Guía Biología I - 2020-2

 

I`kmklãj @

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Nj`cf Ikh`mmj Rjmgfz LKIFYHJGKY GFM F_WJGK GF IJNJ OJM@BKYH@J

Ojtjm`hk ^jvjmj Cêrqufz _FOYFWJY@K GF FGVOJO@ßH P G@YFOWKY LFHFYJM GFM @_FT GFM F_WJGK GF IJNJ OJM@BKYH@J

Njv`fr Lkhzêmfz Ckhrky _VI_FOYFWJY@K GF FGVOJO@ßH CFG@J _VTFY@KY, _VTFY@KY F @HRF_W@LJO@ßH

@vêh Mÿpfz Iêfz G@YFOWKY LFHFYJM GFM OIIO

Nfsþs Frhfstk Ykimfs Ykgrãlufz G@YFOWKY GF TMJHFJO@ßH JOJGÀC@OJ GFM OIIO

I@KMKLÃJ @ Fg`o`ÿh, jlkstk gf 94:1 (HCF) Jotujm`zjgk pkr> Zuãc. I`ÿm. Gfm`j Ejr`hj Au`trÿh Rfmêzqufz   I`ÿm. Fr`ej Jrrkyk Yfikmmfgk   Zuãc. I`ÿm. Muz Cjr`hj _`mvj Cjhzk   Càg. Ejr`hj Hfvêrfz Jmjroÿh Fg`o`ÿh, jlkstk 9494 (CFTFK) Jotujm`zjgk pkr>   Ctrj. Fr`ej Jrrkyk Yfikmmfgk

@hl. I`ÿm. Cÿh`oj Lrflkr`j Ojs`mmjs Jmojmê Zuãc. I`ÿm.Lfkrl`hj Ckrjmfs Yjcãrfz Zuãc. M`hfta Mÿpfz Bkhsfoj

@hl. Mkrfhzk Rjmmjgêrfz Cjrtãhfz

Fh mj rfjm`zjo`ÿh rfjm`zjo`ÿh gfm prfsfhtf cjtfr`jm, pjrt`o`pjrkh>  

NFBF GFM GFTJYWJCFHWK GF JOW@R@GJGF_ FGVOJW@RJ_

 

Ctrk. Jmbrfgk _êhoafz Krkzok

       

FG@O@ßH, JLK_WK GF 9494 Ctrk. Lfrjrgk Fhrãqufz H`fimj @hl. G`jhj Ojst`mmk Ofofúj @.Z. Ljir`fmj Mÿpfz Jrfhjs

Mj prfsfhtf fg`o`ÿh fs prkp`fgjg gfm Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j. Trka`i`gj mj rfprkguoo`ÿh tktjm k pjro`jm gf fstj kirj. Fstf cjtfr`jm buf fmjikrjgk ijnk mj okkrg`hjo`ÿh y supfrv`s`ÿh gf mj G`rfoo`ÿh gf Tmjhfjo`ÿh Jojgàc`oj gfm Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j. Imvg. Jhêaujo #0?2, Ofhtrk Oãv`ok, Cfx`ojm`, I.O., Càx`ok. www.okijoaio.fgu.cx

 

Ãhg`of Trfsfhtjo`ÿh

Okcpftfho`js Lfhàr`ojs Okcpftfho`js G`so`pm`hjrfs Iês`ojs gf O`fho`js Fxpfr`cfhtjmfs Fhbkquf gf mj g`so`pm`hj Vi`ojo`ÿh gf mj js`lhjturj Yfmjo`ÿh gf mks imkqufs gfm prklr prklrjcj jcj okh mks okhtfh`gks gfm Hufv Hufvk k Ckgfmk Fguojt`vk gf mj js`lhjturj gf I`kmklãj @ IMKZVF @>

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Jhfxks Mfoo`khfs pjrj pjrj fm Gfsjrr Gfsjrrkmmk kmmk gf Aji`m`gjgfs _ko`kfcko`khjmfs • Mfoo`ÿh :.7 MMks ks gfcês • Mfoo`ÿh 7.7 Fm okhtfx okhtfxtk tk `cpkrtj • Mfoo`ÿh 0.7 Rjcks j jyugjr-hks

:16

 

Trfsfhtjo`ÿh Okh mj pufstj fh cjroaj gfm Ckgfmk Fguojt`vk pjrj mj Fguojo`ÿh Kim`ljtkr`j (CFTFK) (_FT, 94: ”Fm Ckgfmk fguojt`vk 94:2 rfkrljh`zj mks pr`ho`pjmfs okcpkhfhtfs gfm s`stfcj fguojt`vk hjo`khjm pjrj quf mks fstug`jhtfs mklrfh mks jprfhg`zjnfs quf fm s`lmk QQ@ fx`lf y pufgjh bkrcjrsf `htflrjmcfhtf... Fh fstf sfht`gk, fm pmjhtfjc`fhtk pfgjlÿl`ok -fs gfo`r, mj krljh`zjo`ÿh y mks prkofsks quf t`fhfh muljr fh mj fsoufmj, mj prêot`ojs pfgjlÿl`ojs fh fm jumj y fm ourrãoumuc- okhst`tuyfh fm okrjzÿh gfm ckgfmk–. ”...Fm ojci`k quf sf pmjhtfj fstê kr`fhtjgk j bkrtjmfofr fm sfht`gk y fm s`lh`ojgk gf mk

quf sf jprfhgf. _f prkpkhf fhsjhoajr y ajofr cês sÿm`gks fm fhtfhg`c`fhtk y mj okc prfhs`ÿh gf mks pr`ho`p`ks buhgjcfhtjmfs, jsã okck gf gf mjs rfmjo`khfs quf mks okhtfh`gks okhtfh`gks lfhfrjh fhtrf sã. Mj cfckr`zjo`ÿh gf afoaks, okhofptks k prkofg`c`fhtks fs `hsuo`fhtf y aky koupj gfcjs`jgk fspjo`k fh mj fhsfújhzj. Fm gfsjrrkmmk gf mjs ojpjo`gjgfs gf  pfhsjc`fhtk orãt`ok, jhêm`s`s, rjzkhjc`fhtk mÿl`ok y jrlucfhtjo`ÿh skh `hg`spfhsjimfs  pjrj uh jprfhg`zjnf prkbuhgk quf pfrc`tj trjsmjgjrmk j g`vfrsjs s`tujo`khfs pjrj rfskmvfr hufvks prkimfcjs. Mks jprfhg`zjnfs jgqu`frfh sfht`gk oujhgk vfrgjgfrjcfhtf okhtr`iuyfh jm pmfhk gfsjrrkmmk pfrskhjm y gf mks `hg`v`guks– (_FT (_FT,, 94:2> :6-:1). Fh fstf sfht`gk, tkgjs mjs Luãjs gf Jot`v`gjgfs gfm Jmuchk pjrj fm Gfsjrrkmmk gf Okcpftfh Okcpftfh-o`js gf mjs g`bfrfhtfs js`lhjturjs gf mks Okcpkhfhtfs gf Bkrcjo`ÿh Iês`oj y Trkpfgàut`oj, jsã okck gf mjs Luãjs gf Jprfhg`zjnf gf mks g`st`htks cÿgumks gfm Okcpkhfhtf gf Bkrcjo`ÿh pjrj fm Wrjijnk, bufrkh jgfoujgjs j mks m`hfjc`fhtks pfgjlÿl`oks jhtfs o`tjgks y j mks hufhuf vks prklrjcjs gf fstug`k fcjhjgks gfm CFTFK. Okhso`fhtfs gf mj g`oumtjg pjrj quf fm jmuchjgk tfhlj joofsk j uhj i`im`klrjbãj jgfoujgj pfrt`hfhtf y fojz okh fm fhtkrhk sko`kfokhÿc`ok jotujm, fm OIIO ir`hgj mj kpkrtuh`gjg j mks fstug`jhtfs gf okhtjr okh cjtfr`jmfs g`gêot`oks pjrj fm ÿpt`ck gfsjrrkmmk gf mks prklrjcjs gf fstug`k gf mjs js`lhjturjs quf okcprfhgf fm Tmjh gf Fstug`ks R`lfhtf. Ojif suirjyjr quf g`oaks cjtfr`jmfs skh prkguotk gf mj pjrt`o`pjo`ÿh gf gkofhtfs gf mj `hst`tuo`ÿh, fh mks oujmfs ajh cjh`bfstjgk su fxpfr`fho`j, okhko`c`fhtks y okcprkc`sk fh prk gf mj bkrcjo`ÿh gf mks  nÿvfhfs ijoa`mmfrfs. Fs hfofsjr`k ajofr àhbjs`s fh quf mj luãj hk gfif sfr tkcjgj okck mj þh`oj afrrjc`fhtj gf trjijnk y bufhtf gf `hvfst`ljo`ÿh, yj quf fs `cprfso`hg`imf quf mks fstug`jhtfs mmfvfh j ojik uh trjijnk gf okhsumtj f `hvfst`ljo`ÿh fh ktrjs bufhtfs i`im`klrêojs `cprfsjs y fmfotrÿh`ojs, cjtfr`jm jug`kv`sujm, pêl`hjs wfi, ijsfs gf gjtks, fhtrf ktrks rfoursks g`gêot`oks quf jpk yfh su bkrcjo`ÿh y jprfhg`zjnf.

 

OKCTFWFHO@J_ LFHÀY@OJ_ _F JVWKGFWFYC@HJ P OV@GJ GF _à

:. _f okhkof y vjmkrj j sã c`sck y jikrgj prkimfcjs y rftks tfh`fhgk fh oufhtj mks kinft`vks quf pfrs`luf. OL:.: OL:.9 OL:.? OL:.7 OL:.6   OL:.6 OL:.2

Fhbrfhtj mjs g`oumtjgfs quf sf mf prfsfhtjh y fs okhso`fhtf gf sus vjmkrfs, bkrtjmfzjs y gfi`m`gjgfs. @gfht`oj sus fcko`khfs, mjs cjhfnj gf cjhfrj okhstruot`vj y rfokhkof mj hfofs`gjg gf skm`o`tjr jpkyk jhtf uhj s`tujo`ÿh quf mk rfijsf. Fm`lf jmtfrhjt`vjs y oursks gf joo`ÿh okh ijsf fh or`tfr`ks sustfhtjgks y fh fm cjrok gf uh prkyfotk gf v`gj.  Jhjm`zj orãt`ojcfhtf orãt`ojcfhtf mks bjotkrfs bjotkrfs quf `huyfh `huyfh fh su ttkcj kcj gf gfo`s`khfs. gfo`s`khfs. Jsucf mjs okhsfoufho`js gf sus sus okcpkrtjc`fhtks okcpkrtjc`fhtks y gfo`s`khfs.  Jgc`h`strj mks rfoursks g`spkh`imfs g`spkh`imfs tfh`fhgk fh oufhtj mjs rfstr`oo`khfs pjrj fm mklrk gf sus sus cftjs.

9. Fs sfhs`imf jm jrtf y pjrt`o`pj fh mj jprfo`jo`ÿh f `htfrprftjo`ÿh gf sus fxprfs`khfs fh g`st`htks làhfrks. OL9.: OL9.9

Rjmkrj Rjmk rj fm jrtf okck cjh`bfstjo`ÿh gf mj ifmmfzj y fxprfs`ÿh gf `gfjs, sfhsjo`khfs y fcko`khfs. Fxpfr`cfhtj fm jrtf okck uh afoak a`stÿr`ok okcpjrt`gk quf pfrc`tf mj okcuh`ojo`ÿh fhtrf `hg`v`guks y oumtuoumtu-

OL9.?

rjs fh fm t`fcpk y fm fspjo`k, j mj vfz quf gfsjrrkmmj uh sfht`gk gf `gfht`gjg. Tjrt`o`pj fh prêot`ojs rfmjo`khjgjs okh fm jrtf.

?. Fm`lf y prjot`oj fst`mks gf v`gj sjmugjimfs. OL?.: OL?.9 OL?.?

Yfokhkof mj jot`v`gjg bãs`oj okck uh cfg`k pjrj su gfsjrrkmmk bãs`ok, cfhtjm y sko`jm. Wkcj gfo`s`khfs j pjrt`r gf mj vjmkrjo`ÿh gf mjs okhsfoufho`js gf g`st`htks aêi`tks gf okhsuck y okhguotjs gf r`fslk. Oumt`vj rfmjo`khfs `htfrpfrskhjmfs `htfrpfrskhjmfs quf okhtr`iuyfh j su gfsjrrkmmk aucjhk y fm gf qu`fhfs mk rkgfjh.

_F FQTYF_J P OKCVH@OJ 7. Fsouoaj, `htfrprftj y fc`tf cfhsjnfs pfrt`hfhtfs fh g`st`htks okhtfxtks cfg`jhtf mj ut`m`zjo`ÿh gf cfg`ks, oÿg`lks y afrrjc`fhtjs jprkp`jgks. OL7.:

Fxprfsj `gfjs y okhofptks cfg`jhtf rfprfsfhtjo`khfs m`hlýãst`ojs, cjtfcêt`ojs cjtfcêt`ojs k lrêojs.

OL7.9 OL7.? OL7.7 OL7.6

 Jpm`oj g`st`htjs fstrjtfl`js sflþh qu`fhfs sfjh sus `htfrmkoutkrfs, fm okhtfxtk fh fm quf sf fhoufhtrj y mks kinft`vks qufokcuh`ojt`vjs pfrs`luf. @gfht`oj mjs `gfjs omjvf fh uh tfxtk k g`soursk krjm f `hfrf okhomus`khfs j pjrt`r gf fmmjs. _f okcuh`oj fh uhj sfluhgj mfhluj fh s`tujo`khfs okt`g`jhj okt`g`jhjs. s. Cjhfnj mjs tfohkmklãjs gf mj `hbkrcjo`ÿh y mj okcuh`ojo`ÿh pjrj kitfhfr `hbkrcjo`ÿh y fxprfsjr `gfjs.

T@FH_J OYÃW@OJ P YFBMFQ@RJCFHWF 6. Gfsjrrkmmj `hhkvjo`khfs y prkpkhf skmuo`khfs j prkimfcjs j pj rt`r gf càtkgks fstjimfo`gks. OL6.:

_`luf `hstruoo`khfs y prkofg`c`fhtks gf cjhfrj rffx`vj, okcprfhg`fhgk okck ojgj uhk gf sus pjsks okh okh-tr`iuyf jm jmojhof gf uh kinft`vk. OL6.9 Krgfhj `hbkrcjo`ÿh gf joufrgk j ojtflkrãjs, nfrjrquãjs y rfmjo`khfs. OL6.? @gfht`oj mks s`stfcjs y rflmjs k pr`ho`p`ks cfgumjrfs quf suiyjofh j uhj sfr`f gf bfhÿcfhks. OL6.7 Okhstruyf a`pÿtfs`s y g`sfúj y jpm`oj ckgfmks pjrj prkijr su vjm`gfz. OL6.6   _`htft`zj fv`gfho`js OL6.6 fv`gfho`js kit kitfh`gjs fh`gjs cfg`jht cfg`jhtf f mj fxpfr`cfhtjo`ÿh fxpfr`cfhtjo`ÿh pjrj pjrj prkguo`r ookhomus`khfs khomus`khfs y bkrcumjr hufv hufvjs js prfluhtjs. OL6.2

Vt`m`zj mjs tfohkmklãjs gf mj `hbkrcjo`ÿh y okcuh`ojo`ÿh pjrj prkofsjr f `htfrprftjr `hbkrcjo`ÿh.

 

2. _ustfhtj uhj pksturj pfrskhjm skirf tfcjs gf `htfràs y rfmfvjho`j lfhfrjm, okhs`gfrjhgk ktrks puhtks gf v`stj gf cjhfrj orãt`oj y rffx`vj.

OL2.: OL2.9 OL2.? OL2.7

Fm`lf mjs bufhtfs gf `hbkrcjo`ÿh cês rfmfvjhtfs pjrj uh prkpÿs`tk fspfoãok y g`sor`c`hj fhtrf fmmjs gf joufr gk j su rfmfvjho`j y okhji`m`gjg. Fvjmþj jrlucfhtks y kp`h`khfs f `gfht`oj prfnu`o`ks y bjmjo`js. Yfokhkof mks prkp`ks prfnu`o`ks, ckg`oj sus puhtks gf v`stj jm okhkofr hufvjs fv`gfho`js, f `htflrj hufvks okhko`c`fhtks y pfrspfot`vjs pfrspfot`vjs jm jofrvk okh fm quf oufhtj. Fstruoturj `gfjs y jrlucfhtks gf cjhfrj omjrj, okafrfhtf y s`htàt`oj.

JTYFHGF GF BKYCJ JVWßHKCJ  

J) Wjxkhkcãj

I) Fokmklãj

O) ^kkmklãj

?. Fsor`if trfs o`fho`js quf sf rfmjo`khfh okh mj I`kmklãj>

7. Krgfhj mks s`lu`fhtfs h`vfmfs gf krljh`zjo`ÿh gf mj cjtfr`j gfm cês ss`cpmf `cpmf jm cês okcpmfnk>  

( ) ßrljhk

( ) Ckmàoumj

( ) Oàmumj

( ) Êtkck

( ) @hg`v`guk

( ) Foks`stfcj

6. Krgfhj mks pjsks gfm càtkgk o`fhtãok>    

( ) Jhêm`s`s gf rfsumtjgks

( ) Okcprkijo`ÿh gf mj a`pÿtfs`s k fxpfr`cfhtjo`ÿh

 

( ) @hbkrcf gf mj `hvfst`ljo`ÿh

( ) Tmjhtfjc`fhtk gfm prkimfcj

 

( ) Tmjhtfjc`fhtk gf mj a`pÿtfs`s

( ) Fstruoturj gfm cjrok tfÿr`ok k `hvfst`ljo`ÿh gkoucfhtjm

2. Gf mj s`lu`fhtf m`stj, sfmfoo`khj ? ojrjotfrãst`ojs iês`ojs gf mj o`fho`j>   J) Rfr` Rfr`ojimf ojimf I) Ckg`ojimf O) Trkjot`vj G) _uinft`vj F) Cftkgkmÿl`oj :7

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

_@WVJO@ßH G@GÊOW@OJ Lkmkhgr`hjs jm`okrtjs y pjmkc`mmjs ojci`jhtfs

Rkmvfrêh mjs ksourjs lkmkhgr`hjs fh tu ijmoÿh sus h`gks j okmljr, y, ktrj vfz, okh fm jmj j sus or`stjmfs. Nuljhgk mmjcjrêh5  pfrk jquàmmjs quf mks vufmks rfbrfhjijh tu afrcksurj y c` g`oaj jm okhtfcpmjr, jquàmmjs quf jprfhg`frkh hufstrks hkcirfs… fsjs… ¡hk vkmvfrêh!  Cuy ikh`tk. Lustjvk Jgkmbk Iàoqufr ijsj su `cjlfh pkàt`oj fh mj `gfj gf quf mjs lkmkhgr`hjs quf vufmvfh ojgj júk skh fsfho`jmcfhtf `lujmfs quf mjs gfm júk jhtfr`kr. _`h fcijrlk, gf joufrgk okh uh trjijnk rfo`fhtf fh Ourrfht I`kmkly, fs cuy pks`imf quf mjs lkmkhgr`hjs fstàh fvkmuo`khjhgk cuy rêp`gjcfhtf y quf mks ”oumpjimfs– gf fstf bfhÿcfhk sfjh (our`ksjcfhtf) mks jutkckv`m`stjs. _f trjtj gf uhj fspfo`f pjrt`oumjr gf lkmkhgr`hj jcfr`ojhj (Tftrkoafm`gkh pyrrakhktj), pyrrakhktj), quf okhstruyf sus ojrjotfrãst`oks h`gks gf ijrrk gfijnk gf mks pufhtfs gf mjs ojrrftfrjs. Hk fs fxtrjúk pufs, quf j mjs lkmkhgr`hjs mfs lustf pksjrsf fh fm jsbjmtk s`tujgk g`rfotjcfhtf fho`fho`cj gfm h`gk y jaã fstê fm prkimfcj. J pfsjr gf quf fstj jvf cjh`kirj cjrjv`mmksjcfhtf i`fh fh vufmk, gfi`gk j mj fsojsj mkhl`tug gf sus pjtjs, mfs oufstj mfvjhtjrmk, gf jquã mj brfoufhtf ckrtjhgjg pkr jtrkpfmmks quf subrf. Mks jutkrfs gfm jrtãoumk sf ajh pjsjgk ofroj gf ?4 júks rfokl`fhgk gjtks skirf fstj fspfo`f y ajh pkg`gk fstjimfofr okh omjr`gjg gks afoaks> pr`cf pr`cf-rk, quf mj brfoufho`j gf jtrkpfmmks aj g`sc`hu`gk s`lh`ojt`vjcfhtf j mk mjrlk gf mks júks y, sfluhgk, quf mjs jmjs gf mjs lkmkhgr`hjs sf ajh jokrtjgk tjci`àh gf cjhfrj s`lh`ojt`vj. J pjrt`r gf fstks afoaks, mks jutkrfs prkpkhfh quf jcijs oksjs pufgfh fstjr rfmjo`khjgjs. Vhj lkmkhgr`hj gf jmjs mjrljs vufmj cês rêp`gk, pfrk uhjs jmjs cês okrtjs bjo`m`tjrãjh j mjs jvfs mfvjhtjr fm vufmk okh cês rjp`gfz. Mjs lkmkhgr`hjs fstjrãjh jgjptêhgksf j mj pfm`lrksj prfprf sfho`j gf jutkcÿv`mfs ckg`ojhgk su ckrbkmklãj gf bkrcj jprkp`jgj. Fvkmuo`ÿh j knks v`stjs. attps>//pjimkrpjmfhzufmj.wkrgprfss.okc/94:?/: attps>//pjimkrpjmfhzufmj.wkr gprfss.okc/94:?/::/4:/lkmkhgr`hjs-jm`okrtjs :/4:/lkmkhgr`hjs-jm`okrtjs-y-pkm`mmjs-ojci`jhtfs/  -y-pkm`mmjs-ojci`jhtfs/ 

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

:6

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

JOW@R@GJG : Gf joufrgk okh fm tfxtk gf mj s`tujo`ÿh g`gêot`oj, gf cjhfrj `hg`v`gujm okhtfs tj mjs s`lu`fhtfs prfluhtjs. Jm tfrc`hjr okcfhtj mjs rfspufstjs fh pmfhjr`j, jtfhg`fhgk okh rfspftk mks okcfhtjr`ks gf mks gfcês okcpjúfrks.

