GUÍA CALCULO DIFERENCIAL I-2022
July 20, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
Edhultdm mg Hfgihfds mg Hfgihfds mg ld Gmuhdhføi y Bu`difmdmgs Mgpdrtd`gita Dhdmæ`fha mg @dtg`ätfhdd y Gstdmàstfhd @dtg`ätfh
CWÀD MG D^_GIMFZDJG
4. FIEA_@DHFØI CGIG_DL 4.4. IA@O_G
:
HDLHWLA MFEG_GIHFDL (D)
4.?. GMFHFØI
:
Xgcuimd Gmfhføi, Fquftas ?>??
4.8. _G^_AMWHHFØI
:
Wifvgrsfmdm Idhfaidl mg ld D`dzaifd ^grudid
4.=. EDHWL]DM
:
Hfgihfds mg ld Gmuhdhføi y Bu`difmdmgs Xdrcgita Largs 587 - ]gle. (>57)?88758
4.7. GXH. EA_@. ^_AE.
:
Gmuhdhføi Xghuimdrfd.
4.5. ^_AC_D@D MG GX]WMFAX:
Gmuhdhføi Xghuimdrfd. @dtg`ätfhd g Fiear`ätfhd
Gspghfdlfmdm:
4.3. MAHGI]G
:
Lfh. Dtflfa Doulfa @figz ]glla
HA__GA GLGH]_ØIFHA
:
do`figzNc`dfl.ha` do`figzNc`dfl.ha` / do`figzNbat`dfl.ha`
Mgrghbas rgsgrvdmas, prabfofmd ld rgpramuhhføi, tatdl a pdrhfdl, mg gstg `dtgrfdl mg gstumfa par hudlqufgr `gmfa sfi pgr`fsa gxprgsa mg las gmftargs.
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
ÀIMFHG Ofgivgifmd dl hursa…………………… ursa…………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………8 ………………8 _utd mg dprgimfzdjg mgl hursa ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………..= ……………..= Hraiacrd`d mg dhtfvfmdmgs…………………………………………………… dhtfvfmdmgs………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………….2 ……….2 Dhtfvfmdm mg fimuhhføi…………………………………………………… fimuhhføi…………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………47 ……………………47
_gqufsftas tghialøcfha tghialøcfhas…………………………… s……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………..43 ……..43 Ofolfacrdeàd………………………………………………… Ofolfacrdeàd………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………?=
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
IA@O_G MGL HW_XA: HDLHWLA MFEG_GIHFDL (D) OFGIUGIFMD DL HW_XA
Gstf`dmas dlu`ias: Ofgivgifmas dl hursa Hdlhula Mfegrgihfdl, Mfegrgihfdl, gl hudl bd sfma mfsgôdma pdrd ustgmgs par ld WID^pdrd gl^racrd`d mg Gstumfas mg Gmuhdhføi Xghuimdrfd hai gspghfdlfmdm gi @dtg`ätfhd g Fiear`ätfhd
mg ld Edhultdm mg Hfgihfds Mg Ld Gmuhdhføi y Bu`difmdmgs.
