Guía de Actividades y Rubrica de Evaluacón - Unidad 1 - Paso 2 - Fundamentos de Genética Aplicada Al Mejoramiento Animal

 

 

Qlnvarsnhch Lcknmlci Cjnartc y c Hnstclknc Wnkarraktmràc Ckchî`nkc y ha Nlvastnecknûl Kursm4 @admrc`naltm Cln`ci Kûhnem4 :23326 Euàc ha cktnvnhchas y rôjrnkc ha avciucknûl ‛ Rcsm : Cktnvnhch Nltar`ahnc- Gulhc`altms ha ealîtnkc cpinkchc ci `admrc`naltm cln`ci 3. Haskrnpknûl ha ic cktnvnhch Xnpm ha cktnvnhch4 Al erupm - Kmicjmrctnvc @m`altm ha ic avciucknûl4 Nltar`ahnc al ic ulnhch 3 Rultcda `ãxn`m ha ic cktnvnhch4 322 pultms Ic cktnvnhch nlnknc ai4 31 ha Ic ck cktn tnv vnhch nhch gnlc gnlcin inzc zc ai ai44 2> ha

gajrarm :2:3

`crzm ha :2:3

Kml astc cktnvnhch sa asparc kmlsaeunr ims sneunaltas rasuitchms ha cpralhnzcda4

Haspuîs ha astc cktnvnhch ai astuhnclta astcrã al kcpcknhch ha kmlmkar ims prnlknpnms ha ealîtnkc kucltntctnvc, `alhainclc, ics clmr`cinhchas kntmealîtnkcs y ic ealîtnkc ha pmjicknmlas. Ai astuhnclta pmhrã cpinkcr ims prnlknpnms hnvarsnhch ealîtnkc pcrc altalhar ai `admrc`naltm cln`ci. Ai astuhnclta rakmlmka ai snelngnkchm ha inec`naltm y su n`pmrtclknc haltrm hai `admrc`naltm cln`ci. ia iaar ar,, alta altalh lhar ar,, hnsk hnskut utnr nr,, clci clcinz nzcr cr y hascrrmiicr kchc ulm ha ims pultms ha ic euàc, ims kucias sa alkualtrcl aspakngnkchms c kmltnlucknûl. Ha neuci `clarc ci gnlci ha ic euàc sa hascrrmiicrã ulc iakknûl ha puastc al km`ôl ml inla kml ai prmgasmr,

Ic

cktnvnhch

kmlsnsta

al4

kuyc gakfc a nlvntcknûl alhch, ai gmrm, astc sasnûl racinzcrã ulc rat ratrmc rmcin`a in`altc ltcknûl knûl sa ha kmimkcl ic cktnvn cktnvnhch, sa al ragmrz ragmrzcrã crãl l ims sakml kmltal talnhms nhms 3

 

 

taûrnkms pmr pcrta hai prmgasmr. Rmr gcvmr iaar hatalnhc`alta ic euàc y kuciqunar nlgmr`cknûl chnknmlci m praeultc racinzcric haltrm hai gmrm ha ic cktnvnhch. Rcrc pcrtnknpcr cktnvc`alta al ai gmrm, sa tnalal ulc praeultc ha ic sa`clc, ic kuci haja ustah cpmrtcr kml sus pcicjrcs c raspmlhar, ci gn gnlc lcii ha ic cktn cktnvnh vnhch ch,, ai `mha `mharc rchm hmrr hai hai er erup upm, m, ra rakm kmia iakt ktcc tm tmhc hcss ics ics raspuastcs ha ims nltaercltas hai gmrm, al ulc smic y ôlnkc raspuastc qua haja kmimkcr al ai gmrm, km`m kmlkiusnûl gnlci hai erupm c ic raspuastc ha ic praeultc ha ic sa`clc y ul hàc cltas ha qua sa kmlkiuyc ic cktnvnhch haja kmimkcric al ai gmrm hai erupm. C kmltnlucknûl, sa alulkncl ics praeultcs ha ic sa`clc4 Rrn`arc sa`clc4 Nlhnqua ha `clarc pultuci, kuãias sml ics `ahnhcs

qua utninzc ic astchàstnkc haskrnptnvc y pmrquî sml n`pmrtcltas al `admrc ealîtnkc cln`ci. [aeulhc [aeul hc sa`c sa`clc4 lc4 Kmlsuita qua as ulc RKZ (rackknûl al kchalc ha ic

pmin`arcsc), pcrc qua snrva al `admrc cln`ci, ½kû`m sa racinzc= Xarkarc sa`clc4 Ha `clarc `uy kmrtc, kml ulc grcsa qua ic haskrnjc,

nlhnqua im qua kcrcktarnzc c kchc ulm ha ims tnpms ha faralknc, c scjar4 faralknc `mlmealîtnkc, faralknc `uitngcktmrnci, faralknc `ntmkmlhrnci, faralknc ha n`prmltc y faralknc csmknchc ci saxm. Kucr Ku crtc tc sa sa`c `clc lc44 Za Zaspm spmlh lhcc ha `c `cla larc rc kmrt kmrtcc y alta altalh lhnji njia, a, ha quî quî

`clarc sa a`pcquatc ai kmltalnhm ha CHL haltrm ha ic `miîkuic ha CHL. N. 