- 

:. »Ouêm fs mj prkimfcêt`oj quf pmjhtfj fm jrtãoumk;

9. »Gf quà bkrcj sf jgjptjrkh mjs lkmkhgr`hjs jm hufvk jci`fhtf fh quf sf gfsjrrkmmjh;

?. »Zuà o`fho`j fstug`j mks sfrfs v`vks;

7. »Tkr quà fs `cpkrtjhtf mj o`fho`j quf fstug`j j mks sfrfs v`vks;

6. Fh pmfhjr`j, fmjikrj uhj gfh`o`ÿh gf I`kmklãj y su `cpkrtjho`j>

:2

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

MFOWVYJ

»Zuà fs mj I`kmklãj;  J trjvàs gf mj a`stkr`j, fm sfr aucjhk aj tfh`gk mj `hqu`ftug gf okhkofr, okhkofr, gfsor`i`r y fxpm`ojr mks bfhÿcfhks rfmjo`khjgks okh mj i`kg`vfrs`gjg gf sfrfs v`vks fh fm pmjpmjhftj fh sus g`st`htks pj`sjnfs, gjhgk sfht`gk y ifmmfzj j fstf pmjhftj W`frrj. Fm tàrc`hk i`kmklãj i`kmklãj   prkv`fhf gf mjs ft`ckmklãjs i`ks> v`gj y mklks> fstug`k k trjtjgk, fs gfo`r, fm fstug`k gf mj v`gj5 y fs, nuhtk okh mj Lfklrjbãj, Zuãc`oj y JstrkJstrkhkcãj, uhj gf mjs o`fho`js hjturjmfs fstjimfo`gjs pkr mj VHF_OK. Mj I`kmklãj okcprfhgf fm okhnuhtk gf g`so`pm`hjs quf fstug`jh mks bfhÿcfhks quf suofgfh y jbfotjh j mks sfrfs v`vks. Mj fsojmj gf fstug`k gf fstks bfhÿcfhks jijroj gfsgf mks quf kourrfh j h`vfm gf ckmàoumjs, ajstj mks quf kourrfh fh h`vfmfs cês okcpmfnks, okck fh mks `hg`v`guks k mjs pkimjo`khfs. Gfsgf mks `h`o`ks gf mj o`v`m`zjo`ÿh, mks jht`luks pkpk imjgkrfs kisfrvjrkh mj g`vfrs`gjg quf fx`stãj fh mjs pmjhtjs y jh`cjmfs, gf `lujm cjhfrj okhko`frkh jmjmluhjs prkp`fgjgfs quf tfhãjh o`frtjs pmjhtjs pjrj rfguo`r fm gkmkr, k quf jmluhks jh`cjmfs tfhãjh ojpjo`gjg gf ajofr gjúk pkr mjs sustjho`js quf prkguoãjh, okck fm vfhfhk k jmluhjs tkx`hjs5 jsã buf okck hjo`frkh mj Iktêh`oj, mj ^kkmklãj y mj CfCf g`o`hj, quf fh su ckcfhtk bufrkh êrfjs gfm okhko`c`fhtk j`smjgjs uhj gf mj ktrj.

B`l. :

Tkstfr`krcfhtf, okh mj `hvfho`ÿh gfm c`orksokp`k pkr ^joajrãjs Njhssfh y fm pfr bfoo`khjc`fhtk c`orksokp`ks pkr Jhtÿh Mffuwfhakfe (Mjh(Mjhbrjhokh`, 9444), gf bufmks pks`imf jhjm`zjr okcpufstks, okh cjykr prfo`s`ÿh mj vjh cjtfr`j v`vj y fhokhtrjr mj rfmjo`ÿh gf mj I`kmklãj okh ktrjs o`fho`js pkrquf ok`ho`gfh okh sus kinftks gf fstug`ks. Mj I`kmklãj surlf okck mj o`fho`j quf fstug`j j mks sfrfs v`vks, su fstruo fstruo-turj, okhst`tuo`ÿh quãc`oj, buho`khjc`fhtk y su rfmjo`ÿh okh fm cfg`k jci`fhtf. Fh fm júk gf :149 fh Jmfcjh`j, buf `htrkguo`gk fm tàrc`hk ”I`kmklãj– pkr fm o`fhtãok brjhoàs Nfjh Ijpt`stf gf Mjcjroe.  

attp>//quffstug`j.krl/o`fho`j/i`kmkl`j/ 

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

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Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

JOW@R@GJG 9 j.

Yfjm`zj gf cjhf cjhfrj rj `h `hg`v`gujm g`v`gujm uhj ookhsumtj khsumtj i`im`klrêb`o i`im`klrêb`ojj skir skirff mjs rj cjs gf mj I`kmklãj y su kinftk gf fstug`k y fmjikrj uh lmksjr`k fh tu oujgfrhk.

i.

Okh mks rrfsumtjgks fsumtjgks gf mj `hvfst`ljo`ÿh gkoucfhtjm quf rrfjm`zjstf, fjm`zjstf, okc  pmfc fhtj mks s`lu  pmfcfhtj s`lu`fht `fhtfs fs ou oujgrk jgrks. s.

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YJCJ_ GF F_WVG@K GF MJ I@KMKLÃJ YJCJ

I`kquãc`oj

KINFWK GF F_WVG@K

Mks okcpufstks y mjs rfjoo`khfs quãc`ojs gf mks sfrfs v`vks Mks prkofsks bãs`oks gf mks sfrfs v`vks Mks prkofsks afrfg`tjr`ks, gfsgf fm h`vfm ckmfoumjr ckmfoumjr,, ofmumjr, gf uh `hg`v`guk y gf mj pkimjo`ÿh

O`tkmklãj Mks tfn`gks jh`cjmfs y gf mjs pmjhtjs Mj fstruoturj y mkojm`zjo`ÿh gf ÿrljhks y s`stfcjs gf mks sfrfs v`vks B`s`kmklãj Mks prkofsks gfm gfsjrrkmmk, j pjrt`r gf mj bfouhgjo`ÿh Tjmfkhtkmklãj Mks krljh`scks gf tjcjúk c`orksoÿp`ok, jijrojhgk v`rus, ijotfr`js, prktkzkjr`ks y akhlks R`rkmklãj

Ijotfr`kmklãj

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I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

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YJCJ_ GF F_WVG@K GF MJ I@KMKLÃJ YJCJ

KINFWK GF F_WVG@K

C`okmklãj Mjs jmljs Mks prktkzkjr`ks Iktêh`oj

Mjs pmjhtjs Mks jh`cjmfs Fm okcpkrtjc`fhtk jh`cjm Mjs rfmjo`khfs gf mks sfrfs v`vks fhtrf sã y okh su cfg`k jci`fhtf

@ot`kmklãj  Jvfs Afrpftkmklãj @hsfotks Cjcãbfrks Mj a`stkr`j gf mj v`gj, mjs tfkrãjs skirf fm prkofsk quf g`k muljr j mj i`kg`vfrs`gjg Wjxkhkcãj

(Oujgrks tkcjgks gf Rfmêzqufz Kojcpk, 944

OJ_K

:. Fh uhj fcprfsj quf fmjikrj nulks y hàotjrfs sf prfsfhtÿ fm prkimf prkimf-cj gf mj prfsfho`j gf uh akhlk gfhtrk gf mjs iktfmmjs gf uhj ifi`gj rfrfbrfsojhtf, jbfotjhgk okh fstk mj ojm`gjg gfm prkguotk y kojs`khjgk lrjhgfs pàrg`gjs fokhÿc`ojs. 9. ojofrãj, Fm ksktjci`àh pjhgj sf pfm`lrk gf fxt`ho`ÿh, yj qufy fs prfsj gf ajfhoufhtrj `hu`gk fmfh quf sf jm`cfhtjh gf ijciþ cuoaks iksqufs gf ijciþfs ajh s`gk gfstru`gks pjrj okhvfrt`rmks fh ojcpks gf oumt`vk. Jotujmcfhtf fx`stfh jprkx`cjgjcfhtf skmk :444 fnfcpmjrfs fh m`m` ifrtjg y uhks oujhtks fh jmluhks zkkmÿl`oks. Fm prkimfcj fs quf okck mks pjhgjs skh tãc`gks, hk sf rfprkguofh bêo`mcfhtf y ktrk prkimfcj fs quf skh cuy vumhfrjimfs oujhgk hjofh. ?. Mj lr`pf fs ojusjgj pkr uh v`rus gf mj `hufhzj. Mj cjykrãj gf mjs pfrskhjs okhtrjfh mj lr`pf oujhgk `hajmjh lkt`tjs prkvfh`fhtfs gf mj tks k mks fstkrhugks gf jmlu`fh quf t`fhf lr`pf. Vstfg tjci`àh mj pufgf okhtrjfr s` tkoj jmlk quf okhtfhlj fm v`rus y muflk sf tkoj mj ikoj, mj hjr`z k mks knks. J vfofs, mjs pfrskhjs okhbuhgfh rfsbr`jgks okh lr`pf. _kh g`bfrfhtfs, pfrk ustfg pkgrãj tfhfr jmluhks gf mks c`scks sãhtkcjs. Mj cjykrãj gf mjs pfrskhjs subrf uh rfsbr`jgk vjr`js vfofs ojgj júk, pfrk okhtrjfh lr`pf pkr mk lfhfrjm skmk uhj vfz fh vjr`ks júks.   attp>//www.hmc.h`a.lkv/cfgm`hfpmus/spjh`sa/fhoy/jrt`omf/444414.atc

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I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

YJC J(_) G F MJ I@KM KLÃJ Z VF @HWF YR@FH FH TJYJ MJ _KMVO@ßH

 

YJC J(_) G F MJ I@KM KLÃJ Z VF @HWF YR@FH FH TJYJ MJ _KMVO@ßH

OJ_K

7.

Vh fqu`pk `htfrhjo`khjm gf o`fhtãoks gf mj Vh`vfrs`gjg gf Hfwojstmf

(@hlmjtfrrj) aj rfsufmtk fm fh`lcj gfm fhvfnfo`c`fhtk gf mjs oàmumjs, mk quf pfrc`t`rê iusojr hufvjs bÿrcumjs pjrj prfvfh`rmk. Mks o`fhtãoks, fhojifzjgks pkr fm jmfcêh Wakcjs Rkh ^lm`h`oe`, ajh gfsgfsoui`frtk fm pjpfm oruo`jm quf gfsfcpfújh fh fstf prkofsk mjs c`tkokhgr`js, mks krljhfmks fhojrljgks gf suc`h`strjr mj fhfrlãj hfofsjr`j pjrj mj jot`jot`v`gjg ofmumjr. Oujhgk sf rfl`strj uh gftfr`krk fh fm JGH gf uhj oàmumj, fstj fhvãj uhj sfújm j mjs c`tkokhgr`js pjrj quf lfhfrfh ckmàoumjs rjg`ojmfs m`irfs quf mmfvjh j mj oàmumj j jutkgfstru`rsf k j gfnjr gf g`v`g`rsf. Mj pr`ho`pjm hkvfhkvfgjg gfm fstug`k fs ajifr gfsoui`frtk mks prkofsks fspfoãoks quf rflumjh mj rfjoo`ÿh ofmumjr jhtf fm gjúk ckmfoumjr quf suiyjof jm prkofsk gf fhfh vfnfo`c`fhtk, sflþh E`rewkkg. ”Mk quf afcks afoak fs uhj `gfht`ojo`ÿh prfo`sj gfm bjmmk. Jakrj gfifcks jprkvfoajr fsf okhko`c`fhtk. Fmmk mmfvjrê t`fcpk, pfrk mj iufhj hkt`o`j fs quf afcks fcpfzjgk–, sfújmÿ. 6. Mj pmjhtj gfokrjt`vj, ”pmjhtj jrjúj–, okck su hkcirf mk `hg`oj, t`fhf sfcfnjhzj okh uhj jrjjrj új, sus aknjs skh hucfrksjs y orfof gf cjhfrj rêp`gj. Fs cuy fmfljhtf y gfif okhtjr okh lrjh fspjo`k pjrj quf gfij orfofr okck fs su hjtuhjtu rjmfzj, jgfcês fs `gfjm pjrj fm`c`hjr `cpurfzjs y ljsfs tÿx`oks fh fm jci`fhtf. Mks muljrfs rfokrfok cfhgjgks pjrj pkhfrmj fh ojsj skh mj oko`hj k ofroj j mj oa`cfhfj, juhquf gf tkgjs bkrcjs orforf ofrê fh oujmqu`fr muljr. Gfif sfr rfljgj uhj vfz pkr sfcjhj.

B`l. 9 

MFOWVYJ

YFMJO@ßH FHWYF MJ I@KMKLÃJ I@ KMKLÃJ P K KWYJ_ WYJ_ O@FHO@J_ Mj I`kmklãj fh su a`stkr`j aj pfrc`t`gk lrjhgfs gfsouir`c`fhtks f `htfrjoo`ÿh okh ktrks okhko`c`fhtks lrjo`js j mj `htfrg`so`pm`hjr`fgjg, fs gfo`r, pkr mj rfmjo`ÿh quf t`fhf okh fm jpkrtf gf ktrjs o`fho`js> •

Bãs`oj> mj `hvfho`ÿh gfm c`orksokp`k pfrc`t`ÿ fm gfsouir`c`fhtk gf c`orkkrljh`sc`orkkrljh`scks, jsã okck gf mjs oàmumjs. Tkstfr`krcfhtf sf gfsjrrkmmjrkh mks c`orksokp`ks fmfotrÿh`oks y sf mklrjrkh kisfrvjr kinftks jþh cês pfqufúks okck mks v`rus. Wjci`àh gf ymjfmjoþst`oj pfrc`t`ÿ gf fm usk gfm umtrjskh`gk. Mj cjh`pu cjh`pumjo`ÿh gf fm mj gfsjrrkmmk rjg`jot`v`gjg gfsouir`c`fhtk mks rjyks Q, pfrc`t`frkh rfjm`zjrtàoh`ojs y prklrfsks okck fh mj Cfg`o`hj. OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

9:

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

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Zuãc`oj> fm gfsouir`c`fhtk gf mjs i`kckmàoumjs g`k kr`lfh j mj I`kquãc`oj, quf sf fhojrlj gfm fstug`k gf mjs rfjoo`khfs quãc`ojs quf kourrfh fh fm cftjikm`scftjikm`sck gf mks sfrfs v`vks5 jsã sf lfhfrjrkh mjs ijsfs gf mj B`s`kmklãj, mj BjrcjokBjrcjokmklãj y ajstj gf mj Wfrjp`j Lfhàt`oj.

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Cjtfcêt`ojs> prkpkro`khjh j mj I`kmklãj mj cjhfrj gf fxprfsjr mks rfsumtjgks kisfrvjgks fh fxprfs`khfs hucàr`ojs okck pkrofhtjnfs, fstjgãst`ojs, prkiji`prkiji`m`gjgfs jpm`ojgjs j mks sfrfs v`vks, jsã okck mj bjo`m`gjg gf fxprfsjr ojht`gjgfs gf oàmumjs pkr c`mãcftrk oujgrjgk gf tfn`gks k mj rfprkguoo`ÿh gf mjs ijotfr`js fh okhg`o`khfs gf mjikrjtkr`k, ftoàtfrj.

•

_ko`kmklãj> okhkofr mj g`hêc`oj, mj ckv`m`gjg, mks aêi`tks y okstucirfs gf mks sfrfs aucjhks quf v`vfh fh okcuh`gjg mf pfrc`tf j mj I`kmklãj fhtfhgfr mks pjtrkhfs gf orfo`c`fhtk pkimjo`khjm, okhkofr oÿck jmluhjs okstucirfs `hu`huyfh fh fm okhsuck gf o`frtjs sustjho`js hutr`t`vjs k jm`cfhtks quf pufgfh bjbj vkrfofr k pfrnug`ojr fm fstjgk gf i`fhfstjr gf mj pkimjo`ÿh.

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A`stkr`j> okhofhtrj y rfojp`tumj mks g`bfrfhtfs jokhtfo`c`fhtks quf mf gjh sfhsfht`gk j mj I`kmklãj. _`h fmmj fm okhko`c`fhtk hk pkgrãj joucumjrsf h` jhjm`zjrsf pjrj lfhfrjr ktrks gfsouir`c`fhtks.

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Àt`oj>   bjo`m`tj fm sjhk orfo`c`fhtk gfm okhko`c`fhtk, kr`fhtjhgk jm gfsjrrkmmk Àt`oj> o`fhtãok j bjvkr gf mj vfrgjg y gfm i`fh okcþh gf mj aucjh`gjg, pfrc`t`fhgk mj jpm`ojo`ÿh sustfhtjimf gf mks gfsjrrkmmks o`fhtãoks, jsã okck mj prfsfrvjo`ÿh gf mjs fspfo`fs y aêi`tjt hjturjm.

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Mÿl`oj> prkpkhf mjs ijsfs gfm pfhsjc`fhtk o`fhtãok y buhgjcfhtks gfm rjzkrjzk hjc`fhtk.

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Lfklrjbãj> gfsor`if tfrr`tkr`ks y rfl`khfs prkp`o`js k hk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf mj v`gj k gf mj jgjptjo`ÿh gf mks sfrfs v`vks.

»Mj I`kmklãj fs ojpjz gf rfskmvfr pkr sã skmj mjs `htfrrkljhtfs rfbfrfhtfs j mks sfrfs v`vks; »Zuà `cpkrtjho`j t`fhf mj `hvfst`ljo`ÿh i`kmÿl`oj; »Zuà s`tujo`khfs gf mj v`gj okt`g`jhj rfsufmvf;

B`l. ?

Mj `hvfst`ljo`ÿh o`fhtãoj pfrc`tf lfhfrjr hufvks okhko`c`fhtks, jgfcês gf gjr rfspufstj j prkimfcjs fspfoãoks. J cjykr gfsjrrkmmk gf uh pjãs, fs cjykr mj `hvfrs`ÿh quf sf prkpkro`khj pjrj mj `hvfst`ljo`ÿh o`fhtãoj. Fx`stfh gfpfhgfhgfpfhgfh o`js luifrhjcfhtjmfs y hk luifrhjcfhtjmfs quf rfjm`zjh `hvfst`ljo`ÿh o`fhtãoj, jgfcês, mjs uh`vfrs`gjgfs tjci`àh rfjm`zjh `hvfst`ljo`ÿh o`fhtãoj. Mks prkyfotks gf `hvfst`ljo`ÿh fh g`vfrsks ojcpks gf mjs o`fho`js i`kmÿl`ojs, quf sf rfjm`zjh fh mks g`bfrfhtfs mjikrjtkr`ks, ofhtrks f `hst`tutks, fh fmmks pjrt`o`pjh `hvfst`ljgkrfs y fstug`jhtfs quf jpkrtjh jot`vjcfhtf jm gfsjrrkmmk gf fstks prklrjcjs gf `hvfst``hvfst`ljo`ÿh. Vhj jcpm`j rfg gf rfmjo`khfs hjo`khjmfs f `htfrhjo`khjmfs pfrc`tf uh `htfr ojci`k jojgàc`ok y o`fhtãok pfrcjhfhtf.

B`l. 7 99

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

JOW@R@GJG ? Yfjm`zjr uh gfijtf jofroj gf mks ifhfb`o`ks y r`fslks gf mjs hufvjs tfohkmk lãjs quf sf ajh gfsjrrkmmjgk fh fm ojcpk gf mj I`kmklãj krljh`zêhgksf gf mj s`lu`fhtf cjhfrj>

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Mj c`tjg gf mks fqu`pks gfm lrupk fstjrêh j bjvkr gf tkgks mks jvjhofs fh tfo tfo-hkmklãjs i`kmÿl`ojs.

•

Mj ktrj c`tjg fstjrê fh okhtrj, gfstjojhgk quf fstks jvjhofs lfhfrjh okhs`gfokhs`gfrjimfs r`fslks j hufstrj sko`fgjg.

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Ojgj fqu`pk jrlucfhtjrê sus rjzkhfs y gfbfhgfrê sus puhtks gf v`stj, rfspfrfspftjhgk s`fcprf mj kp`h`ÿh gf mks gfcês.

•  Jm hjm sf lfhfrjrê uhj okhomus`ÿh lrupjm lu` lu`jgj jgj pkr fm cjfstrk.

