Guia Del Proyecto Impact para Profesionales
March 19, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Hlroufbrdl 2
]fbe kj dopfjojetb`dðe ]fbe pbrb fb `letdeudkbk kjf prlcrbob7 ¼Ruä prlcrbob7 ¼Ruä rj`ursls sj ej`jsdtbe pbrb ded`dbr y obetjejr jf prlcrbob<
Dkjetdhd`br bf jqudpl kj detjrvje`dðe7 ¼Rudäe detjrvje`dðe7 ¼Rudäe jstbrâ devlfu`rbkl je fb bpfd`b`dðe kjf prlcrbob<
Dkjetdhd`br b fbs hbodfdbs7 ¼B hbodfdbs7 ¼B qudäe sj fj lhrj`jrâ jf prlcrbob y je quä olojetl<
Kjhdedr fb flcïstd`b kjf prlcrbob7 ¼@ðol prlcrbob7 ¼@ðol sj dopfjojetbrâ jf prlcrbob<
Bilrkbr fls listâ`ufls pbrb fb pbrtd`dpb`dðe7 pbr td`dpb`dðe7 ¼Ruä ¼Ruä bplyls sj ej`jsdtbe pbrb quj fbs hbodfdbs pbrtd`dpje<
Ab`jr fbs bkbptb`dlejs ej`jsbrdbs7 ¼@ðol ej`jsbrdbs7 ¼@ðol pujkj ab`jr bkbptb`dlejs sde quj sj pdjrkb fb hdkjfdkbk<
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Hlroufbrdl 9
@ujstdlebrdl @ujstdlebrd l kj bkodsdðe (pâcdeb 2 kj 9) Edòl/b7 ]bkrj/obkrj7
Hj`ab7
2. ¼Ruä ¼Ruä jspjrb `lesjcudr `le
jstb detjrvje`dðe< ¼@uâfjs sle sus prde`dpbfjs ligjtdvls ligjtdvls pbrb jf edòl/fb edòb<
9. ¼Pj ab jvbfubkl bf edòl/b fb edòb< Je `bsl bhrobtdvl, ¼ab rj`didkl ue kdbceðstd`l<
0. ¼Jf edòl/fb edòb
tdjej b`tubfojetj bfcueb kj fbs sdcudjetjs kdh`uftbkjs< kdh`uftbkjs<
]rjhjrj gucbr b slfbs. Yjpdtj fl quj lyj lyj l kd`j fl odsol ueb y ltrb vjz. Fj `ujstb ab`jr `letb`tl vdsubf. Fj `ujstb jetjekjr jetjekjr fl quj quj sj fj kd`j kd`j l sjcudr fbs destru``dlejs. Fj `ujstb `lopbrtdr l turebrsj. [djej kdh`uftbk pbrb dodtbr fl quj sj ab`j l kd`j.
;. ¼@ðol sj `loued`b `le ustjk jf
Fj `ujstb bprjekjr cjstls, pbfbirbs, l `loidebr pbfbirbs pbfbirbs pbrb hlrobr hlrobr lrb`dlejs. [djej ue detjräs fdodtbkl plr fls gucujtjs u ltrls ltrls obtjrdbfjs obtjrdbfjs kj gujcl. Fj `ujstb `loued`brsj pbrb kdvjrsbs hebfdkbkjs. Gujcb kj ueb hlrob deusubf l kj fb odsob hlrob ueb y ltrb vjz.
