Guia Anatomia Pies y Manos
July 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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S`mfgf
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Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmc pmcss
C` cstg u`mfgf gprc`fcrcles g… Fcim`mr kes prejcses cstítmjes fc
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lg`mjurg y pcfmjurg. Je`ejcr kg leriekeaìg fc kgs lg`es y kes pmcs.
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C` cstg u`mfgf cstufmgrcles… Ck cstufme cstítmje fc lg`es y pmcs> fcsjrmpjmú` g`gtúlmjg
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fc kg lg`e y ck pmc. Ck g`çkmsms g`çkmsms fc kg kçlm`g y pkmcauc u`aucgk fc lg`es l g`es y pmcs. Kgs gktcrgjme`cs cstítmjgs fc kgs u÷gs y kg pmck fc lg`es y pmcs> lgkierlgjme`cs je`aí`mtgs y gfqumrmfgs. Kgs lgkierlgjme`cs fc kes pkmcaucs u`aukgrcs. Kgs gktcrgjme`cs fc kg pmck fc lg`es y pmcs quc gicjtg` gicjtg ` gk> *Argfe fc dmfrgtgjmú`. *Argfe fc `utrmjmú`. *Cstgfe fc kg jgpg júr`cg. *Cstgfe fc kg jmrjukgjmú` pcrmiírmjg. *C`icrlcfgfcs preicsme`gkcs> fcrlgtesms mrrmtgtmvg y fcrlgtesms gkíramjg.
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Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
7. Leriekeaìg fc kg lg`e y fck pmc Vg`te `ucstrgs lg`es jele `ucstres pmcs se` jelpe`c`tcs csc`jmgkcs fc csg ig`tçstmjg lgqum`grmg quc cs ck jucrpe dulg`e. Xer ckke cs luy mlpertg`tc, pgrg pgr g cstufmgr ck jumfgfe cstítmje fc lg`es y pmcs, je`ejcr omc` ck sepertc quc kes je`ierlg, preiu`fmzg`fe c` kg g`gtelìg, kg vgsjukgrmzgjmú` (je`nu`te fc vgses sg`auì`ces quc qu c gpertg` sg`arc g úrag`es y tcnmfes) y kg m`crvgjmú` (je`nu`te fc f c `crvmes quc kkcag` g u` úrag`e).
7.7. Fcsjrmpj Fcsjrmpjmú` mú` fc kg lg` lg`ee scpgrgfg fc kg kì`cg lcfmg.
Kgs lg`es cstç` g kg vmstg fc kes fclçs. Kes levmlmc`tes levmlmc`t es quc sc dgjc` je` ckkgs fmjc` lujde fc `ucstrg pcrse`gkmfgf, y argjmgs g ckkgs pefcles rcgkmzgr m`im`mfgf fc trgog nes. Kgs lg`es se` kg cxtrclmfgf lçs fms- tgk fck lmclore supcrmer, gfgptgfgs pgrg rcgkmzgr m`i m`mfgf fc levmlmc`tes argjmgs g kg gjjmú` fc kes `ulcreses lÞZjukes m`scrtgfes g kes ducses, y g kes kmaglc`tes quc kc smrvc` fc su ncjmú`. Cstç` kejgkmzg fgs c` kes cxtrcles fc kes g`tcorgzes, se` prc`smkcs y tmc`c` jm`je fcfes jgfg u`g. Gogrjg` fcsfc kg lu÷cjg dgstg kg yclg fc kes fcfes, kg pgrtc lçs fmstgk fc kg igkg`ac. Kg lg`e tmc`c u`g cstrujturg ierlgfg per> Ducses y lÞZjukes (pcrlmtc` ck levmlmc`te). Yc`gs y grtcrmgs (lujdgs sc vmsugkmzg` g trgvís trgv ís fc kg pmck). @crvmes (pcrlmtc` tgjte y levmlmc`te). levmlmc`te). Xmck y u÷gs (sc gprcjmg` gprcjmg ` g smlpkc vmstg) vmstg).. •
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mzqumcrfg mzqumc rfg (sm`mcstrg (sm`mcstrg). ).
Ima. 7.7.
G. Ducses fc kg lg`e
Kg lg`e cstç jelpucstg per ?1 ducses, fmicrc`jmgfes c` trcs ze`gs> Igkg`actg Igkg`am`g c` jgfg u`e fc kes 3 fcfes, g cxjcpjmú` fck pukagr je` ?.
Igkg`ac
Lctgjgrpmg`es c` fes dmkcrgs.
Ag`jdese Vrgpczemfc
Xmrglmfgk
Vrgpcjme
c` fes dmkcrgs. Csjgiemfcs _gfme
JÞomte
Ima. 7.?. Kes ducses fc kg lg`e.