TÊL@HJ_ GF JTKPK Ofhtrk gf @hvfst`ljo`ÿh O`fhtãb`oj y gf Fguojo`ÿh gf Fhsfhjgj Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j> attp>//i`im`ktfoj.o`ofsf.cx/ojtjmklk/tfs`s/ Okhsumtjr mks tãtumks gf mjs tfs`s @hst`tutk gf I`kmklãj VHJC>  attp>//www attp>//www.`i`kmkl`j.uhjc.cx/ijrrj/puim`ojo`khf .`i`kmkl`j.uhjc.cx/ijrrj/puim`ojo`khfs/brjcf.atc s/brjcf.atc @hst`tutk Hjo`khjm gf Cfg`o`hj Lfhÿc`oj> attp>//www.`hcflfh.lki.cx/fs/g`vumljo`kh/puim`ojo`khfs/puim`ojo`khfs-fh-rfv`stjs/ 

JOW@R@GJG JOW@R@G JG FQWYJOMJ_F KINFW@RK_> fstj jot`v`gjg sf prkpkhf pjrj mklrjr uh jofrojc`fhtk mþg`ok j mjs tfohkmklãjs okhvfrlfhtfs, fst`cumjhgk jm fstug`jhtf j pkhfr fh prêot`oj y rfv`sjr jmluhks okhofptks rfmjo`khjgks okh mjs hufvjs tfohkmklãjs y sus jpm`ojo`khfs. Mks jvjhofs gf mj I`kmklãj ajh okhtr`iu`gk j vjr`js y g`bfrfhtfs g`so`pm`hjs quf jpm`ojh fm okhko`c`fhtk okh fm h gf rfskmvfr uh prkimfcj fh rfmjo`ÿh okh fm sfr aucjhk, okck cfnkrjr su ojm`gjg gf v`gj k su `htfrjoo`ÿh okh fm jci`fhtf. ( ( ( ( ( (

) O`fho`j bkrfhsf f `gfht`ojo`ÿh gf `hg`v`guks ) G`jlhÿst`ok gf fhbfrcfgjgfs orkcksÿc`ojs ) Trkguoo`ÿh gf pmjhtjs trjhslàh`ojs ) Trkguoo`ÿh gf vjouhjs ) @gfht`ojo`ÿh gf lfhfs gfsokhko`gks ) Gfsokhtjc`hjo`ÿ Gfsokhtjc`hjo`ÿh h gf jlujs y sufmks

( ) W`p` W`p`ojo`ÿh ojo`ÿh gf okcuh`gjgfs c`orki`jhjs ( ) G`sfúk gf hufvks bêrcjoks

J. Oumt`vks v`rjmfs I. Cftjlfhÿc`oj O. GHJ rfokci`hjhtf G. I`k`hbkrcêt`oj F. I`krrfcfg`jo`ÿh B. Trkyfotk Lfhkcj Aucjhk

B`l. 6 

L. Ojr`kt`pk A. Cjrojgkrfs lfhàt`oks

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

9?

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

 P  Pk… k… »Zuà muljr koupk; »Gf quà bkrck pjrtf; »Gf quà fstky bkrcjgk;

Mj cjtfr`j v`vj fgf`hfrtf sf pufgfkfhokhtrjr g`vfrsks h`vfmfs krljh`zjo`ÿh fstjgks fh gf jlrupjo`ÿh gf cfhkr j cjykr, fstks skh suijsuijtÿc`ok, êtkck, ckmàoumjs, oàmumj, tfn`gk, ÿrljhks, jpjrjtk k s`stfcj, `hg`v`guk, pkimjo`ÿh, okcuh`okcuh`gjg, foks`stfcj, i`ksbfrj, pmjhftj, s`stfcj skmjr, vãj mêotfj.

H@RFMF_ GF KYLJH@^JO@ßH GF MJ CJ󰀣 WFY@J R@RJ B`l. 2 

Gfh`cks cjtfr`j okck tkgk mk quf koupj uh muljr fh fm fspjo`k. Mj cjtfr`j fstê okhst`tu`gj pkr êtkcks y ckmàoumjs. Gf tkgks mks fmfcfhtks fx`stfhtfs, mj cjtfr`j fs tjh g`vfrsj okck g`vfrsjs pufgfh sfr mjs okci`hjo`khfs gf êtkcks y ckmàoumjs quf mj okhokhbkrcjh. Mj krljh`zjo`ÿh gf mj cjtfr`j t`fhf uh krgfh gf okcpmfn`gjg nfrêrqu`ok, fs gfo`r, j cjykr cjtfcjtfr`j, cjykr h`vfm gf okcpmfn`gjg fh su krljh`zjo`ÿh, gfsgf mjs pjrtãoumjs suijtÿc`ojs ajstj fm uh`vfrsk. Fh fm ojsk gf mks sfrfs v`vks, su h`vfm gf okcpmfn`okcpmfn` gjg gftfrc`hj mjs fstruoturjs y pjrt`oumjr`gjgfs gf ojgj uhk gf mks g`bfrfhtfs h`vfmfs nfrêrqu`oks gf kr ljh`zjo`ÿh quf pjrj fstug`jrmks sf krgfhjh fh mks s`lu`fhtfs>

B`l. //www.a`ru.okc/i`kmkl`j/mks-h`vfmfs-gf-krljh`zjo`kh-gf-mj-v`gj @htfrjot`vks> attp>//rfourskst`o.fguojo`kh.fs/sfouhgjr`j/fgjg/7fski`kmkl`j/7qu`hofhj6/  7qu`hofhj6[okhtfh`gks[:j.atc R`gfk> attp>//www.ykutuif.okc/wjtoa;v3^z0YyiQGLnP

JOW@R@GJG 7 Ijsêhgktf fh fm fsqufcj quf sf prfsfhtj, rfmjo`khj ojgj fnfcpmk rfsjmtjgk fh hflr`tjs okh fm h`vfm gf krljh`zjo`ÿh gf mj cjtfr`j quf mf okrrfspkhgf f `hg`oj mjs o`fho`js rfmjo`khjgjs fh ojgj uhk. Jm tfrc`hjr `htfrojci`j tus fnfro`o`ks okh jmlþh okcpjúfrk y okh mj jsfskrãj gf tu prkbfskr, rfjm`ofh uhj okfvjmujo`ÿh. H@R FM GF KYLJH@^JO@ßH

FNFCTMK

O@FHO@J YFMJO@KHJGJ

Mj tjrfj gf O`fho`js Hjturjmfs okhs`st`ÿ fh gftfr c`hjr ouêhtjs fspfo`fs gf sfrfs v`vks kisfrvjij y su g`str`iuo`ÿh. g`str`iuo`ÿh. Fhokhtrà cfzqu`tfs, mjljrt`njs, rksjmfs, pjstk, pftuh`js, akrc`ljs, p`oakhfs, pênjrks, ajstj uhks pfrrks quf pfrrks quf okrrftfjijh. okrrftfjijh. Fm c`orksokp`k ÿpt`ok y fm fmfotrÿh`ok ajh rfvkmuo`krfvkmuo`khjgk fm okhko`c`fhtk gf mj fstruoturj gf mks sfrfs v`vks. Jotujmcfhtf sf okhkof mj fstruoturj gf mks krlêhumks ofmumjrfs. Fm trjtjc`fhtk gf rjg`ktfrjp`j pjrj fm oêhofr sf mmfvj êtkcks gf j ojik pkr mj s`ÿh gf hþomfks gf êtkcks  gf fmffmfcfhtks rjg`jot`vks, gfstruyfhgk j mjs oàmumjs ojhofojhofrksjs, pfrk tjci`àh j mjs sjhjs. Mj okhtjc`hjo`ÿh ojusjgj pkr mj `hgustr`j aj tfh`gk uh fbfotk hfljt`vk fh mj jtcÿsbfrj. Fm j`rf quf ouirf j hufstrk pmjhftj prfsfhtj ckv`c`fhtks, mk quf ajof quf mj okhtjc`hjo`ÿh sf fxt`fhgj, gf cjhfrj quf jbfotj j iksqufs, sfmvjs, gfs`frtks, mjlks, rãks y o`ugjgfs.

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

96

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

H@ RFM G F KYLJH@^JO@ßH

FNFCTMK

O@FHO@J YFMJO@KHJGJ

Fm c`orksokp`k fmfotrÿh`ok quf sf usj fh cuoaks mjmjikrjtkr`ks gf I`kmklãj buho`khj cfg`jhtf ikcijrgfk gf fmfotrkhfs fmfotrkhfs skirf  skirf mj cufstrj. Mj `cjlfh sf prkprk yfotj skirf uhj pjhtjmmj. Ojgj :4 júks, fm @HFL@ rfjm`zj uh ofhsk quf mf pfr aji`tjhtfs quf c`tf okhkofr fm hþcfrk gf aji`tjhtfs  quf sf t`fhf fh Càx`ok. Fh kojs`khfs mks càg`oks p`gfh j sus pjo`fhtfs joug`r jm mjikrjtkr`k pjrj gftfrc`hjr sus h`vfmfs gf lmuoksj,, êo`gk þr`ok y okmfstfrkm, lmuoksj okmfstfrkm, fhtrf ktrks. Mks rfsumtjgks mf jyugjh jm càg`ok j gftfrc`hjr fm fstjfstjgk gf sjmug gfm pjo`fhtf. Mj tjmj gf uh iksquf t`fhf lrjhgfs okhsfoufho`js, fhtrf fmmjs> vflftjo`ÿh,, mks jh`cj Jucfhtk gf OK9, pàrg`gj gf vflftjo`ÿh mfs gfifh mfs aêi`tjt,, mj t`frrj t`frrj sf  gfifh jijhgkhjr su aêi`tjt  sf frks`khj y fm jluj jluj gf  gf mmuv`js hk sf mtrj jm suisufmk. Ykifrtk Ekoa, j hjmfs gfm s`lmk QR@@@, mklrÿ j`smjr y kisfrvjr j mks c`orkkrljh`scks c`orkkrljh`scks   ojusjhtfs gf tuifroumks`s y gfm oÿmfrj, pugk gftfrc`hjr quf skh sfrfs v`vks. pmjhftj fh Fm pmjhftj  fh fm oujm v`v`cks fstê pjsjhgk jotujmjotujm cfhtf pkr uhj or`s`s jci`fhtjm prkvkojgj pkr fm sfr aucjhk, gkhgf mj hjturjmfzj y sus fspfo`fs fstêh s`fhgk gjújgjs, fstk rfqu`frf quf sfjcks okhsokhs o`fhtfs gf mk quf fstjcks prkvkojhgk y fcpfofcks j prktflfr y ou`gjr j hufstrk pmjhftj W`frrj.

»Zuà fs o`fho`j; »Zuà sf kit`fhf j pjrt`r gf fmmj;

Mj pjmjirj o`fho`j o`fho`j prkv`fhf  prkv`fhf gfm mjtãh so`fht`j so`fht`j quf  quf s`lh`oj s`lh`oj ‑okhko` ‑okhko`c`fhtk‐. c`fhtk‐. _f gf gf-hf okck fm ”okhnuhtk gf okhko`c`fhtks jofroj gfm uh`vfrsk, krgfhjgks s`stfcêt`ojs`stfcêt`ojcfhtf, kitfh`gks pkr lfhfrjmfs. mj kisfrvjo`ÿh y fm rjzkhjc`fhtk, quf pfrc`tfh mj hjturjmfzj gfguoo`ÿh gf pr`ho`p`ks y mfyfs Mj o`fho`j fs fm okhko`c`fhtk skirf mj gfm uh`vfrsk–. 92

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

JOW@R@GJG 6 Okcpmftj fm oujgrk okh mjs ojrjotfrãst`ojs iês`ojs gf mj o`fho`j CFWKGK  MßL@OJ, CKG@B@OJIMF, KINFW@RJ, _@_WFCÊW@OJ, RFY@B@OJIMF y su gfb`h`  o`ÿh okrrfspkhg`fhtf. Okcfhtj tus rfspufstjs fh mj omjsf okh tus okcpjúf rks, fsouoajhgk okh rfspftk y jtfho`ÿh.

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GFB@H@O@ßH

OJYJOWFYÃ_W@OJ

Hk fs uh jlrfljgk gf `hbkrcjo`ÿh `hokhfxj, s`hk uh s`stfcj gf `gfjs okhfotjgjs mÿl`ojcfhtf fhtrf sã. Fnfcpmk> tkgj oàmumj prkv`fhf gf ktrj oàmumj. Vt`m`zj càtkgks (prkofsks k ojc`hks s`stfcêt`oks fstjimfo`gks pjrj rfjm`zjr uhj tjrfj k trjijnk okh fm b`h gf jmojhzjr uh kinft`vk prfgftfrc`hjgk). Fnfcpmk> càtkgk o`fhtãb`ok. Fstug`j mks kinftks afoaks pkr sus ojrjotfrãst`ojs, s`h quf `htfrvfhlj fm nu`o`k gfm quf `hvfst`lj. Fnfcpmk> mj jhjtkcãj gfm akcirf, hk su pfhpfh sjc`fhtk.  Jm rfpft`r fm fstug`k ijnk mjs c`scjs c`scj s okhg`o`khfs, sf kit`fhfh kit`fh fh mks c`sc`scks rfsumtjgks. Fnfcpmk> fm s`stfcj hfrv`ksk fs `lujm fh tkgks mks sfrfs aucjhks. Fm okhko`c`fhtk huhoj fstê jojijgk. _`fcprf pufgf sfr prkbuhg`zjprkbuhg`zjgk, rfpmjhtfjgk y jþh, rfoajzjgk. Fnfcpmk> tfkrãj gf mj lfhfrjo`ÿh fspkhtêhfj quf aj s`gk rfoajzjgj.

»Zuà t`fhfh quf vfr mjs o`fho`js fh c` v`gj; »Zuà ifhfo`ks ajh jpkrtjgk mjs O`fho`js I`kmÿl`ojs

j mj aucjh`gjg; Yfokhkof fm ojrêotfr o`fhtãok gf mj I`kmklãj.

B`l. 1  OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

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Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

»Tkr quà mks fstug`ks o`fhtãoks fcpmfjh fm càtkgk o`fhtãok;

Fm kinft`vk gf tkgj o`fho`j rjg`oj fh ir`hgjr fxpm`ojo`khfs pjrj mks bfhÿcfhks kiki sfrvjgks y fstjimfofr pr`ho`p`ks lfhfrjmfs quf pfrc`tjh prfgfo`r mjs rfmjo`khfs fhfh trf fstks y ktrks bfhÿcfhks. Mk quf ojrjotfr`zj j tkgj o`fho`j fs quf tkgjs ut`m`zjh uh prkofg`c`fhtk okcþh pjrj jgqu`r`r okhko`c`fhtk mmjcjgk càtkgk o`fhtãok.

JOW@R@GJG 2 Okhtfstj mks s`lu`fhtfs oufst`khjc`fhtks y pjrt`o`pj fh mj g`hêc`oj lrupjm gfsjrrkmmjgj pkr fm cjfstrk. :. »Ouêhgk ajofcks usk gfm càtkgk o`fhtãok;

9. »Zuà fs uhj a`pÿtfs`s;

?. Gfhf okh tus prkp`js pjmjirjs mks okhofptks gf kisfrvjo`ÿh y fxpfr`cfhtjo`ÿh.

B`l. :4  B`l. 0 91

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

JOW@R@GJG < Mff fm s`lu`fhtf tfxtk skirf fm fxpfr`cfhtk gf Yfg` f `gfht`b`oj fh àm mjs `gfjs quf okrrfspkhgfh j ojgj uhk gf mks pjsks gfm càtkgk o`fhtãb`ok. Jhktj okh tus pjmjirjs mj `gfj quf okrrfspkhgf j ojgj pjsk.

Fh :221, fm càg`ok Bmkrfho`k Brjho`sok Yfg` (:29:-:20 ”Orfk quf tkgks mks lusjhks quf sf ajmmjh fh mks jm`cfhtks fh gfsokcpks`o`ÿh prkofgfh gf mjs cksojs, y hk gf mj putrfbjoo`ÿh. Cf okhrck fh fmmk kisfrvjhgk quf jhtfs gf quf mj ojrhf sf jlusjhjrj, jhgjijh pkr jaã cksojs `gàht`ojs j mjs quf cês tjr tjr gf orfjijh fh fmmjs. Rjhj fs mj orffho`j hk okhrcjgj pkr fxfx pfr`cfhtks. Tkr fsk pusf uhj oumfirj (cufrtj), jmlk gf pfsojgk y uhj tjnjgj gf tfrhfrj fh oujtrk ljrrjbjs lrjhgfs y gf jhoaj jifrturj, quf ofrrà y sfmmà. Muflk mmfhà gf mj c`scj cjhfrj ktrjs tjhtjs ljrrjbjs, pfrk mjs gfnf ji`frtjs. Mj ojrhf y fm pfsojgk quf okhtfhãjh sf jlusjhjrkh. Fh mjs ljrrjbjs ofrrjgjs hk ajiãj lulusjhks, j pfsjr gf quf fm okhtfh`gk sf ajmmjij putrfbjotk putrfbj otk y afg`kh afg`kh-gk. Fh mj pjrtf gf jbufrj, skirf mjs ljrrjbjs ofrrjgjs sf vfãjh cksojs quf sf jbjhjijh pkr fhtrjr j trjvàs gf jmluhjs gf mjs rfhg`njs.

B`l. ::

Gf fstj cjhfrj, mj ojrhf gf mks jh`cjmfs cufrtks hk pufgf fhlfhgrjr lusjhks, j cf hks quf sf gfpks`tfh fh fmmjs aufvks gf sfrfs v`vks. Tkr ajifr sjojgk fm j`rf gf mjs ljrrjbjs ofrrjgjs, a`of uh hufvk fxpfr`cfhtk pjrj qu`tjr tkgj gugj. Tusf ojrhf y pfsojgk fh uhj vjs`nj oui`frtj gf ljsj. Tjrj prktflfrmj cfnkr okhtrj mjs cksojs mj okmkquf fh uh jrcjr`k oui`frtk tjci`àh gf ljsj. Huhoj v` lusjhks fh mj ojrhf, juhquf cuoaks fho`cj gfm jrcjr`k y mjs cksojs sf pksjijh fh mj ljsj fxtfr`kr y jaã gfpks`tjijh j sus lusjhks.–

TJ_K_ GF M CÀWK GK O@FHWÃB@OK

GF JOVFY GK JM WFQWK GFM FQTFY@CFHWK GF YFG@

Kisfrvjo`ÿh Tmjhtfjc`fhtk gfm prkimfcj A`pÿtfs`s Fxpfr`cfhtjo`ÿh Rfr`ojo`ÿh Rfr`ojo `ÿh gf mj a`pÿtfs`s Okhomus`khfs

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

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Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

Tjrj pmjhtfjr uhj a`pÿtfs`s, »quà fmfcfhtks gfif okhs`gfrjr;

Fh mjs g`vfrsjs êrfjs gfm okhko`c`fhtk, pjrj su cfnkr jprfhg`zjnf y fhtfhg`c`fhtk, sf fstjimfofh mks or`tfr`ks iês`oks y mjs uh`gjgfs quf mjs okhst`tuyfh. Jsã oujhgk ajimjajimj cks gf I`kmklãj gfo`cks quf su fmfcfhtk buhgjcfhtjm buhgjcfht jm fs mj oàmumj, pjrj fm pfhsjc`fhpfhsjc`fhtk fs fm okhofptk, fh Zuãc`oj fm êtkck, fh fm mfhlujnf fs fm tàrc`hk k pjmjirj. Gfm c`sck ckgk, mj uh`gjg buhgjcfhtjm gfm càtkgk gf mj `hvfst`ljo`ÿh o`fhtãoj j mj vjr`jimf. Fbfot`vjcfhtf, j pjrt`r gf fmmj okhstru`cks mj a`pÿtfs`s y pjrj gfckstrjrmj g`sfújcks mks fxpfr`cfhtks, ut`m`zjhgk vjr`jimfs kpfrjt`v`zjgjs5 pfrk pkgfcks gftfogftfo tjrmjs gfsgf mj kisfrvjo`ÿh, mj bkrcumjo`ÿh gfm prkimfcj k jm prfo`sjr fm cjrok tfÿr`ok. _f gfhkc`hj vjr`jimf j tkgk jqufmmk quf t`fhf ojrjotfrãst`ojs prkp`js ‟quf mj g`st`hg`st`hluf gf mk gfcês‟ quf fs susofpt`imf gf ojci`k k ckg`ojo`ÿh y mj pkgfcks fstug`jr, okhtrkmjr k cfg`r fh uhj `hvfst`ljo`ÿh. Tkr fnfcpmk, uhj vjr`jimf quf pkgfcks kpfrjr fh uh fxpfr`cfhtk fs mj tfcpfrjturj, yj quf pkgfcks vjr`jr mj tfcpfrjturj fh fm fxfx pfr`cfhtk, jsãpkhfcks s` gfsfjcks sjifr ouêm fs mj tfcpfrjturj `gfjm pjrj mj lfrc`hjo`ÿh gf o`frtj sfc`mmj, mjs sfc`mmjs j lfrc`hjr uhjs j uhj tfcpfrjturj, y ktrjs j uhj tfcpfrjturj g`bfrfhtf, g`bfrfhtf , jsã sf pkgrê vfr s` ajy vjr`jo`ÿh fh mj lfrc`hjo`ÿh, fs gfo`r, ouêm gf mjs gks tfcpfrjturjs bjvkrfo`ÿ mj lfrc`hjo`ÿh. Mjs vjr`jimfs cês `cpkrtjhtfs pjrj fm càtkgk o`fhtãok skh>

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Rjr`jimf `hgfpfhg`fhtf (ojusj)> fs fm ckt`vk k fxpm`ojo`ÿh gf kourrfho`j gf ktrk bfhÿcfhk. Fh fm fxpfr`cfhtk, fs mj vjr`jimf quf pufgf cjh`pumjr fm `hvfst`ljgkr y sf mf sufmf gfhkc`hjr trjtjc`fhtk.