Gstg hursa, harrgspaimg dl ärgd mg gspghfdlfmdm, gstä uofhdma gi gl sgcuima ifvgl, tgrhgr hfhla mgl pldi mg gstumfas, gs tgørfha prähtfha hai = hræmftas, ? bards tgørfhds y = bards mg prdhtfhd sg`didlgs (2> bards sg`gstrdlgs). Xg mgsdrralldi lds hdpdhfmdmgs mg fitgrprgtdhføi, hdlhula y dplfhdhfaigs `dtg`ätfhds `astrdima rgspaisdoflfmdm y pgrsgvgrdihfd gi su mgsdrralla pgrsaidl y praegsfaidl, vfihuldma hai gl prahgsa mg gisgôdizd-dprgimfzdjg, fivgstfcdhføi ear`dtfvd y rgspaisdoflfmdm sahfdl Las haitgifmas oäsfhas sai: Là`ftgs y haitfiufmdm, ld mgrfvdmd y mfegrgihfdl, tgarg`ds y dplfhdhfaigs mg ld mgrfvdmd. Gs dsà qug, saorg ld odsg mg ld gxpgrfgihfd, sg bd mgsdrralldma gl prgsgitg hursa hai ld efidlfmdm mg qug ustgmgs gstumfditgs lacrgi lds ha`pgtgihfds mg dplfhdr `ætamas, fitgrprgtdr y rgsalvgr praolg`ds mg mgrfvdmds y mfegrgihfdlgs mg `digrd gspaitäigd, elufmd y gefhdz gi su vfmd praegsfaidl y dhdmæ`fhd saorg tg`ds ha`plgjas, dsà ha`a mgsdrrallgi hdpdhfmdmgs mg fivgstfcdhføi ear`dtfvd y mg rgspaisdoflfmdm sahfdl uifvgrsftdrfd. ^drd glla, dl mgsdrralldr gl hursa gi ld `amdlfmdm prgsgihfdl, ld `gtamalacàd gstdrä odsdmd gi gl `ætama mg rgsaluhføi mg praolg`ds, fivgstfcdhføi ofolfacräefhd, diälfsfs rgtraspghtfva. Gi gl mgsdrralla mg las tg`ds par hldsg sg utflfzdrä, ld pdrtfhfpdhføi mfiä`fhd, gxpasfhføi mg tdrgds, gth. Las fivftd`as d pdrtfhfpdr dhtfvd`gitg dpravghbdima dl `äxf`a las rghursas y `dtgrfdlgs praparhfaidmas, gl dha`pdôd`fgita qug tgimrä par pdrtg mgl mahgitg, dsà ha`a lds dhtfvfmdmgs mg dprgimfzdjg y mg gvdludhføi gv dludhføi mg gstg hursa. Gi gstd cuàd gihaitrdräi fiear`dhføi pdrd haiahgr tama la rgldhfaidma d ld gstruhturd mgl hursa, su mfiä`fhd y saorg lds dhtfvfmdmgs d la ldrca mg lds 45 sg`dids mgl sg`gstrg. Las fivfta d gxplardr lds bgrrd`fgitds pdrd su dprgimfzdjg y rgsuglvdi hudlqufgr fihaivgifgitg mg tfpa tæhifha d ld orgvgmdm pasfolg pdrd ui pastgrfar mgsdrralla mgl hursa mg `digrd øptf`d. Hai ld hgrtgzd mg haitdr hai gl gseugrza pgr`digitg mg ustgmgs y `àa, lgs rgftgra ld ofgivgifmd.
@tra Dtflfa Doulfa @figz ]glla Hdlhula Mfegrgihfdl
Wifvgrsfmdm Idhfaidl mg ld D`dzaiàd ^grudid WID^)
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
_utd mg dprgimfzdjg mgl hursa HA@^G]GIHFD CGIG_DL Dl efidlfzdr gl hursa las gstumfditgs sgräi hdpdhgs mg lacrdr ld ha`pgtgihfd: Mg`ugstrd ma`fifa haihgptudl y prahgmf`gitdl mg ld `dtg`ätfhd g fiear`ätfhd dplfhdima y gvdludima `amglas `dtg`ätfhas pdrd rgsalvgr praolg`ds haitgxtudlfzdmas. HD^DHFMDMGX 4. Dplfhd `ætamas gi gl `drha mgl Hälhula mfegrgihfdl. ?. Fitgrprgtd ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl eàsfhd y cga`ætrfhd`gitg, rgsuglvg
praolg`ds dplfhdtfvas dl haitgxta rgdl usdima gl hrftgrfa mg ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl 8. _gsuglvg praolg`ds mg mgrfvdmds y mfegrgihfdlgs utflfzdima las hdsas mg
`äxf`as, `àif`as y mfegrgihfdlgs, `amgldima praolg`ds mg fitgræs mg su mgsdrralla pgrsaidl.
