GUIA DE Practicas FISIOLOGiA

 

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JBWMHV _HWH NK ^VB P YWHGHAB NJ NK KHGBWHYBW@B

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FH_@Y^KB 81 FWNF@M@NJYB

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FH_@Y^KB 71 WNKHF@BJNV C@IW@FHV NJ _KHJYHV

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FH_@Y^KB 61 LBYBV@JYNV@V

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FH_@Y^KB 91 WNV_@WHF@BJ

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FH_@Y^KB >1 J^YW@F@BJ M@JNWHK NJ _KHJYHV

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_WNVNJYHF@BJ Nstn mhju Nstn mhjuhk hk in khgb khgbrh rhtb tbr` r`b b ch s`ib s`ib nkhg nkhgbr brhi hib b fbj fbj kh `jtn `j tnjs js`ö `öj j in qun snh snh ñt`k t`k h kbs kbs nstu nstui` i`hj hjtn tns s qun qun fursn ursnj j l`s` l` s`bk bkbe beíh íh vne vnenthk nthk. . Nj fhih hih nxpnr xpnr`m `mn njtb jtb sn `jfku jfkuyn ynj j nk lujihmnjtb y kbs bgant`vbs ink m`smb, in thk mhjnrh qun thjtb nk prbl prblns nsbr br in prèf prèft` t`fh fhs s fbmb fbmb nk nstu nstui` i`hj hjtn tn fbjb fbjbzf zfhj hj in hjtnmhjb kb qun sn prntnjin kberhr hk rnhk`zhr fhih prèft`fh. Ybibs kbs nxpnr` Ybibs nxpnr`mnj mnjtbs tbs chj s`ib s`ib vnr`l` vnr`l`fhi fhibs bs nj junstr junstrb b khgbrh khg brhtbr tbr`b, `b, kb qun lhf`k` lhf`k`th th kh rnhk`z rnhk`zhf` hf`öj öj in kbs m`smbs m`smbs. . _hrh nv`thr qun nk mhjuhk rnsuktn inmhs`hib nxtnjsb, sbkhmnjtn sn `jfkuyn uj nxpnr`mnjtb, snjf`kkb n `kustrht`vb, phrh fhih töp`fb in kh l`s`bkbeíh vnenthk. Nk brinj in kbs nxpnr`mnjtbs jb ingn fbjs`inrhrsn ríe`ib s`jb qun ingn mbi`l`fhrsn phrh hihpthrsn h khs jnfns`ihins qun sn i`spbj i`spbjnj nj kbfhkm kbfhkmnjt njtn. n. V` nk pnríbi pnríbib b hs`ejh hs`ejhib ib hk fursb fursb in l`s` l` s`bk bkbe beíh íh jb ns sul` sul`f` f`nj njtn tnmn mnjt jtn n khre khreb, b, ns rnfb rnfbmn mnji jihg hgkn kn fbmnjzhr fbj kbs nxpnr`mnjtbs in khreh iurhf`öj, h l`j in qun sn i`spbjeh ink t`nmpb jnfnshr`b phrh chfnr tbihs khs bgsn bg snrv rvhf hf`b `bjn jns s ink ink fhsb hsb y pbin pbinr r hprnf prnf` `hr fkhr fkhrhm hmnj njtn tn kbs rnsukthibs. Kbs hutbrns rnf`g`rèj muy fbmpkhf`ibs kbs fbmnjthr`bs y frít`fhs qun t`njihj t`njihj hk hk mnabrhm`njtb mnabrhm`njtb in nstn trhghab, qun lun lun cnfcb cnf cb nspnf` nspnf`hkm hkmnjt njtn n phrh phrh khs nstui` nstui`hjt hjtns ns in kh Lhfukt Lhfukthi hi in Herbjbmíh.

@je. Fhkng \hknjf`h Hufh.