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Rjr`jimf gfpfhg`fhtf (fbfotk)> fs fm bfhÿcfhk quf rfsumtj, fm quf gfif fxfx pm`ojrsf.

Fstjs gks skh mjs vjr`jimfs buhgjcfhtjmfs pjrj fm càtkgk gf mj o`fho`j. Tfrk ajy, jgfjgfcês, ktrjs quf okhourrfh j fstj ojusj-fbfotk,_f jucfhtêhgkmj, g`sc`huyàhgkmj, supr`c`àhgkmj, gfsv`êhgkmj k, tjmrfmjo`ÿh vfz, prkvkoêhgkmj. gfhkc`hjh vjr`jimfs `htfrv` `htfrv`h`fhtfs. Kourrfh s`cpmfcfhtf pkrquf fh hufstrj rfjm`gjg jqufmmjs gks (ojusj-fbfotk) hk sf fhoufhtrjh j`smjgjs, pjrt`o`pjh fh fm gfvfh`r gfm uh`vfrsk okhnuhtjcfhtf okh cuoaãs`cjs ktrjs vjr`jimfs prfsfhtfs fh su fhtkrhk. Mjs vjr`jimfs y sus rfmjo`khfs, quf fm akcirf prklrfs`vjcfhtf gfsouirf, vjh fstruotufstruotu rjhgk pkok j pkok fm fg`o`k quf okhkofcks okck o`fho`j, okh sus fhuho`jgks, mfyfs fspfoãojs y lfhfrjmfs quf hjmcfhtf sf `htflrjh fh tfkrãjs. Fm `hvfst`ljgkr jouo`ksk, okh su `htfrfsjhtf tfhgfho`j rfguoo`kh`stj, c`h`c`zj mj fhkr cf ojht`gjg gf vjr`jimfs fx`stfhtfs y okhs`gfrj sÿmk mjs vjr`jimfs rfmfvjhtfs, jqufmmjs quf pjrt`o`pjh gfo`s`vjcfhtf fh fm bfhÿcfhk fh fstug`k y quf oujht`tjt`vjcfhtf skh mjs quf fxa`ifh cjykr vjmkr. J su okhnuhtk sf mf gfhkc`hj ckgfmk. attp>//www.so`fmk.krl.pf/so`fmk.pap;so attp>//www .so`fmk.krl.pf/so`fmk.pap;sor`pt3so`[jrttfxt&p`g3_:1: r`pt3so`[jrttfxt&p`g3_:1:4-2?7Q944 :. _@_WFCJ CFOÊH@OK> •

Ijsf> skpkrtj Ijsf>  skpkrtj tkgk fm pfsk gfm jpjrjtk, jsflurjhgk mj fstji`m`gjg gfm c`sck.

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Irjzk> fstf fmfcfhtk rfmjo`khj fm ojifzjm gfm c`orksokp`k okh fm p`f y sks Irjzk> fstf sks-t`fhf mj pmjt`hj y fm okhgfhsjgkr. Gf fstj pjrtf sf skst`fhf fm c`orksokp`k oujhgk sf mk trjsmjgj gf uh muljr j ktrk.

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Ojifzjm> okht`fhf mks s`stfcjs gf mfhtfs koumjrfs. Tufgf sfr ckhkoumjr k Ojifzjm> okht`fhf i`hkoumjr.

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Yfvÿmvfr>   okht`fhf mks s`stfcjs gf mfhtfs kinft`vks. Tfrc`tf, jm l`rjr, Yfvÿmvfr> ojci`jr mks kinft`vks.

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Tmjt`hj>  muljr gkhgf sf gfpks`tj mj prfpjrjo`ÿh. _f ajmmj sunftj jm irjzk Tmjt`hj> muljr y pksff, jgfcês, uhj jifrturj pjrj fm pjsk gf muz. Mjs pmjt`hjs t`fhfh gks p`hzjs sunftjgkrjs, gks tkrh`mmks quf pfrc`tfh gfspmjzjr mjs pmjojs y uhjs ”rflm`mmjs– mmjcjgjs fsojmjs gf Rfrh`fr, quf s`rvfh pjrj tkcjr mjs okkrgfhjgjs skirf mj mkojm`zjo`ÿh gf oàmumjs k fstruoturjs gf `htfràs.

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Wkrh`mmks gf fhbk fhbkquf> quf> skh gks, cjorkcàtr`ok, quf pfrc`tf jofrojr mj cufscufstrj ajo`j fm mfhtf kinft`vk y c`orkcàtr`ok, gf cjykr prfo`s`ÿh quf fs fm quf gtfhf mj `cjlfh.

9. _@_WFCJ ßTW@OK> •

?9

Koumjr> mfhtf quf sf fhoufhtrj prÿx`ck jm knk, jcpm`oj mj `cjlfh prkguo`Koumjr> mfhtf prkguo`gj pkr fm kinft`vk y su jucfhtk fs gf :4Q.

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

?. _@_WFCJ GF @MVC@HJO@ßH> •

Okhgfhsjgkr> okht`fhf vjr`js mfhtfs quf okhofhtrjh mj muz fh fm kinftk j Okhgfhsjgkr> okht`fhf fstug`jrsf.

•

G`jbrjlcj> fstê nuhtk jm okhgfhsjgkr y rflumj mj ojht`gjg gf muz quf fhtrj G`jbrjlcj> fstê fh fm okhgfhsjgkr.

•

Bkok k bufhtf gf muz>  muz>   g`r`lf mks rjyks muc`hksks ajo`j fm okhgfhsjgkr, usujmcfhtf pksff tjci`àh uh rflumjgkr gf `htfhs`gjg.

Mj uh`gjg iês`oj gf mkhl`tug quf sf ut`m`zj okh fm c`orksokp`k gf muz fs fm c`orÿcftrk k c`orj (¶c). : cc 3 :444 ¶c : ¶c 3 :444 hc : ¶ c 3 :4444 J¾

CJHFNK GFM C@OYK_OKT@K C@OYK_OKT@K :. @gfht`oj kinft`vk gf cf cfhkr hkr jucfhtk yijnj ookmÿojmk kmÿojmk fh ssu uokh s`t`kmfht`tug. l`rjhg l`rjhgk k fm rfvÿmvfr rfvÿmvfr.. Ajo`fhgk fm usk gfm tkrh`mmk cjorkcàtr`ok, mj pmjt`hj 9. Cufvf fm okhgfhsjgkr ajo ajo`j `j jrr`ij, ajstj ajstj uhks pkoks c`mãcf c`mãcftrks trks pkr gfijn gfijnk k gf mj pmjt`hj, jirf okcpmftjcfhtf fm g`jbrjlcj y c`rj pkr fm koumjr ajstj mklrjr quf fm ojcpk fstà ir`mmjhtf y uh`bkrcfcfhtf `muc`hjgk. ?. Okmkoj mj prfpjrjo`ÿh skirf mj pmjt`hj. 7. C`rj pkr fm koumjr y okh fm tk tkrh`mmk rh`mmk cjorkcàtr`o cjorkcàtr`ok k suif mmfhtjcfhtf fhtjcfhtf ajstj quf jpj jpj-rfzoj mj `cjlfh gfm kinftk. 6. Vt`m`zjhgk fm tkrh`mmk c`orkcàtr` c`orkcàtr`ok, ok, bkojm`zj mj `cjlfh ajs ajstj tj quf fstj ssfj fj hãt`gj. 2. Gfspuàs gf ajifr fhbkojgk okh fm kinft`vk gf c cfhkr fhkr jucfhtk, l`rj fm rfvÿmvfr y okmkoj fh pks`o`ÿh fm kinft`vk gf cfg`jhk jucfhtk. LYVTK> CJHFNK GFM C@OYK_OKT@K

Y F _ T V F _ WJ

:. @gfht`ok mjs pjrtfs gf mks c`orksokp`ks fh mjs lurjs 9, ? y 7. 9. »Cjhfnk jprkp`jgjcfhtf fm c`orksokp`k okh pfqufúk y cfg`jhk jucfhtk; ?. »Ouêmfs skh mks ou`gjgks quf gfifcks tfhfr okh fm c`orksokp`k ÿpt`ok; 7. »Zuà prkofg`c`fhtk sflu`rãjs pjrj fm usk gfm kinft`vk gf cjykr jucfhtk; 6. »Oÿck jnustjrãj mj muz pjrj kitfhfr uhj iufhj `cjlfh; 2. »Ouêm fs mj g`bfrfho`j fhtrf jucfhtk y rfskmuo`ÿh;

FQTFY@CFHWJM # HKCI YF G F MJ JOW@R@GJG @HWFLYJHWF_ GFM FZV@TK> BFOAJ> J _ T F O W K _ J F RJ M V J Y

LYVTK> _Ã

HK

HK. GF FZV@TK K I _ F Y RJ O @ K H F _

Cf `htflrk okh bjo`m`gjg fh fm fqu`pk gf trjijnk gfm mjikrjtkr`k y okmjikrk fh mj rfjm`zjo`ÿh gf mj prêot`oj.  Jpm`ok mjs rflmjs gf sflur`gjg gfm mjikrjtkr`k ut`m`zjhgk okh ou`gjgk fm cjtfr`jm gfm mjikrjtkr`k. Yfgjotk uhj a`pÿtfs`s quf pugf okcprkijr rfspfotk j mj okhsfrvjokhsfrvjo`ÿh gf jm`cfhtks. Mks rfsumtjgks, kisfrvjo`khfs y okhomus`khfs skh omjrks y fxpm`fxpm` ojh mk kourr`gk k okcprkijgk fh fm mjikrjtkr`k. Okhtfstk okrrfotjcfhtf fm oufst`khjr`k.

○  WKWJM

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

?6

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

JOW@R@GJG 0 Trêot`oj fxpfr`cfhtjm 

GF_OKCTK_@O@ßH GF_OKCTK_@O@ß H GF JM@CFHWK_ MJIKYJWKY@K GF I@KMKLÃJ

@

»_jiãjs quf jm rfjm`zjr prêot`ojs fh fm mjikrjtkr`k jpm`ojs fm càtkgk o`fhtãok; TYKTß_@WK> Yfjm`zjr uhj jot`v`gjg fxpfr`cfhtjm, jpm`ojhgk fm càtkgk o`fhtãok pjrj mj skmuo`ÿh gf uh prkimfcj. C JW F Y @ J M > ○  ○  ○  ○ 

Tjh, Tjh, tkrt`m tkrt`mmj mj k br brutj utj fh fh iufh iufh fstjgk fstjgk Tjh, Tjh, tkrt`m tkrt`mmj mj k bru brutj tj okhtj okhtjc`h c`hjgk jgkss C`orksokp`k Tk Tkrt rtjk jkin inft ftks ks

○  Ouir Ouirf fkinf kinftk tkss ○  Jlun Jlunj j gf g` g`sf sfoo oo`ÿ `ÿh h ○  Lktfrk

_ V _ WJ H O @ J _ >

○  Jluj ○  Jzum Jzum gf cf cft`t`mf mfhk hk

TMJHWFJC@FHWK GFM TYKIMFCJ :. » Zuà ojusj mj gfsokcpks`o`ÿh gf mks jm`cfhtks, okck fm pjh, tkrt`mmj y brutjs;

9. » Zuà jm`cfhtk sfrê jtjojgk pkr c`orkkrljh`scks> uhk okhlfmjgk k fm quf fs fstà tà fh okhtjotk okh mj aucfgjg j tfcpfrj tfcpfrjturj turj jci`fhtf;

?. Yfgjotj uhj a`pÿtfs`s jm rfspfotk gkhgf jht`o`pfs mks rfsumtjgks fspfrjgks fh fm gfsjrrkmmk.

?2

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

JOW@R@GJG JOW@R@G JG FQWYJOMJ_F TYKOFG@C@FHWK  •

Fsoklf fm jm`cfhtk okh fm quf qu`frfs trjijnjr (brfsj, pjh, tkrt`mmj, tk rt`mmj, hjrjhnj).

•

Okhs`luf gks p`fzjs gfm c`sck.

•

Vhj sfcjhj jhtfs gf rfjm`zjr mj prêot`oj gf mjikrjtkr`k, aucfgfof m`lfrj cfhtf uhj gf mjs p`fzjs gf pjh k uhj tkrt`mmj (k mk quf vjyjs j trjijnjr). Okmÿojmk gfhtrk gf uhj ikmsj gf pmêst`ok y o`frrj mj ikmsj. Okmkoj mj ikmsj fh uh muljr fh fm quf mj tfcpfrjturj fstà t`i`j.

•

Okmkoj mj ktrj p`fzj gf jm`cfhtk fh fm okhlfmjgkr.

•

Mmfvj mks jm`cfhtks jm mjikrjtkr`k gf I`kmklãj.

•

Mff fm s`lu`fhtf tfxtk.

- 

MFOWVYJ

OYFO@C@FHWK GF C@OYKKYLJH@_CK_ Mj cjtfr`j krlêh`oj fstê bkrcjgj iês`ojcfhtf pkr 2 fmfcfhtks> O, A, K, H, _ y T T.. Fs mj cjtfr`j quf okhst`tuyf j mks sfrfs v`vks, sfjh pmjhtjs k jh`cjmfs. Oujhgk mks sfrfs v`vks cufrfh, mj cjtfr`j krlêh`oj gf sus ojgêvfrfs sf gfsokcpkhf y qu`fqu`f hfs sf fhojrljh gf fmmk skh fsfho`jmcfhtf c`orkkrljh`scks sjprÿtks gfm lrupk gf mjs ijotfr`js y gf mks akhlks. Gfi`gk j quf fstks c`orkkrljh c`orkkrljh`scks `scks rfqu`frfh pjrj su hutr`o`ÿh gf mj c`scj cjtfr`j krlêh`oj, s`fcprf sf orfj fhtrf fmmks uhj s` s`-tujo`ÿh gf okcpftfho`j. Mjs ijotfr`js skh ojpjofs gf rfprkguo`rsf cês rêp`gk quf mks akhlks, fs gfo`r, t`fhfh mj pks`i`m`gjg gf jucfhtjr su hþcfrk y okh fmmk sfr uh lrupk cês pkgfrksk quf mks akhlks5 s`h fcijrlk, j pfsjr gf sfr cês hucfrksjs, hk mklrjh gfspmjzjr j mks akhlks y fh mj hjturjmfzj s`fcprf fx`stf uh fqu`m`ir`k fh fm tjcjúk gf mjs pkimjo`khfs gf mks gks lrupks. Fm pjh okhst`tuyf pkr su okhtfh`gk fh jluj, a`grjtks gf ojrikhk, prktfãhjs, sjmfs c`hfrjmfs y v`tjc`hjs, uh cfg`k sÿsÿm`gk `gÿhfk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf hucfrksjs fspfo`fs c`orki`jhjs5 gf `lujm cjhfrj mjs tkrt`mmjs y jsã tjci`àh mjs brutjs pkr su jmtk okhtfh`gk gf aucfgjg y jzþojrfs.

FH FM MJIKYJWKY@K •

Okmkoj uhj lktj gf jluj y uhj gf jzum gf cft`mfhk skirf uh pkrtjkinftks. Okh uhj jlunj gf g`sfoo`ÿh, tkcj uh pkok gfm cjtfr`jm quf orfo`ÿ skirf mj tkrt`mmj, pjh k brutk fmfl`gk. Okmkoj okh ou`gjgk fm ouirfkinftks. Kisfrvj jm c`orksokp`k.

•

Yfjm`zj fm c`sck prkofg`c`fhtk pjrj kisfrvjr uhj pkro`ÿh gf mj tkrt`mmj, pjh k brutk quf skcft`stf j okh okhlfmjo`ÿh lfmjo`ÿh (prfv`jcfhtf gf gfsokhlfmjgk, sokhlfmjgk, fm c`sc c`sck k gãj).

•

Okmkoj fh fm c`orksokp`k y kisfrvj. (W (Wfhgrês fhgrês quf sfr pjo`fhtf pjrj fhbkojr gf cjhfrj okrrfotj).

B`l. :6 

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

?<

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

F _ Z V F C J _ K @ M V _ W Y J O @ K H F _ ( G @ I V N J _ V J TJ TJ Y @ F H O @ J ) W K Y W @ M M J K TJ TJ H A V C F G F O @ G K

W K Y W @ M M J K TJ TJ H O K H L F M J G K

:. Jhktj tus kisfrvjo`khfs (gfsor`if mk quf g`iunjstf)>

9. Yfl`strj mks rrfsumtjgks. fsumtjgks. »Fh quà jm`cfhtk sf prfsfhtÿ fm c`or c`orkkrljh`sck; kkrljh`sck; »Fh ouêm hk y pkr quà;

?. Okhtrjstj mks rfsumtjgks kitfh`gks fh fm fxpfr`cfhtk okh mj a`pÿtfs`s prfv`j y jhktj mjs okhomus`khfs. »Okcprkijstf tu a`pÿtfs`s;

?1

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

Okhtfstj mjs s`lu`fhtfs prfluhtjs y okcàhtjmjs fh fm lrupk pjrj gftfrc`hjr mj `cpkrtjho`j gfm càtkgk o`fhtãok fh fm trjijnk fxpfr`cfhtjm.

:. »Zuà g`bfrfho`j kisfrvjstf fhtrf mj pr`cfrj y mj sfluhgj kisfrvjo`ÿh;

9. »Zuà jspfotk t`fhf mk quf kisfrvj kisfrvjstf stf fh fm pjh (k tkrt`mmj) fh gfsokcpks`o`ÿh;

?. Mks ckaks gf mks jm`cfhtks t`fhfh jspfotk gf a`mks cuy hks quf skh mjs a`bjs quf prkguofh fspkrjs pjrj su rfprkguoo`ÿh. Mff fm tfxtk gfm jhfxk 6 y gftfrc`hj s` t`fhf rfmjo`ÿh okh mk quf kisfrvjstf>

7. »Zuà pkgrãjs ajofr pjrj okhsfrvjr tus jm`cfhtks fh iufh fstjgk; Tufgfs okhsumtjr mj pêl`hj s`lu`fhtf> •

attp>//www.jm`cfhtjo`kh-sjhj.o attp>//www .jm`cfhtjo`kh-sjhj.okc.jr/@hbkrcjo`khfs/hkvfgj kc.jr/@hbkrcjo`khfs/hkvfgjgfs/okhsfrvjo`kh.atc gfs/okhsfrvjo`kh.atc

6. »Zuà rfmjo`ÿh fx fx`stf `stf fhtrf mks pjsks quf rfj rfjm`zjstf m`zjstf pjrj gfsj gfsjrrkmmjr rrkmmjr mj prêot`oj y mjs ftjpjs gfm càtkgk o`fhtãok;

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

?0

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

@H_WYVCFHWK GF JVWKFR JVWKFRJMVJO@ßH JMVJO@ßH Okhtfstj gf cjhfrj akhfstj, cjrojhgk okh uhj Q mks s`lu`fhtfs oufst`khjc`fhtks.

JOW@R@GJG FQTFY@CFHWJM #

IMKZVF>

HKC IYF G F MJ JOW@R@GJG @HWFLYJHWF_ GFM FZV@TK> BFOAJ> J _ T F O WK _ J F RJ M V J Y

LYVTK> _Ã

HK

HK. GF FZV@TK K I _ F Y RJ O @ K H F _

Cf `htflrk okh bjo`m`gjg fh fm fqu`pk gf trjijnk gfm mjikrjtkr`k y okmjikrk fh mj rfjm`zjo`ÿh gf mj prêot`oj.  Jpm`ok mjs rflmjs gf sflur`gjg gfm mjikrjtkr`k ut`m`zjhgk okh ou`gjgk fm cjtfr`jm gfm mjikrjtkr`k. Yfgjotk uhj a`pÿtfs`s quf pugf okcprkijr rfspfotk j mj okhsfrvjokhsfrvjo`ÿh gf jm`cfhtks. Mks rfsumtjgks, kisfrvjo`khfs y okhomus`khfs skh omjrks y fxpm`fxpm` ojh mk kourr`gk k okcprkijgk fh fm mjikrjtkr`k. Okhtfstk okrrfotjcfhtf fm oufst`khjr`k.

