Guia de Práctica #07

 

IDAPC_DO O@ AJ@KAJDQ O@ CD QDCPO @QAP@CD ^XLI@QJLKDC O@ F@OJAJKD @R^@XJ@KAJD APXXJAPCDX7 Tuæfjad ^XÄA_JAD K¾7 >5

KLFHX@ O@ CD ^XÄA_JAD7 O@_@XFJKDAJÑK O@C ÄAJOL AXÆ_JAL

JK_@EXDK_@Q7 Adfpls Xdfls G`kji`r  Cugäk @squjv`c, C`scy Fdryaj`cl X`vjccd Tujsp`, Odkj`cd Dc`gdkord Xlorjeu`z Wuclded, Dstrjo Adrlcjkd

OLA@K_@7 Adh`zd Xlorjeu`z, Gucjl Qdktjdel _XPGJCCL - ^@X× 8>84

 

EPÆD O@ ^XÄA_JAD K· >5 J. JJ.

Q@QJÑK7 O`t` t`rrfjkdajñk o` äajo joll aætr ætrjal AD^DAJODO@Q7 Dpcjad cls alka`ptls o` cd alka`ktrdajñk o` slcuajlk`s y o` pB `k cd

r`slcuajñk o` `g`rajajls y prlhc`fds o` cd r`dcjodo JJJ7 _@FÄ_JAD - pB7 o`ijkjajñk, `sadcd o` pB. @g`rajajls o` dpcjadajñk. Q Qlcuajlk`s lcuajlk`s huii`r huii`r l tdfpñk tdfpñk

JY.. JY

^X ^XLO LOPA PA_ _LQ DADO DADOÊF ÊFJA JALQ LQ - Jkilrf` o` präatjad

Y. DA_JYJODO@Q Z/L ^XLA@OJFJ@K_LQ D APF^CJX @K CD ^XÄA_JAD LHG@_JYLQ O@ CD ^XÄA_JAD7 4. Tu` `c ddcufkl cufkl ddpr`ko pr`kodd d o`t` o`t`rfjkd rfjkdrr cls alf alfplk` plk`kt`s kt`s o` o` cls guels guels o` ojstjktds irutds qu` alktj`k`k äajol aætrjal 8. O`t` O`t`rfjkd rfjkdrr `c k÷f` k÷f`rl rl o` `q `qujvdc ujvdc`kt` `kt`ss o` äajol äajol plr erdfl erdfl o` fu`str fu`strdd `k  plr cl f`kls audtrl audtrl guels oji`r` oji`r`kt`s kt`s 1. Jktrl Jktrlouajr ouajr ddcc dcuf dcufkl kl `k ``cc dkä dkäcjsjs cjsjs audkt audktjtdtjv jtdtjvll y aud audcjtdtj cjtdtjvl vl ?. Y`rjija `rjijadr dr `c alkt`k alkt`kjol jol o` äajol aæ aætrjal trjal `k ojst ojstjktds jktds iru irutds tds o` ku`strd ku`strd r`ejñk r`ejñk

IPKODF@K_L _@ÑXJAL -

Äajol A Aæætrjal

Äajoll lreäkja Äajo äkjall trja trjaddrhl rhlxæcj xæcjaal qu` qu` `stä pr` pr`s` s`kkt` `k cd fdyl fdylræ rædd o` cd cdss ir iruutd tdss, sl slhhr` tl tlool `k aætr aætrja jals ls alfl alfl `c cjfñ cjfñkk y cd kd kdrd rdkg kgd. d. Al Alks ksjo jo`r `rdo doll uk hu hu`k `k al alks ks`r `rvd vdkt kt`` y dk dktj tjlx lxjo jodk dkt` t` kdtu kd turd rdcc qu qu`` s` dôdo dôdo`` jkou jkoust strj rjdc dcf` f`kt kt`` alfl alfl dojt dojtjv jvll `k `c `k `kvd vdsd sdol ol o` fuab fuabls ls dc dcjf jf`k `ktl tlss alfl cds alks`rvds o` v`e`tdc`s `kcdtdols (4).