 

 JBWMHV _HWH NK ^VB P YWHGHAB YWHGHAB NJ NK KHG KHGBWHYBW@B BWHYBW@B 8. Wnhk`zhr Wnhk`zhr khs prèft`fhs prèft`fhs in khgbrhtb khgbrhtbr`b r`b fbj nk ing`ib ing`ib `jtnràs y rnspbjshg`k`ihi. rnspbjshg`k`ihi. 7. Knh fu`ihibshmnjtn fu`ihibshmnjtn kh euíh in p prèft`fh rèft`fh y tnjeh nj funjth khs `ji`fhf`bjns in kbs prblnsbrns sbgrn nk usb ink mhtnr`hk y nqu` nq u`p pb in khg khgbrht brhtbr br`b `b, , hsí hsí fbmb fbmb nk brin brinj j, k`mp` `mp`nz nzh h y sneur`ihi qun ingn mhjtnjnrsn. 6. _br _br fhih fhih prèf prèft` t`fh fh in khgb khgbrh rhtb tbr` r`b, b, fhih fhih mnsh mnsh in trhg trhgha hab b prnsnjthrè uj ñj`fb `jlbrmn, nk fuhk fbjsth in khs s`eu s` eu`n `njt jtns ns phrt phrtns ns1 1 @jtr @jtrbi biuf uff` f`öj öj, , Bgan Bgant` t`vb vbs, s, Wnsu Wnsukt kthi hibs bs, , I`sfus`öj I`sfu s`öj in kbs Wnsukthi Wnsukthibs, bs, Fbjfkus` Fbjfkus`bjns bjns, , Funst`bj Funst`bjhr`b hr`b y G`gk`berhlíh, ing`àjibsn prnsnjthr h kh snmhjh s`eu`njtn nj nk cbrhr`b y erupb rnspnft`vb qun kn fbrrnspbjih. 9. Nk `j`f`b in kh kh prèft`fh ns nj kh cbrh nxhfth nxhfth prberhmhih. prberhmhih. Vn tnjirè ujh tbknrhjf`h in 8? m`jutbs, kuneb in nsn khpsb in t`nmpb jb sn pbirè `jernshr hk Khgbrhtbr`b, pbr kb thjtb sn kn fbjs`inrhrè fbmb `jhs`stnjf`h, y jb tnjirè inrnfcb h jbth in `jlbrmn in prèft`fhs. >. Khs Khs `jhs `jhs`s `stn tnjf jf`h `hs s h khs khs prèf prèft` t`fh fhs s in khgb khgbrh rhtb tbr` r`b b JB VBJ VBJ WNF^_NWHGKNV NJ J@JE^JB IN KBV EW^_BV, pbr kb thjtb i`fchs lhkths ingnrèj in snr aust`l`fhihs fbj uj mèx`mb in ujh (?8) snmhjh. ? i`sfbs. Kh tbmh in i`sfbs sn ingn rnhk`zhr mni`hjtn uj munstrnb nj i`st`jths cbahs (`jlnr`brns, supnr`brns, aövnjns, hiukths). Yhmg Yh mg`à `àj j sn kknv kknvhj hj h snfh snfhr r tbih tbihs s khs khs kèm` kèm`jh jhs s in cbah cbahs s (sn (sn nxfkuynj kbs pnf`bkbs in khs cbahs) in kh pkhjth y sn intnrm`jn su pnsb snfb. Nj nk fhsb in cbahs fbj jnrvhiurhs prbm`jnjtns (sbgrntbib kh jnrvhiurh pr`jf`phk) hk mbmnjtb in tbmhr kbs i`sfbs in ingn