○  WKWJM

74

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

74

 

@GFHW@B@OJ_ MJ_ OJYJOWFYÃ_W@OJ_ P MK_ OKCTKHFHWF_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_ TYKTß_@WK> Gfsor`i`r mjs ojrjotfrãst`ojs g`st`ht`vjs gf mks sfrfs v`vks, fxpm`ojr su TYKTß_@WK> Gfsor`i`r okhbkrcjo`ÿh quãc`oj, jhjm`zjr mj fstruoturj y buho`ÿh gf mks i`kfmfcfhtks, ojrika` ojrika`-grjtks, mãp`gks, prktfãhjs y êo`gks huomf`oks y vjmkrjr fm pjpfm gf fstks okcpkhfh okcpkhfh-tfs fh mj hutr`o`ÿh aucjhj, j trjvàs gf mks g`bfrfhtfs fnfcpmks y s`tujo`khfs quf sf prfsfhtjh. •

»Zuà g`st`hluf j mks sfrfs v`vks gf mj cjtfr`j `hfrtf;

•

»Okh quà okhko`c`fhtks oufhtjs;

OKHKO@C@FHWK_ TYFR@K_ FRJMVJO@ßH G@JLHß_W@OJ Yfspkhgf mjs s`lu`fhtfs prfluhtjs fh bkrcj `hg`v`gujm. Jm tfrc`hjr, fh pmfhjr`j y ijnk mj okkrg`hjo`ÿh gfm prkbfskr, g`soutjh sus rfspufstjs. •

»Oÿck gfh`rãjs fm okhofptk gf ”sfr v`vk–;

•

Fm`lf ouêmfs gf mjs s`lu`fhtfs ojrjotfrãst`ojs skh okcuhfs j tkgks mks sfrfs v`vks y cêrojmjs okh Q

 [[[[[ _f hutrfh

[[[[[ Ojc`hjh [[[[[ W W`fhfh `fhfh oàmumjs [[[[[ T`fhsjh

 [[[[[ W`fhfh W`fhfh ojifzj [ [[[[[ [[[[ Yfsp`rjh [[[[[ _f rfprkguofh [[[[[ Ajofh bktksãhtfs bktksãhtfs`s `s

_@WVJO@ßH G@GÊOW@OJ JOW@R@GJG :4 Yfjm`ofh gf cjhfrj lrupjm, tkcjhgk turhks, mj s`lu`fhtf mfoturj. Fsouoafh okh rfspftk y jtfho`ÿh mj fxpm`ojo`ÿh gfm prkbfskr jm rfspfotk, okcfhtfh sus gugjs. •

Fmjikrj uh krljh`zjgkr lrêb`ok gkhgf s`htft`ofs mj `hbkrcjo`ÿh gf mj mfotu  rj rfspfotk j mjs ojrjotfrãst`ojs gf uh ”sfr v`vk–. Jm tfrc`hjr `htfrojci`j tu trjijnk okh uh okcpjúfrk y rfjm`ofh mj okfvjmujo`ÿh gfm krljh`zjgkr lrêb`ok, ut`m`zjhgk mj fsojmj gf vjmkr quf jpjrfof jm b`hjm gfm imkquf.

-  - 

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

7:

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

MFOWVYJ Mks sfrfs v`vks prfsfhtjcks uhj sfr`f gf ojrjotfrãst`ojs cuy fspfo`jmfs qufcjtfr`j pfrc`tfh g`bfrfhg`bfrfho`jrhks gf mj `hjh`cjgj> fstruoturj, krljh`zjo`ÿh, akakcfkstjs`s, `rr`tji`m`gjg, cftjikcftjikm`sck, orfo`c`fhtk, rfprkguoo`ÿh y jgjptjo`ÿh. Vh sfr v`vk fs rfsumtjgk gf uhj krljh`zjo`ÿh cuy prfo`sj5 fh su `htfr`kr sf rfjm`zjh vjr`js jot`v`jot`v`gjgfs jm c`sck t`fcpk, fstjhgk rfmjo`khjgjs fstjs jot`v`gjgfs uhjs okh ktrjs, pkr mk quf tkgks mks sfrfs v`vks pksffh uhj krljkrljh`zjo`ÿh fspfoãoj okcpmfnj mj vfz. Okck lrjgk ycês sfho`mmkj gf krljh`zjo`ÿh fh uh krljh`sck fstê mj oàmumj. Mks prkofsks quf sf fbfotþjh fh tkgk fm krljh`sck B`l. :2  skh fm rfsumtjgk gf mjs buho`khfs okkrg`hjgjs gf tkgjs mjs oàmumjs quf mk okhst`tuyfh. Fh vflftjmfs y jh`cjmfs supfr`ksupfr`krfs sf kisfrvjh lrjgks gf krljh`zjo`ÿh cês okcpmfnj, okck mks tfn`gks-ÿrljhks y fm cês jvjhzjgk, s`stfcjs. Yfbfrfhtf j mj fstruoturj, mj uh`gjg iês`oj gf uh krljh`sck fs mj oàmumj. Vh krljh`sck pufgf fstjr okcpufstk gf uhj skmj oàmumj (uh`ofmumjr) k pkr cucu oajs (pmur`ofmumjr). Mjs oàmumjs, j su vfz, fstêh okhst`tu`gjs pkr ? pjrtfs buhgjcfhtjmfs> cfcirjhj, o`tkpmjscj y cjtfr`jm lfhàt`ok quf sf mkojm`zjgffhuhfmkrljh`sck hþomfk k uh huomfk`gf. rfjm`zj tkgjs mjs buho`khfs okck hutr`rsf,Mjorfofr, oroàmumj fofr, rfprkguo`rsf, jm`cfhtjrsf, fto. AKCFK_WJ_@_> fs mj ojpjo`gjg quf t`fhfh mks krljh`scks pjrj AKCFK_WJ_@_> fs cjhtfhfr fqu`m`ir`k `htfrhk okhstjhtf, pkr fnfcpmk, mj tfcpfrjturj okrpkrjm, fm okhtfh`gk gf jluj, mj okhofhtrjo`ÿh gf fmfotrkm`tks, fm pA.

B`l. :  okhs`stf fh mj ojpjo`gjg @YY@WJI@M@GJG>  quf t`fhfh mks sfrfs v`vks gf rfjoo`khjr j mks fstãcumks quãc`oks k bãs`oks quf sf prfsfhtjh fh cfg`k `htfrhk k fh fm fxtfrhk5 pkr fnfcpmk, mjs rfjoo`khfs j mj `htfhs`gjg gf mj muz, mj tfctfcpfrjturj, mj prfs`ÿh, mj aucfgjg, fm skh`gk, mks ojci`ks quãc`oks gfm cfojh`sck (tfrrfstrf y jouêt`ok), mks fstãcumks têot`mfs, mj prfsfho`j gf sus gfprfgjgkrfs y ktrks. Mks krljh`scks cês sfho`mmks fstêh prkv`stks gf fstruoturjs k cfojh`scks quf mfs pfrc`tfh rfjoo`khjr y gfspmjzjrsf, okck mks o`m`ks, jlfmks y sfusfu gÿpkgks gf mks prktkzkjr`ks. Fh mks jh`cjmfs, mjs rfspufstjs skh okcpmfnjs y fstêh lkifrhjgjs pkr fm s`stfcj hfr v`ksk y mjs akrckhjs.

B`l. :1 

CFWJIKM@_CK> fs mj sucj gf tkgjs mjs buho`khfs quf rfjm`zjh mks sfrfs v`vks j ijsf gf rfjoo`khfs quãc`ojs, rflumjgjs pkr ojtjm`ojtjm` zjgkrfs quãc`oks mmjcjgks fhz`cjs, quf jotþjh gf joufrgk okh mks pr`ho`p`ks quf r`lfh fm okcpkrtjc`fhtk gf mj cjtfr`j y mj fhfrlãj. Mks krljh`scks hfofs`tjh cjtfr`jmfs y fhfrlãj pjrj cjhtfhfr su fmfvjgk lrjgk gf okcpmfn`gjg y krljh`zjo`ÿh, pjrj orfofr y rfprkguo`rsf. Mks êtkcks y ckmàoumjs quf bkrcjh mks krljh`scks pufgfh kitfhfrsf gfm j`rf, jluj, gfm sufmk k j pjrt`r gf ktrks krljh`scks. Mks krljh`scks okhsucfh fhfrlãj pjrj okhvfrt`r mks hutr`fhtfs fh okcpkhfhtfs ofmumjrfs (jhjik(jhjikm`sck) y m`ifrjh fhfrlãj jm gfsokcpkhfr mj cjtfr`j krlêh`oj (ojtjikm`sck).

B`l. :0

B`l. 94 

OYFO@C@FHWK P GF_JYYKMMK> mks sfrfs v`vks jucfhtjh gf tjcjúk prklrfprklrf s`vjcfhtf ajstj jmojhzjr mks mãc`tfs gf su fspfo`f, fstk sf gfif j mj bjir`ojo`ÿh k sãhtfs`s gf cjykr ojht`gjg gf cjtfr`j v`vj (pr`ho`pjmcfhtf prktf`ojs) quf sus kr kr ljh`scks bkrcjh j fxpfhsjs gf mks huhutr`fhtfs jgqu`r`gks gf sus jm`cfhtks. Fm gfsjrrkmmk gf`cpm`oj mks sfrfs v`vks, jgfcês gf orfo`c`fhtk, ojci`ks krgfhjgks B`l. 9: fh mjs g`bfrfhtfs ftjpjs pkr mjs quf vj pjsjhgk fm `hg`v`guk ajstj quf jmojhzj mj cjgurfz. Mks krljh`scks jucfhtjh gf OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

7?

 

Imkquf @

I@KMKLÃJ OKCK O@FHO@J GF MJ R@GJ

tjcjúk jm jgqu`r`r y prkofsjr mks hutr`fhtfs. Cuoajs vfofs fstf prkofsk hk sf m`c`tj j mj joucumjo`ÿh gf cjtfr`j, s`hk quf `cpm`oj ojci`ks cjykrfs. CKR@C@FHWK> fs fm gfspmjzjc`fhtk quf prfsfhtjh jmluhks krljh`sck k pjrtf gf fmmks, okh rfspfotk j uh puhtk gf rfbfrfho`j. Tkr fnfcpmk, mjs aknjs gf uhj pmjhtj quf sf kr`fhtjh ajo`j fm skm k uh jh`cjm quf pfrs`luf j su prfsj.

B`l. 99 

B`l. 9?

B`l. 97

YFTYKGVOO@ßH>  fs mj joo`ÿh gf prkguo`r hufvks krljh`scks. Tufgf sfr jsfxujmYFTYKGVOO@ßH>  jsfxujmcfhtf oujhgk fm prklfh`tkr fs þh`ok, y sfxujmcfhtf oujhgk fx`stfh gks prklfh`tkrfs. Mks krljh`scks cfhks fvkmuo`khjgks, okck mjs ijotfr`js y mks prktkzkjr`ks, prfsfhtjh rfprkguoo`ÿh jsfxujm (s`h mj pjrt`o`pjo`ÿh gf ljcftks k oàmumjs rfprkguotkrjs). Mj cjcjykrãj gf mks sfrfs v`vks pksffh rfprkguoo`ÿh sfxujm, fs gfo`r ljcftks quf, jm uh`rsf cfg`jhtf mj bfouhgjo`ÿh, kr`l`hjh uh cjykrfs aufvk k o`lktk. Jmluhjsgf fspfo`fs prfsfhtjh mks gks t`pks gf rfprkguoo`ÿh sfxujm5 t`fhfh kpkrtuh`gjgfs vjr`jr sus ojrjotfrãst`ojs gfi`gk j mj cfzomj gfm cjtfr`jm afrfg`tjr`k gf sus prklfh`tkrfs, mk quf rfprfsfhtj cjykcjyk rfs kpkrtuh`gjgfs gf jgfoujrsf k jgjptjrsf jm cfg`k, gf skirfv`v`r y fvkmuo`khjr.

B`l. 96

B`l. 92

B`l. 9<

B`l. 91  

JGJTWJO@ßH> jm JGJTWJO@ßH> fvkmuo`khjr, mjssfrfs fspfo`fs j jnustjrsf jmkjci`fhtf. Mj jgjptjo`ÿh fs mj jm ojpjo`gjg gf mks v`vkst`fhgfh gf rfjokhg`o`khjrsf rfjgfoujrsf j mks bjotkrfs gfm cfg`k, s`fcprf quf mks ojci`ks quf subrjh hk sfjh gfcjs`jgk grêst`oks> pkr fnfcpmk, mks ojci`ks gf tfcpfrjturj gfm lrjgk gf aucfgjg k gf muz. Mj jgjptjo`ÿh fs prklrfs`vj y pufgf cjh`bfstjrsf fh mks krljh`scks cfg`jhtf ojci`ks fh sus fstruoturjs, tjcjúks, okmkrfs, okcpkrtjc`fhtks, fto.

B`l. 90

B`l. ?4 

B`l. ?:

77

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

Ojgj krljh`sck pjrfof g`sfújgk fxjotjcfhtf pjrj mjs okhg`o`khfs gf su cfg`k, okck suofgf fh mjs pmjhtjs quf v`vfh fh muljrfs gf fsojsj aucfgjg y quf pksffh aknjs cuy rfguo`gjs k fsp`hjs quf, jgfcês gf g`sc`hu`r mks fbfotks gf mj rjg`jo`ÿh skmjr, rfprfsfhrfprfsfh tjh jakrrk gf jluj yj quf mj cjykr pàrg`gj gf fstj quf kourrf fh mjs pmjhtjs quf v`vfh fh cfg`ks aþcfgks, sf mmfvj j ojik j trjvàs gf sus aknjs. Mks tfn`gks gf mjs pmjhtjs gf mjs zkhjs okh aucfgjg fsojsj fstêh jgjptjgks pjrj rftfhfr jm jluj, fh pkojs kojs`kkojs`k hfs oufhtjh okh fstj. Tkr fm okhtrjr`k, mjs pmjhtjs gf om`cjs aþcfgks prfsfhtjh aknjs lrjhgfs, mjs quf p`frgfh fm jluj pkr mjs aknjs, s`h fcijrlk, pkr v`v`r fh zkhjs aþcfgjs jgqu`frfh fm jluj pkr cfg`k gf sus rjãofs.

B`l. ?9 

B`l. ??

B`l. ?7

Fh mks jh`cjmfs sf kisfrvjh fnfcpmks cuy omjrks gf jgjptjo`ÿh, okck mks g`fhtfs y mjs ljrrjs gf mks ojrhãvkrks quf ojpturjh, okrtjh y gfspmjzjh j sus prfsjs5 fm p`ok gf mjs êlu`mjs k fm jpjrjtk p`ojgkr-oaupjgkr gf mks cksqu`tks y mks gf ktrks `hsfotks.

B`l. ?6 

B`l. ?2 

B`l. ? :. Ojpjo`gjg quf t`fhfh mks sf sfrfs rfs v`vks g gf f cjhtfhfr uh fq fqu`m`ir`k u`m`ir`k fhtrf fm cfg`k `htfrhk y fm fxtfrhk, pkr fnfcpmk, mj rflumjo`ÿh gf mj tfcpfrjturj okrpkrjm j trjtrjvàs gf mj sugkrjo`ÿh. 9. Trkofsk quf pfrc`tf pfrc`tf j mks `hg` `hg`v`guks v`guks jgfoujrsf j mjs okhg`o okhg`o`khfs `khfs gfm fhtkrhk y sus ojci`ks, mk quf mfs pfrc`t`rê fstjr cfnkr ojpjo`tjgks pjrj skirfv`v`r skirfv`v`r.. ?. Ojpjo`gjg quf t`fhfh mks ssfrfs frfs v`vks gf rfspkhgfr j f fstãcumks stãcumks quf pufgfh sfr `htfrhks k fxtfrhks, pkr fnfcpmk, mj okhtrjoo`ÿh gf mj pup`mj jm rfo`i`r muz. 7. Ojpjo`gjg gf mks mks sfrfs v`vk v`vkss quf fh I`k I`kmklãj mklãj sf gfhkc`h gfhkc`hj j ckt`m`gjg, `c `cpm`oj pm`oj uh ojci`k gf muljr kokck gf pks`o`ÿh fh fm iusojr fspjo`k. ojrjotfrãst`oj pfrc`tf jmluhks krljh`scks mks jh`cjmfs su Fstj jm`cfhtk, jmfnjrsf gf sus gfgfjprfgjgkrfs k s`cpmfcfhtf gfspmjzjrsf.

72

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

6. Ojci`k s`kmÿl`ok s`kmÿl`ok (buho`ÿh) k ckrbkmÿl`ok (bkrcj) quf ssf f mmfvj j ojik gf cjhf cjhf-rj lrjgujm j trjvàs gfm t`fcpk.

AKY@^KHWJMF_ 2. Okhnuhtk gf prkofsks prkofsks y trjhsbk trjhsbkrcjo`khfs rcjo`khfs quãc`o quãc`ojs js quf rfjm`z rfjm`zj j fm oufrpk pjrj kitfhfr k ut`m`zjr fhfrlãj. j) Fcir`kmklãj

i) Tjtkmklãj

o) O`tkmklãj

g) Jhjtkcãj

6. »Ouêm gf mks s`lu`fhtfs h`vfmfs gf krljh`zjo`ÿh gf mj cjtfr`j v`vj prfsfhtj p rfsfhtj cfnkr okcpmfn`gjg; j) Okcuh`gjg

i) Wfn`gk

o) I`ksbfrj

g) Tkimjo`ÿh

2. »Ouêm gf mks s`lu`fhtfs fnfcpmks gf mj cjtfr`j okrrfspkhgfh jm c`sck h`vfm gf krljh`zjo`ÿh; j) Ofrfirk, hfurkhj

i) Oàmumj, p`fm

o) Fstÿcjlk, pumcÿh

g) Joujr`k, pfz

j) Oàmumjs, tfn`gks, ÿrljhks, krljh`scks, pkimjo`ÿh, okcuh`gjg, foks`stfcj, i`ksbfrj. i) Oàmumjs, ÿrljhks, tfn`gks, krljh`scks, pkimjo`ÿh, okcuh`gjg, i`ksbfrj. o) ßrljhks, oàmumjs, tfn`gks, pkimjo`ÿh, i`ksbfrj, foks`stfcj. g) Oàmumjs, tfn`gks, krljh`scks, ÿrljhks, pkimjo`ÿh, foks`stfcj, okcuh`gjg. 1. Fm càtkgk o`fhtãok fs>

j) Vh càtkgk quf `hg`oj quf tkgj vfrgjg fs mfy. i) Vh okhnuhtk gf càtkgks, rflmjs pjrj mmfljr j mj vfrgjg. o) Vh okhnuhtk gf pjsks quf pufgfh jpm`ojrsf j tkgjs mjs rjcjs gf mj o`fho`j. g) Fm pmjhtfjc`fhtk gf prfluhtjs ijsjgjs fh mj kisfrvjo`ÿh gf fxpfr`cfhtks. 0. _kh fnfcpmks gf o`fho`js bkrcjmfs. j) Zuãc`oj y Mÿl`oj

o) Bãs`oj y Cjtfcêt`ojs

i) Mÿl`oj y Cjtfcêt`ojs

g) Cjtfcêt`ojs y Ts`okmklãj

:4. Fm krgfh quf lujrgjh mjs `gfjs f `hbkrcjo`ÿh quf okhst`tuyfh mks okhko`c`fhtks o`fhtãoks, ojrjotfr`zjh j mj o`fho`j okck>

j) Kinft`vj

i) _`stfcêt`oj o) Jhjmãt`oj

g) Cftÿg`oj

71

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

Imkquf @@

OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_

Okcpftfho`js  kcpftfho`js LFHÀY@OJ_

:. _f okhkof y vjmkrj j sã c`sck y jikrgj prkimfcjs y rftks tfh`fhgk fh oufhtj mks kinft`vks quf pfrs`luf.  

OL:.6 Jsucf mjs okhsfoufho`js gf sus okcpkrtj okcpkrtj-c`fhtks y gfo`s`khfs.

?. Fm`lf y prjot`oj fst`mks gf v`gj sjmugjimf.  

OL?.9 Wkcj gfo`s`khfs j pjrt`r gf mj vjmkrjo`ÿh gf mjs okhsfoufho`js gf g`st`htks aêi`tks gf okhsuck y okhguotjs gf r`fslk.

G@_O@TM@HJYF_ IÊ_@OJ_

OGIF 6. Okhtrjstj mks rfsumtjgks kitfh`gks fh uhj `hvfst`ljo`ÿh k fxpfr`cfhtk okh a`pÿtfs`s prfv`js y okcuh`oj sus okhomus`khfs. OGIF :9. Gfo`gf skirf fm ou`gjgk gf su sjmug j pjrt`r gfm okhko`c`fhokhko`c`fhtk gf su oufrpk, sus prkofsks v`tjv`tj mfs y fm fhtkrhk jm quf pfrtfhfof.

 

Imkquf @@ OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_ TYKTß_@WK GFM IMKZVF Tmjhtfj mj omjs`﬊ojo`ÿh y okhst`tuo`ÿh gf mjs ckmàoumjs quf bkrcjh pjrtf gf mks sfrfs v`vks y jm`cfhtks, `gfht`﬊ojhgk sus buho`khfs pjrj bjvkrfofr bjvkrfofr mj tkcj gf gfo`s`ÿh okhso`fhtf f `hbkrcjgj skirf uhj jm`cfhtjo`ÿh ijmjhofjgj.

@HWFYG@_O@TM@HJY@FGJG ○  Bãs`oj @ ○  Cjtf Cjtfcê cêt`t`oj ojss @@@ @@@

WYJH_RFY_JM@GJG ○  Fn Fnf f trjh trjhsv svfr frsj sjmm sk sko` o`jm jm ○  Fnf trj trjhsv hsvfrs frsjm jm g gf f mj sjmug sjmug ○  Fnf trj trjhsv hsvfrs frsjm jm jci jci`fh `fhtjm tjm ○  Fnf trjhsvfrs trjhsvfrsjm jm gf aji`m` aji`m`gjgf gjgfss mf mfotkr otkrjs js

JTYFHG@^JNF_ F_TFYJGK_ •

Fxjc`hj mj prfsfho`j prfsfho`j gf i`kckmàoumjs fh jm`cfhtks jm`cfhtks fh su fhtkrhk, fhtkrhk, prkck prkckv`fhgk v`fhgk mj tkcj gf gfo`s`khfs okhso`fhtfs f `hbkrcjgjs quf bjvkrfzojh fm ou`gjgk gf su jm`cfhtjo`ÿh.