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Dk Dkääcjsj cjsjss aud udkt ktjt jtdt dtjv jvll

@c dkäcjsjs audktjtdtjvl kls p`rfjt` o`t`rfjkdr cd adktjodo o` ukd sustdkajd `k pdrtjaucdr  qu` s` `kau`ktrd pr`s`kt` `k ukd fu`strd (8).

 

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Dk Dkääcjsj cjsjss aud udcj cjtd tdtj tjvvl

@c dkäcjsjs audcjtdtjvl kls p`rfjt` jo`ktjijadr sustdkajds. D trdvês o` êc plo`fls o`t`rfjkdr quê `c`f`ktls l alfpu`stls `stäk pr`s`kt`s `k ukd fu`strd (8).

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X`datjvl

Qustdk tdkajd qu` s` usd `k pru`hds o` cdh cdhlrdtlrjl. Cls r` r`ddatjvls s` usdk `k ukd r`daajñ jñkk quæfjad pdrd o`t`atdr, f`ojr, l `cdhlrdr ltrds sustdkajds (1).

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pB

Q` trdtd o` ukd ukjodo o` f`ojod o` dcadcjkjodo l dajo`z o` ukd slcuajñk, fäs `sp`aæijadf`kt` `c pB fjo` cd adktjodo o` jlk`s o` bjorñe`kl qu` alktj`k` ukd slcu slcuaj ajñk ñk o` o`t` t`rf rfjk jkdo dod, d, `c sj sjek ekji jija jado doll o` pB `k su suss sj sjec ecds ds `s pl plt` t`ka kajd jdcc o` bjor bjorle le`k `kjl jlk` k`s, s, `st` s` bd alkv`rtjol `k ukd ilrfd präatjad o` fdk`gdr ajirds o` dcadcjkjodo. (?)

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Hdcdk cdkzd eerrdkdtdrjd

Cd hdcd dcdkzd kzd erd erdkd kdtd tdrj rjdd `s ukl o` cl clss jks jkstru truf` f`kktls tls o` cd cdhl hlrd rdtl tlrj rjll qu` p` p`rf rfjt jt`` f`o `ojr jr cd cdss fdsd fd sdss o` aj`r aj`rtl tlss lh lhg` g`tl tlss y su sust stdk dkaj ajds ds qu quæf æfja jads ds.. @std @std ac acds ds`` o` hd hdcd cdkz kzdd tj tj`k `k`` cd v` v`kt ktdg dgdd o` qu` sjrv` pdrd o`t`rfj rfjkdr `k uk fjsfl pcdtl tdktl cd fdsd o` lhg`tls cjv jvjjdkls alfl cd o` cls p`sdols. (0)

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I`klcitdc`ækd

@s uk jkojadolr o` pB fuy alklajol qu` s` utjcjzd slhr` tlol pdrd vdclrdajlk`s äajo ajol-h l-hds` ds` `k quæf uæfjad jad dkdcæt dcætja jadd, duk dukqu qu`` tdfh tdfhjê jêkk pu` u`oo` usd sdrs rs`` pd pdrd rd f`o `ojr jr `c pB o` ukd oj ojsl slcu cuaj ajñk ñk,, p` p`rl rl o` ilrf ilrfdd audc audcjt jtdt dtjv jvd. d. Cd i`kl i`klcit citdc dc`æ `ækd kd ad adfh fhjd jd su `s `stru truat atur urdd flc` flc`au aucd cdrr y su alclr audkol `c pB~:. @k alkar`tl, cd i`klcitdc`ækd `s jkalclrd audkol pB32 y doquj oquj``r` uk alclr clr rlgl rlgl vjlcä jlcäa` a`ll audk udkol pB; B;:. :. @k cd ij ijeu eurd rd 9 s` fu` u`sstr trdd cd ilrf ilrfdd äajo jodd y  häsjad o` cd i`klcitdc`ækd.(9)

- Bjorñxjol o` slojl @c bjorñxjol o` slojl `s uk sñcjol hcdkal arjstdcjkl sjk lclr qu` dhslrh` buf`odo o`c djr`. @s ukd sustdkajd fdkuidaturdod fdkuidaturdod.. (5) -