tnjnrHk nk`euhk fu`ihib tbmhr i`fchs jnrvhiurhs. qunin njjb kbs i`sfbs, sí khs kèm`jhs in cbahs t`njnj jnrvhiurhs erunshs b muy mhrfhihs, àsths ingnj, snphrhrsn fbj hyuih in ujh fufc`kkh y nxfku`rsn ink pnsb snfb in cbahs. Vn t`njn nstn fu`ihib ing`ib h qun phrh nk fèkfukb ink èrnh sn trhghah fbj pnsbs y nk pnsb in khs jnrvhiurhs punin humnjthr lhkshmnjtn nk èrnh. Nk shfh shfhgb gbfh fhib ib ns ujh ujh fufc fufc`k `kkh kh f`kí f`kíji jir` r`fh fh, , mni` mni`mb mbs s su i`èmntrb `jtnrjb y intnrm`jhmbs nk èrnh ink i`sfb in cbah qun fbrth1 Hrnh in 8 i`sfb in cbah = r7 Vneñj nk jñmnrb in i`sfbs in cbahs tbmhibs tnjirnmbs nk èrnh in i`sfbs. L`jhkmnjtn pbr rnekh in 6 s`mpkn fhkfukhmbs nk èrnh lbk`hr in kh pkhjth. _nsb snfb i`sfbs------------------i`sfbs-------------------Hrnh Hrnh i`sfbs _nsb snfb kèm`jhs cbahs---------S = Hrnh lbk`hr Jbth1 Jbt h1 ujh cbah cbah nsth nsth fbmpun fbmpunsth sth pbr pnf`bk pnf`bkb, b, kèm`jh kèm`jh lbk`hr lbk`hr y injtrb in àsth khs jnrvhiurhs. Nk èrnh lbk`hr ns uj fbjfnptb rnln rn lnr` r`ib ib h kh zbjh zbjh lbtb lbtbs` s`jt jtàt àt`f `fhm hmnj njtn tn hft` hft`vh vh, , s` g`nj g`nj ns f`nrtb hkeujbs thkkbs y tna`ibs vnrins thmg`àj lbtbs`jtnt`zhj, kh mhybr mhybr hft`v` hft`v`ihi ihi lbtbs` lbtbs`jtà jtàt`f t`fh h kh rnhk`z rnhk`zhj hj khs kèm`jh kèm`jhs s in cbahs.

 Mni`ibr in èrnh èrnh lbk`hr1 Ns uj hphrhtb nknftröj`fb qun t`njn snjsbrns h trhvàs in kbs fuhkns sn chfn phshr kh cbah y knn i`rnfthmnjtn su èrnh y punin snr kknvhib hk fhmpb.

_htrbjns in èrnh lbk`hr1 Mni`hjtn f`nrths lörmukhs y lhftbrns sn bgt`njnj vhkbrns hprbx`mhibs ink èrnh lbk`hr.

 

_br nanmpkb nk íji`fn in Mbjtebmnry nj mhíz1 Hrnh lbk`hr = khreb cbah x hjfcb cbah x ?.5>

 Jñmnrb1 Vn funjth nk jñmnrb in lrutbs, tugàrfukbs, thkkbs, cbahs, ntf.

Btrbs1 Vn intn intnrm rm`j `jh h kh hfum hfumuk ukhf hf`ö `öj j in sust susthj hjf` f`hs hs breè breèj` j`fh fhs s s`jtnt`zhihs fbmb pbr nanmpkb hzñfhrns, prbtníjhs, ntf.

BGANY@\BV1 -

Nmpknhr Nmpknhr kbs màtbib màtbibs s in mni`f` mni`f`öj öj ink frnf`m`n frnf`m`njtb, jtb, fhkfu fhkfukhr khr kbs íji`fns y rnprnsnjthrkbs rnprnsnjthr kbs mni`hjtn erèl`fbs.

 MHYNW@HKNV P WNHFY@\BV1 - Wnekh b f`jth màtr`fh - Vhfhgbfhibs - Ghkhjzh - Nstulh - Mhtnr`hk vnenthk1 pkhjths fbmpknths, in vhr`bs fukt`vbs, fbj tbibs sus örehjbs (rhífns, thkkbs, cbahs, ntf.)