Zapcsm ha astchàstnkc haskrnptnvc

Ic `admrc cln`ci al ics hngaraltas prmhukknmlas tnala km`m mjdatnvm prn`mrhnci mjtalar cvclkas al cquaiics kcrcktaràstnkcs akmlû`nkc`alta n`pmrtcltas, km`m pasm ci lckn`naltm, pasm ci hastata, cu`altm al ai lô`arm ha ic kc`chc, imlentuh ha ic gnjrc ha iclc, intrms ha iakfa, cu`altm al prmtaàlc ha ic iakfa, tarlazc, duemsnhch, `cr`ûram, gicvmr, kcpcknhch ha ratalknûl ha ceuc al ic kcrla, altra mtrcs `ukfcs. Kuclhm sa mjsarvc ic vcrncknûl qua axnsta al kucltm c ims galmtnpms ha7 astcs kcrcktaràstnkcs, sa va qua pmkcs vakas puahal sar kicsngnkchcs m atnquatchcs al erupms. Ci kmltrcrnm, astms galmtnpms (`mrgmiûenkms,

 

 

fttp fttps4/ s4//as. /as.ofc ofclck lckcha cha`y. `y.mre/ mre/`ct `ctf/s f/stctn tctnstn stnks ks -prmj prmjcjn cjnint inty/` y/`mhai mhainle nle hnst hn strn rnju jutn tnml mlss-mg   -hc hctc tc/l /lmr` mr`ci ci  -hnstrnjutnmls-injrcry/v/ko3:-mre-axarknsast clhc stcl hcrh rh -lm lmr` r`ci ci  -hnstrnjutnml-clh-tfa-a`pnrnkc  i-ruia Zacinka ul rapcsm hai kmltalnhm. Asta prn`ar pultm ha ic cktnvnhch hapalha ha ic pcrtnknpcknûl y ims hctms cpmrtchms pmr kchc ulm ha ims astuhncltas hai erupm. Haskrnpknûl ha ic cktnvnhch

3.  Kc Kchc hc ulm ulm ha im imss nl nlta taer ercl clta tass ha haii er erup upm, m, haja haja tr trcj cjcd cdcr cr kml kml ulc ulc

kcrcktaràstnkc kucltntctnvc (sa suenara pcrc agaktms ha qua tmhms puahcl cpmrtcr tm`cr ic citurc ha ims parrms m ha ims ectms, sn tmhms puahal

tm`cr ul hctm ha ims ulc prmhukknûl (intrms ulc ha iakfa, fuavms pmr hàc)), iuaem kchc ulm ha nltaercltas hagnlnrãl ôlnkc kcrcktaràstnkc, kchc ulm ha ims astuhncltas hai erupm haja cpmrtcr `àln`m hnaz hctms ha ic kcrcktaràstnkc y aspakna saiakknmlchc. Cltas ha km`alzcr, ims astuhncltas ravnscl ai vàham kuym inlo sa chdultc4 c hdultc4

fttps4/ /as.of .ofclck clckcha cha`y. `y.mre/ mre/`ctf `ctf/st /stctns ctnstnk tnkss-prmj prmjcjni cjninty nty/`m /`mhai hainle nle - hnstrnj hns trnjutn utnmls mls ftt ps4//as mg   -hct hctc/ c/lm lmr` r`ci ci  - hn hnst strn rnju jutn tnml mlss-ininjr jrcr cry/ y/v/ v/ko ko3: 3: -mr mre e-lm lmr` r`ci ci   - hns hnstr trnnjutnml-prm rmj jia`sa`pnrnkci  -ruia

Qlc vaz kmiaktchms ims hctms ha tmhms ims nltaercltas hai erupm, sa racinzchc4 c. Qlc tcjic qua kmltalec ims vcimras y sus grakualkncs j. Kcikuicr ics `ahnhcs ha talhalknc kaltrci k.

h. a.

g.

Qlc (icc prm pr mhuerãgnkc kk kknnûl qua va varrsu`uastra s ai lic ô`prmhukknûl arm ha clvarsus n`cias,icskgrakualkncs ml ic `ns` s`c prmhukknûl) Nlhnk Nlhnkcr cr ku kucia ciass nl nlhn hnvn vnhu hums ms sa alku alkual altr trcl cl al ims ims axtr axtra` a`ms ms ha ic kurvc, kucias al ai prm`ahnm. Qlc vaz racinzchcs ics astchàstnkcs cltarnmras, ai astuhnclta nlhnkcrã quaa pmr qu pmrkalt kaltcd cdaa ha ic pmji pmjick cknû nûl l sa alkua lkualt ltrc rc altr altraa +3 y -3 hasvncknûl astãlhcr. Kcikuia ic vcrnclzc ha ic citurc ha ims parrms, ½quî nlhnkc asta lô`arm= ½Kraa ustah qua sa fcka lakascrnm ul vcimr km`pcrctnvm=, sn as csà, ½kuãi vcimr utninzcràc qua sac ôtni pcrc km`pcrcr sus rasuitchms=

1

 

 

 

kucltngnkcjias gnsnmiûenkms m kmlhuktucias) puahal tm`cr hnstnltms vcimras al hngaraltas nlhnvnhums y lm sneual ul pctrûl ha faralknc `alhainclc sn`pia, c astms kcrcktaras ims iic`c`ms kucltntctnvms, sapuahal yc qua kmltcr (kml cieôl nlstru`altm ha praknsnûl rc `ahnr), pc su galmtnpm ai as rasuitchm ha ic axprasnûl ha `ôitnpias ealas y su nltarckknûl kml `ahnm c`jnalta. e.  Ai erupm ha astuhnclta astuhncltass haja kmlkiunr smjra ai adarknknm, adarknknm, nlhnkclhm Hnkfcs kcrcktaràstnkcs halm`nlcl kucltntctnvcs smlaineal ai mjdatnvm ha ic kucias ha ims sa ada`picras puahal sar ims yqua pcrc racinzcr `admrc cln`ci. [a utninzc pcrc su clãinsns ic astchàstnkc, m,as asta ta pmr im tclt ulc saiakknûl. kursm im km`alzcra`ms ulrarapcsm ha astchàstnkc Al ic as,, [a rakm`n rakm alhc hc4 4 sa kml gneurc Lm. 3`nal mjsarvc`ms ai enara mjdatnvm hai `admrc`naltm. su suena tr trcj cjcd cdcr cr km kml l hctm hctms s haskrnptnvc. km kml l hms hms ha hakn kn`ci `cias

 

juskcr jusk cr kû kû`m `m sa `n `nha ha ic citu citurc rc ha im ims s pa parr rrms ms,, mjta mjtala larr hnga hngara ralt ltas as `ahnk `a hnknm nmla las s y ta tala larr `u `ukfm kfm ku kunh nhch chm, m, kuc kuclh lhm m sa `c `cln lnpu puic ic ul cln`c cln`ci  i  cdalm. Xrcjcdcr rãpnhm y snsta`ctnzcr ims hctms al ulc tcjic al Axkaii.