@gtamalacàd y Hraiacrd`d mgl hursa ^drd ld haisghuhføi mg lds hdpdhfmdmgs prapugstds gi gl sàldoa mg gstg hursa, sg prapaig gl mgsplfgcug mg ui hursa prgsgihfdl, prapfhfdima gl dprgimfzdjg tdita hai ld arfgitdhføi mahgitg, ha`a gl dprgimfzdjg dutøia`a. Dsà, ld rgvfsføi mg `dtgrfdlgs mg gstumfa y ld rgdlfzdhføi mg dhtfvfmdmgs hai dsgsaràd mgl mahgitg, sgräi ha`plg`gitdmds hai dha`pdôd`fgita mg gxpasfhfaigs mg tdrgds, fitgrvgihfaigs ardlgs, dharmdmas gitrg gl mahgitg y las gstumfditgs pdrd ld rgsaluhføi mg haisultds a praeuimfzdhføi gi dspghtas mg haisultd erghugitg. ^drd lacrdrla, ld rutd mg dprgimfzdjg mgl hursa gs ld sfcufgitg:
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
ghaiahg sdogrgs prgvfas
^rugod od mfdci mfdciøs østfh tfhdd dl fi fifh fhfd fdrr gl hu hurs rsa. a. •^rug
Lghtu turd rd fi fimf mfvvfm fmud udll mg mf mfvg vgrs rsds ds eug ugit itgs gs,, `gmf `gmfdi ditg tg •Lgh
Haiahg iugvd fiear`dhføi
^rdhtfhd / sg gjgrhftd
mfvgrsas `gmfas yd sgd la qug sg suofø d ld pld pldtdea tdear`d r`d @aamlg @aamlg (sgpdrd (sgpdrdtd, td, cuà cuàd, d, prgsgi prgsgitdh tdhføi føi gi ppt, ppt, vf vfmg mgas as a gi gild ldhg hgs) s) a pr prgs gsgi gitd tdhf hfai aigs gs d trdv trdvæs æs mg lds hldsg hldsgss prgs prgsgihfdl gihfdlgs. gs.
•^rdhtfhd murditg lds sgsføigs mg dprgimfzdjg hai
dha`pdôd`fgita dha`pdôd`fgit a mgl praegsar. praegsar. mg tdrgds •Mgsdrralla rgtradlf`gitdh rgtradl f`gitdhføi føi ighgsdrfd. ighgsdrfd.
dhdmæ`fhds
ha i
_g _gsa salu luhf hføi øi mg pr prao aolg lg`d `dss `dtg `dtg`ä `ätf tfha hass `gmf `gmfdi ditg tg gl usa mgl hdlhula hdlhula mfe mfegrg grgihf ihfdl dl Ha`prg prgisf isføi øi mgl praolg praolg`d. `d. •Ha` • Diälfsfs. •^rahgsa ]rdod dodja ja fi fimf mfvf vfmu mudl dl y gi cr crup upas as.. •]r •
^ramuhg / haitrdstd / rgdjustd
Gvfmgihfd su dprgimfzdjg
•
Gvdludhfaigs ardlgs, prugods mg mgsdrralla, pr prgs gsgi gitdh tdhføi føi y su sustg stgit itdhf dhføi øi mg tdrgd tdrgdss fi fimfv mfvfm fmud udlgs lgs y crupdlgs.