_WBFNI@M@NJYB1 Ybmn kh pkhj Ybmn pkhjth th m`ih m`ih kbje kbje`t `tui uins ns ink ink thkk thkkb b y in kh rhíz rhíz, , snphrn kbs örehjbs1 rhífns, thkkbs, cbahs, ntf. (tugàrfukbs, lrutbs) y intnrm`jn nj kh ghkhjzh, pbr snphrhib, sus pnsbs lrnsfbs. _hrh nk fhsb in khs cbahs tbmn fbj nk shfhgbfhibs in 7? h >? i`sf i` sfbs bs, , kune kuneb b snph snphrn rn kbs kbs pnf` pnf`bk bkbs bs in khs khs kèm` kèm`jh jhs s y s` khs khs jnrvhiurhs pr`jf`phkns sbj muy prbjujf`hihs thmg`àj snpèrnkhs. - Fbkbqun nj ujh gbksh in phpnk kbs i`sfbs in cbahs, nj ujh sneu sn euji jih h gbks gbksh h khs khs kèm` kèm`jh jhs s in cbah cbahs s y nj ujh ujh tnrf tnrfnr nrh h kbs kbs pnf`bkbs y khs jnrvhiurhs pr`jf`phkns (s` sn snphrhrbj). - Fbkbqun nk rnstb in örehjbs nj i`st`jths gbkshs in phpnk, kkàvnkbs h snfhr h kh nstulh y kuneb in 7 h 6 iíhs intnrm`jn nj kh ghkhjzh sus pnsbs snfbs.

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WNV^KYHIBV1 8) Fbj kbs ihtbs bgtnj`ibs kknjn kknjn kh s`eu`njtns s`eu`njtns thgkh1

Fukt`vbs1 WH@FNV Kbje _L _V

YHKKBV Kbje _L

CBAHV LW^YBV _V _L J¿ _L _V

YBYHK _L _V

7) Intn Intnrm rm`j `jhr hr nk èrnh èrnh lbk` lbk`hr hr fbj fbj nk màtb màtbib ib ink ink shfh shfhgb gbfh fhib ib y kknjn kh s`eu`njtn thgkh1 I`èmnt I`èm ntrb rb (fm.)

in

shfh shfhgb gbfh fhib ib

 

Jñmnrb in i`sfbs Hrnh i`sfbs (im7) _nsb snfb i`sfbs (e.) _nsb snfb cbahs * (e.) Hrnh Lbk`hr (im7)  * Kèm`jhs in cbahs.

 HJHK@V@V P EWHL@FHF@BJ EWHL@FHF@BJ IN INK K FWNF@M@NJYB EWHL@FHF@BJ1 Furvhs1 Kh furvh típ`fh ink frnf`m`njtb ns in lbrmh s`emb`ihk (nj lbrmh in V `jfk`jhih) y sn fhrhftnr`zh pbr prnsnjthr 6 lhsns inl`j`ihs1 ujh `j`f`hk in frnf`m`njtb hfnknrhib(nxpbjnjf`hk), hfnknrhib(nxpbjnjf`hk), ujh `jtnrmni`h in frnf`m`njtb fbjsthjtn (k`jnhk) y ujh l`jhk in frnf`m`njtb inshfnknrhib. Nj nk nan nan P sn rnprn nprnsn snjt jth h ujh mni` mni`f` f`öj öj y nj nk nan S nk t`nmpb, kbs pujtbs sn ujnj mni`hjtn ujh kíjnh fbjt`juh.

C`stberhmhs1 Wnprnsnjt Wnprns njthj hj nj lbrmh lbrmh in ghrrhs ghrrhs b fbkumj fbkumjhs hs ujh mni`f` mni`f`öj öj (nan P) fbj rnspnftb hk t`nmpb (nan S). Vbj ñt`kns yh qun fhih i`st`jtb sbmgrnhib in khs ghrrhs rnprnsnjth uj trhthm`njtb. _bk`nirbs1 Wnprnsnjthj nj lbrmh in fugbs, 7 mni`f`bjns (nan P, Q) fbj rnspnftb hk t`nmpb (nan S).

_bkíebjbs1 @jtnerhj mni`hjtn uj s`stnmh mñkt`pkn in nans tbihs khs mni`f`bjns in kbs i`vnrsbs örehjbs in kh pkhjth. Nj fhih nan sn i`guah uj pujtb fbj nk vhkbr hkfhjzhib, kuneb nstbs pujtbs sn ujnj mni`hjtn ujh kíjnh fbjt`juh y sn lbrmh kh l`eurh in uj pbkíebjb. Nk pbkíebjb rnprnsnjth, hk `jvbkufrhr tbibs kbs örehjbs, kh br`njthf`öj enjnrhk ink frnf`m`njtb in kh pkhjth.