^jakñf`trl

@c pjakñf`trl `s uk jkstruf`ktl s`kajccl, idhrjadol o` vjorjl alk ilrfd ajcækorjad l añkjad, utjcjzdol pdrd o`t`rfjkdr al alkk pr`ajsjñk cd o`ksjodo o`ksjodo o` cæqujols. Alks`rvd uk uk vlcuf`k ijgl dc alcladr oji`r`kt`s cæqujols `k su jkt`rjlr. @stl kls sjrv` pdrd alfpdrdr  cds o`ksjodo`s o` ols cæqujols p`sdkol `c pjakñf`trl alk adod cæqujol plr s`pdrdol y alfpdrdkol sus fdsds.(2)

 

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^lt`kajñf`trl

@c ^lt`kajñf`trl `s uk `qujpl l fêtlol dkdcætjal pdrd f`ojr cd alka`ktrdajñk o` o` jlk`s ( B+) `k ukd slcuajñk qu` s` prloua` `ktr` uk `c`atrlol `c`atrlol o` trdhdgl y ukl o` r`i`r`kajd r`i`r`kajd,, dc `stdr 

dfhls `c`atrlols s` alka`ktrdk `k ukd slcuajñk, `k cd audc s` r`quj`r` r `quj`r` f`ojr su pB.(:)

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@rrlr ``xxp`rjf`ktd tdcc

@s alksjo`rdol uk o`svjñ o`c vdclr adcaucdol o` ukd fdekjtuo iæsjad alk r`cdajñk dc vdclr r`dc o` ojabd fdekjtuo. E`k`rdcf`kt` cls `rrlr`s `xp`rjf`ktdc`s s` adrdat`rjzdk  plr s`r jk`vjtdhc`s jk`vjtdhc`s y o`p`ko` o`p`ko`kk `sp`ajdcf`k `sp`ajdcf`kt` t` o`c prla`ojfj` prla`ojfj`ktl ktl qu` s` `salgd `salgd y cd t`aklcleæd alk qu` au`kt` pdrd r`dcjzdr cd f`ojajñk. (4>)

^XLA@OJFJ@K_LQ @R^@XJF@K_DC@Q O@ YJO@LQ @R^@XJF@ @R^@ XJF@K_L K_L K·>4 (4 (44) 4) O@_@XFJKDAJÑK O@ DAJO@W ^LX _J_PCDAJÑK @K DCJF@K_LQ Z H@HJODQ

FD_@XJDC@Q7 -

Fdtrda`s @r @rcc`kf`y`r  Cjhr`td ^jp`tds o` 0fc Ydsls sls oo`` ppr` r`aj ajppjtd jtdol ^rlh`td Hur`td Qlplrt` ukjv` jv`rs rsddc ^lt`kajñf`trl @c`atrlols

 

X@DA_JYLQ7 -

Bj Bjor orñx ñxjo joll oo`` slo slojl jl dc >. >.>2 >2?? K I` I`kl klcit citdc dc`æ `ækd kd alfl alfl jkoj jkojad adol olrr oo`` ^ ^bb De Deud ud o` o`st stjc jcdo dodd (0 (0>> >> fc - 4> 4>>> >> fc) fc)

@TPJ^LQ -

Hdcdk cdkzd eerrdkdtdrjd

^XLA@OJFJ@K_L Cl pr prjf jf`r `rl, l, `s ar`d ar`drr ku ku`s `str trdd tdhc tdhcdd o` vd vdcl clr` r`ss qu qu`` jk jkoj ojqu qu`` cl clss fdt` fdt`rj rjdc dc`s `s d usdr usdr,, r` r`da datj tjvl vlss y adktjodo o` pB f`ojol.

Alcladr klfhr` d adod Fdtrdz @rc`kf`y`r pdrd jo`ktjijadr quê sustdkajd y fdt`rjdc`s s` `stäk usdkol `k `std.

 

Q` p`sdk dprlx rlxjf jfddodf`kt` 0 e o` adod ukd o` cds fu`str trdds `k ukd hdcdkzd erdkdtdrj rjdd olko` s` lhtj`k` alfl r`suctdol cd prjf`rd sustdkajd alk uk p`sl o` 0, >82 e, cd s`eukod fu`strd tj`k` uk vdclr o` 0,404 e y cd t`ra`rd 0,882 e.