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Arg`fc
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Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
J. LÞZJSkes fc kg lg`e y fck g`tcorgze Kg lgyerì g fc kes lÞZjukes fc kg lg`e pcrlmtc` ck levmlmc`te fc kg lmslg. Ze` `ulcreses y jelpkc nes y gkau`es Þ`mjes c` ck scr dulg`e. Kes lÞZjukes fc kg lg`e sc jkgsmi mmjg jg` c`> L ÞZJS kes fc l g`e y g`tcorgze •
LÞZjukes cxtc`sercs fc kg lu÷cjg. Ze` fes> ‚ ‚ Xrmlcr rgfmgk. ‚ Zcau`fe rgfmgk. ‚ Cstes lÞZjukes i erlg` kg lgsg jgr`esg. Zc c`juc`trg` c` kg pgrtc cxtcr`g fck g`tcorgze (rg fme) y tcrlm`g` c` ck ferse fc kg lg`e.
LÞZjukes cxtc`sercs fc kes fcfes. Ze` jm`je> ‚ ‚ Cxtc`ser jel Þ` fc kes fcfes. ‚ ‚ Cxtc`ser prepme fck lc÷mquc. ‚ ‚ Cxtc`ser prepme fck ì`fmjc. ‚ ‚ Cxtc`ser jerte fck pukagr. ‚ ‚ Kgrae fck pukagr.
LÞZjukes ikcxercs fc kg lu÷cjg y fc kg lg`e. Kes l ÞZjukes ikcxercs se`> ‚ ‚ Xgklgr lgyer (ikcxmú` fc kg lu÷cjg). ‚ ‚ Xgklgr lc`er (ikcxmú` fc kg lg`e). ‚ ‚ Juomtgk g`tcrmer (ikcxmú` fc lu÷cjg y lg`e).
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LÞZjukes ikcxercs fc kes fcfes. Cstes l ÞZjukes se` fes> ‚ ‚ JelÞ` preiu`fe. ‚ ‚ JelÞ` supcrimjmgk.
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Lþsjukes cxtc`sercs
Ima. 7.6. Lþsjukes fc kg lg`e.
M`tcrúsces (c`trc kes cspgjmes lctgjgrpmg`es, quc smrvc` pgrg gjcrjgr e scpgrgr kes fcfes).
Slormjgkcs (ck tc`fú` ikcxer fc kes fcfes g cxjcpjmú` fck pukagr). LÞZjukes fcstm`gfes gk pukagr, se` scms> gfujter, epe`c`tc, gofujter jerte, ikcxe jerte, ikcxe kgrae y gofujter kgrae. LÞZjukes fcstm`gfes gk levmlmc`te fck fcfe lc÷mquc, se` trcs> epe`c`tc, ikcxer jerte y ck c k gfujter.
LÞZjukes fck g`tcorgze. Ze` luy `ulcreses, sc fmvmfc` c`> ‚ ‚ Ikcxercs. ‚ ‚ Cxtc`sercs. Cxtc`sercs. S`es prevejg` kg i kcxmú` fc tefg kg lg`e y etres seke kg fc kes fcfes. Fcstg jg` kes lÞZjukes fc pre`gjmú` y kes fc supm`gjmú`. Fcstgjg` kes lÞZjukes pre`gfercs y supm`gfercs tc` ck l ev lmc`te fc am re `t r ucmú ``e fs cpk cgrl yf cck `g jucgokqguzmcer yfgmr cqjj `tmcorg z e, tg`m ml pertg `tc c` `ucstre trgog ne, y tg lomí` pcrlmtc kg i kcxmú` y cxtc`smú` fc kes fcfes fc kg lg`e.
Vgokg 7.7. Lþsjukes fc lg`e y g`tcorgze. 78
Arupes lusjukgrcs fc kes fcfes
Arupes lusjukgrcs quc ierlg` kes fcfes. ‚ ‚
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Cxtc`sercs fc kes fcfes
Ima. 7.3. Lþsjukes fck g`tcorgze.
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
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F. _cf jmrjukgtermg Yejgoukgrme Yejgoukgrme
Kg lg`e y ck g`tcorgze cstç` rcjerrmfes per grtcrmgs y vc`gs, ierlg`fe kgs grjgfgs pgklgrcs quc sc prefujc` per kg u`mú` fc kgs grtcrmgs juomtgk y rgfmgk. Kg vc`gs fc kgs lg`es sc fmspe `c` c` fes smstclgs, ck supcrimjmgk y ck preiu`fe. Ck supcrimjmgk cs m`fcpc`fmc`tc fck grtcrmgk,
orgze quc dgjc amrgr kg lg`e tg`fe ck ferse fc ckkg. orgze quc dgjc amrgr kg lg`e
ierlg u`g rcf c` ck fck ferse fc kg lg`e je` fes vc`gs supcrimjmgkcs g`tcorgze. Zc c`jgrag fc rcjeacr kg sg`arc peje exmac`gfg. exmac` gfg. Ck smstclg preiu`fe, jelpucste per grtcrmgs, cs ck quc trg`spertg kg sg`arc exmac`gfg g kgs jíkukgs.
tg`fe kg pgklg.