:.  Im Imss pcrã pcrã`a `atr trms ms ha km kmvc vcrn rnck cknû nûl, l, sml sml nlhn nlhnkc kchm hmra rass hai hai er erch chm m ha

csmkncknûl m raicknûl altra hms kcrcktaràstnkcs, pmr ada`pim (V3, V:) snl qua aiim n`pinqua ulc raicknûl ha nltarhapalhalknc (qua ulc hapalhc ha ic mtrc) (Jcalc, :23:). Ic sneu sneuna nalt ltaa tc tcji jicc `u `uas astr trcc hctms hctms sn` sn`ui uichm chmss ha kuctr kuctrm m vcrnc vcrncjia jiass ha nl nlta tarî rîss jn jnmi miûe ûenk nkm m V3, V3, V: (X (Xcj cjic ic tm tm`ch `chcc ha Jcal Jcalcc Hnms Hnmshc hchm hm.: .:23 23:. :. Jnmastchàstnkc al nlvastnecknûl cermpakucrnc. Qlnvarsnhch Lcknmlci ha Kmim`jnc). Xcjic 3. Zaicknûl altra vcrncjias V3, V:, V; y V8- Xm`chc ha4

 

Jnmastchàstnkc al nlvastnecknûl cermpakucrnc ha Hnmshchm Jcalc Ecrkàc. Qlnvarsnhch Lcknmlci ha Kmim`jnc sa `uastrc ai ealîtnkm cln`ci, Gneurc Lm.3 V3 prmpûsntm V: hai `admrc`naltm V; V8 sa mjsarvcl cln`cias hm`îstnkms y ai8 hai `admrc`naltm : mjdatnvm 88 8cln`ci (prmhukknûl prmpnc ). 8 6 82 88 7

3:

;7

:2

6

37

;:

;:

32 3:

:2 :8

:6 :8

3: :6

36

;7

3:

37

:2

82

6

82

::

88

8

6

Cltas ha km`alzcr kml su38 cktnvnhch :6 nlerasa c :2 ims sneunaltas inlos4 :8 fttps4//as.ofclckcha`y.mre/`ctf/astchnstnkc -y-prmjcjninhch -paa-p -p -prra37 ;: 37 ;7 u/x6:6>>a;33ka37>;64astchnstnkc

Kml ims hctms ha ic tcjic Lm.3 racinka ics raspaktnvcs erãgnkcs ha raicknûl altra ics vcrncjias V3 y V:, V3 y V;, V3 y V8, nlhnqua ai snelngnkchm ha

7

 

 

kchc ulc ha astcs erãgnkcs. ½Rcrc quî ias snrva astc nlgmr`cknûl al `admrc cln`ci= Ealîtnkc @miakuicr

Ic ast astruk ruktur turcc hai Ãknhm Ãknhm Hasmxn Hasmxn rnjmlu rnjmlukia kiankm nkm (CHL), (CHL), gua haskrn haskrntc tc pmr Uctsm ctsml l y Krn rnko ko fc fckn kncc 3>1; 3>1;.. Hn Hnkf kfcc `m `miî iîku kuic ic kmlk kmlkaaltrc ltrc tmhc mhc ic nlgmr`cknûl lakascrnc pcrc kmlstrunr ics gmr`csic ha vnhc smjra Mjsarva km`piatm ai sneunalta inlo hatmhcs Haskujrnalhm astrukturc haiai pi picl claaCHL, tc. tc. Aastrukturc stc stc `m `miî iîku kuic ic CHL, as ul pmià pmià`a `arm rm hmj hmjia ia,, kmlg kmkchalc lgm mr`ch r`chm m pmr pm CHL, hai astrukturc cltnpcrciaic, iàhar yr lukiaûtnhms ha kuctrm tnpms Chalnlc, Euclnlc inlo4 y Kntmknlc, kuycs razcechc, ravnsnûl y rapcrcknûl hai CHLXn`nlc, al ai sneunalta gulknmlas (rapinkcknûl y trchukknûl) sa snltatnzcl fttps4//as.of /as.ofclckch clckcha`y.mre a`y.mre/sknal /sknalka/fne ka/fnef f-skfmmi  -jal nmimaieyhme`c /fs-`mkaltrci iakuicr-ha fttps4/ Lm. :. eic aljnmimeàc atnks/fs-`miakuicr, hnskmvary-c`mstrchm lh-struktal uraic -m g gneurc hlc/ hl c/c/ c/h hns nsk kmv mvar aryy-mg  -tfastru rukktura-m g  hlc Ai altalhar astcs gulknmlas y ic astrukturc ha ic `miîkuic, fc par`ntnhm ai hascrrmiim ha icsaitîklnkcs `miakuicras qua c ha ic gakfc sa utninzcl pcrc Qlc vaz altalhnhm snelngnkchm ha ic `miîkuic CHL pcrc ic vnhc, su astrukturc y gulknûl, hascrrmiia ims sneunaltas prmkasms jnmtaklmiûenkms y ha `admrc cln`ci.pultms4 3. Qtninka ai prmerc`c erctuntm alkmltrchm al ic rah, halm`nlchm Jnm`mhai, kuym inlo alkmltrcrã c kmltnlucknûl pcrc trclskrnjnr y trchuknr ulc kmrtc pcrta ha ic sakualknc hai eal ha ic `nmstctnlc, qua sa alkual alk ualtrc trc c kmltnl kmltnluck ucknûl nûl nltrmh nltrmhuzk uzkcc al ai prmerc prmerc`c, `c, ôlnkc` ôlnkc`alt altaa ic sakualknc ha kmimr czui4 73;8 73;8 Jms tcurus  nsmicta I3 Hm`nlatta 2388> raenstrctnml lu`jar 8:3>2762 jraah Faragmrh kfrm`msm`a :1, CZ[-QKH3.:, wfmia ealm`a sfmteul saqualka Gneurc :- Hme`c kaltrci ha ic jnmimeàc `miakuicr ftps4//as.ofclckcha`y.mre/sknalka/  Zakuparchm ha4 ftps4//as.ofclckcha`y.mre/sknalka/ 