edòl/fb edòb<
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
@ujstdlebrdl dl kj bkodsdðe (pâcdeb 9 kj 9) @ujstdlebr :. ¼Fj
prjl`upb bfcueb `leku`tb (rbidjtbs, prlifjobs `le fb `lodkb l kdh`uftbk pbrb klrodr)< Pd js bsï, ¼je quä ojkdkb bhj`tbe jsbs `leku`tbs bf hue`dlebodjetl kdbrdl kj fb hbodfdb<
8. ¼Jf
edòl/fb edòb ab rj`didkl l jstâ rj`didjekl bfcueb detjrvje`dðe< Je `bsl bhrobtdvl, ¼quä oätlkls sj abe utdfdzbkl je jsls prlcrbobs y `uâf ab sdkl su jxpjrdje`db `le jffls<
3. ¼Ruä jxpj`tbtdvbs tdjej slirj su pbpjf je fbs sjsdlejs `le jf edòl/fb edòb<
1. ¼Rudäe pbsb oâs tdjopl `le jf edòl/fb edòb< ¼Aby bfcudje oâs quj kjib pbrtd`dpbr je jf prlcrbob<
4. ¼Ruä dkdlobs sj abifbe je su `bsb< ¼@uâf js jf dkdlob prde`dpbf<
2=. ¼Jxdstj
bfc÷e prlifjob quj pujkb `lopfd`br fb bsdstje`db b fbs sjsdlejs< Pd js bsï, ¼`uâf<
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Hlroufbrdl 0
@ujstdlebrdl kj ded`dl Edòl/b7 ]bkrj/obkrj7
Hj`ab7
Yjffjej y jetrjcuj jstj hlroufbrdl betjs kj fb prdojrb sjsdðe kj detjrvje`dðe. 2. Kurbetj fb sjobeb, ¼`le qudäe pbsb jf tdjopl jf edòl/fb edòb<
9. ¼Jf edòl/fb edòb tdjej ajrobels< Pd fb rjspujstb js sï, dekdquj sus jkbkjs.
0. ¼@uâfjs sle sus prde`dpbfjs ligjtdvls pbrb jf edòl/fb edòb<
;. ¼@uâfjs sle fls ligjtdvls quj fj custbrïb `lesjcudr pbrb ustjk<
:. Dekdquj bfcuebs b`tdvdkbkjs `le fbs quj kdshrutb jf edòl/fb edòb.
8. ¼Jf edòl/fb edòb rj`dij b`tubfojetj bfc÷e ltrl sjrvd`dl (plr jgjopfl, btje`dðe tjoprbeb, tjrbpdb l`upb`dlebf, flclpjkdb, tjrbpdb `leku`tubf)< Je `bsl bhrobtdvl, kjs`rdib jf sjrvd`dl (plr jgjopfl, jf trbtbodjetl oäkd`l l fb detjrvje`dðe), qudäe prlplr`dleb jf sjrvd`dl y `ðol jstâ sdjekl fb jxpjrdje`db `le jsj prlcrbob.
3. Dekdquj `ubfqudjr ltrb dehlrob`dðe quj pujkb sjr ÷tdf y bkguetj jvbfub`dlejs l pfbejs kj detjrvje`dðe betjrdlrjs.
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Hlroufbrdl ;
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk kj fb detjrvje`dðe detjrvje`dðe (pâcdeb 2 kj 0) Edòl/b7
Bkuftl7
Pjsdðe77 Pjsdðe
Hj`ab7
Lisjr Lisjrvbklr/ vbklr/b77 b77 B`tdvdkbk7
Ligjtdvls kj pbrtd`dpb`dðe sl`dbf7 Ligjtdvls kj `loued`b`dðe7 Ligjtdvls kj gujcl7 Ligjtdvls kj dodtb`dðe7 ]BZ[BP ]BYB FB ]ZE[ZB@DÐE
@bfdquj `bkb jfjojetl huekbojetbf ibsâeklsj je su lisjrvb`dðe kj fb pjrsleb bkuftb y kj fb edòb/jf edòl. Kjspuäs kj puetubr `bkb jfjojetl, prlplr`dlej puetub`dðe tltbfjsb qujjstrbtjcdb rjjgj fb j`b`db `le quj jf bkuftl ab bpfd`bkl fb jstrbtjcdb. Bsï, ueb puetub`dðeueb kj ; l : dekd`b quj sj ab bpfd`bkl `le ue bftl edvjf kj kjfdkbk. Ze prlojkdl kj ; l oâs je tlkbs fbs jstrbtjcdbs dekd`b quj jf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ sj ab bpfd`bkl `le fb kjfdkbk jspjrbkb. Hdkjfdkbk ibgb 2
9
0
;
Hdkjfdkbk bftb :
Jf bkuftl el dopfjojetb fb jstrbtjcdb, l `bsd tlkls fls detjetls kj usbr fb jstrbtjcdb sle de`lrrj`tls.