Q` c` dôdo` ?0 fc o` deud o`stjcdod d adod ukd o` cds fu`strds pdrd plo`r alfpc` c`ttdr cd adktjodo o` slcuajñk qu` s` quj`r` utjcjzdr sj`kol êstd o` 0> fc y s` dejtd.

 

^lst`r t`rjlrf`kt`, t`, s` c` dôdo` 0 eltds o` i`klcitd itdc`ækd d adod ukd o` cds fu`strds yd qu` `st` s`rä su jkojadolr, dejtäkols` ku`vdf`kt`.

Pkd v`z t`kj`kol cls 0> fc o` adod fu`strd, s` c` dôdo` eltd d eltd `c bjorñxjol o` slojl y s` sejtd k`uvdf`kt` `sp`rdkol uk adfhjl o` alclr `k adod ukd.

Alk cd klrf Alk lrfdcjo dcjoddo usdod dod o` bjorñ jorñxxjol jol o` sl sloj ojll d >, >,?2 ?2?, ?, s` lhtj tj``k` alfl r` r`ssuct ctddol qu` `k cd prjf`rd fu`strd s`ôdcd 5,: fc, cd s`eukod 2,? y cd t`ra`rd 9,9 fc. Cu`el, Cu` el, alk dyuo yuod o` uk plt` plt`ka kajñ jñf f`trl `trl f` f`oojf jfls ls `c pB o` adod fu`s fu`str trdd jk jktr trlo louuaj aj``ko koll `c `c`a c`atr trlo loll `k ado adod ukd, lht`k t`kj`k j`kol `st stlls vdclr` clr`ss y r` r`eejs jstr träk äkol olcl clss7 4¾7 1,9 ,95= 5= 8¾ 8¾71 71,,15 15== 1¾7 ?,>8.

 

Pkd v`z alk cls r`suctdols, `fp`zdfls d bda`r cls aäcaucls k`a`sdrjls pdrd o`sajirdr `c kjv`c o` dajo`z.

@k cd 4¾fu`strd dc r``fpcdzdr s` lhtj`k`7

@k cd 8¾fu`strd s` lhtj`k`7

@c r`suctdol o` % o` dajo`z o` cd 1¾ fu`s fu`strd trd s` lhtuvl o` cd sjeuj`kt` fdk`rd7 fdk`rd7

 

@R^@XJF@ @R^@ XJF@K_L K_L K¾>8 (48)

O@_@XFJKDAJÑK O@ CLQ EXDOLQ HXJR Z @C % O@ DAJO@W @K IXP_DQ L KÊA_DX@Q

IXP_DQ7 -

Kd Kdrd rdkg kgdd ``kk ææko koja ja`` oo`` f fdo dour urda dajñ jñkk vv`r `ro` o` Wu Wufl fl o` kdrdk rdkgd fd fdou ourl rl Kê Kêat atddr oo`` pp``rd alf` f`ra rajd jdcc

FD_@XJDC@Q7 -

^jp`tds o` 0fc

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^jp`tds ^dst`ur  Ydsls sls pr`a r`ajpjt jpjtdo dols ls @r fdy`r   Hur`td o` 80fc Ql Qlpl plrt rt`` r`i r`ird rdat atñf ñf`t `trl rl o` f` f`sd sd

X@DA_JYLQ7 -

Bj Bjor orñx ñxjo joll oo`` slo slojl jl dc >. >.>: >: K I` I`kl klcit citdc dc`æ `ækd kd alfl alfl jkoj jkojad adol olrr oo`` ^ ^bb

 

@TPJ^LQ7 -

^lt`kajñf`trl ^jakñf`trl

^XLA@OJFJ@K_L Cl prjf prjf``rl qu` qu` r`d r`dcjz cjzdrl drlk pdrd drd adrda rdat`rj t`rjzzdr cds cds ir irut utdds iu iu`` f` f`oj ojrr cd o`ks ksjo joddo, pdr drdd `st stll, tu tuvj vj`r `rlk lk qu` qu` p`sd p`sdrr prjf prjf`r `rll `c pjak pjakñf ñf`t `trl rl vd vdaæ aæl. l. _`k `kj` j`ko koll `k au au`k `ktd td `c pj pjak akñf ñf`t `trl rl cc` cc`kl kl y `c pjakñf`trl vdaæl lhtuvj`rlk cd fdsd o`c deud.