OKHKO@C@FHWK_ ○   I`kfmfcf I`kfmfcfhtks htks pr`cjr`k pr`cjr`kss y sfouhgjr`ks. • I`kckmàoumjs>   Jluj   Ojrika`grjtks   Mãp`gks   Trktfãhjs   Êo`gks huomf`oks (JGH, JYH) • R`tjc`hjs ○  Trkp`f Trkp`fgjg gjgfs fs hutr`o hutr`o`kh `khjmf jmfss gf mks jm`cfhtks

AJI@M@GJGF_ ○  @gfht` @gfht`b`o b`oj j mmks ks g`b g`bfrf frfhtf htfss i`kfmfcfhtks quf pjrt`o`pjh fh mks prkofsks i`kmÿl`oks. ○  G` G`st st`h `hlu luf f mjs mjs prkp prkp`f `fgj gj-gfs b`s`okquãc`ojs gfm jluj. ○  Gfsor` Gfsor`if if mj fstruo fstruotur turj jy buho`ÿh gf mjs g`bfrfhg`bfrfhtfs i`kckmàoumjs y v`tjv`tjc`hjs prfsfhtfs fh mks krljh`scks. ○  Yfokh Yfokhkof kof mjs prkp` prkp`f fgjgfs hutr`o`khjmfs gf mks okcpkhfhtfs quãquãc`oks prfsfhtfs fh mks jm`cfhtks.

JOW@WVGF_ ○  Tjrt`o Tjrt`o`pj `pj gf gf cjhfrj cjhfrj rfspk rfspkhsj hsjimf imf fh fm ou`gjgk gf su sjmug. ○  Wkcj gfo` gfo`s`k s`khfs hfs gf gf cjh cjhfrj frj ookhs khs-o`fhtf f `hbkrcjgj, jsuc`fhgk mjs okhsfoufho`js.

64

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

@HWYKGVOO@ßH Fstf imkquf tf jyugjrê j omjs`ojr y j okhkofr mks okcpkhfhtfs quãc`oks

quf okhst`tuyfh j mjs i`kckmàoumjs quf bkrcjh pjrtf gf mks sfrfs v`vks y jm`cfhtks. Fxpm`ojrês su okhbkrcjo`ÿh quãc`oj, jhjm`zjrês mj fstruoturj ymãp`gks, buho`ÿh gf mks i`kfmfcfhtks, y i`kckmàoumjs okck skh ojrika`grjtks, prktfãhjs y êo`gks huomf`oks, y rfokhkofrês fm pjpfm gf fstks okcpkhfhtfs fh mj hutr`o`ÿh aucjhj

OKHKO@C@FHWK_ TYFR@K_

FRJMVJO@ßH FR JMVJO@ßH G@JLHß_W@OJ Rjcks j vfr quà tjhtk sjifs jofroj gf mks okcpkhfhtfs gf mks sfrfs v`vks pkr cfg`k gf fstj fvjmujo`ÿh g`jlhÿst`oj. Gf cjhfrj `hg`v`gujm, rfspkhgf mjs s`lu`fhtfs `htfrrkljhtfs.

:. »Zuà fs uh i`kfmfcfhtk;

9. »Ouêm fs mj buho`ÿh gf mks i`kfmfcfhtks;

?. Krgfhj mks i`kfmfcfhtks, gf cjykr j cfhkr, sflþh fm pkr pkrofhtjnf ofhtjnf gf pjrt`o`pjo`ÿh fh mj bkrcjo`ÿh gf mj fstruoturj ckmfoumjr gf mks sfrfs v`vks. :. H`trÿlfhk

J) :, 9, ?, 7, 6

9. Ojmo`k

I) 9, ?, :, 6, 7

?. A`frrk

O) ?, :, 9, 7, 6

7. Ojrikhk

G) 7, 6, :, 9, ?

6. A`grÿlfhk

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

6:

 

Imkquf @@

OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_

7. »Zuà t`pk gf i`kckmàoumjs okhkofs; Fsorãifmjs.

6. »Ouêmfs fmfcfhtks quãc`oks okcpjrtfh mks ojrika`grjtks, prktfãhjs, mãp`gks y êo`gks huomf`oks;

Yfjm`ofh gf cjhfrj lrupjm, tkcjhgk turhks, mj s`lu`fhtf mfoturj. Fsouoafh okh rfspftk y jtfho`ÿh mj fxpm`ojo`ÿh gfm prkbfskr jm rfspfotk y okcfhtfh sus gugjs.

I@KFMFCFHWK_ Wkgks mks sfrfs v`vks fstêh okhst`tu`gks, pkr mks c`scks fmfcfhtks quãc`oks. Gf tkgks mks fmfcfhtks quf sf ajmmjh fh mj okrtfzj tfrrfstrf, skmk uhks 96 skh okcpk okcpk-hfhtfs gf mks sfrfs v`vks. Fstk okhrcj mj `gfj gf quf mj v`gj sf aj gfsjrrkmmjgk skirf uhks fmfcfhtks okhorftks quf pksffh uhjs prkp`fgjgfs bãs`ok-quãc`ojs `gÿ`gÿhfjs jokrgfs okh mks prkofsks quãc`oks quf sf gfsjrrkmmjh fh mks sfrfs v`vks. _f gfhkc`hjh fmfcfhtks i`klàh`oks k i`kfmfcfhtks j jqufmmks fmfcfhtks quãc`oks quf bkrcjh pjrtf gf mks sfrfs v`vks. Jtfhg`fhgk j su jiuhgjho`j (hk `cpkrtjho`j) sf pufgfh jlrupjr fh trfs ojtflkrãjs>

I@KFMFCFHWK_ TY@CJY@K_ K TY@HO@TJMF_> O, A, K, H _kh mks fmfcfhtks cjykcjykr`tjr`ks gf mj cjtfr`j v`vj, okhst`tuyfh fm 06% gf mj cjsj tktjm.

I@KFMFCFHWK_ _FOVHGJY@K_ _, T, CL, OJ, HJ, E, OM

KM@LKFMFCFHWK_

Mks fhokhtrjcks bkrcjhgk pjrtf gf tkgks mks sfrfs v`vks, y fh uhj prkpkro`ÿh gfm 7.6%.

_f gfhkc`hj jsã jm okhnuhtk gf fmffmfcfhtks quãc`oks quf fstêh prfsfhtfs fh mks krljh`scks fh bkrcj vfst`l`jm, pfrk quf skh `hg`spfhsjimfs pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk jrcÿh`ok gfm krljh`sck. _f ajh j`smjgk uhks 24 km`lkfmfcfhkm`lkfmfcfh tks fh mks sfrfs v`vks, pfrk skmjcfh skmjcfh-tf :7 gf fmmks pufgfh okhs`gfrjrsf okcuhfs pjrj ojs` tkgks, y fstks skh a`frrk, cjhljhfsk, okirf, z`ho, þkr, `kgk, s`m`o`k, vjhjg`k,y orkck, okijmtk,ikrk, sfmfh`k, ckm`igfhk fstjúk.ok-

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

69

 

JOW@R@GJG : Krljhãofhsf fh fqu`pks y rfjm`ofh uhj okhsumtj i`im`klrêb`oj jofroj gf mj buho`ÿh gf mks i`kfmfcfhtks pr`cjr`ks, sfouhgjr`ks y km`lkfmfcfhtks fh mks sfrfs v`vks. Iusoj mj `hbkrcjo`ÿh fh mj i`im`ktfoj k fh mjs pêl`hjs wfi rfok cfhgjgjs. Tufgfs `cpr`c`rmk y mmfvjrmk jm sjmÿh gf omjsfs pjrj quf fh cfsjs gf trjijnk jhjm`ofs mj okcpks`o`ÿh quãc`oj gf mks sfrfs v`vks, mmfhj fm oujgrk `htflrjgkr (pufgfs jokcpjújrmk okh `mustrjo`khfs). Okcfhtj mj `cpkrtjho`j gf mks i`kfmfcfhtks pjrj okhsfrvjr mj v`gj okh fm rfstk gfm lrupk, fsouoajh gk okh jtfho`ÿh j mks gfcês.

- 

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Têl`hjs wfi rfokcfhgjgjs skirf i`kfmfcfhtks> •

www.sjmkhakljr www.sjmk hakljr.okc/o`fho`j .okc/o`fho`js/i`kmkl`j/i`kf s/i`kmkl`j/i`kfmfcfhtks/i`kfm mfcfhtks/i`kfmfcfhtks.atcm fcfhtks.atcm

•

rfoursks.oh`of.cfo.fs/i rfoursks.oh `of.cfo.fs/i`ksbfrj/jmuchk `ksbfrj/jmuchk/9ijoa`mmfrj /9ijoa`mmfrjtk/i`kckm/okhtfh` tk/i`kckm/okhtfh`gks:.atcm  gks:.atcm 

I@KFMFCFHWK_ TY@CJY@K_ Ojrikhk A`grÿlfhk

Kxãlfhk

BVHO@ßH

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

 

Imkquf @@

OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_

TY@CJY@K_ H`trÿlfhk _FOVHGJY@K_  Jzubrf Bÿsbkrk Cjlhfs`k Ojmo`k _kg`k

Tktjs`k Omkrk KM@LKFMFCFHWK_ A`frrk Cjhljhfsk @kgk Bmþkr  Okijmtk _`m`o`k Orkck ^`ho M`t`k Ckm`igfhk

BVHO@ßH

6?

67

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

MFOWVYJ

I@KCKMÀOVMJ_ Mjs i`kckmàoumjs skh pfqufúk mjs ckmàoumjs quf okhst`tuyfh j mks sfrfs v`vks. Fstêh okc okc-pufstjs pkr uh lrupk gf fmfcfhtks. Mj ojht`gjg y krljh`zjo`ÿh gf fstks fmfcfhtks mf gjh ojrjotfrãst`ojs fspfo`jmfs j ojgj uhj gf fmmjs. _f omjs`ojh fh gks t`pks> krlêh`ojs f `hkrlêh`ojs.

@HKYLÊH@OJ_  Jluj Ljsfs _jmfs c`hfrjmfs

KYLÊH@OJ_ Lmþo`gks k ojrika`grjtks Mãp`gks Trktfãhjs  Êo`gks huomf`oks huomf`oks

B`l. 79 

TYKT@FGJGF_ GFM JLVJ »MJ_ TYKT@FGJGF_ GFM JLVJ W@FHFH @CTKYWJHO@J OVJHGK BKYCJ TJYWF GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_; Yfjm`ofh gf cjhfrj lrupjm, tkcjhgk turhks, mj s`lu`fhtf mfoturj skirf mj `cpkrtjh`cpkrtjh o`j gfm jluj fh mks sfrfs v`vks, fsouoafh okh rfspftk y jtfho`ÿh mj fxpm`ojo`ÿh gfm prkbfskr jm rfspfotk, rfjm`ofh okcfhtjr`ks k fxpkhljh sus gugjs jm rfspfotk. Fm jluj fs uhj sustjho`j ouyjs ckmàoumjs fstêh bkrcjgjs pkr gks êtkcks gf a`a` grÿlfhk y uhk gf kxãlfhk A9K. Mj hjturjmfzj s`okquãc`oj gfm jluj, jsã okck su jiuhgjho`j y g`str`iuo`ÿh ajofh gf fsj fspfo`f quãc`oj mj cês `cpkrtjhtf gf tkgjs mjs okhko`gjs.

TYKT@FGJGF_ BÃ_@OJ_

TYKT@FGJGF_ ZVÃC@OJ_

Gfhs`gjg

Yfjoo`khfs

Wfhs`ÿh supfro`jm

 pA

R`soks`gjg

_jm`h`gjg

Wfcpfrjturj

_kmuimf y g`skmvfhtf

Ojmkr fspfoãok

Yfjoo`khj okh mks cftjmfs y hk cftjmfs

Fm jluj fs okcpkhfhtf fsfho`jm gf tkgk mk quf hks rkgfj, fs fsfho`jm pjrj tkgks mks krljh`scks. Ajy jluj fh fm j`rf quf rfsp`rjcks> fs fm vjpkr quf fstê fh fm jcjc i`fhtf. Fm jluj fh bkrcj mãqu`gj ouirf  fs mj prkp`fgjg okh mj quf mjs ckmàoumjs gf jluj sf jtrjfh fhtrf Okafs`ÿh> fs sã. Mks pufhtfs gf a`grÿlfhk cjht`fhfh mjs ckmàoumjs gf jluj bufrtfcfhtf uh`gjs, bkrcjhgk uhj fstruoturj okcpjotj quf mj okhv`frtf fh uh mãqu`gk ojs` `hokcprfs`imf. Jm hk pkgfr okcpr`c`rsf, pufgf buho`khjr fh jmluhks jh`cjmfs okck uh fsqufmftk a`grkstêt`ok, okck kourrf fh jmluhks lusjhks pfrbkrjgkrfs ojpjofs gf jlunfrfjr mj rkoj cfg`jhtf mj prfs`ÿh lfhfrjgj pkr sus mãqu`gks `htfrhks. Fstks pufhtfs sf pufgfh rkcpfr bêo`mcfhtf okh mj mmfljgj gf ktrj ckmàoumj okh uh pkmk hfljt`vk k pks`t`vk, gfpfhg`fhgk gf mj ckmàoumj, k, okh fm ojmkr.. Mj bufrzj gf okafs`ÿh pfrc`tf quf fm jluj sf cjhtfhlj mãqu`gj j tfcpfojmkr tfcpfrjturjs hk fxtrfcjs.

•

Jgafs`ÿh> fm jluj, pkr su lrjh pktfho`jm gf pkmjr`gjg, oufhtj okh mj prkp`fgjg Jgafs`ÿh> fm gf mj jgafs`ÿh, fs gfo`r, fm jluj lfhfrjmcfhtf fs jtrjãgj y sf cjht`fhf jgafjgaf r`gj j ktrjs supfro`fs. Fstk fs mk quf sf okhkof okcþhcfhtf okck "cknjr". Fstj bufrzj fstê tjci`àh fh rfmjo`ÿh okh mks pufhtfs gf a`grÿlfhk quf sf fstjfstjimfofh fhtrf mjs ckmàoumjs gf jluj y ktrjs ckmàoumjs pkmjrfs y fs rfspkhsjimf,  nuhtk okh mj okafs`ÿh, okafs`ÿh, gfm mmjcjgk bfhÿcfhk bfhÿcfhk gf mj ojp`mjr`gjg.

•

Wfhs`ÿh supfro`jm> fm jluj t`fhf uhj lrjh jtrjoo`ÿh fhtrf mjs ckmàoumjs gf

su supfro`f, orfjhgk tfhs`ÿh supfro`jm. Mj supfro`f gfm mãqu`gk sf okcpkrtj okck uhj pfmãoumj ojpjz gf jmjrljrsf y jm c`sck t`fcpk kbrfofr o`frtj rfs`stfhrfs`stfh-

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

62

 

o`j jm `htfhtjr rkcpfrmj5 fstj prkp`fgjg okhtr`iuyf j quf jmluhks kinftks cuy m`lfrks ktfh fh mj supfro`f gfm jluj y jmluhks `hsfotks pufgfh fstjr skirf fmmj s`h sucfrl`rsf f `homusk ajy jh`cjmfs quf okrrfh skirf fmmj. •

Joo`ÿh ojp`mjr> fm ojp`mjr> fm jluj oufhtj okh mj prkp`fgjg gf mj ojp`mjr`gjg, quf fs mj bjoumtjg gf jsofhsk k gfsofhsk gf uh mãqu`gk gfhtrk gf uh tuik ojp`mjr. Fstk sf gfiffhjuh sus prkp`fgjgfs gf jgafs`ÿh y okafs`ÿh. Oujhgk sf `htrkguof uh ojp`mjr rfo`p`fhtf okh jluj, fstj jso`fhgf fspkhtêhfjcfhtf pkr fm ojp`mjr okck s` trfpjsf "jljrrêhgksf" pkr mjs pjrfgfs, ajstj jmojhzjr uh h`vfm supfr`kr jm gfm rfo`p`fhtf, gkhgf mj prfs`ÿh quf fnfrof mj okmuchj gf jluj sf fqu`m`irj okh mj prfs`ÿh ojp`mjr. J fstf bfhÿcfhk sf gfif, fh pjrtf, mj jsofhs`ÿh gf mj sjv`j irutj, gfsgf mjs rjãofs ajstj mjs aknjs, j trjvàs gf mks vjsks mfúksks.

•

B`l. 72 

Ojmkr fspfoãok> fstj prkp`fgjg tjci`àh sf fhoufhtrj fh rfmjo`ÿh g`rfotj okh

mj ojpjo`gjg gfm jluj pjrj bkrcjr pufhtfs gf a`grÿlfhk `htfrckmfoumjrfs. Fm ojmkr fspfoãok gfm jluj sf gfhf okck mj ojht`gjg gf fhfrlãj hfofsjr`j pjrj fmfvjr mj tfcpfrjturj fh uh lrjgk Ofms`us j uh lrjck gf jluj fh okhg`o`khfs fstêhgjr,, y fs gf : ojm/´O•l, quf fs `lujm j 7:174 N/E•l. Fstj prkp`fgjg fs buh fstêhgjr buh-gjcfhtjm pjrj mks sfrfs v`vks (y mj i`ksbfrj fh lfhfrjm) yj quf, lrjo`js j fstk, fm jluj rfguof mks ojci`ks irusoks gf tfcpfrjturj, s`fhgk uh fxofmfhtf rflurflumjgkr tàrc`ok. Vh fnfcpmk skh mjs tfcpfrjturjs tjh sujvfs quf ajy fh mjs zkhjs okstfrjs. Wjci`àh Wjci`àh jyugj j rflumjr mj tfcpfrjturj gf mks jh`cjmfs y mjs oàmumjs pfrc`t`fhgk quf fm o`tkpmjscj jouksk s`rvj gf prktfoo`ÿh jhtf mks ojci`ks gf tfcpfrjturj. Jsã sf cjht`fhf mj tfcpfrjturj okhstjhtf. •

Wfcpfrjturj Wfcpfrjturj gf bus`ÿh> bus`ÿh> fm  fm jluj t`fhf uh puhtk gf bus`ÿh fmfvjgk, mk quf pfrc`pfrc`tf quf sf fhbrãf cês mfhtjcfhtf quf ktrks mãqu`gks y fstk j su vfz pfrc`tf quf mjs oàmumjs sfjh cês rfs`stfhtfs jm okhlfmjc`fhtk.

•

Wfcpfrjturj gf fvjpkrjo`ÿh> fm fvjpkrjo`ÿh> fm puhtk gf vjpkr`zjo`ÿh gfm jluj fs fmfvjgk5 fs gfo`r, sf rfqu`frf lrjh ojht`gjg gf ojmkr s`h quf sf ckg`quf su tfcpfrjturj pjrj quf subrj fvjpkrjo`ÿh. Fstj prkp`fgjg jyugj j cjhtfhfr mj tfcpfrjturj okrpkrjm, pkr fnfcpmk, gf uhj pfrskhj jm sugjr, fm ojmkr gf su oufrpk pjsj jm sugkr y mj fvjpkrjo`ÿh gfm c`sck ijnj mj tfcpfrjturj gfm oufrpk.

•

Gfhs`gjg> mj gfhs`gjg gfm jluj mãqu`gj fs cuy fstjimf y vjrãj pkok okh mks Gfhs`gjg> mj ojci`ks gf tfcpfrjturj y prfs`ÿh. _u puhtk gf okhlfmjo`ÿh fs j mks 7¾O y fh fstjgk sÿm`gk fs cês gfhsj quf fh fstjgk mãqu`gk, ojrjotfrãst`oj quf fxpm`oj pkr quà fm a`fmk ktj y sf joucumj fh mj pjrtf supfro`jm gf mks oufrpks gf jluj, pfrc`t`fhgk jsã mj v`gj fh fm cfg`k jouêt`ok gf mjs rfl`khfs pkmjrfs. Mj gfhs`gfhs`gjg gfm jluj, jsã okck sus puhtks gf fiumm`o`ÿh y okhlfmjo`ÿh sf ckg`ojh jm jlrfljrmf o`frtks skmutks pkr fnfcpmk sjm (HjOm). Fhtrf cjykr ojht`gjg gf sjm sf mf jlrfluf jm jluj, su gfhs`gjg jucfhtj.

YFMJO@ßH GFM JLVJ OKH MK_ TYKOF_K_ I@KMßL@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_ TYKT@FGJGF_ I@KMßL@OJ_ GFM JLVJ

Fm jluj fs fsfho`jm pjrj tkgks mks t`pks t`pks gf v`gj. Mjs pr`ho`pjmfs buho` buho`khfs khfs i`kmÿl` i`kmÿl`-ojs gfm jluj skh mjs s`lu`fhtfs>

B`l. 7 mjs sjmfs c`hfrjmfs sf fhoufhtrjh fh mj cjtfr`j quf okcpkhfh j mj oàmumj fh bkrcjs prfo`p`tjgjs, g`sufmtjs k uh`gjs j ckmàoumjs krlêh`ojs. B`l. 70

Mj buho`ÿh gf mjs sjmfs c`hfrjmfs sf ofhtrj fh fm orfo`c`fhtk y mj sjmug gfm oufrpk aucjhk fh lfhfrjm. _u hjm`gjg mj gf ajofr pks`imf mj rfjm`zjo`ÿh gf o`frtks prkofsks quãc`oks y bkrcjrpr`ho`pjm jmluhjsfsfstruoturjs quf fm krljh`sck hfofs`tj.