Jf bkuftl bpfd`b fb jstrbtjcdb l`bsdlebfojetj, pjrl fb fb ob obylrïb ylrïb kj fbs lplrtuedkbkjs sj pdjrkje l sj rjbfdzbe kj obejrb dejhd`bz.
Jf bkuftl dopfjojetb fb jstrbtjcdb kj obejrb jhj`tdvb fb odtbk kj fbs vj`js, pjrl pdjrkj pdjrkj ou`abs ou`abs lplrtuedkbkjs lplrtuedkbk js l fb jhd`b`db el js `lestbetj.
Jf bkuftl dopfjojetb fb jstrbtjcdb kj obejrb jhj`tdvb oâs kj fb odtbk kj fbs vj`js, pjrl pdjrkj bfcuebs lplrtuedkbkjs u l`bsdlebfojetj el js jhd`bz.
Jf bkuftl dopfjojetb fb jstrbtjcdb kj obejrb jhj`tdvb kurbetj tlkb fb sjsdðe y slfl pdjrkj uebs `ubetbs lplrtuedkbkjs.
Jstrbtjcdb kj fb detjrvje`dðe
Hdkjfdkbk (2-:)
Eltbs
@jetrbrsj je jf edòl7 ]uet÷j `le quä hrj`uje`db jf bkuftl utdfdzb `le jhj`tdvdkbk fbs tä`ed`bs pbrb devlfu`rbr bf edòl/b fb edòb je fb b`tdvdkbk l rutdeb kj gujcl. Fb puetub`dðe tltbf sj ibsb je fb jgj`u`dðe kj tlkls fls jfjojetls huekbojetbfjs quj sj jeuojrbe b `letdeub`dðe. Pj sdt÷b `brb b `brb. Kjgb quj jf edòl/fb edòb cuïj fb b`tdvdkbk. ]brtd`dpb je fb b`tdvdkbk kj fb edòb/jf edòl. Byukb bf edòl/b fb edòb `le fb b`tdvdkbk. Dodtb jf gujcl, fls olvdodjetls l fls sledkls. Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk kj fb detjrvje`dðe detjrvje`dðe (pâcdeb 9 kj 0) Jstrbtjcdb kj fb detjrvje`dðe
Hdkjfdkbk (2-:)
Eltbs
Yjsplekj b fbs b``dlejs kj fb edòb/jf edòl. Jstbifj`j uels fïodtjs sd js ej`jsbrdl. Bkbptbr fb `loued`b`dðe7 ]uet÷j `le quä hrj`uje`db jf bkuftl kjoujstrb bedob`dðe, kb jgjopfl utdfdzbekl jf fjecubgj bkj`ubkl y bopfïb `le jhj`tdvdkbk fb `loued`b`dðe jspletâejb kjf edòl l kj fb edòb. Fb puetub`dðe tltbf sj ibsb je fb jgj`u`dðe kj tlkls fls jfjojetls huekbojetbfjs quj sj jeuojrbe b `letdeub`dðe. Ztdfdzb y bkbptb su prlpdl edvjf kj bedob`dðe pbrb byukbr bf edòl/b fb edòb b pbrtd`dpbr y sjcudr `letrlfâeklsj.
@lojetb fl quj jf edòl/fb edòb odrb, lyj l ab`j. Ztdfdzb ue fjecubgj sje`dffl.