C. _cf `crvmesg `crvmesg Kg rcf `crvmesg dgjc pesmokc kgs prm`jmpgkcs p rm`jmpgkcs iu`jme`cs fc kg lg`e> Zc`smomkmfgf gk tgjte. tgjte. Zc`smomkmfgf gk feker. feker. Levmlmc`tes.
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Ima. 7.9. Kg rcf jmrjukgtermg jmrjukgt ermg sc jelpe`c fc grtcrmgs y vc`gs.
Kg rcf `crvmesg `crvmes g je`stg fc trcs `crvmes prm`jmpgkcs> prm`jmpgkcs> @crvme
juomtgk (juorc kg ze`g fersgk fer sgk fc kg lg`e y pgrtc fc kg ze`g pgklgr). @crvme lcfmg`e (gkjg`zg kes trcs prmlcres prmlcr es fcfes y lmtgf fck jugrte). _gfmgk (rcspe`sgokc fc kg m`crvgjmú` fc kg pgrtc cxtcr`g cxtcr` g fck ferse fc kg lg`e).
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7.?. Fcsjrmpj Fcsjrmpjmú` mú` fck pmc
Ck pmc cs kg cxtrclmfgf lçs fmstgk fck lmclore m`icrmer m`icrmer,, cs u`g cstrujturg ffmsc÷gfg msc÷gfg pgrg sepertgr `ucstre pcse y pefcr jglm`gr. jglm`gr. Cs u` smstclg fm`çlmje, pcre su le vmkmfgf cs m`icrmer g kg fc kg lg`e. fe per Gk maugk quc kg lg`e, ck pmc cstç i erlgfe l u``c rvcsmeqsuck te fc> ducses y lÞZjukes, cteg sje , vc` , grtpcucs rmgs, pmck y u÷gs. Kes ducses cstç` kmagfes y u`mfes per kes tc`fe`cs y kes lÞZjukes quc kes juorc`, gjertg` y gkgrag` kes levmlmc`tes fck pmc, y je` ckkes, kes fc tefe efe ck jucrpe. C` kg pkg`tg fck pmc dgy u`g arg` jg`tmfgf fc tcrlm`gjme`cs `crvmesgs `crvmesg s quc sc rcpgrtc` y kkcag` g tefe ck rcste fck erag`msle. Ck pmc per ke tg`te cs u` pkg`e fc tefe efe ck jucrpe, `e dgy u` seke lÞZjuke, úrag`e m`tcr`e e cxtcr`e quc cstí fcsprevmste fc u`g tcrlm`g jmú` `crvmesg juye cxt rcle `e sc c`juc`trc g`jkgfe fe c` ck pmc. Kgs iu`jme`cs prm`jmpgkcs fck pmc se`> Glertmaug` aekpcs e jdequcs. Ze` ck sepertc gfcjugfe g fcjugfe fck jucrpe, jucr pe, fg` gpeye y cqumkmorme. Zmrvc` fc pgkg`jg pgrg ckcvgr c mlpuksgr ck jucrpe.
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XMC A_MCAE
XMC CAMXJME
XMC XEKM@CZME
‖ Xmc armcae> ck scau`fe fcfe cs
ck lçs kgrae fcspuís fck fcfe aerfe. Ck tcrjcre prçjtmjglc`tc lmfc ke lmsle y ck jugrte y ck qum`te fcfe se` lçs pcquc÷es. ‖ Xmc pekm`csme e jugfrgfe, kes fcfes se` jgsm tefes maugkcs y cstç` g kg lmslg gkturg. ‖ Xmc campjme, ck fcfe aerfe cs
ck lgs kgrae y kes etres kc smauc` per tglg÷e y erfc` fcjrcjmc`tc.
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Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
G. Ducses fck pmc Ck pmc cstç je`stmtumfe per vcm`tmsíms vcm`tmsíms ducses y pcquc÷gs grtmjukgjme`cs, jekejgfgs jele c` u` lesgmje. Zc fmvmfc` trcs t rcs arupes> tgrse, lctgtgrse y igkg`acs. Ck tgrse y ck lctgtgrse ierlg` ke quc sc fc`elm`g ck puc`tc puc`t c fck pmc. Kg fmspesmjmú` úscg fck pmc dgjc quc kes ducses fck f ck tgrse y kes lctgtgrsmg`es ierlc` ck grje fck pmc. Igkg`act Igkg`am`g Jgterjc ducses fc kes Igkg`ac trcs igkg`acs.
Jm`je ducses kgraes, u`e per jgfg fcfe fck pmc, quc
Ju÷gs
Csjgiemfc
Juoúmfc
Gstrçagke
kes ducses fc kg pmcr`g y je` kes fck lctgtgrse.
Jgkjglce
Ierlgfg per ck
Dmkcrg g`tcrmer. Ierlgfg per ck csjgiemfcs,
m`icrmer fc kg tmomg y ck
grtmjukg` je` ck csjgiemfcs2 fckg`tc fck jgkjçrce.
Ima. 7.=. Cstrujturg úscg fck pmc.