Dc jkjajl, `salej`rlk cd fu`strd o` cd kdrdkgd `k ækoja` o` fdourdajñk v`ro`, alk `c r`su r`suct ctdo doll o` `ccl `ccl,, bd bdcc ccdr drlk lk cd o` o`ks ksjo jodo do o` cd fu fu`s `str trd, d, `s `s`, `, cl oj ojvj vjoj oj`r `rlk lk `k `ktr tr`` cd o` o`ks ksjo jodo do qu` lhtuv tuvj`rl j`rlkk pdrd pdrd `c deud eud, y dsæ puoj puoj``rlk rlk dgus gustd tdrr aud udcq cquuj` j`rr `rr rrllr `xp xp``rj rjf f`k `ktd tdcc qu qu`` s` bdyd odol. X`pjtj`rlk `s` prla`sl alk cds o`fäs irutds.

 

Cu`ell bj Cu`e bjaj aj`r `rlk lk cd adrd adrdat at`r `rjz jzda dajñ jñkk o` o`cc pl plra ra`k `ktd tdg` g` o` da dajo jo`z `z,, bd bdaj aj`k `kol ol uk ukdd tj tjtu tucd cdaj ajñk ñk al alkk bjorñxjol o` slojl, tlfdkol uk dcæaultd o` 0fc o` cd fu`strd, y dsæ r`dcjzdrlk ukd k`utr `utrddcjzd cjzdaajñk jñk o` äajo ajols aætr aætrja jalls. Do Doja jajl jlkd kdcf cf``kt` kt` de der` r`ed edrl rlkk uk ukdd dc dcæa æauultd o` 4> fc o` deud.

^drd plo`r v`r `c adfhjl o` alclrdajñk dôdoj`rlk i`klcitdc`ækd,ukds eltds o` `ccl. ^r ^rllktd ktdf` f`kkt` der`e r`edrl drlk eltd eltd d eltd cd ojs ojslcu lcuajñk jñk o` bjo jorñ rñxxjo joll o` sloj ojll y aud udkkol buh uhll ukd alclrd clrdaj ajññk o` vjrd vjrdg` g` o` hcd hcdkal kal d rls rlsd iu` iu` aud udkkol `c prl rlaa`s `sll s` o` o`tu tuvvl, pdr drdd lht ht``k` k`r  r  `c vdclr clr o`c o`c vlcuf` cuf`kk, `c aud audc tlf tlfdrl drlk pdrd drd plo`r o`r bda` a`rr cl clss aäc äcaauc uclls pls lst` t`rj rjllrf`k rf`kt` t`.. @c adf dfhj hjll o` alcl alclrd rdaj ajññk kl s` s`rä rä k`a` `a`sdrjd drjdf f`kt` kt` uk rl rlssd, yd qu qu`` `c au` u`rp rpll (c (clls pje jef` f`kktl tlss o` cd irutd) vdk d jkt`ri`rjr, tlfdkol `st` vdclr pdrd o`spuês r`dcjzdr ukls aäcaucls.

 

X`dcjz X`dc jzdr drlk lk `c fj fjsf sfll pr prla la`o `ojf jfj` j`kt ktll alk alk cd sj sjeu euj` j`kt kt`` fu fu`s `str trd, d, bd bdaj aj`k `kol ol `x `xda datd tdf` f`kt kt`` cl fjsfl alk `c zufl o` kdrdkgd fdourl. Q` cc`kd ku`vdf`kt` cd hur`td alk cd slcuajñk o` KdLB fdradkol > y dsæ plo`r tlfdr `c odtl ijkdc. ^lst`rjlrf`kt`, s` vd tjtucdr  der`edkol eltds plr eltds bdstd qu` bdyd uk adfhjl o` tlkdcjodo dc alclr rlsd, dkltdkol uk vlcuf`k usdol o` o` KdLB o` :,85 fc.