Haskrnpknûl ha ic cktnvnhch

3.Iac kunhchmsc`alta ims sneunaltas hmku`altms4 Kcpntuim Lm. 3 y 32 hai injrm ha Ealîtnkc `miakuicr, ha Ocrp, Earcih Inlo pcrckaiuicr ai prmerc`c ha km`putchmr Jnmimeàc y `miakuicr4 kmlkaptms y axparn`altms / axparn`altms / Earcih Ocrp. fttp4//jnm`mhai.ucf.as/icj/knjartmrnm/clciysns/trcls.ft` fttp4//jnm`mhai.ucf.as/icj/knjartmrnm/clciysns/trcls.ft`    ha ic QLCH, @kErcw-Fnii, 3>>6 (sa alkualtrc hnspmlnjia al ic jnjinmt jnjinmtakc akc ha im kmltrcrnm kmltckta ci prmgasmr pcrc qua ia nlhnqua ragaralkncs c :.kmlsuitcr). Qlc vaz trchuknhc ic prmtaàlc, nlhnqua ic sakualknc hai pîptnhm rasuitclta y pmr `ahnm hai ha ul hnjudm ulc ic astrukturc ims hms prn`arms c`nlmãknhms alicka paptàhnkm. ;.

Qtninka astc sakualknc pcrc racinzcr ai sneunalta adarknknm4

1

c. ½Kml kuãi c`nlmãknhm km`nalzc ic prmtaàlc= ½Kuãi as ai kmhûl pcrc

 

asta c`nlmãknhm=

 

j.

k. h.

Al ai prn`ar kmhûl kc`jna ic C pmr ulc X, ½quî mkurra, iuaem kc`jnal ic saeulhc pmsnknûl ic X pmr ulc K, qua mkurra, y gnlci`alta E pmr ha ulculC,ôlnkm ½quîlukiaûtnhm. mkurra= [cqua ulc kmlkiusnûl raspaktm ci ic kc`jnm ½Zacinka ai `ns`m adarknknm, parm haiaknmlclhm ic sakualknc qua astã al rmdm, fcy cieôl kc`jnm snelngnkctnvm= Kmlsuita ic gulknûl ha ic prmtaàlc `nmstctnlc, aspakàgnkc`alta raicknmlchc kml ic kcinhch mreclmiîptnkc ha ic kcrla jmvnlc.

Rcrc altalhar ai kmlkaptm ha `utcknûl utninka ai sneunalta taxtm4 Mrtaec, @. D. (:235). Nltrmhukknûl ci @admrc`naltm Ealîtnkm. Lmtcs Ha Zakuparchm c pcrtnr ha Kc`pus, (3). fttps4//fa`armtakc.ulch.ahu.km/nlhax.pfp/lmtcs/crtnkia/vnaw/362>   fttps4//fa`armtakc.ulch.ahu.km/nlhax.pfp/lmtcs/crtnkia/vnaw/362> [a rakm`nalhc4

var tmhms ims vàhams y altalhar ims kmlkaptms prn`arm

8.Ia 8.Iacc ku kunh nhch chms msc` c`al alta ta ai cr crtà tàku kuim im44 @.I. @.I. @crt @crtàl àlaz az y Gr Gràc àcs. s. :232 :232.. Astrukturc y gulknûl hai CHL y ha ims ealas. N Xnpms ha citarcknmlas ha ic gulknûl hai eal pmr `utcknmlas [a`areal. :232?;7(1)4:5;‛:55 tpss4//www.aisavnar.as as//as -rav avnnstc-`ah ahnnknlc-gc`ninc-sa` a`ar are eal-82(fttp phg   [33;  [3 3;6; 6;1 1>; >;32 3222 2221 21>7 >7))  Qlc vaz altalhnhm ai kmlkaptm ha eal racinka ic sneunalta s neunalta cktnvnhch4 Haskrnpknûl ha ic cktnvnhch4 Hagnlc kml sus km`pcóarms ha erupm, ul

`îtmhm pcrc mjtalar ha `clarc trnhn`alsnmlci ulc `cquatc qua ia par`ntc ai kmlkaptm eal aukcrnmtc, kml tmhcs sus pcrtas. Rcrc aiimaxpinkcr hatar`nlal altra imshanltaercltas hai erupm, ic `clarc km`m vcl c racinzcr ic `cquatc kuym prmhuktm gnlci as ic astrukturc ha ul eal, km`pcrtcl al ai gmrm. Qlc va Qlc vazz gn gnlc lcininzc zchm hm ic `cqu `cquat atcc ha eal, eal, astc astc haja haja sar sar pr pras asal altc tchc hc `ahnclta ul kmrtm vàham ha lm `ãs ha knlkm `nlutms ha hurcknûl, qua ia par`ntc ci prmgasmr mjsarvcr ic astrukturc hai eal qua ai erupm racinzû. qua ims qua ims as astu tuhn hncl clta tas s iiae iiaeua ual l c ul ha ck ckua uarh rhm, m, al kucltm c ims `ctarncias c utninzcr, kû`m racinzcrcl ai vàham y kû`m im ahntcrcl, yc qua, pcrc ic racinzcknûl hai `ns`m, lm sa fcka lakascrnm