O. L ÞZJSKes fck pmc _camú` fersgk
Kg pkg`tg fck pmc ierlg u` grje sestc`mfe per kmaglc`tes y tc`fe`cs kgraes, tc`ses, jele u`g jucrfg. Kes lÞZjukes fck pmc se` vcm`tc y sc fmstrmouyc` c` jugtre rcame`cs> _camú` fersgk. Zc c`juc`trg ck lÞZjuke pcfme. Zc fmvmfc c` c ` jugtre dgjcs y sc m`scrtg c` ierlg fc tc`fú` c` kgs igkg`acs fc kes jugtre prmlcres fcfes, qucfg`fe cxjkumfe ck lc÷mquc. _camú` pkg`tgr m`tcr`g. Zc c`juc`trg` kes l ÞZjukes gofujter y gfujter fck prmlcr fcfe y ck ikcxer jerte fck prmlcr fcfe. _camú` pkg`tgr cxtcr`g. Zc c`juc`trg ck lÞZjuke gofujter, ck ikcxer jerte quc ikcxme`g kg prmlcrg igkg`ac fck qum`te fcfe y ck lÞZjuke epe`c`tc, fcspkgzg ck qum`te fcfe dgjmg fc`tre y dgjmg gogne. gogne. _camú` pkg`tgr lcfmg. C` cstg ze`g kes lÞZjukes rcgkmzg` levmlmc`tes fc cxtc`smú` y ikcxmú` fc kgs igkg`acs> ‚ ‚ Ikcxer jerte pkg`tgr. ‚ ‚ Jugtre lÞZjukes m`tcrúsces. ‚ ‚ LÞZjuke jugfrgfe fc Zmkvme. ‚ ‚ Vrcs lÞZjukes m`tcrúsces m`tcrús ces pkg`tgrcs, quc sc c`juc`trg` c` kes cspgjmes lctgtgrsmg`es. lctgtgrsmg`es. •
_camú` pkg`tgr cxtcr`g
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Ima. 7.78. Cstrujturg lusjukgr fck pmc. 7?
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
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Mlpertg`tc Kg jmrjukgjmú` vc`esg fck pmc cs fmiìjmk, fcomfe g su pesmjmú` c`
Xer c`jmlg fc cstes lÞZjukes sc c`juc`trg` kes tc`fe`cs fc kg pmcr`g, quc sc u`c` g kes ducses fck pmc y pcrtc`cjc` g kes smaumc`tcs lÞZjukes> LÞZ juke ikcxer kgrae fck prmlcr p rmlcr fcfe. LÞZ juke ikcxer prepme fck f ck prmlcr fcfe. LÞZ jukes tmomgkcs. LÞZ jukes ikcxercs fc f c kes fcfes.
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kg ze`g lçs m`icrmer fck jucrpe. Jele je`trgpgrtmfg sc oc`cimjmg fc u` oeloce `gturgk g jgfg pgse.
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LÞZ jukes
cxtc`sercs cxtc`s ercs fc kes ke s fcfes. LÞZ jukes aclckes quc tcrlm`g` tcrl m`g` c` ck tc`fú` fc Gqumkcs, qquc uc gk u`mrsc gk jgkjçrce dgjc` cxtc`fcr cxtc`f cr ck pmc.
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J. Ygsjukgrmzgjmú`
Cs u` je`nu`te fc rcfcs ierlgfg ierlgf g per u` smstclg vgsjukgr, u` smstclg vc`ese y per u`g rcf km`içtmjg.
Zmstclg vgsjukgr.
Zmstclg vgsjukgr.
G_VC_MGZ WSC M__MAG@
G_VC_MGZ XKG@VG_CZ CTVC_@GZ
CK XMC
Zgkc` g pgrtmr fc kgs pcre`cgs y tmomgkcs. S`ggrtcrmgs rglg kkcag g kg rcf lgkcekgr c mrrmag` ck teomkke, teomkke, etrg fg kuagr g kg grtcrmg pcfmg, c mrrmag` mrrma g` ck ferse f erse fck pmc.
C M@VC_@GZ Grtcrmgs pcre`cgs Vmomgk pestcrmer
Vmomgk g`tcrmer g`tcrmer
Xcre`cg pestcrmer
_cf km`içtmjg S`c kes vgses km`içtmjes fc kes oerfcs m`tcr`es y cxtcr`es fck pmc, y ístes sc u`c` g su vcz g kes vgses km`içtmjes fck ferse fck fc k pmc. pmc.
Xcre`cg g`tcrmer g`tcrmer
Zmstclg vc`ese Jelpucste per u` smstclg supcrimjmgk
y etre preiu`fe, prevmc`c fc kgs vc`gs sgic`gs fc kgs pmcr`gs.
Vgrse lcfme y kgtcrgk
Grqucgfe
_cf km`içtmjg Ag`akmes pepkìtces pepkìtces
Je`stmtuyc` ck grje fckfcfes jugk sgkc` kgs grtcrmgs grtcrmg s qucpkg`tgr, mrrmag` kes fck pmc.
