quæ sg `gdg hargahr shc phrh qug ch pfch iukofekg5

Gk uk ukhh pfc pfchh gcg gcgotr otrequ equ1jf 1jfoh oh ouh ouhk` k`e e sg phs phshh ukh oe oerrf rrfgkt gktgg

gcæotr gcæ otrfoh foh

h

trhvgs `g ocerure `g se`fe 2uk`f`e hccê sg pre`uogk ohjdfes qufjfoes gk ces puktes qug gktrh h shcg ch oerrfgktg gk ch shc 2uk`f`h 

µXuæ phpgc tfgkg gc ohrdÿk bujg`gof`e oek shc5

Gc phpgc Pfssug pugs oektfgkg ogcucesh 

Gxpcfqug.

Gs jès pe`gresh, pugste qug hc rgsthr ces petgkofhcgs gk chs ogc`hs ogc `hs >hc >hcè èkfo kfohs hs gc jèx jèxfje fje rgs rgsuct ucth` h`e e 2ug 8.7 8.7?? tgÿ tgÿrfo rfohjg hjgktg ktg,, jfgktrhs qug gk ch pfch gc petgkofhc tgÿrfoe iug `g 4.9), gste qufgrg `gofr sg>Dk ces `htes `gc vectêjgtre qug ch pfch gsh jès pe`gresh

GR^GTFJGKPE 0= Ogc`hs gcgotrecêtfohs 8. Ccg Ccgkg kg uk tude g gk k W oek ukh se secuof cuofÿk ÿk `g sshc hc (O (Oceru cerure re `g _ _e`fe e`fe)) hc 4> 4>% % gk p pgse gse bhsth ukh hcturh `g hprexfjh`hjgktg, 8.7 oj `g ces der`gs. 4. _u _ujg jgrm rmh h vh vhrf rfcccchs hs `g ar arhi hiftfte e y oe oekæ kæot otgc gces es h ch iugk iugktg tg `g oerr oerrfg fgkt ktg g oekt oektfk fkuh uh ushk`e ces oekgotergs hprepfh`es.

(^TGOHWOFßK= KWKOH MWKPG CE_ ^ECE_ @G CH IWGKPG OEKPFKWH) ?. H ch secu secuofÿk ofÿk qu qug g sg gkou gkougktrh gktrh gk cch h phrtg hk hkÿ`fo ÿ`foh< h< gk gc tude gk W W,, harga hargaug ug ? aeths `g reme `g jgtfce y h ch secuofÿk qug sg gkougktrh gk ch phrtg ohtÿ`foh hargaug ? aeths `g igkecithcgêkh igkecithcgêkh..  Hketg ces oecergs oecergs fkfofhc fkfofhcgs gs `g ces fk`f fk`foh`ergs= oh`ergs= 

 Èke`e= ……………… ………………hjhrfcce hjhrfcce Oète`e=………………………trhksphrgktæ Oète`e=……………………… trhksphrgktæ……………………………….. ………………………………..

 

+

 

-

O

O (arhifte)

(arhifte)

0. Gk Gkof ofgk gk`h `h ch iugk iugktg tg `g oe oerr rrfg fgkt ktg g oe oekt ktfk fkuh uh y jh jhkt ktæk ækah ahce ce iuko iukofe fekh khk` k`e e per  per  hprexfjh`hjgktg ? jfkutes.  Hketg sus edsgrvhofekgs, edsgrvhofekgs, ccccgkg gkg gc sfauf sfaufgktg gktg ouh`re=

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Oecer fkfofhc gk gc oète`e

Oecer fkfofhc gk gc èke`e

Oecer `gspuæs `g ces 0 jfkutes gk gc èke`e

Oecer `gspuæs `g ces 4.7 jfkutes gk gc oète`e

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hjhrfcce

Teme areksgcch

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Teme `g jgtfce fkoecere Igkecithcgêkh

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Oecer reme

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 µXuæ fk`foh gc ohjdfe `g oecer `gc reme `g jgtfce gk gc èke`e5

Gc oecer gs reme arekogcch   pugs fk`foh gc tfpe `g jg`fe qug sg ch pre`uof`e gk gstg ohse uk jg`fe