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
HD^DHFMDM F DH]FUFMDMGX: Lds dhtfvfmdmgs gstdräi rgldhfaidmas d haihgptas oäsfhas mg dpraxf`dhfaigs pdrd
lacrdr ha`prgimgr tama la rgldhfaidma hai ld tgaràd mg là`ftgs d trdvæs mg, gxpasfhfaigs mgl dlcgord mg là`ftgs, haitfiufmdm, `fshgläigds mg gjgrhfhfas tfpas y sus cräefhas. @D]G_FDLGX V _GHW_XAX:
Xg usdräi tgxtas, sgpdrdtds gi ear`dta Sarm a ^ME, vfmgas gxplfhdtfvas mg Vau ]uog, prgsgitdhfaigs gi ^awgr^afit, W_L, bgrrd`fgitds mg ld ^ldtdear`d @aamlg. GL DHA@^DÔD@FGI]A V XGCWF@FGI]A: ]utaràd y Dsgsaràd, mas bards d ld sg`did gi gl bardrfa
gstdolghfma. GUDLWDHFØI MGL D^_GIMFZDJG : Fimfhdhfaigs pdrd ld gvdludhføi, prugod mg mgsdrralla, fimfhdhfaigs pdrd gl trdodja fimfvfmudl hdlfefhdma, fimfhdhfaigs pdrd trdodja crupdl hdlfefhdma, rgtradlf`gitdhføi par hdmd gvdludhføi. HD^DHFMDM FF DH]FUFMDMGX:
Lds dhtfvfmdmgs gstdräi rgldhfaidmas d haihgptas oäsfhas mg Mgrfvdmd y Mfegrgihfdl pdrd lacrdr ld saluhføi mg praolg`ds `dtg`ätfhas, ha`prgimgr tama la rgldhfaidma hai gstas haihgptas d trdvæs mg, gxpasfhfaigs mg praolg`ds mg là`ftgs, haitfiufmdm, `fshgläigds mg gjgrhfhfas tfpas y sus cräefhas. @D]G_FDLGX V _GHW_XAX:
Xg usdräi tgxtas, sgpdrdtds gi ear`dta Sarm a ^ME, vfmgas gxplfhdtfvas mg Vau ]uog, prgsgitdhfaigs gi ^awgr^afit, W_L, bgrrd`fgitds mg ld ^ldtdear`d @aamlg.
GL DHA@^DÔD@FGI]A V XGCWF@FGI]A: ]utaràd y Dsgsaràd, ? bards d ld sg`did gi gl bardrfa gstdolghfma. GUDLWDHFØI MGL D^_GIMFZDJG : Fimfhdhfaigs pdrd ld gvdludhføi, prugod mg mgsdrralla, fimfhdhfaigs pdrd gl trdodja fimfvfmudl hdlfefhdma, fimfhdhfaigs pdrd trdodja crupdl hdlfefhdma, rgtradlf`gitdhføi par hdmd gvdludhføi. HD^DHFMDM FFF DH]FUFMDMGX: Lds
dhtfvfmdmgs gstdräi rgldhfaidmas hai lds dplfhdhfaigs mg ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl haihgptas oäsfhas pdrd lacrdr ha`prgimgr tama la rgldhfaidma hai `äxf`as y `àif`as, gxpasfhfaigs, `fshgläigds mg gjgrhfhfas tfpas y sus cräefhas. @D]G_FDLGX V _GHW_XAX:
Xg usdräi tgxtas, sgpdrdtds gi ear`dta Sarm a ^ME, vfmgas gxplfhdtfvas mg Vau ]uog, prgsgitdhfaigs gi ^awgr^afit, W_L, bgrrd`fgitds mg ld ^ldtdear`d @aamlg.
GL DHA@^DÔD@FGI]A V XGCWF@FGI]A: ]utaràd y Dsgsaràd, ? bards d ld sg`did gi gl bardrfa gstdolghfma. GUDLWDHFØI MGL D^_GIMFZDJG : Fimfhdhfaigs pdrd ld gvdludhføi, prugod mg mgsdrralla, fimfhdhfaigs pdrd gl trdodja fimfvfmudl hdlfefhdma, fimfhdhfaigs pdrd trdodja crupdl hdlfefhdma, rgtradlf`gitdhføi par hdmd gvdludhføi.
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
H_AIAC_D@D MG DH]FUFMDMGX ^drd gl dpravghbd`fgita mg lds dhtfvfmdmgs mg gstg hursa, sg sucfgrg ld sfcufgitg mfstrfouhføi mgl tfg`pa. Mdmds lds vgitdjds mg ld `amdlfmdm prgsgihfdl, pugmgi rgdjustdr dlcuids mg lds dhtfvfmdmgs d su rft`a y ighgsfmdmgs. Xfi g`odrca, sg mgog tgigr gi hugitd qug gl hu`plf`fgita mg dhtfvfmdmgs y lds sgsfaigs `ditgimräi lds eghbds fimfhdmds. Mg bdogr dlcuid sgsføi dmfhfaidl, a dlcúi tfpa mg rgpracrd`dhføi, gstd sg lg fiear`drä apartuid`gitg. apartuid`gitg.