Xkg`tgr lcfme y kgtcrgk
Grtcrmg fersgk fersgk
_cf km`içtmjg Yìgs km`içtmjgs preiu`fgs preiu`fgs
Xkg`tgr preiu`fe
_cf km`içtmjg
Vre`jes km`içtmjes
_cf km`içtmjg
Ygses supcrimjmgkcs
Grje pkg`tgr
Ima. 7.77. Csquclg fck smstclg vgsjukgr, vc`ese y km`içtmje fck pmc.
Jgse prçjtmje ?
Xgoke, u` jkmc`tc dgomtugk fc tu jc`tre fc f c cstítmjg, kkcvg vgrmgs sclg`gs sm` vc`mr g dgjcrsc sus trgtglmc`tes perquc `e pucfc pucf c grcgkmzgr levmlmc`tes levmlmc je` kesfcfcfes fck pmc. Cste cs gsì je`scjuc`jmg fc`tes u` cxjcse fcpe rtc. fcpertc. µWuí rcamú` fck pmc sc jerrcspe`fc je` csc tmpe fc levm lmc`tes5
Zekujmú`> Xcrtc`cjc g kg rcamú` pkg`tgr lcfmg, y kes lÞZjukes fc cstg ze`g se` kes rcspe`sgokcs fc kg cxtc`smú` y i kcxmú` fc kes fcfes fck pmc e i gkg`acs. _cjucrfg quc je`ejcr kes lÞZjukes y ducses fck pmc tc gyufgrç g c`tc`fcr kes preokclgs fc tus jkmc`tcs. @u`jg `jg fcocs m`mjmgr u` trgtglmc`te sm dgy kcsmú`> fcocs rclmtmr gk lífmje. 7:
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Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
Cstrujturgg fc kg u÷g ?. Cstrujtur Kg u÷gs se` ierlgjme`cs ierlgjme` cs júr`cgs fc erma ermac` c` cpmfírlmje, cpmfírlmje, fc je`smstc`jmg furg, quc rcju orc` kg pgrtc fersgk fc kg igkg`actg fc kes fcfes fc kgs lg`es y fc kes pmcs. Zus prm`jm pgkcs jelpe`c`tcs se`> qucrgtm`g, glm`eçjmfes, gaug, kìpmfes y lm`crgkcs.
?.7. G`çkm G`çkmsms sms fc kg kçlm`g y pkmcaucs u`aucgkcs fc lg`es y pmcs
Kg kçlm`g u`aucgk je`tmc`c pejes kìpmfes y cs peorc c`
C` ck scr dulg`e kgs u÷gs je`trmouyc` c` kg gjjmú` prc`smk fc kes fcfes smrv mc`fe fe g su vcz fc pretcjjmú` fc cstes. Kgs u÷gs jelmc`zg` g i erlgrsc c` ck tcrjcr lcs fc acstg jmú`, clpczg`fe fe per u`g lgtrmz quc gogrjg kg rgì z fc kg u÷g. G pgrtmr fc gdì sc mrç i erlg`fe fe u`g pkgjg trgskÞjmfg fc jíkukgs júr`cgs quc i erlgrç` kg u÷g (vcr i mmaa. 7.71). Ck jrcjmlmc`te fc kgs u÷gs tmc`c kuagr c` kg lgtrmz u`aukgr, fe`fc cstgs suirc` u` prejcse fc qucrgtm`mzgjmú`. Cs fcjmr, g lcfmfg quc kgs jíkukgs gvg`zg` dgjmg ck cxtcrmer vg` v g` jgraç`fesc fc qucrgtm`g, sustg`jmg sustg` jmg quc scarcag` kgs jíkukgs fc kg cpmfcrlms. Cstg qucrgtm`g pucfc scr furg fur g jug`fe cs rmjg c` gzuirc, jele c` ck jgse fc kgs u÷gs y ck pcke, e okg`fg, jug`fe tmc`c tm c`c peje je`tc`mfe c` gzuirc gzuir c jele cs c` ck jgse fc kg pmck. Kgs u÷gs, u`g vcz i erlgfgs, se` kçlm`gs rcjtg`aukgrcs je`vcxgs, furgs, i kcxmokcs, trgskÞjmfgs y pescc` cstrì gs ke`amtufm`gkcs quc sc gjc`tugrç` je` kg cfgf.
ck cxjcse kgs rcokg`fcjc y ck
G. Xgrtcs fc kg u÷g Fes pgrtcs prm`jmpgkcs>
_gìz fc kg u÷g ( lgtr mz), ze`g `e vmsmokc. Je`stmtuyc kg jugrtg pgrtc rcstg`tc, y cs gquì fe`fc sc ermam`g y sc prefujc kg u÷g.
Kg kçlm`g e jucrpe f c kg u÷g u÷g,, ejupg kgs trcs jugrtgs pgrtcs fc kg u÷g. Cs kg pgrtc vmsmokc, seorc kg quc sc rcgkmzg` k es trgtglmc`tes cstítmjes.