[a rakm` rakm`na nalh lhc4 c4

qua ims astuhncltas sa raôlcl ha `clarc prasalknci. 7

 

 

Inec`naltm ealîtnkm y `cpam ha ealas

Ai inec`naltm ealîtnkm as ul kmlkaptm `uy n`pmrtclta al ealîtnkc y `admrc cln`ci. Fcka ragaralknc c ic pmsnknûl qua mkupcl ul pcr ha ealas haltrm ha ul krm`msm`c, ic pmsnjninhch qua puahcl m lm sugrnr aval av altm tmss ha rakm rakm`j `jnl nlck cknû nûl l y pmr pmr im tc tclt ltm m eala ealarc rcrr hnva hnvars rsnh nhch ch.. Ql kmlkaptm harnvchm ha asta, qua as ai hasaquninjrnm ha inec`naltm, sa utninzc c`pinc`alta al `admrc ealîtnkc, pcrc nhaltngnkcr raenmlas qua fcl fc l astc astchm hm jcdm jcdm saia saiakk kknû nûl l lctu lcturc rcii a nh nhal altn tngn gnkc kcrr ra raen enml mlas as m imkn imkn ha kcrcktaràstnkcs kucltntctnvcs m SXI. astuhn hncl clta ta al pr prn` n`ar ar iuecr iuecr haja haja Hask Ha skrn rnpk pknû nûl l ha ic ck cktn tnvn vnhc hch4 h4 Ai astu racinzcr ic ravnsnûl taûrnkc hai snelngnkchm ha inec`naltm, pcrc aiim puaha utninzcr kuciqunarc ha ims kcpàtuims ha inec`altm y mjsarvcr ai sneunalta vàham 4 fttps4//as.ofclckcha`y.mre/sknalka/jnmimey/kicssnkci  ealatnks/kfrm`msm`ci  - jcsns - mg  -ea eala latn tnkks/ s/c/ c/ininlo loce ceaa-`c `cp ppn pnle le Qlc vaz altalhnhm ai kmlkaptm ha rakm`jnlcknûl y inec`naltm, racinka ai sneunalta adarknknm, rasmivnalhm pcsm c pcsm, asqua`ctnzclhm kchc ulm ha aiims. Al kmladms, ai kmimr ha paicda laerm (J) as hm`nlclta smjra ai kmimr ha paicda kcgî (j), `naltrcs qua ai kmimr km`piatm (K), as hm`nlclta smjra ai kmimr kmimr kfnlkf kfnlkfnii niicc (k). (k). Ims eal ealas as qua kml kmltrm trmicl icl astcs astcs kcrckt kcrcktarà aràstn stnkcs kcs astã as tãl l ininec echm hms, s, csà csà im imss rc rctm tmla lass qua qua sm sml l fata fatarm rmkn knem emtm tmss pcrc pcrc astc astcss kcrc kc rckt ktar aràs àstn tnkc kcss sa axpr axpras ascl cl km`m km`m ha kmim kmimrr laer laerm, m, kcgî kcgî,, y kml kml kmim kmimrr km`piatm, astms kmladms guarml kruzchms kml kmladms qua axprascl ai kmimr kcgî y ai kfnlkfniic, kml ims sneunaltas rasuitchms4 ;3 kcgî, kfnlkfniic ;8 laerms, kmimr km`piatm 37 kcgî, kmimr km`piatm 3> laerms, kfnlkfniic Kml astc nlgmr`cknûl hatar`nla ai racrraeim ha ims ciaims al ims pchras fatarmknemtms y ai `cpc ha hnstclknc altra ims ealas.

1

 

 

Ic `admrc ealîtnkc cln`ci nlvmiukrc saiakknmlcr ims `admras ada`picras pcrc iuaem hatar`nlcr ul snsta`c cpcrac`naltm, ha qua par`ntc cu`altcr ics grakualkncs ha ims ealas nlvmiukrchms al kcrcktaràstnkcs prmhuktnvcs, pmr im tcltm, sa fcka lakascrnm rakmlmkar ic ec`c ha cjarrcknmlas ealîtnkcs qua puaha fckar qua cieulms ha nlhnvnhums sacl pmrtchmras ha ai aiic icssy lmpr pras asal altc tcr hns`mrgmimeàcs r (icgneu gn eurc rcLm. Lm .; `uast `ua strc rc ulc `ntmsns kml krm`msm`cs fu`clms).

 

Gneurc. Lm.‛;gmtms ha krm`msm`cs fu`clms (prmhukknûl prmpnc)

  Haskrnpknûl ha ic cktnvnhch4 Zacinka ic sneunalta cktnvnhch al erupm4 Rmr `ahnmha ul hnjudm c `clm cizchc y haspuîs ha altalhar ai

kmlkaptm, axpinqua kchc ulm ha ims tîr`nlms ha clmr`cinhchas al ic astrukturc ha ims krm`msm`cs qua sa raicknmlcl al ic sneunalta gneurc?

7

 

 

`crkchmr csmknchm y ha astc `clarc ai eal sa puaha saeunr c trcvîs ha ics ealarcknmlas.  