Juifa ?>??
Julfa ?>??
Luigs
@drtgs
@færhalgs
Jugvgs
Ufgrigs
Xäodma
Ma`fica
?3
?2
?6
8>
4
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8
2
6
4>
45
43
FIMWHHFØI HD^DHFMDM 4 Dplfhd `ætamas gi gl `drha mgl Hälhula mfegrgihfdl.
- Fitramuhhføi, 4 d i d ` g X
=
-Gvdludhføi mfdciøstfhd -Gxpasfhføi sàldoa.
Dprøxf`dhfaigs, mgefifhfaigs mgl Hälhula mg Mfegrgihfdl ha`a odsg pdrd gl gstumfa mgl Hälhula Fitgcrdl.
7
5
3
HD^DHFMDM 4 Dplfhd `ætamas gi gl `drha mgl Hälhula mfegrgihfdl . -Mgefifhføi mg là`ftg par `gmfa mg dpraxf`dhfaigs -Mgefifhfaigs mg fitgrvdlas. Cräefhas
? d i d ` g X
8 d i d ` g X
44
4?
-Mgefifhføi ear`dl mg là`ftg -Fitgrprgtdhføi Cga`ætrfhd mg Là`ftg. - Mg`astrdhføi mg Là`ftg, usdima ld mgefifhføi ear`dl.
48
4=
47
HD^DHFMDM 4 Dplfhd `ætamas gi gl `drha mgl Hälhula mfegrgihfdl
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
-]garg`ds mg Là`ftgs.
- Gjg`plas: Hdlhula mg là`ftgs fimgtgr`fidmas. - ^rapfgmdmgs dlcgordfhds pdrd gl - ^rdhtfhd mfrfcfmd: hälhula mg là`ftgs. Mg`astrdhfaigs y là`ftgs fimgtgr`fidmas. . - Là`ftgs -Gxpasfhføi hdlfefhdmd ]drgd I¾ >4 Fimgtgr`fidmas. -]drgd I¾ >4
42
46
?>
?4
??
?8
?=
8>
84
HD^DHFMDM 4 Dplfhd `ætamas gi gl `drha mgl Hälhula mfegrgihfdl
= d i d ` g X
-Là`ftgs dlcgordfhas
. -Lf`ftgs ldtgrdlgs
- Là`ftgs trfcaia`ætrfhas
?7
?5
?3
?2
?6
HD^DHFMDM 4 Dplfhd `ætamas gi gl `drha mgl Hälhula mfegrgihfdl
7 d i d ` g X
-Là`ftgs dl fiefifta. -Haitfiufmdm gi ui puita - Gitrgcd ]drgd >4
- ^rähtfhd mfrfcfmd.
Dcasta ?>??
5 d i d ` g X
Luigs
@drtgs
`færhalgs
Jugvgs
Ufgrigs
Xäodma
Ma`fica
4
?
8
=
7
5
3
WIFMDM F HD^DHFMDM 4 Dplfhd `ætamas gi gl `drha mgl Hälhula mfegrgihfdl
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
-Là`ftgs fiefiftas. - tfpas mg mfshaitfiufmdm
- Haitfiufmdm gi Gxpasfhføi hdlfefhdmd ]drgd >4 fitgrvdlas. Gjg`plas.
.
2
6
4>
44
4?
48
4=
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?4
WIFMDM F HD^DHFMDM 4 Dplfhd `ætamas gi gl `drha mgl Hälhula mfegrgihfdl 3 d i d ` g X
Gvdludhføi >4 Hdpdhfmdm 4 ^rugod mg mgsdrralla
47
45
Mgsdrralla mg ld gvdludhføi >4 par gl mahgitg y rgtradlf`gitdhføi
43
42
46
HD^DHFMDM ? Fitgrprgtd ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl eàsfhd y cga`ætrfhd`gitg, rgsuglvg praolg`ds dplfhdtfvas dl haitgxta rgdl usdima gl hrftgrfa mg ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl
2 d i d ` g X
-Ld mgrfvdmd: -Fitgrprgtdhføi mgefifhføi Cga`ætrfhd mg mgrfvdmd. - ^rapfgmdmgs.
ld
- _gclds oäsfhds mg - Ld rghtd tdicgitg y ld rghtd iar`dl mgrfvdhføi
??