Bopfïb fb `loued`b`dðe kj fb edòb/jf edòl. @rjbr lplrtuedkbkjs7 ]uet÷j `le quä hrj`uje`db jf bkuftl
utdfdzb jhd`bzojetj fbs tä`ed`bs pbrb kbr lplrtuedkbkjs kj quj jf edòl/fb edòb tloj fb ded`dbtdvb l pbrb btrbjr su btje`dðe. Fb puetub`dðe tltbf js ueb `loideb`dðe kj fb `bfdkbk y fb hrj`uje`db kjf usl kj fb jstrbtjcdb y el pujkj sjr obylr quj jf `ðkdcl kj hrj`uje`db. Pd jf edòl l fb edòb ded`db b ojeukl fb detjrb``dðe kj hlrob jspletâejb, jf bkuftl pujkj utdfdzbr utdfdzbr jstb jstrbtjcdb jstrbtjcdb `le ojelr hr hrj`uje`db j`uje`db sde quj quj sj fl pjebfd`j plr jffl. Ztdfdzb fb jstrbtjcdb ueb l kls vj`js plr odeutl l sjc÷e sjb ej`jsbrdl. «Detjrruopdr ojkdbetj jf gujcl¾ «Jqudfdirbr fls turels¾ «Hlojetbr jf kjsjl kj `loued`brsj¾
]rjsjetb fb lplrtuedkbk `fbrbojetj. Yjtdjej l iflqujb jf b``jsl bf obtjrdbf kurbetj fb lplrtuedkbk `rjbkb. Jspjrb b quj jf edòl/fb edòb rjsplekb b fb lplrtuedkbk. Yjsplekj b fbs b``dlejs kj fb edòb/jf edòl. Bopfïb fb `loued`b`dðe kj fb edòb/jf edòl. Jesjòbr eujvbs abidfdkbkjs7 ]uet÷j `le quä hrj`uje`db
jf bkuftl utdfdzb jhd`bzojetj fls jstïoufls y rj`lopjesbs pbrb jesjòbr jesjòbr abidfdkbkjs abidfdkbkjs jspj`ïhd`bs jspj`ïhd`bs kj `loued`b`d `loued`b`dðe ðe j dodtb`dðe/gujcl. Fb puetub`dðe tltbf js ueb `loideb`dðe kj fb `bfdkbk y fb hrj`uje`db kjf usl kj fb jstrbtjcdb y el pujkj sjr obylr obylr quj quj jf `ðkdcl kj hrj`uje`db. hrj`uje`db. Pd jf bkuft bkuftll kb dekd`b`dlejs `le kjobsdbkb hrj`uje`db, puet÷j fb hrj`uje`db `le ue :, pjrl ibgj fb puetub`dðe kj Kbr hlrob b fb detjrb``dðe. Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk kj fb detjrvje`dðe detjrvje`dðe (pâcdeb 0 kj 0) Jstrbtjcdb kj fb detjrvje`dðe
Hdkjfdkbk (2-:)
Eltbs
]rlplr`dleb ueb dekd`b`dðe `bkb 2 ð 9 odeutls. «Dekd`b`dlejs pbrb jf jf usl kj fb `loued`b`dðe¾ [djopl kj jspjrb ]rjcuetb Hrbsj de`lopfjtb Lp`dðe Kjolstrbr fjecubgj Yutdeb vjribf Kjolstrbr cjstl Byukb hïsd`b h ïsd`b
«Dekd`b`dlejs pbrb fb `loprjesdðe kj fb `loued`b`dðe¾ Destru``dðe vjribf Dekd`br ojkdbetj cjstls Kjolstrbr b``dðe Byukb hïs hïsd`b d`b Dodtb`dðe/gujcl @lojetbrdl `lol cuïb ]rjcuetb `lol cuïb Lp`dðe Destru``dðe vjribf Kjolstrbr b``dðe Byukb hïs hïsd`b d`b
Dopufsb abidfdkbkjs quj sle fdcjrbojetj oâs `lopfjgbs quj fbs abidfdkbkjs b`tubfjs kj fb edòb/jf edòl. Dekd`b ueb abidfdkbk oâs `lopfjgb rjfb`dlebkb `le fl quj jf edòl/fb edòb jstâ ab`djekl. Zsb dekd`b`dlejs `fbrbs.