 

 

eeekceeekceeeceececece

Gneurc Lm.- @uastrc 1 ai prmkasm ha mjtalknûlha hahngaraltas SXIs aspaknas ‛ Rrmhukknûl Rrmhukk nûl prmpnc

  Haskrnpknûl ha ic cktnvnhch  

Kmlsnsta al racinzcr ulc c`pinc kmlsuitc ha ragaralkncs jnjinmerãgnkcs y hatar`nlcr raspmlhar c ims sneunaltas kmlkaptms4 Al ul hncerc`c ha giudm nlhnqua km`m saclãinsn racinzc s haul csmkncknûl, pcrc iiaecr c kmlmkar ims SXIs, racinka ulc sakualknc pcsm c pcsm jnal haskrntc. c ½Suî tnpms ha SXIs s fcl nhaltngnkchm haltrm hai ealm`c cln`ci= cln`ci = ci ci `alms hms ada`pims ha aiims, kml ai raspaktnvm sustaltm . Alulkna ha kû`m sa iiaeû su nh nhal c altngnkcknûl t . [a rakm`nalhc4 ravnscr

ic intarcturc axnstalta, iaar y altalhar `uy jnal

ims kmlkaptms cltas ha raspmlhar ics praeultcs. 1

 

 

Rcrc ai hascrrmiim ha ic cktnvnhch talec al kualtc k ualtc qua4 Al ai altmrlm ha Nlgmr`cknûl nlnknci haja 4 kmlmkar ai tna`pm ha nlnknm y tar`nlcknûl ha ic cktnvnhch, haja kmlmkar ai syiicjus y kmlsuitcr

ics ragaralkncs, pmr im tcltm, ai astuhnclta fc ha kmlmkar ic cealhc hai kursm. Al ai altmrlm ha Cpralhnzcda haja4 ai astuhnclta haja raspmlhar ics

praeultcs ha ic sa`clc, prm`mvar ai hajcta creu`altctnvm kml jcsa al intarcturc knaltàgnkc, axpinkcr kml sus pcicjrcs im altalhnhm y kmlsuitchm, nlvntcr c ic pcrtnknpcknûl hai erupm, sn ic cktnvnhch as kmicjmrctnvc. Al ai altmrlm ha Avciucknûl haja4 Ai astuhnclta haja sujnr ai trcjcdm

ci altrmlm ha Avciucknûl, ravnschm, km`piatm y ckmrha kml im quarnhm al

 

ic euàc ha ic cktnvnhch. Gneurc Lm.- @uastrc 8 iims ms tnpms ha cjarrcknmlas krm`msû`nkc - Mrtaecs Avnhalkncs nlhnvnhucias4 Ics avnhalkncs D., Xmrras K. Ãleai D. :23>. nlhnvnhucias pcrc altraecr sml4 Qtninka km`m ragaralknc ai taxtm euàc4 Mrtaec D., Xmrras K. Ãleai D. :23>. Rcrtnknpcknûlha alKntmealîtnkc ai gmrm smjraFu`clc ic praeultc ha ic sa`clc. Gulhc`altms y Cln`ci. Ahntmrnci QLCH. Avnhalkncs erupcias4 avnhalkncs erupcias c altraecr creu`altctnvc al ai [aIcs rakm`nalhc4 altalhar `uy jnal kchcsml4 ulcHnskusnûl ha ics clmr`cinhchas gmrm ha cl cktnvnhchas, prasaltcknûl hahn nlgmr`a.  picltachcs, clta tas shapics pi cs`c `cri rics cs alulhnj njud udm. m.Ai hnju judm dmha haja ja`ms mstr trcr  cr  `uy jnal c kuãi cjarrcknûl krm`msû`nkc kmrraspmlha.

   

;. Inlac`naltms ealarcias pcrc ic aicjmrcknûl ha ics Nhaltngnkcknûl haSXIs avnhalkncs c altraecr.

Im sSXIs Ims SXI s(imkn imk nhakc kcrc rckta ktarà ràst stnk nkcs kucltntctnvcs, cs smlhavntc vntciinn`pmr ` pmrtc tclk lknc al nc Rcrc cln`ci avnhalkncs aicjmrchcs al erupmc -raenmlas Kmicjmrctnvc , talec al kualtc `admrc y vaeatci, kmrraspmlhal kuyc imkcinzcknûl as ics sneunaltas mrnaltcknmlas4 kmlmknhc halt ha ltrm rmhaim imsea sealm lm` `cs y sacs csmk mknc ncl cl kcrcktaràstnk kcrckta ràstnkcs n`pmrtcltas cs 3- Altraec ha ulqhmku`altm haprmhuk prm hukknû knûl, hl,atc  `clarc, i`clarc, ua,sn lmsakmlal mkagmr`ctm i eal,sn saUmrh kmlmka, ihajnhc`alta ravnschm, kml jualc mrtmercgàc y rahckknûl. :- Haja nlkiunr ulc pmrtchc kml ims lm`jras y ai kûhnem ha tmhms ims pcrtnknpcltas qua fnknarml pcrta cktnvc hai hascrrmiim ha ic euàc. ;- Ics raspuastcs hajal sar kmlkratcs y raspmlhar c ic praeultc m adarknknm. 8- Ai hmku`altm km`piatm haja sar sujnhm c Xurlntnl y haltrm hai `ns`m sa haja rapmrtcr ai rasuitchm mjtalnhm, ai kuci lm haja 7

 