 HJHK@V@V F^HJY@YHY@\B F^HJY@YHY@\B H phrt phrt`r `r in kh furv furvh h s`em s`emb` b`ih ihk k ink ink frnf frnf`m `m`n `njt jtb b sn chj chj inr`vhib ujh snr`n in lörmukhs qun rnprnsnjthj mhtnmèt`fhmnjtn h trhvàs in kbs íji`fns tbibs kbs hspnftbs ink frnf`m`njtb.

@ji`fn in frnf`m`njtb rnkht`vb (@FW)1 @ji`fh nk `jfrnmnjtb in mhtnr`hk vnenthk junvb pbr uj`ihi in mhtnr`hk vnenthk br`e`jhk pbr uj`ihi in t`nmpb (e/e/t`nmpb). @FW = kj U7 - kj U8   t7 ‖ t8

@ji`fn in hs`m`khf`öj jnth (@HJ)1 @jvbkufrh nk fbjfnptb in èrnh lbk`hr fbmb uj lhftbr in kh prbiuff`öj in junvb mhtnr`hk vnenthk. @ji` @j i`fh fh nk `jfr `jfrnm nmnj njtb tb in pnsb pnsb snfb snfb pbr pbr uj`i uj`ihi hi in èrnh èrnh 7 lbk`hr pbr uj`ihi in t`nmpb (e/im /t`nmpb). @HJ = (U7 - U8) (kj H7 - kj H8)   (t7 - t8) (H7 - H8)

 

@ji`fn in èrnh lbk`hr (@HL)1 @HL =

H Hrnh tnrrnjb

Fbmphrh nk èrnh ink fukt`vb fbj nk èrnh in tnrrnjb fukt`vhib (m7/m7).

Wnkhf`öj in èrnh lbk`hr (WHL)1

Fbmphrh nk èrnh lbk`hr fbj nk pnsb snfb in kh phrtn hàrnh (im /e). 7

WHL =

H

  _nsb snfb phrtn hàrnh

@ji`fn in fbsnfch (@F)1 Fbmphrh nk pnsb snfb ink prbiuftb nfbjöm`fb (tugàrfukbs, lrutbs, cbahs, ntf) fbj nk pnsb snfb in tbih kh pkhjth. Vn nxprnsh nj pbrfnjthan (%).

Jbth1 H Y 8 7

1 1 1 1

@F = _nsb snfb Uprbiuftb nfbjöm`fb x 8?? U 1 pnsb snfb pkhjth èrnh lbk`hr t`nmpb mbmnjtb `j`f`hk mbmnjtb l`jhk

_WBGKNMH 81 8) Fbj kbs ihtbs qun sn kn prbpbrf`bjnj, kknjn khs 7 s`eu`njtns thgkhs1

 MNI@F@BJ INK FWNF@M@NJYB N NJ J 9 MBMNJYBV H KB KHWEB INK F@FKB IN  \@IH IN1…………….. IN1…………….. (_rbmni`b in 9 pkhjths pbr mbmnjtb) IIV

WH@FNV Kbje

_V

……… J ¿

_L

YHKKBV _V

Kbje

_V

CBAHV J¿

_V

LW^YBV

YBY.

J¿ _L _V

_V

IIV1 iíhs inspuàs in kh s`nmgrh.

IHYBV _HWH HWNH LBK@HW 

(Màtbib ink Vhfhgbfhib) Iíhs inspuàs in kh s`nmgrh

 

I`sfbs (im7) I`sf I` sfbs bs (er) Hrnh (im7)

Hrnh _.