Ck cxtrcle quc seorcsgkc fc kg pmck sc fc`elm`g cxtrcle kmorc,, y je` kg yclg kmorc fck fcfe ierlg ck surje suou`aucgk. Cs gquì fe`fc sc gjulukg ck fctrmtus e sujmcfgf, c` kg quc kg dmamc`c nucag u` pgpck prmlerfmgk. Kg kþ`ukg cs u`g ze`g okg`qucjm`g fc ierlg sclmku`gr y epgjg quc gpgrcjc c` kg ogsc fc kg u÷g.
Ck rcoerfc jutç`ce fc ierlg
Kg pmck seorc kg quc sc gsmc`tg kg
sclmku`gr quc fmvmfc kg pgrtc `e vmsmokc fc kg vmsmokc cs u` rcpkmcauc fc kg cpmfcrlms quc rcjmoc ck `elorc fc cpe`mqume .
u÷g sc fc`elm`g kcjde fc kg u÷g. u÷g. Fcsfc cstg ze`g kkcag g kg u÷g ck rmcae sg`auì`ce y je`imcrc g kg u÷g u` jeker resgfe.
Ima. 7.7?. Cstrujturg fc kg u÷g. 76
Kg jutìjukg cs u`g fckagfg lclorg`g fc pmck fckmjgfg quc fctcrlm`g ck jrcjmlmc`te fc kg u÷g.
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
7
O. Ierlg fc kg u÷g Kgs u÷gs, c` su leri ekeaì g `gturgk, tmc`c` u`g i erlg ckì ptmjg. @erlgklc`tc pescc` u` pcri mk je`vcxe y lucstrg` u` kmacre du`fmlmc`te tg`te c` kg ogsc jele c` ck oerfc kmorc. Zm` clograe, c` ejgsme`cs kgs u÷gs `e tmc`c` cstc pcri mk sm`e u` pcri mk jú`jg jú`jgve e goelogfe. _cspcjte g kg i erlg, c` kgs u÷gs lçs jelu`cs pefcles eoscrv gr kg i erlg jugfrgfg, kg rcfe`fg, kg trmg`aukgr y evgkgfg, scaÞ` `es lucstrg ck c nclpke m`i crmer. Cstg i erlg fctcrlm`g rç ck lgqumkkg nc fc jgfg u÷g (Ima 7.7:).
jugfrgfe evgkgfg evgkgfg
rcfe`fg
Ima. 7.7:. Vmpes fc u÷g.
J. Jrcjmlmc`te fc kg u÷g Ck jrcjmlmc`te jrcjmlmc`te fc kgs u÷gs sc rcgkmzg fc ierlg je`tm`ug y u`mierlc, fcsfc kg lgtrmz fe` fe`fc fc sc ac`crg cs clpungfg cl pungfg gk cxtcrmer2 cstc jrcjmlmc`te cs fmgrme, gprexmlgfglc`tc 8,7 ll. Xefcles fcjmr quc ck jrcjmlmc`te fc kg u÷g sc pucfc vcr lefmimjgfe per fmvcrses f mvcrses igjtercs, c`trc kes quc fcstgjg`>
u`g fcimjmc`tc vgsjukgrmzgjmú`.
Vgokg 7.:. Igjtercs quc m`ikuyc` c` ck jrcjmlmc`te fc kg u÷g.
Jgse prçjtmje :
ognes c` argsgs cs kg lcner lg`crg fc gscaurgr ck jrcjm lmc`te fc u÷gs sgkufgokcs. Kgs pretcì`gs (jgr`c, pcsjgfe, seng, ctj.) y ck dmcrre (estrgs, kc`tcngs, jcrcgkcs, ctj.) ctj .) se` cspcjmgklc`tc mlpertg`tcs pgrg kgs u÷gs. Xgrg tc`cr u`gs u÷gs sg`gs sg`gs y iucrtcs fcocles fco cles rcjelc`fgr g `ucstres jkmc`tcs> jkmc` tcs> g) ococr lujdg gaug y etres kìqumfes2 o) je`su lmr fmctgs fe`fc u` gkte perjc`tgnc fc kes gkmlc`tes scg` Zekujmú`> irutgs y vcrfurgs jrufgs, g im` fc quc gpertc` g `ucstre lm`crgkcs y C` prmlcr kuagr fcocs rcjelc`fgr g Ç`ackcs quc gjufg g jucrpe kg jg`tmfgf `cjcsgrmg fc vmtglm`gs, lm`crgkcs j) m`jkumr c` kg fmctg gkmlc`tes rmjes c` gzuirc y u` lífmje pgrg supcrvmsgr sup crvmsgr ck cstgfe fc su sgkuf. Gk maugk c`zmlgs2 quc tefgs kgs pgrtcs pgrt cs fck jucrpe, kgs u÷gs sg`gs sg`gs y iucrtcs smkmjme, tgkcs jele orújekm, pcsjgfe y jcoekkg y gkmlc`tes se` ck rcsuktgfe fc u`g ouc`g `utrmjmú`. S`g fmctg cqum - rmjes c` ometm`g (kg ometm`g cs u`g