?8
?=
?7
?5
?3
?2
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg WIFMDM FF HD^DHFMDM ?
Fitgrprgtd ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl eàsfhd y cga`ætrfhd`gitg, rgsuglvg praolg`ds dplfhdtfvas dl haitgxta rgdl usdima gl hrftgrfa mg ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl
6 d i d ` g X
-Mgrfvdhføi
-Mgrfvdhføi F`plàhftd.
ha`pugstd. Gitrgcd ]drgd >?
-Gjg`plas. - Mgrfvdmds mg armgi supgrfar.
Dcasta ?>??
Xgtfg`org ?>??
Luigs
@drtgs
@færhalgs
Jugvgs
Ufgrigs
Xdodma
Ma`fica
?6
8>
84
4
?
8
=
WIFMDM FF HD^DHFMDM ? Fitgrprgtd ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl eàsfhd y cga`ætrfhd`gitg, rgsuglvg praolg`ds dplfhdtfvas dl haitgxta rgdl usdima gl hrftgrfa mg ld mgrfvdmd y ld mfegrgihfdl > 4 d i d ` g X
-Ld Mfegrgihfdl: Gvdludhføi >? Mgefifhføi. Hdpdhfmdm ? -Mfegrgihfdl tatdl ^rugod mg mgsdrralla -Gxpasfhføi hdlfefhdmd tdrgd >?
7
5
3
2
6
4>
44
43
42
WIFMDM FFF HD^DHFMDM 8 _gsuglvg praolg`ds mg mgrfvdmds y mfegrgihfdlgs utflfzdima las hdsas mg `äxf`as, `àif`as y mfegrgihfdlgs. -Mgsdrralla mg ld gvdludhføi >? par gl mahgitg y rgtradlf`gitdhføi
4 4 d i d ` g X
-]garg`d mg Ldcrdicg a -Eør`uld mg ]dylar. tgarg`d mg vdlar -Eør`uld mg @dhldurfi. `gmfa. Fitgrprgtdhføi cga`ætrfhd - ]garg`d mg _allg. Fitgrprgtdhføi Cga`ætrfhd.
4?
48
4=
47 WIFMDM FFF
45
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg HD^DHFMDM 8
_gsuglvg praolg`ds mg mgrfvdmds y mfegrgihfdlgs utflfzdima las hdsas mg `äxf`as, `àif`as, `amgldima praolg`ds mg fitgræs.
-Udlargs gxtrg`as mg uid euihføi. euihføi.
? 4 d i d ` g X
@äxf`as y -Euihfaigs Hrghfgitgs y mghrghfgitgs, `àif`as dosalutas - ^uitas hràtfhas. gi fitgrvdlas. - Hrftgrfa mg ld prf`grd @äxf`as y mgrfvdmd. @àif`as rgldtfvas. - Fitgrvdlas mg hrghf`fgita y mghrghf`fgita hai ld prf`grd mgrfvdmd.
46
?>
?4
??
?8
?=
?7
WIFMDM FFF HD^DHFMDM 8 _gsuglvg praolg`ds mg mgrfvdmds y mfegrgihfdlgs utflfzdima las hdsas mg `äxf`as, `àif`as, `amgldima praolg`ds mg fitgræs.
-Hrftgrfa mg ld sgcuimd 8 4 d i d ` g X
-^uita mg fielgxføi. - Haihdvfmdm. Gitrgcd ]drgd >8
mgrfvdmd pdrd `äxf`as y @àif`as. -Diälfsfs mg cräefhas. -Gxpasfhføi hdlfefhdmd tdrgd >8
Xgtfg`org Luigs ?5
@drtgs ?3
Ahtuorg
@færhalgs ?2
Jugvgs ?6
Ufgrigs
Xäodma
Ma`fica
8>
4
?