Vnfb Vnfb

Lbk`hr

6)Nj kh m`smh 6)Nj m`smh l`eurh l`eurh erhl`qu erhl`qun n nj 7 mbmnjt mbmnjtbs bs in s`nmgr s`nmgrh h kbs pbkíebjbs in frnf`m`njtb.   H   7  

8

7 6

 

>

9

 

G _hrtn Hàrnh 8. Cbahs pnsb snfb (e) 7. Yhkkbs pnsb snfb (e) 6. Lrutbs pnsb snfb (e)

_hrtn Vugtnrrèjnh 9. Whífns pnsb snfb (e) >. ……………………

H. Yhkkbs kbje`tui (fm) G. Whífns kbje`tui (fm) 7) Erhl`qun kh furvh in frnf`m`njtb (kbje.) ink thkkb1

 

(fm)

 

   

Yhkkbs Kbje`tui

  Iis 6) Erhl`qun nk c`stberhmh ink thkkb (pnsb snfb)1

   

Yhkkbs _nsb snfb

 

(e)

 

iis

9) Fhkfukn nj fhih `jtnrvhkb nk @ji`fn in frnf`m`njtb rnkht`vb (@FW) y nk @ji`fn in hs`m`khf`öj jnth (@HJ)1 Iíhs inspuàs in kh s`nmgrh   ? chsth ….   chsth ….. ….. chsth ….. ….. chsth …..

@FW (er/er/snm)

@HJ (er/im7/snm)

>) Fhkfukn nj fhih mbmnjtb kh rnkhf`öj in èrnh lbk`hr WHL, nk @ji`fn in fbsnfch (@F) y nk íji`fn in èrnh lbk`hr (@HL)1 iis

WHL (im7/er)

@F (%)

@HL (m7/m7)

YWHGHAB IN FHM_B1 Mni`f`öj y Hjèk`s`s Frnf`m`njtb nj uj fukt`vb Vn kn hs`e hs`ejh jhrè rè pbr pbr erup erupbs bs ujh ujh phrf phrfnk nkh h nj nk fhmp fhmpb b

in

prèft` prèf t`fh fhs s in L`s` L`s`bk bkbe beíh íh \nen \nenth thk, k, nj kh fuhk fuhk mhjn mhjnah ahrè rè uj fukt`v fuk t`vb b insin insin kh s`nmgr s`nmgrh h chsth chsth kh fbsnfc fbsnfch. h. Nj nstn nstn fukt`v fukt`vb b

 

rnhk`zhrè fhih 8> iíhs uj munstrnb in pkhjths, in khs fuhkns mni`rè y pnshrè sus örehjbs. Hk l`jh l`jhk k in kh fbsn fbsnfc fch h fbj fbj tbib tbibs s kbs kbs ihtb ihtbs s bgtn bgtnj` j`ib ibs s intnrm`jhrè kbs íji`fns in frnf`m`njtb, erhl`fhrè, n `jtnrprnthrè kbs rnsukthibs, y prnsnjthrè uj `jlbrmn `ji`v`iuhk. _hrh _h rh nstn nstn trhg trhgha hab b y phrh phrh nk `jlb `jlbrm rmn n sn hyui hyuihr hrè è fbj fbj kh snphrhth t`tukhih1 "Mntbibkbeíh nj kh mni`f`öj y nk hjèk`s`s ink frnf`m`njtb nj pkhjths"

 

FH_@Y^KB 71 WNKHF@BJNV C@IW@FHV NJ _KHJYHV @JYWBI^FF@BJ Nk mbv`m`njtb mbv`m`njtb in heuh heuh sn rnhk`zh rnhk`zh s`eu`njib erhi`njtns in pbtnjf`hk in heuh b njnreíh infrnf`njtns, nstb ns in mhybr h mnjb mn jbr. r. Nk pbtn pbtnjf jf`h `hk k in heuh heuh ns ujh ujh mni` mni`ih ih ink ink nsth nsthib ib in njnreíh k`grn ink heuh y pbr fbjs`eu`njtn in su fhphf`ihi phrh rnhk`zhr trhghab b mbv`k`zhrsn in uj s`stnmh h btrb. Nj btrhs phkhgrhs, s` nk pbtnjf`hk in heuh i`l`nrn nj vhr`hs phrtns in uj s`stnmh, nk heuh t`njin h mbv`k`zhrsn chf`h nk pujtb ibjin nk pbtnjf`hk in heuh ns mhs ghab. Nk pbtnjf`hk cíir`fb ink heuh purh h kh prns`öj htmbslàr`fh ns `euhk h fnrb, pbr fbjs`eu`njtn nk pbtnjf`hk nj fuhkqu`nr sbkuf`öj snrè `euhk h uj jñmnrb jneht`vb (mnjbr qun fnrb). Nstb sn ingn h qun kh hi`f`öj in sbkutbs i`sm`juyn nk j`vnk in njnreíh k`grn ink heuh nj nsn s`stnmh y pbr fbjs`eu`njtn kh fhph fh phf` f`ih ihi i ink ink s`st s`stnm nmh h phrh phrh trhj trhjsl slnr nr`r `r heuh heuh. . Nj uj s`st s`stnm nmh h lís`fb (vhsb ö tugb in njshyb) nk pbtnjf`hk in heuh ( U) ns `euhk hk pbtnjf`hk bsmöt`fb ( B).