61

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

_f pufgfh omjs`ojr gf mj s`lu`fhtf cjhfrj>

MJ_ _JMF_ C@HFYJMF_ TYFO@T@WJGJ_

MJ_ _JMF_ C@HFYJMF_ G@_VFMWJ_

Okcpkhfh fstruoturjs sÿm`gjs quf gjh skstàh prktfoo`ÿh, okck fm ojrikhjtk gf ojmo`k prfsfhtf fh mj okhst`tuo`ÿh gf aufsks y g`fhtfs, y fh mjs okhoajs gf mks ckmusoks (okck fm ojrjokm k mj kstrj).

 Jm g`skmvfr mj sjm, mks `khfs quf pjrt`o`pjh fh su okcpks`o`ÿh sf sfpjrjh. Fstjs pjrtãoumjs sf gfhkc`hjh fmfotrkm`tks pkr tfhfr mj ojpjo`ojpjo`gjg gf okhguo`r okrr`fhtf fmàotr`oj. Mjs oàmumjs y mks u`gks fxtrjofmumjrfs okht`fhfh lrjh vjvjr`fgjg gf sjmfs c`hfrjmfs fh bkrcj gf `khfs> ojt`khfs y jh`khfs. Mj okhofhtrjo`ÿh gf sjmfs fh mjs oàmumjs y fh mks u`gks okrpkrjmfs fs cã cã-h`cj, fh mj cjykrãj gf mks jh`cjmfs cjr`hks fs jprkx`cjgjcfhtf gf ?.7%5 fh mks vfrtfirjgks gf jluj gumof y tfrrfstrf fs `hbfr`kr jm :% gf su prktkpmjscj. Wkcjgk gf Rêzqufz, Y. (94:4).

F_WYVOWVYJ P BVHO@ßH GF I@KCKMÀOVMJ_ KYLÊH@OJ_ »Ouêmfs skh mjs pr`ho`pjmfs i`kckmàoumjs krlêh`ojs;

_@WVJO@ßH G@GÊOW@OJ Yfjm`ofh gf cjhfrj lrupjm, tkcjhgk turhks, mj s`lu`fhtf mfoturj, fsouoafh okh rfsrfspftk y jtfho`ÿh mj fxpm`ojo`ÿh gfm prkbfskr jm rfspfotk, okcfhtfh sus gugjs. _`h_`htft`ofh mj `hbkrcjo`ÿh pjrj mmfhjr fm oujgrk `htflrjgkr quf sf prfsfhtj jm hjm gfm imkquf.

I@KCKMÀOVMJ_ KYLÊH@OJ_ OJYIKA@GYJWK_ _kh ckmàoumjs krlêh`ojs okcpufstjs pkr ojrikhk, a`grÿlfhk y kxãlfhk. _kh skmu skmu-imfs fh jluj y sf omjs`ojh gf joufrgk okh mj ojht`gjg gf ojrikhk k pkr fm lrupk buho`khjm quf t`fhfh jgafr`gk. _kh mj bkrcj i`kmÿl`oj pr`cjr`j gf jmcjofhjc`fhtk y okhsuck gf fhfrlãj. Mks lmþo`gks t`fhfh fhmjofs quãc`oks g`bão`mfs gf rkcpfr mmjcjgks okvjmfhtfs, c`scks quf pksffh lrjh ojht`gjg gf fhfrlãj, quf fs m`ifrjgj

B`l. 64 

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

60

 

Imkquf @@

OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_

jm rkcpfrsf fstks fhmjofs. Vhj pjrtf gf fstj fhfrlãj fs jprkvfoajgj pkr fm krlj krlj-h`sck okhsuc`gkr, okhsuc`gkr, y ktrj pjrtf fs jmcjofhjgj fh fm krljh`sck. Mks ojrika`grjtks pufgfh sfr>

B`l. 6:

 Jgfcês gf mj `cpkrtjho`j quf t`fhfh mks ojrika`grjtks okck bufhtfs gf fhfrlãj, tjci`àh t`fhfh ktrjs buho`khfs i`kmÿl`ojs fh mks sfrfs v`vks, fhtrf mjs quf pkgfcks cfho`khjr mjs s`lu`fhtfs> •

Yfsfrvj, okck fm lmuoÿlfhk fh jh`cjmfs y fm jmc`gÿh fh mjs pmjhtjs.

• •

Fstruoturjmfs, okck mj ofmumksj fh pmjhtjs y mj qu`t`hj fh jmluhks `hsfotks. Okhst`tuyfhtfs gfm cjtfr`jm lfhàt`ok, okck mj r`iksj y gfskx`rr`iksj fh mks êo`êo`gks huomf`oks.

_f pufgfh omjs`ojr fh> •

Ckhksjoêr`gks> hk Ckhksjoêr`gks>  hk sf pufgfh gfsokcpkhfr pkr a`grÿm`s`s fh ktrks lmþo`gks.

•

G`sjoêr`gks> okcpufstks gf jzþojrfs s`cpmfs, hfofs`tjh quf fm oufrpk mks okhv`frtj fh ckhksjoêr`gks jhtfs gf quf sf pufgjh jiskrifr fh fm trjotk jm`jm` cfhtjr`k.

•

Km`lksjoêr`gks> skh pkmãcfrks quf okht`fhfh gf trfs j hufvf uh`gjgfs gf ck Km`lksjoêr`gks> skh ck-hksjoêr`gks k êo`gk urÿh`ok, sf pufgfh gfsokcpkhfr fh ktrks lmþo`gks okck mks g`sjoêr`gks (gks ckhksjoêr`gks uh`gks) k pkm`sjoêr`gks (cês gf g`fz ckckhksjoêr`gks).

•

Tkm`sjoêr`gks (cês Tkm`sjoêr`gks  (cês gf g`fz ckhksjoêr`gks).

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

24

 

CKHK_JOÊY@GK_ _kh jzþojrfs sfho`mmks, hk a`grkm`zjimfs, gf ? j < êtkcks gf O (tr`ksjs, tftrksjs, pfhtksjs, afxksjs). Fstêh bkrcjgks pkr uhj skmj ckmàoumj5 hk pufgfh sfr a`grkm`zjgks j lmþo`gks cês pfqufúks. Mj bÿrcumj quãc`oj lflf hfrjm gf uh ckhksjoêr`gk hk ckg`ojgk fs (OA9K)h, gkhgf h fs oujmqu`fr hþcfrk `lujm k cjykr j trfs, su mãc`tf fs gf < ojrikhks. Fnfcpmks> •

Lmuoksj> buho`ÿh fhfrlàt`oj. Tr`ho`pjm okciust`imf cftjiÿm`ok. OkcpkOkcpkhfhtf gf pkm`sjoêr`gks fstruoturjmfs y fhfrlàt`oks.

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Bruotksj> okciust`imf cftjiÿm`ok. Bkrcj pjrtf gf mj sjojrksj. Jpjrfo Bruotksj> okciust`imf Jpjrfof f fh brutjs y mãqu`gks sfc`hjmfs.

•

Y`iksj> sf fhoufhtrj fh fm JYH.

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Gfskx`rr`iksj> sf fhoufhtrj fh JGH.

G@_JOÊY@GK_ _kh km`lksjoêr`gks bkrcjgks pkr mj uh`ÿh gf gks ckhksjoêr`gks cfg`jhtf uh fhmjof K lmuoksãg`ok. W`fhfh mjs prkp`fgjgfs gf sfr or`stjm`zjimfs, gumgum ofs, skmuimfs y, cfg`jhtf a`grÿm`s`s sf gfsgkimjh fh ckhksjoêr`gks. Tr`ho`pjmfs g`sjoêr`gks •

Cjmtksj (lmuoksj - lmuoksj)> prkguotk lmuoksj)> prkguotk gf mj a`grÿm`s`s gfm jmc`gÿh y fm lmuoÿlfhk.

•

Mjotksj (lmuoksj - ljmjotksj)> sf ljmjotksj)> sf fhoufhtrj fh mj mfoaf.

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_jojrksj (lmuoksj - bruotksj)> jzþojr bruotksj)>  jzþojr okcþh quf sf fxtrjf gf mj ojúj gf jzþojr y gf mj rfckmjoaj jzuojrfrj.

KM@LK_JOÊY@GK_ Fstêh okcpufstks pkr fhtrf trfs y hufvf ckmàoumjs gf ckhksjoêr`gks quf jm a`grkm`zjrsf sf m`ifrjh. Mks km`lksjoêr`gks sf fhoufhtrjh okh brfoufho`j uh`gks j prktfãhjs, bkrcjhgk mjs lmuokprktfãhjs.

TKM@_JOÊY@GK_ _kh ojgfhjs, rjc`ojgjs k hk, gf cês gf g`fz ckhksjoêr`gks (fh fstf ojsk j fstjs uh`gjgfs sf mfs mmjcj ckhÿcfrks) uh`gks pkr uh fhmjof lmuoksãg`ok. Mks pkm`sjoêr`gks rfprfsfhtjh uhj omjsf `cpkrtjhtf gf pkmãcfrks i`kmÿl`oks. _u buho`ÿh fh mks krljh`scks v`vks fstê rfmjo`khjgj usujmcfhtf okh fstruofstruo turj k jmcjofhjc`fhtk. Fm jmc`gÿh y fm lmuoÿlfhk jotþjh okck rfsfrvjs fhfrlàt`ojs y skh a`grkm`zja`grkm`zj gks fh lmuoksjs oujhgk fstjs skh hfofsjr`js. Mj joucumjo`ÿh gf lmuoksj m`irf fh mjs oàmumjs lfhfrjrãj prkimfcjs kscÿt`oks. Mj ofmumksj y mj qu`t`hj skh pkm`sjoêr`gks fstruoturjmfs. Mks fhmjofs fhtrf mks ckhksjoêr`gks skh cês rfs`stfhtfs j mj a`grÿm`s`s.

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

2:

 

Imkquf @@

OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_

•

Jmc`gÿh> pkmãcfrk gf mj lmuoksj, fs usjgk okck uhj bkrcj gf jmcjofhjr ckckhksjoêr`gks fh mjs pmjhtjs, s`fhgk fhokhtrjgk fh mj bkrcj gf jc`mjsj y jc`mk pfot`hj (rjc`ojgj), jpjrfofh bkrcjhgk lrêhumks ojrjotfrãst`oks> jc`mkpmjstks. jc`mkpmjstks.  Jiuhgjhtf fh mj pjpj y fh cuoajs sfc`mmjs sfc`mmjs..

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Lmuoÿlfhk> fh jh`cjmfs, sf usj fm lmuoÿlfhk fh vfz gf jmc`gÿh, fm oujm fs fstruoturjmcfhtf s`c`mjr j mj jc`mkpfot`hj, pfrk cês gfhsjcfhtf rjc`ojgk. Fs uhj rfsfrvj fhfrlàt`oj fh jh`cjmfs. _f joucumj fh fm aãljgk y fh mks cþsou mks. Mjs prkp`fgjgfs gfm lmuoÿlfhk mf pfrc`tfh sfr cftjikm`zjgk cês rêp`gjrêp`gjcfhtf, mk oujm sf jnustj j mj v`gj jot`vj gf mks jh`cjmfs okh mkokcko`ÿh.

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Ofmumksj> pkmãcfrk gf mj lmuoksj. Fstruoturj m`hfjm hk rjc`ojgj. Fs mj ckmàckmà oumj cês jiuhgjhtf fh mj hjturjmfzj. W`fhf buho`ÿh fstruoturjm fh vflftjmfs> pr`ho`pjm okcpkhfhtf gf mj pjrfg ofmumjr. _u fstruoturj m`hfjm bjvkrfof mj g`sg`s pks`o`ÿh fh pjrjmfmk gf vjr`js ckmàoumjs quf sf uhfh cfg`jhtf pufhtfs gf a`grÿlfhk. G`bão`mcfhtf g g`lfr`imf, `lfr`imf, skmk o`frtjs ijotfr`js (okck mjs q quf uf v`vfh fh s`ci`ks`s fh fm fstÿcjlk gf mks ruc`jhtfs) prkguofh fhz`cjs ojpjofs gf a`grkm`zjr mj ofmumksj.

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Zu`t`hj> pkmãcfrk gf uh gfr`vjgk gf mj lmuoksj, mj H-joft`mlmuoksjc`hj. _u buh Zu`t`hj> pkmãcfrk buh-o`ÿh fstruoturjm> okcpkhfhtf gf mj pjrfg ofmumjr gf mks akhlks y gfm fxkfsqufmftk gf pr`ho`pjm jrtrÿpkgks.

MÃT@GK_ _kh i`kckmàoumjs krlêh`ojs bkrcjgjs pkr O, A y K5 fh jmluhks ojsks tjci`àh T y H. _kh `hskmuimfs fh jluj, pfrk skmuimfs fh g`skmvfhtfs krlêh`oks jpkmjrfs. Trf sfhtjh uh ir`mmk ojrjotfrãst`ok y skh uhtuksks jm tjotk. Mks mãp`gks, tjci`àh okhko`okhko` gks okck lrjsjs, jof`tfs y ofrjs, skh êo`gks krlêh`oks, pkrquf fstruoturjmcfhtf sf bkrcjh gf ojgfhjs gf ojrikhk uh`gks j a`grÿlfhk y okh uh fxtrfck quf okht`fhf uh lrupk ojrikx`mk, ‟OKKA. Mks mãp`gks oucpmfh buho`khfs g`vfrsjs fh mks krljh`scks v`v`fhtfs, fhtrf mj gf rfsfrvj fhfrlàt`oj (tr`lm`oàr`gks), mj fmmjs fstruoturjm (bksbk(bksbkmãp`gks gf mjs i`ojpjs) y mj rflumjgkrj (fstf(fstf rk`gfs). B`l. 69 

Mks êo`gks lrjsks skh okcpkhfhtfs buhgjcfhtjmfs gf mks bksbkmãp`gks y fshlkmãp` fshlkmãp`-gks, ckmàoumjs quf bkrcjh mj i`ojpj m`pãg`oj gf mjs cfcirjhjs gf tkgjs mjs oàmumjs, skh prfourskrfs gf ktrjs sustjho`js okh lrjh jot`v`gjg i`kmÿl`oj quf `htfrv`fhfh fh mj rflumjo`ÿh y okhtrkm gf hucfrksks prkofsks v`tjmfs, okck mj rfspufstj `hjcj`hjcj tkr`j, rflumjo`ÿh gf mj tfcpfrjturj okrpkrjm, prkofsks gf okjlumjo`ÿh sjhluãhfj, okhtrjoo`ÿh gfm cþsoumk m`sk, fto. _f omjs`ojh gf mj s`lu`fhtf cjhfrj>

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

29

 

ÊO@GK_ LYJ_K_ _kh êo`gks ckhkojrikxãm`oks gf ojgfhj mjrlj (gf :7 j 99 O, s`fcprf fh hþcfrk pjr). Mks êo`gks lrjsks skh okcpkhfhtfs gf cuoaks mãp`gks y prfourskrfs gf ktrks.

W@TK_ •

_jturjgks

Hk prfsfhtjh gkimfs fhmjofs fh mj ojgfhj a`grkojrikhjgj. _kh cês jiuhgjhtfs fh lrjsjs gf jh`cjmfs. Fnfcpmks> prfgkc`hjh fh lrjsj gf kr`lfh jh`cjm, êo`gk pjmcãt`ok gf kr`kr`lfh vflftjm (:2 O), êo`gk fstfêr`ok (:1 O). •

@hsjturjgks

Trfsfhtjh uhk k cês gkimfs fhmjofs fh mj ojgfhj a`grkojrikhjgj. TrfgkTrfgkc`hjh fh lrjsjs gf kr`lfh vflftjm. Fnfcpmks> êo`gk kmf`ok, êo` êo`gk gk m`hkmf`ok, êo` êo`gk gk jrjqu`gÿh`ok.

OMJ_@B@OJO@ßH •

j. Mãp`gks s sjpkh`ojimfs jpkh`ojimfs (mãp`gks okcpmfnks)

_kh àstfrfs bkrcjgks pkr uh jmokakm y êo`gks lrjsks. :. Lrjsjs hfutrjs (jo`mlm`oàr`gks)  

Fstruoturj

 

Bkrcjgjs pkr lm`ofr`hj + :-? êo`gks lrjsks. Mks cês `cpkrtjhtfs skh mks tr`lm`oàr`gks. Tufgfh sfr lrjsjs s`cpmfs (êo`gks lrjsks `lujmfs) k c`xtjs (êo`gks lrjsks g`bfrfhtfs). Tkr su okhs`stfho`j skh sfiks (lrj(lrjsjs sÿm`gjs), cjhtfojs (sfc`sÿm`gjs) y jof`tfs (mãqu`gjs). Mks sfiks y cjhtfojs skh ojrjotfrãst`oks gf mks jh`cjmfs y t`fhfh prfgkc`h`k gf êo`gks lrjsks sjturjgks. Mks jof`tfs skh ojrjotfrãst`oks gf mks vflftjmfs y okht`fhfh pr`ho`pjmcfhtf êo`gks lrjsks `hsjturjgks.

 

Buho`khfs

 

Yfsfrvj fhfrlàt`oj fh jh`cjmfs y vflftjmfs (prkguofh cês ojmkrãjs pkr lrjck quf mks lmþo`gks y mjs prktfãhjs), prktfoo`ÿh, j`smjc`fhtk tàrc`ok (sf gfpks`tjh ijnk mj p`fm gf mks jh`cjmfs gf sjhlrf ojm`fhtf y fv`tjh mjs pàrg`gjs gf ojmkr).

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

2?

 

Imkquf @@

OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_

9. Ofrjs  

Buho`khfs

 

Fstruoturjm y prktfotkrj. Bkrcjh mj pfmãoumj quf `cpfrcfji`m`zj mj supfro`f gf mjs aknjs y brutks gf mjs pmjhtjs. Fh mks jh`cjmfs, bkrcjh oui`frtjs prktfotkrjs gf mj p`fm, pfmk y pmucjs, jsã okck gfm fxkfsqufmftk gf cuoaks `hsfotks. ?. Bksbkmãp`gks

 

Bkrcjgks pkr lm`ofr`hj + 9 êo`gks lrjsks + êo`gk bksbÿr`ok. + jc`hkjmokakm

 BK_BKMÃT@GK

 

Buho`ÿh

 

_kh ^khj pkmjr (lm`ofr`hj, êo`gk bksbÿr`ok y jc`hkjmok jc`hkjmok-akm)5 ckmàoumjs zkhj jpkmjrjhpêt`ojs> (êo`gks lrjsks).

 

Okh buho`ÿh fstruoturjm> _kh uhk gf mks pr`ho`pjmfs okcpkhfhtfs gf tkgjs mjs cfcirjhjs gf tkgjs mjs oàmumjs, fh mjs quf sf g`spkhfh bkrcjhgk i`ojpjs.

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i. Mãp`gks hk sjpkh`ojimfs (mãp`gks s`cpmfs)

Hk okht`fhfh êo`gks lrjsks y hk skh àstfrfs. Okhst`tuyfh uh lrupk gf ckmàoumjs okh lrjh jot`v`gjg i`kmÿl`oj quf gfsfcpfújh buho`khfs cuy vjr`jgjs. :. Wfrpfhks  

Trfsfhtjh gkimfs fhmjofs jmtfrhks, pkr mk quf brfoufhtfcfhtf skh ckmàoumjs okmkrfjgjs.

 

Buho`khfs •

Fsfho`js vflftjmfs (cfhtkm, lfrjh`km, m`ckhfhk, jmojhbkr).

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R`tjc`hjs J, E y F.

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Ojrktfhk`gfs (m`okpfhk -rknk, Û ojrktfhk -jhjrjhnjgk, xjhtkmj -jcjr`mmk). _kh p`lcfhtks fs prfourskr gfbktks`htàt`oks mj v`tjc`hj J.quf okcpmfcfhtjh j mj omkrkmj. Fm Û ojrktfhk

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

27

 

9. Fstfrk`gfs _f g`bfrfho`jh uhks gf ktrks fh fm hþcfrk y pks`o`ÿh gf gkimfs fhmjofs y fh fm t`pk, hþcfrk y pks`o`ÿh gf mks lrupks buho`khjmfs sust`tuyfhtfs.  

Buho`khfs •

Fstruoturjm> fm okmfstfrkm sf fhoufhtrj fh mjs cfcirjhjs ofmumjrfs gf cuoaks jh`cjmfs y fh mjs m`pkprktfãhjs gfm pmjscj sjhluãhfk. Fs, jgfcês, prfourskr gf ktrks fstfrk`gfs.

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_u joucumjo`ÿh fh mjs pjrfgfs gf mks vjsks sjhluãhfks. Fs rfsrfspkhsjimf gf mj jrtfr`ksomfrks`s.

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Mks êo`gks i`m`jrfs skh gfr`vjgks gfm okmfstfrkm quf bjo`m`tjh mj fcums`ÿh gf mjs lrjsjs.

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R`tjcãh`oj> fm frlkstfrkm fs prfourskr gf mj v`tjc`hj G5 sf trjhsbkr cj fh fmmj fh mj p`fm pkr joo`ÿh gf mj muz umtrjv`kmftj.