vmtglm`g O sekuokc c` kmorgfg je` vgrmcfgf fc irutgs, vcrfurgs, arg`es c`tcres, gaug, quc pucfc gyufgr g iertgkcjcr kgs u÷gs jele seng y pretcì`gss lgargs, argsgs pretcì`g argsgs sgkufgokcs y prefujtes kçjtces kçjtces kcvgfurg fc jcrvczg. Ç`ackcs gjufc gk jc`tre fc cstítmjg perquc fcscg rcgkm zgrsc u`g lg`mjurg. Xrcsc`tg u÷gs irçamkcs y qucorgfmzgs, ke quc tc rcimcrc quc smauc u`g fmctg dmpcrpretcmjg je` csjgsg m`acstg fc f c vmtglm`gs y lm`crgkcs. lm`crgkcs. µWuí rcjelc`fgjme`cs fgrìgs g Ç`ackcs5
73
7
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
cstítmjgs fc kgs u÷gs u ÷gs :. Gktcrgjme`cs cstítmjgs y kg pmck fc kgs lg`es y pmcs Ck gspcjte fc kgs lg`es y kes pmcs cs luy mlpertg`tc fcsfc ck pu`te fc vmstg cstítmje, yg quc u`gs lg`es fcsjumfgfgs fcsjumf gfgs fmjc` lujde fc kg pcrse`g pc rse`g quc kgs kkcvg. Xer cnclpke, gkaumc` quc sc lucrfc kgs u÷gs fg sc`sgjmú` fc quc cs u`g pcrse`g `crvmesg, e tc`frìgles lgkg mlgac` fc kg pcrse`g pcrse` g quc vc`fc kg irutg e ck pcsjgfe sm `e usgrg aug`t aug`tcs. cs. Maugklc`tc `cigste scrìg kg mlgac` fc f c u`g cstctmjmstg quc kkcvgrg kgs u÷gs je` ck cslgktc fcsjgsjgrmkkgfe fcng`fe vcr u`gs u÷gs glgrmkkc`tgs. glgrmkkc`tgs.
Cs luy mlpertg`tc g`tcs fc jelc`zgr kes trgtglmc`tes trgt glmc`tes fc lg`mjurg y pcfmjurg je `ejcr kgs pesmokcs gktcrgjme`cs quc pucfg` fgrsc tg`te c` kg pmck fc lg`es y pmcs jele c` kgs u÷gs, yg quc gkau`gs fc cstgs gktcrgjme`cs se` pgtekúamjgs (c`icrlc fgfcs), y per tg`te rcqumcrc` trgtglmc`te lífmje. M`jkuse pucfc` scr je`tgamesgs, lmc`trgs quc etrgs se` smlpkc- lc`tc -
í mje rç` trg tgrsc cs c` je y pef fc trgtglmc`te u` jc`tre fc cstítmjg. GÞ` gsì , gkau`gs gktcrgjme`cs pgtekúam- jgs pef rì g` tc`cr trgtglmc`te cstítmje je pgkmgtmve pgrg lc nergr su gspcjte, pcre smclprc cs `cjcsg - rme m`fmjg r gk jkmc`tc quc gjufg gk lífmje g`tcs fc rcgkmzgr fmjde trgtglmc`te pgrg je`tgr je` ck je`sc`tm lmc`te fck fejter. t t
y ducves.
Ima. 7.76. Cnclpke fc gktcrgjmú` gktcrg jmú` argvc c` kgs u÷gs.
:.7. Gktcrgjme`cs fc kgs u÷ u÷gs gs Kg cstrujturg fc kgs u÷gs fc kgs lg`es pucfc vcrsc gktcrgfg omc` per igjtercs cxtcr`es, jele kg dulcfgf, ck use fc fctcrac`tcs garcsmves, de de`aes... `aes... omc` per igjtercs m`tcr`es, jele kg gkmlc`tgjmú`, kgs derle`gs, kg ac`ítmjg, ctj. Kgs smaumc`tcs tgokgs fmstm`auc` fmstm`au c` c`trc gktcrgjme`cs pgtekúamjgs y `e pgtekúamjgs, y fc`tre fc kgs pgtekúamjgs gquckkgs quc gktcrg` kg ierlg fc kg u÷g u÷ g y kgs quc jglomg` su jeker, fg`fe sekujmú` cstítmjg g jgfg u`g fc ckkgs.
79
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
7
G. Gktcrgjme`cs pgtekúamjgs fc kgs u÷gs per su ierlg µJúle sc kkglg5
µJúle cs5
µJuçk cs su gspcjte5
Kg kçlm`g u`aucgk
µXer quí sujcfc5
µZc pucfc sekujme`gr cstítmjglc`tc5
Sse fc fctcrac`tcs garcsmves, dulcfgf, g`clmg e dcrc`jmg.
Zì, sc pefrìg` gpkmjgr u÷gs grtmimjmgkcs.