Jspjrb kjspuäs kj kbr ueb dekd`b`dðe. Irdekb oâs l ojels edvjf kj bplyl, sjc÷e sjb ej`jsbrdl. Pj bsjcurb kj quj jf edòl/fb edòb abcb fl quj sj fj pdkj. Deojkdbtbojetj kjspuäs kj ueb rjspujstb `lrrj`tb, kb ueb rj`lopjesb bf edòl/b fb edòb. Plfl rjhujrzb fbs `leku`tbs plsdtdvbs. Bopfïb fb `loued`b`dðe kj fb edòb/jf edòl. Kbr hlrob b fb detjrb``dðe7 ]uet÷j `le quä hrj`uje`db
jf bkuftl jqudfdirb jhd`bzojetj jf usl kj fbs tä`ed`bs kj detjrvje`dðe, je hue`dðe kjf jstbkl kj âedol y kj fb oltdvb`dðe kjf edòl/kj fb, bsï `lol kjf jetlrel y fb b`tdvdkbk. Pd jf edòl/fb edòb oujstrb dequdjtuk l sd jf bkuftl el pujkj `letrlfbr jf jetlrel, sj kjij utdfdzbr ue ojelr edvjf kj dekd`b`dlejs. Pd jf edòl/fb edòb oujstrb ou`ab oltdvb`dðe, sj pujkje utdfdzbr oâs dekd`b`dlejs.
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Hlroufbrdl :
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk je fb kjhded`dðe kjh ded`dðe `leguetb kj ligjtdvls (pâcdeb 2 kj 9) Pjsdðe77 Pjsdðe
Hj`ab7
]rlhjsdlebf7
Edòl/b7
]bkrj/Obkrj77
Obrquj fb `bsdffb `lrrjsplekdjetj pbrb dekd`br sd jf prl`jkdodjetl sj ab rjbfdzbkl `le ueb `bfdkbk suh`djetj, sd sj ab rjbfdzbkl pbr`dbfojetj, pjrl el `le fb hkjfdkbk ej`jsbrdb, l sd kdrj`tbojetj el sj ab
rjbfdzbkl (el sj ab sjcudkl jf prl`jkdodjetl). Obrquj E/B («el bpfd`bifj¾) sd jf prl`jkdodjetl el prl`jkj pbrb jsb sjsdðe. sjsdðe. ]rl`jkdodjetls
Lisjrvbkl
]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl
El lisjrvbkl
E/B
]rjpbrb`dðe kj fb sjsdðe Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf lrcbedzb jf jetlrel, tdjej b su kdsplsd`dðe obtjrdbfjs bkj`ubkls (plr jgjopfl, gucujtjs bprlpdbkls pbrb jf edvjf kj kjsbrrlffl, fb cuïb pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, prlhj sdlebfjs, fb fb cuïb pbrb pbrb hbodfdbs, hbodfdbs, ueb `lpdb kj fb Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb `loued`b`dðe sl`dbf (FX@P) y ltrb kjf hlroufbrdl Kjhded`dðe kj fls ligjtdvls) y rjpbsb fb dehlrob`dðe pjrtdejetj. [lobr `letb`tl y kjhdedr jf prlcrbob kj fb sjsdðe Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf sbfukb b fb hbodfdb `le bhj`tl, kjhdej jf prlcrbob y bilrkb prlcrbob bilrkb fbs fbs prjl`upb`dlejs prjl`upb`dlejs kj fls fls pbkrjs, pbkrjs, sd js ej`jsbrdl. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf prlplr`dleb ueb kjs`rdp`dðe kjf kjsbrrlffl kj fb `loued`b`dðe sl`dbf. Yjuedr dehlrob`dðe slirj fbs abidfdkbkjs kj fb edòb/jf edòl Jf fls pbkrjs `lopfjtje fb Fdstb kj prlhjsdlebf vjrdhd`b`dðeab`j kj fbquj `loued`b`dðe sl`dbf (vjrsdðe pbrb pbkrjs). Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf detjrb`t÷b `le jf edòl l fb edòb. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf lisjrvb fb detjrb``dðe jetrj jf bkuftl y jf edòl l fb edòb. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf beltb fbs lisjrvb`dlejs je fb Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb `loued`b`dðe sl`dbf (vjrsdðe pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs). prlhj sdlebfjs).