UVbkuf`öj = B Nk pbtn pbtnjf jf`h `hk k bsmö bsmöt` t`fb fb puni punin n snr snr ut`k`zhjib kh nfuhf`öj in \hjt Cbll1

fhkf fhkfuk ukhi hib b

lèf` lèf`km kmnj njtn tn

B = - F`WY ` = Fbjsthjtn in `bj`zhf`öj, qun tbmh nj funjth nk erhib in `bj`zhf`öj ink sbkutb. _hrh jb nknftrbk`tbs fbmb shfhrbsh b mhj`tbk ns `euhk h 8. F = Fbjfnjtrhf`öj in kh sbkuf`öj (mbkns/k`trb). W = Fbjsthjtn in kbs ehsns (?.?36 k`trbs - ghrs/mbkn D). Y = Ynmpnrhturh hgsbkuth (756 + ¿F). Nstb qu`nrn inf`r qun h mhybr fbjfnjtrhf`öj in kh sbkuf`öj nk pbtnjf`hk bsmöt`fb ns mhs jneht`vb y fbmb fbjsnfunjf`h nk pbtnjf`hk in heuh i`sm`juyn prbpbrf`bjhkmnjtn fbj nk `jfrnmnjtb in fbjfnjtrhf`öj. fbjfnjtrhf`öj.

 

NS_NW@ NS_ NW@MNJ MNJYB YB 81 LHF LHFYBW YBWNV NV X^N @JL @JLK^P K^PNJ NJ NJ KH \NKBF@ \NKBF@IHI IHI IN KH  I@L^V@BJ L^JIHMNJYB1 Kh i`rnff`öj in kh i`lus`öj in ujh susthjf`h ns intnrm`jhih ñj`fhmnjtn pbr kh i`lnrnjf`h in su fbjfnjtrhf`öj (i`lnrnjf`h in prns`öj in i`lus`öj) nj khs i`lnrnjtns phrtns ink nsph ink nsphf` f`b b i`sp i`spbj bj`g `gkn kn, , y jb pbr pbr btrh btrhs s sust susthj hjf` f`hs hs qun qun sn i`lujinj hk m`smb t`nmpb nj kh m`smh i`rnff`öj b fbjtrhr` fbjt rhr`hmnjt hmnjtn4 n4 fhih susthjf`h susthjf`h sn i`lujin i`lujin `jinpnji `jinpnji`njt `njtnmnjt nmnjtn n in btrh chsth qun tbihs sn njfunjtrhj i`str`gu`ihs uj`lbrmnmnjtn. Hujqun kh i`rnff`öj in kh i`lus`öj pnrmhjnzfh `jhktn `jh ktnrhi rhih, h, kh vnkbf` vnkbf`ihi ihi n `jtnjs `jtnjs`ih `ihi i s` sbj hlnfth hlnfthihs ihs pbr vhr`bs lhftbrns. Kh vnkbf`ihi in kh i`lus`öj ns `jvnrshmnjtn prbpbrf`bjhk hk thmh thmhøb øb y mhsh mhsh in khs khs phrt phrtíf ífuk ukhs hs fuhj fuhjib ib tbib tbibs s kbs kbs inmè inmès s lhftbrns pnrmhjnfnj fbjsthjtns. Fbj uj humnjtb in tnmpnrhturh sn hfnknrh nk mbv`m`njtb in khs phrtífukhs, y pbr fbjs`eu`njtn àsths sn i`lujinj mès rèp`ihmnjtn4 kh vnkbf`ihi in kh i`lus`öj in ujh susthjf`h ns i`rnfthmnjtn prbpbrf`bjhk h kh tnmpnrhturh nj erhibs hgsbkutbs (erhibs Dnkv`j). Khs susthjf`hs sn i`lujinj in ujh rne`öj in mhybr fbjfnjtrhf`öj h ujh mnjbr fbjfnjtrhf`öj. Kh vnkbf`ihi in nsth i`lus`öj inpnjin in kh erhi`njtn, kh fuhk nstè intnrm`jhih pbr kh i`lnrnjf`h njtrn khs fbjfnjtrhf`bjns in kh susthjf`h nj khs ibs rne`bjns y pbr kh i`sthjf`h qun kbs snphrh.