WIFMDM FFF HD^DHFMDM 8 _gsuglvg praolg`ds mg mgrfvdmds y mfegrgihfdlgs utflfzdima las hdsas mg `äxf`as, `àif`as, `amgldima praolg`ds mg fitgræs. = 4 d i d ` g X
Gxpasfhføi Gvdludhføi hdpdhfmdm hdlfefhdmd tdrgd >8 FFF
^rugod mg mgsdrralla mgsdrralla
7 4 d i d ` g X
8
=
7
5
3
2
6
WIFMDM FFF HD^DHFMDM 8 _gsuglvg praolg`ds mg mgrfvdmds y mfegrgihfdlgs utflfzdima las hdsas mg `äxf`as, `àif`as, `amgldima praolg`ds mg fitgræs.
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
Mgsdrralla mg gvdludhføi FFF par Gxd`gi efidl gl mahgitg y rgtradlf`gitdhføi
4>
44
4?
48
4=
47
45
WIFMDM FFF HD^DHFMDM 8 _gsuglvg praolg`ds mg mgrfvdmds y mfegrgihfdlgs utflfzdima las hdsas mg `äxf`as, `àif`as, `amgldima praolg`ds mg fitgræs.
5 4 d i d ` g X
?5
Mgsdrralla mg gxd`gi efidl par Gitrgcd mg pra`gmfas gl mahgitg y efidlgs rgtradlf`gitdhføi rgtradlf`gitdhføi
?3
?2
?6
8>
_gha`gimdhfaigs pdrd gl gstumfa D haitfiudhføi, sg prgsgitdi rgha`gimdhfaigs qug pugmgi sgr mg dyumd gi su prahgsa mg dutadprgimfzdjg. dutadprgimfzdjg.
•
_gvfsgi hufmdmasd`gitg hufmdmasd`gitg gl `dtgrfdl mg gstumfa. Lugca mg bdogr lgàma dlcúi mahu`gita a rgvfsdma ui rghursa fimfhdma, gi hdsa mg tgigr haisultds, ia mumg gi gshrfofrlds dl mahgitg. mahgitg.
•
_gvfsg hufmdmasd y pgr`digitg`gitg gl hdlgimdrfa mg dhtfvfmdmgs gi gl qug sg sgôdldi lds eghbds pdrd gl gstumfa mg hdmd uid mg lds hdpdhfmdmgs y pdrd ld rgdlfzdhføi mg lds dhtfvfmdmgs pracrd`dmds gi gl hursa. Xf buofgsg dlcuid vdrfdhføi, sg haarmfidrä mfrghtd`gitg gitrg gl mahgitg y gl crupa.
•
Murditg gl gstumfa mgl `dtgrfdl mg hdmd hdpdhfmdm, sg sucfgrg bdhgr usa mg mfvgrsds tæhifhds ha`a gl rgsdltdma,
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
ld halahdhføi mg ha`gitdrfas, ld gldoardhføi mg gsqug`ds, ta`dr iatd mg lds prgcuitds pdrd gl mahgitg, gth.
•
Dl rgdlfzdr lds dhtfvfmdmgs qug sg salfhftdi, rgharmdr qug mgogi lggr hufmdmasd`gitg ld gxplfhdhføi mgtdlldmd mg hdmd dhtfvfmdm y sf tfgigi mumds, par edvar haisultdrlds hai tfg`pa hai gl mahgitg.
•
]a`dr gi hugitd hdmd uid mg lds aosgrvdhfaigs y rgha`gimdhfaigs qug rghfodi mgl mahgitg; æstds, lg pgr`ftfräi dbaimdr gi sus haiahf`fgitas.
•
Efidl`gitg, sg rgha`fgimd qug arcdifhgi uid rutfid mg gstumfa gi la pasfolg, gi ui lucdr dmghudma pdrd edhflftdr su trdodja.