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Akrckhjm> prklfstfrkhj y fstrjg`km (akrckhjs sfxujmfs bfcfh`bfcfh`hjs)5 tfstkstfrkhj (akrckhj sfxujm cjsoum`hj)5 jmgkstfrkhj (okr t`ok`gf).

TYKWFÃHJ_ _kh i`kckmàoumjs krlêh`ojs bkrcjgjs pkr O, A, K, H y _, y pufgfh jpjjpj rfofr ktrks fmfcfhtks fh cfhkr prkpkro`ÿh. _kh cjorkckmàoumjs gf fmfvjgk pfsk ckmfoumjr bkrcjgjs pkr mj pkm`cfr`zjo`ÿh gf jc`hkêo`gks. Okhst`tuyfh uh 64% gfm pfsk sfok gf uh krljh`sck. _kh fspfoãojs gf ojgj fspfo`f f `homusk gf ojgj krljh`sck. I`kmÿl`ojcfhtf cuy jot`vjs. Gfsfcpfújh uhj lrjh g`vfrs`gjg gf buho`khfs.

JC@HKÊO@GK_> W`fhfh fh okcþh ojrikhk, lrupk ojrikx`mk (-OKKA) y fm lrupk jc`hk (-HA9). _u pjrtf vjr`jimf rjg`ojm. Fx`stfh vf`htf rjg`ojmfs g`st`htks fh mks jc`hkêo`gks quf okhst`tuyfh mjs prktfãhjs gf mks sfrfs v`vks.

FHMJOF TFTWÃG@OK Fs fm fhmjof fhtrf fm lrupk ojrikx`mk gf uh jc`hkêo`gk y fm jc`hk gf ktrk, m`ifrêhgksf uhj ckmàoumj gf jluj. Fs mj uh`ÿh gf gks jc`hkêo`gks cfcf g`jhtf uh fhmjof pfptãg`ok quf sf gfhkc`hj g`pàpt`gk. _` fm hþcfrk gf jc`hkêo`gks fs cfhkr gf o`fh, sf gfhkc`hj pkm`pàpt`gk y okh cês gf o`fh fs uhj prktfãhj. Mj buho`ÿh gf mjs prktfãhjs fstê rfmjo`khjgj okh su fstruoturj tr`g`cfhtr`g`cfhs`khjm. _f pufgfh g`st`hlu`r oujtrk h`vfmfs gf okcpmfn`gjg fstruoturjm orforfo`fhtf> pr`cjr`j, sfouhgjr`j, tfro`jr`j y oujtfrhjr`j.

B`l. 6?

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

 

Imkquf @@

OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_

B`l. 67

26

22

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

BVHO@KHF_ GF MJ_ TYKWFÃHJ TYKWFÃHJ_ _ Mjs prktfãhjs gftfrc`hjh mj bkrcj y mj fstruoturj gf mjs oàmumjs y g`r`lfh ojs` tkgks mks prkofsks v`tjmfs. Mjs buho`khfs gf mjs prktfãhjs skh fspfoãojs gf ojgj uhj gf fmmjs y pfrc`tfh j mjs oàmumjs cjhtfhfr su `htflr`gjg, gfbfhgfrsf gf jlfhtfs fxtfr hks, rfpjrjr gjúks, okhtrkmjr y rflumjr buho`khfs, fto. Mjs prktfãhjs fstruoturjmfs sf jlrfljh j ktrjs ckmàoumjs gf mj c`scj prktfãhj pjrj kr`l`hjr uhj fstruoturj cjykr. _`h fcijrlk, ktrjs prktfãhjs sf uhfh j ckmàoumjs g`st`htjs> mks jht`oufrpks j mks jhtãlfhks fspfoãoks, mj afcklmki`hj jm kxãlfhk, mjs fhz`cjs j sus sustrjtks, mks rflumjgkrfs gf mj fxprfs`ÿh làh`oj jm JGH, mjs akrckakrckhjs j sus rfofptkrfs r fofptkrfs fspfoãoks, fto.

GF_HJWVYJM@^JO@ßH GF MJ_ TYKWFÃHJ_ Fs mj pàrg`gj gf mj jot`v`gjg gf uhj prktfãhj jm pfrgfr su fstruoturj tfro`jr`j pkr jmlþh ojci`k fh fm cfg`k (tfcpfrjturj, pA, sjm`h`gjg, okcpks`o`ÿh, rjg`jo`khfs, fto.). _` fm ojci`k hk aj s`gk cuy grêst`ok, sf pufgf prkguo`r mj rfhjturjm`zjo`ÿh gf mj prktfãhj, rfoupfrjhgk su fstruoturj y su jot`v`gjg. Têl`hjs wfi rfokcfhgjgjs> • www.so www.so`fht`opsyoa`o `fht`opsyoa`o.okc/thfss/jc`hk .okc/thfss/jc`hkjo`gks.atcm jo`gks.atcm

»ZVÀ _KH MJ_ R@WJC@HJ_; Wkgks mks t`pks gf v`tjc`hjs skh uhj sustjho`j quãc`oj, krlêh`oj y hfofsjr`j pjrj fm cjhtfh`c`fhtk gf mjs buho`khfs krlêh`ojs y gf mj v`gj. _kh ojtjm`zjgkrjs cftjiÿm`ojs `hg`spfh`hg`spfhsjimfs, kpt`c`zjh, ljrjht`zjh y pfrbfopfrbfoo`khjh mks prkofsks krlêh`oks. Fm krljkrlj h`sck hk pufgf s`htft`zjr mjs v`tjc`hjs okh fxofpo`ÿh gf mj G. _kh fmfcfhtks gf `hlfstj fsfho`jm.

B`l. 66 

»TKY ZVÀ _F MMJCJH J_Ã; Fm tàrc`hk v`tjc`hjs v`tjc`hjs buf  buf ut`m`zjgk pkr pr`cfrj vfz fh fh :0:9, pkr fm i`kquãc`ok O. Buhe (:117 - :02 •

A`grkskmuimfs> v`tjc`hj O y okcokcpmfnk I.

•

M`pkskmuimfs> v`tjc`hj J, F, G y E.

R`tjc`hjs a`grkskmuimfs> sf g`sufmg`sufmvfh fh jluj y fstêh prfsfhtfs fh mjs pjrtfs jouksjs gf mks jm`cfhtks. _f jiskrifh cfg`jhtf mj g`bus`ÿh s`cpmf k trjhspkrtf jot`vk. _u fxofsk sf fxfxorftj pkr mj kr`hj y fm oufrpk hk t`fhf mj ojpjo`gjg gf jmcjofhjrmjs, pkr mk quf sf fm`c`hjh bêo`mcfhtf. Fs hfofhfofsjr`k okhsuc`rmjs g`jr`jcfhtf, y sf pufgfh kitfhfr gf brutjs, vfrgurjs, mfoaf y prkguotks oêrh`oks. • •

R`tjc`hj O k êo`gk jsoÿri`ok R`tjc`hj I: k t`jc`hj

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R`tjc`hj I9 k r`ikjv`hj

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R`tjc`hj I? k h`jo`hj

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R`tjc`hj I6 k êo`gk pjhtktàh`ok

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R`tjc`hj I2 k p`r`gkx`hj

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R`tjc`hj I1 k i`kt`hj

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R`tjc`hj I0 k êo`gk bÿm`ok

• R`tjc`hj I:9 k o`jhkokijmjc`hj R`tjc`hjs m`pkskmuimfs> fstjs v`tjc`v`tjc`hjs sf g`sufmvfh fh jof`tfs y lrjsjs y sf fhoufhtrjh fh mjs pjrtfs m`pkskmum`pkskmuimfs gf mks jm`cfhtks. _f trjhspkrtjh fh mãp`gks y skh gf g`bão`m fm`c`hjo`ÿh. _f kit`fhfh gf brutjs, vfrgurjs, pfspfsojgk, yfcjs gf aufvk y jmluhks brubru tks sfoks. •

R`tjc`hj J k rft`hkm

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R`tjc`hj G k ojmo`bfrkm

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R`tjc`hj F k j-tkokbfrkm R`tjc`hj E k tkcfhjg`khj B`l. 62 

21

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

 

Vhj jm`cfhtjo`ÿh fqu`m`irjgj prkpkro`khj uhj ojht`gjg suo`fhtf gf fstjs v`tjc`v`tjc` hjs. Mjs pfrskhjs gf cês gf 64 júks y jmluhks vflftjr`jhks pkgrãjh hfofs`tjr usjr supmfcfhtks pjrj kitfhfr suo`fhtf v`tjc`hj I:9. R@WJC@HJ_ A@GYK_KMVI MF_ HVWY@FHWF

BVHO@ßH

BVFHWF_

W`jc`hj (v`tjc`hj I:)

Tjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfofsjr`j pjrj fm cftjikm`sck gf fhfrlãj5 `cpkrtjhtf pjrj mj buho`ÿh hfrv`ksj

_f fhoufhtrj fh tkgks mks jm`cfhtks huhutr`t`vks fh ojht`gjgfs ckgfrjgjs> ofrgk, pjhfs y ofrfjmfs gf lrjhk `htflrjm k fhfh r`qufo`gks, mflucirfs, hufofs y sfc`mmjs

Y`ikjv`hj (v`tjc`hj I9)

Tjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfofsjr`j pjrj fm cftjikm`sck gf fhfrlãj5 `cpkrtjhtf pjrj mj v`s`ÿh hkrcjm y mj sjmug gf mj p`fm

Mfoaf y prkguotks mêotfks, vfrgurjs gf aknjs vfrgfs, pjhfs y ofrfjmfs gf lrjhk `htflrjm y fhr`qufo`gks

H`jo`hj (v`tjc`hj I?)

Tjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfofsjr`j pjrj fm cftjikm`sck gf fhfrlãj5 `cpkrtjhtf pjrj fm s`stfcj hfrv`ksk, fm jpjrjtk g`g`lfst`vk y mj sjmug gf mj p`fm

Ojrhf, jvfs, pfsojgk, pjhfs y ofrfjmfs gf lrjhk `htflrjm k fhr`qufo`gks, vfrguvfrgurjs (fspfo`jmcfhtf akhlks, fspêrrjlks y vfrgurjs gf aknj vfrgf), cjhtfoj gf cjhã (ojojaujtf)

 Êo`gk pjhtktàh`ok

Tjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfofsjr`j pjrj fm cftjikm`sck gf fhfrlãj

_f fhoufhtrj fh mj cjykrãj gf mks jm`cfhtks

I`kt`hj

Tjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfofsjr`j pjrj fm cftjikm`sck gf fhfrlãj

_f fhoufhtrj fh mj cjykrãj gf mks jm`cfhjm`cfh tks5 tjci`àh fs prkguo`gj fh mks `htfst`hks pkr ijotfr`js

T`r`gkx`hj (v`tjc`hj I2)

Tjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfofsjr`j pjrj fm cftjikm`sck gf prktfãhjs5 jyugj fh mj prkguoo`ÿh gf lmÿiumks rknks

Ojrhf, pfsojgk, jvfs, vfrgurjs, brutjs

 Êo`gk bÿm`ok

Tjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfofsjr`j pjrj prkguo`r JGH y oàmumjs hufvjs, fspffspfo`jmcfhtf lmÿiumks rknks

Rfrgurjs gf aknjs vfrgfs y mflucirfs, sfc`mmjs, nulk gf hjrjhnj f aãljgk5 jakjak rj jújg`gk j mj cjykrãj gf mks lrjhks rfhjgks

Okijmjc`hj (v`tjc`hj I:9)

Tjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfofsjr`j pjrj mj prkguoo`ÿh gf oàmumjs hufvjs5 `cpkr tjhtf pjrj mj buho`ÿh hfrv`ksj

Ojrhf, jvfs, pfsojgk, cjr`soks, aufvks, mfoaf y prkguotks mêotfks5 hk sf fhoufhtrj fh jm`cfhtks gf kr`lfh vflftjm

 Êo`gk jsoÿri`ok (v`tjc`hj O)

 Jht`kx`gjhtf5 pjrtf gf uhj fhz`cj hfhfofsjr`j pjrj fm cftjikm`sck gf prktfãprktfãhjs5 `cpkrtjhtf pjrj mj sjmug gfm s`stfs`stfcj `hcuh`tjr`k5 jyugj fh mj jiskro`ÿh gfm a`frrk

_f fhoufhtrj skmjcfhtf fh brutjs y vfr gurjs, fspfo`jmcfhtf oãtr`oks, vfrgurjs oruoãbfrjs (rfpkmmk, irÿokm`, pkr fnfcpmk), cfmÿh (ojhtjmupk), brfsjs, p`c`fhtks, tktkcjtfs, pjpjs, mfoaulj, pjpjyjs, cjhlks y e`w`s

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j

20

 

Imkquf @@

OKCTKHFHWF_ ZVÃC@OK_ GF MK_ _FYF_ R@RK_

R@WJC@HJ_ A@GYK_KMVIM F_ HVWY@FHWF

BVHO@ßH

BVFHWF_ R`tjc`hj J gf gf kr`lfh jh`cjm (rft`hkm)> mfoaf bkr t`ojgj, qufsk, orfcj, cjhtfqu`mmj, cjrljr`hj

R`tjc`hj J (y su prfourskr, iftjojrktfhk) *Fm krljh`sck okhv`frtf fm prfourskr fh v`tjc`hj.

Hfofsjr`j pjrj mj sjmugjimfs, v`stj, p`fm y cfccfc irjhjs cuoksjs orfo`-orfo`c`fhtk gf mks aufsks y mks g`fhtfs, sjmug gfm s`stfcj `hcuh`tjr`k

R`tjc`hj G

Hfofsjr`j pjrj mj jiskro`ÿh jgfjgfoujgj gf ojmo`k5 sf jmcjofhj fh mks aufsks

bkrt`ojgj, aufvks, Iftjojrktfhk (gf aãljgk. kr`lfh vflftjm)> vfrgurjs gf aknjs vfrgfs, brutjs (gjcjsoks k jmijr`jmijr`okqufs5 cfmÿh ojhtjmupk) y vfrgurjs gf okmkr hjrjhnj ksourk (zjhjakr`js, ojmjijzj `hvfrhjm, ojcktfs k ijtjtjs, ojmjijzj) Pfcjs gf aufvk, aãljgk, pfsojgks lrjsksks, mfoaf bkrt`ojgj, cjrljr`hj bkrt`ojgj. Okh fxfxpks`o`ÿh j mj muz skmjr, mj p`fm pufgf fmjikrjr v`tjc`hj G  Jof`tfs vflftjmfs pkm``hsjturjgks pkm``hsjturjgks (skyj, cjãz,

R`tjc`hj F

 Jht`kx`gjhtf5 prktflf mjs pjrfgfs ofmumjrfs

R`tjc`hj E

Hfofsjr`j pjrj uhj iufhj okjlumjo`ÿh gf mj sjhlrf

sfc`mmj gf jmlkgÿh, oêrtjck)5 vfrgurjs gf gf lrjak -ak njs vfrgfs5 lfrcfh gf tr`lk5 prkguotks lrj hk `htflrjm5 aãljgk, yfcjs gf aufvk5 hufofs y sfc`mmjs Rfrgurjs gf aknj vfrgf okck okm r`zjgj, okok mfs y fsp`hjojs5 vfrgurjs gf okmkr vfrgf okck irÿokm`, okmfs gf Irusfmjs y fspêrrjlks5 tjctjci`àh prkguo`gj fh mks `htfst`hks pkr ijotfr`js

»Zuà buho`ÿh t`fhfh mjs krlêh`ojs fh mj hutr`o`ÿh gf i`kckmàoumjs mks krljh`scks; »Wfhfcks »Wfhfcks uhj hutr`o`ÿh ijmjhofjgj; »_jiãjs quf gfifcks tkcjr 1 vjsks gf jluj jm gãj pjrj fstjr sjmugjimfs; »_kmk jluj fs suo`fhtf; P »quà jm`cfhtks gfifcks okhsuc`r; okhsuc`r; Fx`stfh tjimjs pjrj gf gf-tfrc`hjr mj okcpks`o`ÿh hutr`o`khjm gf mks jm`cfhtks. Fm pmjtk gfm i`fh okcfr fs mj luãj jm`cfhtjr`j gfm cfx`ojhk, fs tjci`àh uhj afrrjafrrj c`fhtj fguojt`vj pjrj fv`tjr prkimfcjs gf hutr`o`ÿh quf pufgfh jbfotjr lrjvfcfh lrjvfcfh-tf hufstrj sjmug okck g`jiftfs, kifs`gjg, g`vfrsks oêhofrfs, trjstkrhks okck mj ium`c`j y mj jhkrfx`j, fhtrf ktrks. •

Brutjs y vfrgurjs> skh vfrgurjs> skh prkguotks okck fsp`hjoj, hkpjmfs, irÿokm`, zjhjakr`j, jlujojtf, oa`mf, n`tkcjtf, hjrjhnj, cjhzjhj, brfsj, cfmÿh y pjpjyj. Jpkrtjh v` v`-tjc`hjs y c`hfrjmfs, y skh mks quf gfifh okhsuc`rsf fh cjykr ojht`gjg pufs,

I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

tuiàroumks> sf trjtj gf jm`cfhtks okck pjpj y ojcktf, jgfcês gf pjh, pjstj, ljmmftjs y lrjhks (cjãz, tr`lk, jvfhj k jrrkz), c`scks quf, gf prfbfrfho`j, gfifh okhsuc`rsf okh ojsojr`mmj (`htf(`htf lrjmfs). Trkpkro`khjh ojrika`grjtks, v`tjc`hjs y c`c`hfrjmfs, y gfifh `homu`rsf fh mj g`ftj g`jr`j fh ojht`ojht` gjg suo`fhtf, fs gfo`r, ? k 7 rjo`khfs fh prkcfg`k (ojgj rjo`ÿh okhstj gf gks tkrt`mmjs, uhj rfijhjgj k p`fzj cfg`jhj gf pjh, ?/7 gf tjzj gf ofrfjm pjrj gfsjyuhk okh irj k cfg`j tjzj gf pjpj).

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Mfluc`hksjs y jm`cfhtks gf kr`lfh jh`cjm> `homujh`cjm> `homuyf j mj mfoaf y sus gfr`vjgks, ojrhf, pkmmk, pfsojgk y aufvk, jgfcês gf br`nkm, ajij, mfhtfnj k ljrijhzk. Hks gjh prktfãhjs, v`tjc`hjs y c`hfrjmfs, y sf gfifh `homu`r jprkx`cjgjcfhtf ? rjo`khfs pkr gãj (ojgj uhj gf :44 lrjcks gf ojrhf, :94 gf pfsojgk k ?/7 gf tjzj gf mflucirfs).

B`l. 6 attp>//www.g`ftjs.hft/tjimjs-y-ojmoumjgkrjs/tjimj-gf-okcpks`o`kh-hutr`  o`khjm-gf-mks-jm`cfhtks/ 

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Têl`hj gf okhsumtj> attp>//www.sfa-mfmaj.krl/ojmfhj.jspx 

Wjci`àh fx`stfh bkrcjs pjrj ojmoumjr mks rfqufr`c`fhtks hutr`cfhtjmfs gf uhj pfrskhj y mj okcpks`o`ÿh fh i`kckmàoumjs quf uh jm`cfhtk pksff okh mks s`lu`fhtfs prklrjcjs> C` g`ftjr`k> fs uhjfspfo`b`ojhgk ojmoumjgkrj g`ftàt`oj okh `hbkrcjo`ÿh hutr`o`khjm gf cês gf 644 jm`cfhtks, sus cjorkhutr`fhtfs, ojmkrãjs, prktfãhjs, lrj sjs f a`grjtks gf ojrikhk gf ojgj jm`cfhtk, jsã okck `hbkrcjo`ÿh jg`o`khjm,

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I@KMKLÃJ @ Luãj gf jot`v`gjgfs gfm jmuchk pjrj fm gfsjrrkmmk gf okcpftfho`js

//www.tup`hoak.hft/bkrk/tjimj-pjrj-ojmoumk-gf-ojrika`grjtks-y-prk tf`hjs-g`ftjs-t:147//orkhkcftfr.okc/  attp>//www.wak.`ht/cfg`jofhtrf/bjotsaffts/bs9 •

Bkkg cjttfrs (G`rfotkrfs> Njcfs Okmquakuh y Mjurfht`hf Iksoa g`fz)> attp>//www.ykutuif.okc/wjtoa;v3mHLk:ZYhRNs

ÊO@GK_ HVOMF@OK_ Fh tkgks mks sfrfs v`vks fx`stf uhj cjroj `cikrrjimf quf hks g`st`hluf gf ktrk. Fstj cjroj fs hufstrk cjtfr`jm lfhàt`ok, gfm oujm fx`stfh gks t`pks> êo`gk gfskx`rr`gfskx`rr`ikhuomf`ok (JGH) y êo`gk r`ikhuomf`ok (JYH).

»Tkr quà fx`stfh sfcfnj sfcfnjhzjs hzjs fhtrf mks c`fcirks gf uhj bjc`m`j; »Oÿck sf gftfrc`hjh mjs ojrjotfrãst`ojs quf t`fhf ojgj sfr v`vk;

KI_FYRJ MJ_ _@LV@FHWF_ @CÊLFHF_>

B`l. 60

B`l. 24

B`l. 2:

B`l. 29

 

OKIJOA Okmfl`k gf Ijoa`mmfrfs gfm Fstjgk gf Ijnj Ojm`bkrh`j