 

smjrapcscr ai 32% ha sn`nintuh. Xalecc al ku Xale kual altc tc qu quaa tm tmhm hmss im imss pr prmh mhuk uktm tmss askr askrnt ntms ms nlhn nlhnvn vnhu hucia ciass m erup erupci cias as haja hajal l ku ku`p `pininrr kml kml ic icss lmr` lmr`cs cs ha mr mrtm tmer ercg cgàc àc y kml kml ics ics kmlhnknmlas ha prasaltcknûl qua sa fcycl hagnlnhm. Al kucltm ci usm ha ragaralkncs kmlsnhara qua ai prmhuktm ha astc cktnvnhch haja ku`pinr kml ics lmr`cs CRC Al kuciqunar kcsm, ku`pic kml ics lmr`cs ha ragaralkncknûl y avnta ai picenm ckchî`nkm, pcrc aiim puaha cpmycrsa ravnsclhm sus prmhuktms askrntms `ahnclta ic farrc`naltc Xurlntnl qua alkualtrc al ai kc`pus vnrtuci. Kmlsnhara qua al ai ckuarhm 2:> hai 3; ha hnkna`jra ha :23;, crtàkuim >>, sa kmlsnharc km`m gcitcs qua ctaltcl kmltrc ai mrhal ckchî`nkm, altra mtrcs, ics sneunaltas4 intarci a) ’Ai picencr, as haknr, prasaltcr km`m ha su prmpnc cutmràc ic tmtcinhch m pcrta ha ulc mjrc, trcjcdm, hmku`altm m nlvalknûl racinzchm pmr mtrc parsmlc. N`pinkc tc`jnîl ai usm ha kntcs m ragaralkncs gcitcs, m prmpmlar kntch hmlha lm fcyc kmnlknhalknc altra aiic y ic ragaralknc‐ y injarci g) ’Ai raprmhuknr, m kmpnc km pncrr kml kml gnla gnlass ha iu iukr krm, m, `c `cta tarn rnci cias as ah ahuk ukct ctnv nvms ms m ra rasu suit itch chms ms ha prmhuktms ha nlvastnecknûl, qua kualtcl kml harakfms nltaiaktucias rasarvchms pcrc ic Qlnvarsnhch‐ Ics sclknmlas ckchî`nkcs c ics qua sa algraltcrã ai astuhnclta sml ics sneunaltas4 c) Al im imss kcsm kcsmss ha grcu grcuha ha ck ckch chî` î`nk nkm m ha`m ha`mst strc rchm hm al ai tr trcj cjcd cdm m ckchî`nkm m avciucknûl raspaktnvc, ic kcingnkcknûl qua sa n`pmlhrã sarã sa rã ha ka karm rm pult pultms ms sn snl l pard pardun unkn knm m ha ic sclk sclknû nûl l hnsk hnsknp npininlc lcrn rncc kmrraspmlhnalta. j) Al ims kcsms raicknmlchms kml picenm ha`mstrchm al ai trcjcdm ckchî`nkm kuciqunarc sac su lcturciazc, ic kcingnkcknûl qua sa n`pmlhrã sarã ha karm pultms, snl pardunknm ha ic sclknûl hnsknpinlcrnc kmrraspmlhnalta.

1

 

 

;. Gmr`ctm ha Zôjrnkc ha avciucknûl Xnpm ha cktnvnhch4 Nlhnvnhuci @m`altm ha ic avciucknûl4 Nltar`ahnc al ic ulnhch 3 Ic `ãxn`c pultucknûl pmsnjia as ha 322 pultms pcrtnknpc cktnvc`alt cktnvc`altaa al ic prae praeultc ultc ha ic Lnvai citm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc Rrn`ar krntarnm ha avciucknûl4 Zapcsm ha astchàstnkc cpinkchc c ic `admrc cln`ci.

Asta krntarnm raprasaltc :2 pultms hai tmtci ha 322 pultms ha ic cktnvnhch.

[aeulhm krntarnm ha avciucknûl4

sa`clc. Altraec cpmrta ha hctms pcrc ai racinzcr ai clãinsns, racinzc ims clãinsns ckmrhas kml ic euàc.

[n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra :2 pultms y 38 pultms

astu tuhn hncl clta ta pcrt pcrtnk nknp npcc al ai gmrm gmrm y ra rasp spml mlha ha ics ics Lnva Ln vaii @a @ahn hnm4 m4 Ai as pr prae aeult ultcs cs ha ic sa sa`c `clc lc,, snl snl a` a`jc jcre rem, m, sa mj mjsa sarv rvcc kml kmlst stru rukk kknû nûl l nlkm`piatc ha ic raspuastc. Cpmrtc ha `clarc ealarci, `uastrc pmkm lnvai ha prmgulhnhch al ics kmlsuitcs racinzchcs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra 3; pultms y 5 pultms Lnvai jcdm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc `uy pmkm m lchc al ai gmrm, lm

km kmls lstr truy uyaa pã pãrr rrcg cgms ms pr prmp mpnm nms, s, lm cr creu eu`a `alt ltc. c. Cp Cpmr mrtc tc pm pmkm km al ic kmlst kml stru rukk kknû nûl l ha ic ra rasp spua uast stcc y jc jcdm dm lnv lnvai ai ha prmg prmgul ulhn hnhc hch h al ics ics `ns`cs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra 7 pultms y 3 pultms Lnvai citm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc cktnvc`alta al ic praeultc ha ic

sa`clc. Altraec cpmrta ha hctms pcrc ai racinzcr ai clãinsns, racinzc ims clãinsns ckmrhas kml ic euàc.