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk je fb kjhded`dðe kjh ded`dðe `leguetb kj ligjtdvls (pâcdeb 9 kj 9) ]rl`jkdodjetls
Lisjrvbkl
]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl
El lisjrvbkl
E/B
Kjhdedr fls ligjtdvls pbrb jf edòl/fb edòb Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b dkjetdhd`br fls ligjtdvls b fbrcl pfbzl. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b jetjekjr fbs abidfdkbkjs b`tubfjs kj fb edòb/jf edòl, usbekl fbs kls fdstbs kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb `loued`b`dðe sl`dbf. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b dkjetdhd`br fls ligjtdvls b `lrtl pfbzl. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf `loprujib `le fls pbkrjs fb `loprjesdðe y fb oltdvb`dðe kj fls ligjtdvls bf js`rdidrfls je jf hlroufbrdl Kjhded`dðe kj fls ligjtdvls. Zsbr ue jstdfl kj b`lopbòbodjetl b`tdvl bkj`ubkl
Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf utdfdzb ue jstdfl kj detjrb``dðe `lfbilrbtdvb kurbetj tlkb fb sjsdðe. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf js sjesdifj b fbs `rjje`dbs, fls vbflrjs y fb `ufturb kj fls pbkrjs. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf utdfdzb ue jehlquj ibsbkl je fbs hlrtbfjzbs. Hdkjfdkbk tltbf ? ((Lisjrvbkl x 2) + (]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl x =.:_ / Oâxdob puetub`dðe plsdifj) x 2==
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Hlroufbrdl 8
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk kjf b`lopbòbodjetl b`lopbòbodjet l b`tdvl (pâcdeb 2 kj 9) Pjsdðe77 Pjsdðe
Hj`ab7
]rlhjsdlebf7
Edòl/b7
]bkrj/Obkrj77
Obrquj fb `bsdffb `lrrjsplekdjetj pbrb dekd`br sd jf prl`jkdodjetl sj ab rjbfdzbkl `le ueb `bfdkbk suh`djetj, sd sj ab rjbfdzbkl pbr`dbfojetj, pjrl el `le fb hkjfdkbk ej`jsbrdb, l sd kdrj`tbojetj el sj ab
rjbfdzbkl. Obrquj E/B («el bpfd`bifj¾) sd jf prl`jkdodjetl el prl`jkj pbrb jsb sjsdðe. ]rl`jkdodjetls
Lisjrvbkl
]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl
El lisjrvbkl
E/B
]rjpbrb`dðe kj fb sjsdðe Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf lrcbedzb jf jetlrel pbrb jf b`lopbòbodjetl b`tdvl, tdjej b su kdsplsd`dðe obtjrdbfjs bprlpdbkls (plr jgjopfl, gucujtjs bprlpdbkls pbrb jf kjsbrrl kjsbrrlffl, ffl, fb fb cuïb pbr pbrb b prlhjsdlebfjs, prlhjsdlebfjs, fb fb cuïb pbrb hbodfdbs, hbodfdbs, jjff pfbe kj prâ`td`b, prâ`td`b, ltrls ltrls hlroufbr hlroufbrdls dls pjrtdejetjs) y rjvdsb rjvdsb fb dehlrob`dðe dehlrob`dðe rjfjvb rjfjvbetj etj kj fb sjsdðe betjrdlr. [lobr `letb`tl y kjhdedr jf prlcrbob kj fb sjsdðe Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf sbfukb b fb hbodfdb `le bhj`tl, kjhdej jf prlcrbob prlcr bob y bilrkb bilrkb fbs fbs prjl`upb`dlejs prjl`upb`dlejs kj fls fls pbkrjs, pbkrjs, sd js ej`jsbrdl. Yjvdsbr jf pfbe kj prâ`td`b Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf rjvdsb `le fls pbkrjs jf pfbe kj prâ`td`b js`rdtl kj fb sjsdðe betjrdlr. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b rjslfvjr `ubfqudjr prlifjob prli fjob kj fb sjobeb sjobeb betjrdlr. betjrdlr. Detrlku`dr fbs eujvbs tä`ed`bs Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf prjsjetb fbs tä`ed`bs, jxpfd`b je quä sj ibsbe y kds`utj fls jfjojetls huekbojetbfjs. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf ab`j prjcuetbs pbrb jvbfubr sd fls pbkrjs abe `loprjekdk `loprjekdkll idje fb dehlrob`dðe. dehlrob`dðe. Kjolstrbr fbs tä`ed`bs Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf sj prjpbrb pbrb fb kjolstrb`dðe> pdkj b fls pbkrjs quj lisjrvje fb tä`ed`b y su dopb`tl je jf edòl/fb edòb. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf kjoujstrb fbs tä`ed`bs `le jf edòl l fb edòb, odjetrbs kjs`rdij fl quj jstâ ab`djekl y jxpfd`b jf dopb`tl je su `leku`tb. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf ab`j prjcuetbs b fls pbkrjs pbrb byukbrfls b rjhfjxdlebr slirj fl quj abe lisjrvbkl. Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk kjf b`lopbòbodjetl b`tdvl (pâcdeb 9 kj 9) ]rl`jkdodjetls
Lisjrvbkl
]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl
El lisjrvbkl
E/B
]jkdr b fls pbkrjs quj prb`tdquje y `lojetbr fb prâ`td`b Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf bedob b fls pbkrjs b prb`td`br fbs tä`ed`bs `le jf edòl/fb edòb. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf kdsplej jf jetlrel hïsd`l sjc÷e `lrrjsplekb. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf prlplr`dleb b fls pbkrjs sucjrje`dbs y lisjrvb`dlejs plsdtdvbs y jhj`tdvbs. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf prlplr`dleb b fls pbkrjs `lrrj``dlejs y lisjrvb`dlejs jhj`tdvbs. Byukbr b fls pbkrjs b rjhfjxdlebr y bsdcebrfjs fj`turb Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b rjhfjxdlebr slirj fb prâ`td`b prâ`t d`b rjbfdzbkb rjbfdzbkb kurbe kurbetj tj fb sjsdðe. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b sjfj``dlebr fls ligjtdvls y b`tdvdkbkjs, bsï `lol b `lopfjtbr jf crâhd`l kj hfj`ab kjf pfbe kj prâ`td`b. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b rjslfvjr fls prlifjobs prli fjobs pltje`dbfjs. pltje`dbfjs. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf prlplr`dleb pbutbs pbrb fb rjhfjxdðe y bsdceb fb fj`turb pbrb fb sdcudjetj sjsdðe. @letrlf kj fb hdkjfdkbk y rj`lcdkb kj kbtls Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf `lopfjtb fb Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk kj fb detjrvje`dðe y js`rdij fbs eltbs kj fb sjsdðe. Zsbr ue jstdfl kj b`lopbòbodjetl b`tdvl bkj`ubkl
Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf utdfdzb ue jstdfl kj detjrb``dðe `lfbilrbtdvb kurbetj tlkb fb sjsdðe. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf js sjesdifj b fbs `rjje`dbs, fls vbflrjs y fb `ufturb kj fls pbkrjs. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf utdfdzb ue jehlquj ibsbkl je fbs hlrtbfjzbs. Hdkjfdkbk tltbf ? ((Lisjrvbkl x 2) + (]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl x =.:_ / Oâxdob puetub`dðe plsdifj) x 2==
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Hlroufbrdl 3
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk je jetlrels crupbfjs (pâcdeb 2 kj 9) Pjsdðe77 Pjsdðe
Hj`ab7
]rlhjsdlebf7
Lisjrvbklr/b7 Obrquj fb `bsdffb `lrrjsplekdjetj pbrb dekd`br sd jf prl`jkdodjetl sj ab rjbfdzbkl `le ueb `bfdkbk suh`djetj, sd sj ab rjbfdzbkl pbr`dbfojetj, pjrl el `le fb hkjfdkbk ej`jsbrdb, l sd kdrj`tbojetj el sj ab
rjbfdzbkl. Obrquj E/B («el bpfd`bifj¾) sd jf prl`jkdodjetl el prl`jkj pbrb jsb sjsdðe. ]rl`jkdodjetls
Lisjrvbkl
]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl/el `le hdkjfdkbk
El lisjrvbkl
E/B