^lr ÷ctjfl, tjtucdfls `c kêatdr o` ukd p`rd alf`rajdc. ^rla`o`fls, der`edkol ukd dcæaultd o` 0 fc o` cd fu`strd o`c kêatdr o` cd p`rd alf`rajdc `k `c fdtrdz, dojajlkdkol ukd dcæaultd o` 4> fc y 1 d ? eltds o` i`klcitdc`ækd, alfl ÷ctjfl pdsl pr`vjl dkt`s o` tjtucdr vdfls d cc`kdr cd hur`td o` cd slcuajñk o` KdLB fdradkol >. ^lst`rjlrf`kt` s` prla`o` d tjtucdr der`edkol eltd plr eltd o` cd slcuajlk o` KdLB alk cd ijkdcjodo o` k`utrdcjzdr bdstd lht`k`r uk adfhjl o` alclr sjekjijatjvl, dkltdkol uk vlcuf`k usdol o` KdLB o` 8,:2 fc.

 

Cds f`ojajlk jlk`s o`c pB o` cds fu`strd trds. X`alrodfls qu` uk pB o` > d 5 `s uk pB äajo joll y o` 5 d 4? `s uk pB häsjal y `k vjs jsttd o` qu` `stdfls trdhdgdkol alk fu`strd rdss äajo jodds s` `stjf stjfdd qu qu`` s`d s`dk pB äajo äajolls. Al Alkk dyu dyuod o` uk plt` t`kkaj ajññf`tr f`trll jk jktr trlloua uajf jflls `c aät ätllol `k adod ukd o` cds fu`strds, r`alrodkol cdvdr `c aätlol dkt`s o` jktrlouajrcl `k ltrd fu`strd pdrd qu` dsæ kls sdced `c r`suctdol hj`k o` `ccds. Dkltdfls cl sjeuj`kt`7

@c zufl o` kdrdkgd v`ro`7 Ydclr o` pB 1.>?. @c zufl o` kdrdkgd fdourd7 Ydclr o` pB 1.84 @c kêatdr o` ukd p`rd alf`rajdc7 Ydclr o` pB 1.4: Cd f`ojajñk alk ·Hrjx o` cds fu`strds alksjst` `k bda`r cd c`aturd o` cls sñcjols slcuhc`s tltdc`s o` cds fu`strds alklajods tdfhjêk alfl erdols ·Hrjx, kl lcvjodr  cjfpjdr `c c`kt` o`c `qujpl pdrd qujtdr r`stdkt`s qu` pu`odk di`atdr `k cd f`ojajñk. Ydfls d tlfdr fu`strds rds alk uk elt`rl y vdfls d r`pdrt rtjjr ukji jillrf`f`kt` `k `c c`kt`, a`rrdkol y dhrj`kol cd v`ktdkjccd o` cd r`gjccd pdrd `c pdsl o` cd cuz y dkltdfls cls vdclr`s drrlgdols.

@c zufl o` kdrdkgd v`ro`7 2· @c zufl o` kdrdkgd fdourd7 :.1· @c kêatdr o` ukd p`rd alf`rajdc7 4>.1· YJ. ALKACPQJLK@Q -

Q` dpr`kojñ d o`t`rfjkdr cls alfplk`kt`s o` uk guel o` irutds auyl alkt`kjol `s äajol aætrjal.

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Q` o`t`rfjkñ `c k÷f`rl o` `qujvdc`kt`s `ktr` `c äajol y cls erdfls o` aætrjal `k cls guels o` cls vjo`ls `xp`rjf`ktdc`s `xp`rjf`ktdc`s..

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Q` jo`ktjijañ `c dkäcjsjs audktjtdtjvl f`ojdkt` cd lhs`rvdajñk o` fu`strds y `c

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audcjtdtjvl f`ojdkt` cd o`t`rfjkdajñk o` cds sustdkajds pr`s`kt`s `k cd fu`strd. Q` v`rjijañ `c alkt`kjol o` äajol aætrjal `k ojstjktds irutds o` ku`strd r`ejñk flstrdkol qu` o`p`ko` o` su t`fplrdod o` sj`fhrd.

 

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