BGANY@\B1 Nstui`hr kbs lhftbrns qun `jtnrv`njnj nj kh vnkbf`ihi in kh i`lus`öj, tnmpnrhturh, thmhøb in phrtífukhs y fbjfnjtrhf`öj. fbjfnjtrhf`öj.

 MHYNW@HKNV P WNHFY@\BV1 Yugbs in njshyb \hsbs in prnf`p`thf`öj prnf`p`thf`öj _`pnth \hr`kkh in v`ir`b Wnekh i`v`i`ih nj m`kímntrbs Erhi`kkh Fhknjthibr nkàftr`fb Ghkhjzh hjhkít`fh Wnlr`enrhibr Fbkbrhjtns1 rbab fbjeb (_.M. 3? mk in heuh. - Fhknjthr y he`thr fbjsthjtnmnjtn chsth qun tbih kh enkht`jh nstà i`sunkth y fkhrh.

 

- Kknjhr kbs tugbs in njshyb chsth ujbs 9 h > fm inghab ink gbrin, fbj kh enkht`jh hñj kíqu`ih. - Jb fhk`njtn nk tugb fbj kh mhjb phrh nv`thr qun kh enkht`jh sn snphrn ink v`ir`b. - _rnp _rnphr hrhr hr kbs kbs fbkb fbkbrh rhjt jtns ns ?.?8 ?.?8 M1 Wbab Wbab fbje fbjeb b (_.M (_.M. . vhsbs in prnf`p`thf`öj 7>? fm. Ghkhjzh hjhkít`fh. Funrih in fhøhmb. Y`anrhs. 8?? er in shfhrbsh.

_WBFNI@M@NJYB1 - Fbrthr < pnihzbs in 8> fm in fhih gbksh in i`èk`s`s. - Vumnre Vumnre`r `r kh gbksh gbksh in i`èk`s i`èk`s`s `s nj heuh heuh inst`k inst`khih hih cnrv`r cnrv`r 6 vnfns fhmg`hjib nk heuh. - Htn g`nj l`rmn, ujb in kbs nxtrnmbs in fhih pnihzb lbrmhjib ujh gbks`th. - _rnphrhr >? mk in ujh sbkuf`öj in shfhrbsh 8 M. - _br i`kuf`öj, cheh 7? mk in khs s`eu`njtns fbjfnjtrhf`bjns ?.7>, ?.>?, ?.5> M pbjeh 8> mk in fhih ujh in khs sbkuf`bjns `jfkuynjib kh 8 M nj khs gbks`ths, nj kh qu`jth, pbjeh 8> mk in heuh inst`khih, fnrrhr nk btrb nxtrnmb in khs gbks`ths phrh nv`thr qun qunin shfhrbsh nj kh phrtn nxtnr`br y pàsnkhs. - Kknj Kknjhr hr kbs kbs vhsb vhsbs s in prnf prnf`p `p`t `thf hf`ö `öj j fbj fbj heuh heuh inst inst`k `khi hih h y fbkbqun nj nk `jtnr`br in fhih ujb ujh gbks`th. - H kbs 8> m`jutb m`jutbs, s, shqun shqun khs gbks`ths gbks`ths, , sàqunk sàqunkhs hs fbj phpnk l`ktrb y pàsnkhs. Wnp`th h kbs 6?, 9> y