Gstumfdr haistftuyg ui prahgsa arcdifzdma g fitgihfaidl qug rgpartd ougias rgsultdmas sfg`prg y hudima dplfqug gstrdtgcfds mg gstumfa dprapfdmds y utflfhg dmghudmd`gitg las `dtgrfdlgs qug tfgig d su mfspasfhføi
Cuàd mg Dprgimfzdjg
Ofolfacrdeàd 4. Lgftbalm, L. (?>>2). Gl Hälhula hai Cga`gtràd C ga`gtràd Didlàtfhd. @æxfha: Bdrld. ?. Bddsgr, I. Ld Xdllg, J. Xullfvd Xullfvdi, i, J. (4622). Diälfsfs `dtg`ätfha `dtg`ätfha. @æxfha: ]rfllds. 8. @ftdhh, @. ]ara, L. (?>>2). ]øpfhas mg Hälhula. Lf`d, ^grú: Xdi @drhas. =. ^fskuiav, I. (4622). Hälhula mfegrgihfdl g Fitgcrdl. @ashú: @fr. 7. Dpastal, ]. (4633). Diälfsfs @dtg`ätfha @dtg`ätfha. Gspdôd: _gvgrtæ. 5. ]dylar, B. Sdmg, ]. (4624). Hälhula Mfegrgihfdl g Fitgcrdl. @æxfha: Lf`usd. 3. ^F]D, H. (4662). Hälhula mg uid vdrfdolg. @æxfha: ^rgitfhg Bdll. 2.
^giigy, G. ^giigy,
(4665). Hälhula hai Cga`gtràd Didlàtfhd. @æxfha: ^rgitfhg Bdll.5
HF]DX GI FI]G_IG]
6. (LGF]BALM,Laufs (LGF]BALM,Laufs)bttps://www.caaclg.ha )bttps://www.caaclg.ha`.pg/url1sd0t&rht0j& `.pg/url1sd0t&rht0j&q0&gsrh0s&sa q0&gsrh0s&saurhg urhg 0wgo&hm04&hdm0rjd&udht02&vgm 0wgo&hm04&hdm0 rjd&udht02&vgm0>dbWKGwjw8^y8u 0>dbWKGwjw8^y8ud8dDbRXx4kKB]Q d8dDbRXx4kKB]QlD lD EGTEcc`@DD&url0bttps%8D%?E%?Eofolf EGTEcc`@DD&url0b ttps%8D%?E%?Eofolfatghdvfrtudl`d atghdvfrtudl`dtg`dtfhdsuifhd tg`dtfhdsuifhdgs gs .eflgs.warmprgss.ha`%?E?>44%?E44%?El .eflgs.warmprgss.ha `%?E?>44%?E44%?Elgftbalm-lau gftbalm-laufs-gl-hdlhula fs-gl-hdlhulas-3gms-3gm482>-pdc.pme&usc0DAvUdw>JHpf 482>-pdc.pme&u sc0DAvUdw>JHpfrMbo4a?vdEjum rMbo4a?vdEjumkwIU kwIU 4>. (BDXXG_, L, X.) bttps://gs.shrfom.ha`/mah/46>287 bttps://gs.shrfom.ha`/mah/46>2878>6/Didlfsf 8>6/Didlfsfs-@dtg`dtfha-Ual-4 s-@dtg`dtfha-Ual-4-Bddsgr-Ld-Xdllg-Xullfvdi 0&gsrh0s&saurhg0 0 44. (@F]DH,@ÄRF@A (@F]DH,@ÄRF@A))bttp://www.caaclg.ha`.pg/url1sd0t&rht0j&q bttp://www.caaclg.ha`.pg/url1sd0t&rht0j&q0&gsrh0s&saurhg wgo&hm0=&hdm0rjd&udht 02&vgm0>dbWKGwf737jOu58d 02&vgm0>dbWKGwf 737jOu58dDbSXxUkKBZIjH6GTEcc7 DbSXxUkKBZIjH6GTEcc7@D@&url0bttp%8 @D@&url0bttp%8 D%?E%?Eso.utd.hl%?Elforas%?E]apfhas%?7 D%?E%?Eso.utd.hl%?Elf oras%?E]apfhas%?7?>mg%?7?>Hd ?>mg%?7?>Hdlhulas.pme&us lhulas.pme&uscc 0DAvUdw>s8G?OJeBjrTWt=4iryqkr Dkyuz, D.
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