7

 

 

Ealîtnkc `miakuicr y kucltntctnvc

[n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra :2 pultms y 38 pultms

cpinkchc ci `admrc`naltm

Lnva Ln vaii @a @ahn hnm4 m4 Ai ast astuh uhnc nclt ltaa pcrt pcrtnk nknp npcc al ai gmrm gmrm y ra rasp spml mlha ha ics ics

Asta krntarnm raprasaltc :2 pultms hai tmtci ha 322 pultms ha ic cktnvnhch

pr prae aeult ultcs cs ha ic sa`cl sa`clc, c, snl snl a` a`jc jcre rem, m, sa mj mjsa sarv rvcc kml kmlst stru rukk kknû nûl l nlkm`piatc ha ic raspuastc. Cpmrtc ha `clarc ealarci, `uastrc pmkm lnvai ha prmgulhnhch al ics kmlsuitcs racinzchcs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra 3; pultms y 5 pultms Lnvai jcdm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc `uy pmkm m lchc al ai gmrm, lm

km kmls lstr truy uyaa pã pãrr rrcg cgms ms pr prmp mpnm nms, s, lm cr creu eu`a `alt ltc. c. Cp Cpmr mrtc tc pm pmkm km al ic km kmlst lstru rukk kknû nûl l ha ic ra rasp spuas uastc tc y jc jcdm dm lnva lnvaii ha prmg prmgul ulhn hnhc hch h al ics ics `ns`cs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra 7 pultms y 3 pultms Lnvai citm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc cktnvc`alta al ic praeultc ha ic

sa`clc. Altraec cpmrta ha hctms pcrc ai racinzcr ai clãinsns, racinzc ims clãinsns ckmrhas kml ic euàc. Xarkar krntarnm ha avciucknûl4 Clãinsns ha inec`naltm Asta krntarnm raprasaltc :2 pultms hai tmtci ha 322 pultms ha ic cktnvnhch

[n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra :2 pultms y 38 pultms

astu tuhn hnclt cltaa pcrt pcrtnk nknp npcc al ai gmrm gmrm y rasp raspml mlha ha ics ics Lnva Ln vaii @a @ahn hnm4 m4 Ai as

pr prae aeult ultcs cs ha ic sa sa`c `clc lc,, snl snl a` a`jc jcre rem, m, sa mj mjsa sarv rvcc kmlst kmlstru rukk kknû nûl l nlkm`piatc ha ic raspuastc. Cpmrtc ha `clarc ealarci, `uastrc pmkm lnvai ha prmgulhnhch al ics kmlsuitcs racinzchcs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra 3; pultms y 5 pultms Lnvai jcdm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc `uy pmkm m lchc al ai gmrm, lm

km kmls lstr truy uyaa pã pãrr rrcg cgms ms pr prmp mpnm nms, s, lm cr creu eu`a `alt ltc. c. Cp Cpmr mrtc tc pm pmkm km al ic km kmlst lstru rukk kknû nûl l ha ic ra rasp spuas uastc tc y jc jcdm dm lnva lnvaii ha prmg prmgul ulhn hnhc hch h al ics ics `ns`cs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar Kucrtm krntarnm ha avciucknûl4

altra 7 pultms y 3 pultms Lnvai citm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc cktnvc`alta al ic praeultc ha ic 1

 

 

Cjarrcknmlas krm`msû`nkcs

sa`clc. Altraec cpmrta ha hctms pcrc ai racinzcr ai clãinsns, racinzc ims clãinsns ckmrhas kml ic euàc. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra :2 pultms y 38 pultms

Asta krntarnm raprasaltc :2 pultms hai tmtci ha 322 pultms ha ic cktnvnhch

Lnva Ln vaii @a @ahn hnm4 m4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc al ai gmrm y raspmlha ics

pr prae aeult ultcs cs ha ic sa sa`c `clc lc,, snl snl a` a`jc jcre rem, m, sa mj mjsa sarv rvcc kmlst kmlstru rukk kknû nûl l nlkm`piatc ha ic raspuastc. Cpmrtc ha `clarc ealarci, `uastrc pmkm lnvai ha prmgulhnhch al ics kmlsuitcs racinzchcs.

[n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra 3; pultms y 5 pultms Lnvai jcdm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc `uy pmkm m lchc al ai gmrm, lm

km kmls lstr truy uyaa pã pãrr rrcg cgms ms pr prmp mpnm nms, s, lm cr creu eu`a `alt ltc. c. Cp Cpmr mrtc tc pm pmkm km al ic km kmlst lstru rukk kknû nûl l ha ic ra rasp spuas uastc tc y jc jcdm dm lnv lnvai ai ha prmg prmgul ulhn hnhc hch h al ics ics `ns`cs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra 7 pultms y 3 pultms Lnvai citm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc cktnvc`alta al ic praeultc ha ic

sa`clc. Altraec cpmrta ha hctms pcrc ai racinzcr ai clãinsns, racinzc ims clãinsns ckmrhas kml ic euàc. Sunltm krntarnm ha avciucknûl4

[n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra :2 pultms y 38 pultms

Nhaltngnkcknûl ha SXIs

Lnva Ln vaii @a @ahn hnm4 m4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc al ai gmrm y raspmlha ics

Asta krntarnm raprasaltc :2 pultms hai tmtci ha 322 pultms ha ic cktnvnhch

pr prae aeult ultcs cs ha ic sa sa`c `clc lc,, snl snl a` a`jc jcre rem, m, sa mj mjsa sarv rvcc kmlst kmlstru rukk kknû nûl l nlkm`piatc ha ic raspuastc. Cpmrtc ha `clarc ealarci, `uastrc pmkm lnvai ha prmgulhnhch al ics kmlsuitcs racinzchcs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar altra 3; pultms y 5 pultms Lnvai jcdm4 Ai astuhnclta pcrtnknpc `uy pmkm m lchc al ai gmrm, lm

km kmls lstr truy uyaa pã pãrr rrcg cgms ms pr prmp mpnm nms, s, lm cr creu eu`a `alt ltc. c. Cp Cpmr mrtc tc pm pmkm km al ic km kmlst lstru rukk kknû nûl l ha ic ra rasp spuas uastc tc y jc jcdm dm lnv lnvai ai ha prmg prmgul ulhn hnhc hch h al ics ics `ns`cs. [n su trcjcdm sa alkualtrc al asta lnvai puaha mjtalar 7

 

 

altra 7 pultms y 3 pultms.

1