]rjpbrb`dðe kj fb sjsdðe Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf lrcbedzb fb sbfb, kdsplej kj obtjrdbfjs bprlpdbkls (plr jgjopfl, ueb pdzbrrb, tj`elflcïb bkj`ubkb, kdbplsdtdvbs, vïkjls, pfbejs kj prâ`td`b y hlroufbrdls u ltrls obtjrdbfjs doprjsls) y rjpbsb fb dehlrob`dðe doplrtbetj kj fb sjsdðe betjrdlr. [lobr `letb`tl y kjhdedr jf prlcrbob kj fb sjsdðe Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf sbfukb b fb hbodfdb `le bhj`tl, kjhdej jf prlcrbob prlcr bob y bilrkb bilrkb fbs fbs prjl`upb`dlejs prjl`upb`dlejs kj fls fls pbkrjs, pbkrjs, sd js ej`jsbrdl. Yjvdsbr fls pfbejs kj prâ`td`b Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf bedob b fls pbkrjs b quj dehlroje slirj sus pfbejs kj prâ`td`b kj fb sjsdðe betjrdlr. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf sjòbfb fls tjobs `louejs y byukb b fls pbkrjs b rjslfvjr fls prlifjobs. Detrlku`dr fbs eujvbs tä`ed`bs Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf utdfdzb fbs kdbplsdtdvbs pbrb jxpfd`br je quä sj ibsbe fbs tä`ed`bs y pbrb kds`utdr fls jfjojetls huekbojetbfjs kj jstbs. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf utdfdzb y jxpfd`b jgjopfls kj fbs tä`ed`bs crbibkls je vïkjl. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf ab`j prjcuetbs pbrb byukbr b fls pbkrjs b bpfd`br bpfd`br jjff obtjrdbf obtjrdbf bf edòl l fb edòb y pbrb pbrb hb`dfdtbr fls `lojetbrdls. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf prlplr`dleb b fls pbkrjs lplrtuedkbkjs pbrb quj abcbe prjcuetbs. ]fbe pbrb fb prâ`td`b y jf b`lopbòbodjetl b`tdvl
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
Fdstb kj vjrdhd`b`dðe kj fb hdkjfdkbk je jetlrels crupbfjs (pâcdeb 9 kj 9) ]rl`jkdodjetls
Lisjrvbkl
]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl/el
El lisjrvbkl
E/B
`le hdkjfdkbk
Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b sjfj``dlebr fls ligjtdvls y b`tdvdkbkjs y b `lopfjtbr jf crâhd`l kj fb sj`uje`db je jf pfbe kj prâ`td`b. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf byukb b fls pbkrjs b rjslfvjr fls plsdifjs prlifjob prlifjobs. s. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf prlplr`dleb pbutbs pbrb fb rjhfjxdðe y bsdceb fb fj`turb pbrb fb sdcudjetj sjsdðe. Zeb kdebodzb`dðe kj crupl jhj`tdvb
Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf utdfdzb ue jstdfl kj detjrb``dðe `lfbilrbtdvb kurbetj tlkb fb sjsdðe. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf js sjesdifj b fbs `rjje`dbs, fls vbflrjs y fb `ufturb kj fbs hbodfdbs. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf utdfdzb ue jehlquj ibsbkl je fbs hlrtbfjzbs. Jf/fb prlhjsdlebf hb`dfdtb y cjstdleb jhd`bzojetj fbs detjrb``dlejs jetrj fls odjoirls kjf crupl. Hdkjfdkbk tltbf ? ((Lisjrvbkl x 2) + (]br`dbfojetj lisjrvbkl x =.:_ / Oâxdob puetub`dðe plsdifj) x 2==
Bejxl bf fdirl @loued`b`dðe sl`dbf pbrb edòls `le butdsol y ltrbs kd`uftbkjs kjf kjsbrrlffl . Cuïb kjf ]rlyj`tl Do]B@[ pbrb prlhjsdlebfjs, plr Irll Irllnj nj Decjrsl Decjrslffff y Beeb Kvlr Kvlrt`sb t`sbn. n. @l @lpyrd pyrdcat cat © 9=92 plr Butdso Butdsoll  Âvdfb vdfb.. Fls `lop `loprbk rbklrj lrjss kj js jstb tb cu cuïb ïb td tdjeje jeje pjrodsl pjrod sl pbrb pbrb hlt hltl`lp l`lpdbr dbr jjstj stj hlrouf hlroufbrd brdll pbrb pbrb su usl pj pjrsle rslebf bf l pbrb pbrb utdf utdfdzb dzbrfl rfl ``le le sus sus `fdjetj `fdjetjss (oâs de dehlr hlrob`d ob`dðe, ðe, je fb pâcdeb kj `räkdtls).
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