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Gsorfdfr gs ch(s) sgjf rghoofÿk(gs) qug sg gstè pre`uofgk`e gk gc èke`e. Fk`fqug Fk`fq ug ces gst gsth` h`es es `g ha harga rgahof hofÿk ÿk y gc pet petgko gkofh fhcc gstèk gstèk`h `hrr `g ch(s) ch(s) sgj sgjff rghoofÿk(s). Ces gsth`es `g harghofek , pugste qug gc jg`fe hjdfgktg fkocuyg h etres juobes 2hotergs qug bhogk qug pug`h gxfstfr ukh pgr`f`h, per gse phrh gvfthrce sg `gdg trhdhmhr gk uk hjdfgktg qug2hofcftg rgsucth`es oek uk j1kfje `g pær`f`hs  qug rgsecuofekgs rghoofekgs oejpcgthjgktg

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Gk gc èke`e sg hprgofhk durdumhs qug sg `gsprgk`gk `gc gcgotre`e µouèc gs gc kejdrg `g `fobe ahs5 Gc chs `gsprgk`f`e gs gc bf`rÿagke

 

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µGk quæ gcgotre` gcgotre`e e sg hprgofh jhy jhyer er prgs prgsgkof gkofh h `g durdumh durdumhs5 s5 µOuèc gs gc kejdrg `g `fobe ahs5 Gk gc èke`e sg `gsprgk`gk durdumhs ,gs gc bf`rÿagke …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Y. OWG_PFE FEK KHTFE= FE= F. µXuæ µXuæ g gss ch ch ooerr erres esfÿk fÿk5 5

Tghoofÿk quêjfoh pre`uote `g ch ukfÿk `gc jgthc oek gc exêagke, gs `gofr, ch oerresfÿk gs uk `gtgrfere edsgrvh`e gk uk edmgte jgtècfoe h ohush `g uk hcte fjphote gcgotrequêjfoe `g ohrèotgr exf`htfve y ch vgceof`h` `gagkgrhtfvh `gagkgrhtfvh `g `fobe jhtgrfhc `gpgk`grè `g ch gxpesfofÿk hc hagktg exf`hktg, ch tgjpgrhturh prgsgkth`h, FF. Jgkofekg chs chs hpcfohofekg hpcfohofekgss h kfvgc fk`ustrfhc `g ch Gcgotreq Gcgotrequêjfoh. uêjfoh.

Gs uk `fspesftfve qug oekvfgrtg gkgraêh quêjfoh gk gkgraêh gcæotrfoh per uk preogse quêjfoe trhksfterfe, trhs ce ouhc ogsh su hotfvf`h` y bhk `g rgkevhrs rgkevhrsgg sus gcgjgktes oekstftuygktgs, FFF.µOuèc gs ch ifkhcf`h` `gc pugktg shcfke5, µXuæ tfpe `g susthkofhs sg gjpcghk gk gc pugktg shcfke5

Ch ifkhcf`h` `g gc pugktg shcfke gs oekgothr chs sgjfogc`hs `g exf`hofÿk y rg`uoofÿk `g ukh ogc`h ahcvèkfoh (e pfch vecthfoh), uk tfpe `g ogc`h gcgotrequêjfoh.Chs susthkofhs qug gs gjpcgh`e gs gc tude `g vf`rfe y phpgc `g ifctre. FY. FY. Fk Fk`f `fqu qug g gc sg sgkt ktf` f`e e `g `g `gsp spch chzh zhjf jfgk gkte te `g cces es gc gcgo gotr trek ekgs gs y `g ce cess fek fekgs gs gk u ukh kh gcgotrÿcfsfs.

YF. TGI TGIGTG GTGKOFH KOFH DFD DFDCFE CFEATÈ ATÈIFO IFOH= H= Dhsfecf / Qgftz Ourse `g Xuêjfoh Agkgrhc g Fkeraèkfoh 8624 G`fterfhc Lhpgcutz  Hragktfkh _bgjfsbfk Xuêjfoh agkgrhc g fkeraèkfoh 861> g`fterfhc Jfr WT__ (Tus (Tusfh) fh) Yf`hc Merag Ourse `g Xuêjfoh Fkeraèkfoh oek keofekgs `g Jfkgrhceaêh 8694 G`fterfhc Gstgcch Hragktfkh