Kg kçlm`g u`aucgk gpgrcjc kcvg`tgfg c` kg ze`g fck kcjde u`aucgk prevejg`fe prevejg`fe feker.
Vrgulgtmsles, cjzcVrgulgtmsles, lgs, psermgsms,fctcrac`tcs garcsmves.
Zm sc dg pcrfmfe kg kçlm`g rcqumcrc trgtglmc`te lífmje. Zm `e cs luy argvc sc pefrìg gpkmjgr u÷g grtmimjmgk sm sc dg rete kg kçlm`g. Zm `e, je` u` lgqumkkgnc lgqumkk gnc epgje sc ejuktgrìg ck fcicjte.
E`mjeigamg (jelcrsc kgs u÷gs). Ima. 7.71.
Kgs u÷gs gpgrcjc` rcfe`fgs y sm` oerfc kmorc, m`jkuse je` sg`arc.
Dçomte jelpuksmve fc lerfcrsc kgs u÷gs.
Zì, gpkmjg`fe cslgktcs je` sgoer glgrae e u÷gs grtmimjmgkcs. C` jgses argvcs gjufmr gk psmjúkeae.
E`mjerrcxms (u÷g gstmkkgfg). Ima. 7.74.
Ck oerfc kmorc gpgrcjc gstmkkgfe, rcjucrfg gk imke fc u`g smcrrg.
E`mjesqumsms
Kg kçlm`g gpgrcjc gomcrtg c` jgpgs, seorc tefe c` ck oerfc kmorc.
Jemke`mqumg (u÷g c` jujdgrg). Ima. 7.73.
E`mjekmsms (u÷g kcvg`tgfg). Ima. 7.79.
gpgrcjc jurvgfg dgjmg grrmog y gfckagzgfg.
(u÷g c` jgpgs). jgpgs). Ima. 7.7=.
E`mqumg pu`jtgtg (u÷g fc fcfgk). Ima. 7.?8.
Fctcrac`tcs garcsmves, dulcfgf,
igjtercs derle`gkcs,
Zì, gpkmjg`fe u÷gs grtmimjmgkcs.
Fctcrac`tcs garcsmves, dulcfgf y g`clmg.
Zì, rcgkmzg`fe u` pukmfe y `utrmí`fekgs c` preiu`fmfgf. Zm pcrsmstc, je`suktgr gk lífmje.
Xsermgsms, cjzclgs y de`aes.
Zì, rcgkmzg`fe u` pukmfe, y sm se` luy preiu`fes gpkmjg`fe u÷gs grtmimjmgkcs. Cstcrmkmzgr ck lgtcrmgk g je`jmc`jmg per sm iucrg` de`aes.
Kg kçlm`g gpgrcjc c`aresgfg y glgrmkkc`tg, suckc scr lgs ircjuc`tc c` kes k es pmcs. pmcs.
De`aes. De`aes.
Zì, rcgkmzg`fe u` pukmfe. Cstcrmkmzgr ck lgtcrmgk g je`jmc`jmg per sm iucrg` de`aes.
Kg kçlm`g gpgrcjc c`aresgfg y jurvgfg jele u`g agrrg.
Sse fc zgpgte cstrcjde e m`gfcjugfe.
Zì, sc jertgrç je` jumfgfe y sc pukmrç.
Kg kçlm`g prcsc`tg pcquc÷gs cresme`cs
pu`tmierlcs, jele u` fcfgk.
fc gkmlc`tgjmú` y ac`ítmjes.
E`mjelmjesms (tm÷g c` k g u÷g). Ima. 7.?7.
E`mjearmiesms (u÷g c` agrrg). Ima. 7.??.
Vgokg 7.6. Gktcrgjme`cs fc kgs u÷gs per su ierlg. 71
7
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
O. Gktcrgjme`cs pgtekúamjgs pgtekúamjgs fc kgs u÷gs per su jeker
C`icrles fc smfg, km`ic-
tgogqumsle.
Vgokg 7.3. Gktcrgjme`cs pgtekúamjgs per ck jeker.
J. Gktcrgjme`cs `e pgtekúamjgs fc kgs u÷gs µJúle sc kkglg5
µJúle cs5
µXer quí
µKe pucfe sekujme`gr ye cstítmjglc`tc5
sujcfc5
Irgamkmfgf u`aucgk
Kgs u÷gs cstç` lçs okg`fgs fc ke `erlgk, sc feokg` içjmklc`tc.
Dulcfgf, use fc fctcrac`tcs garcsmves y e`mjeigamg.
Zì, gpkmjg`fe c`furcjcfercs, prefujtes clekmc`tcs, cslgktgfe pcrlg pcrlg`c`tc `c`tc e u÷gs grtmimjmgkcs. grtmimjmgkcs.
Cstrìgs u`aucgkcs
Kg kçlm`g u`aucgk gpgrcjc je` rckmcvcs fc ierlg ke`amtufm`gk e trg`svcrsgk.
Lgkg gkmlc`tgjmú` e jertc cxjcsmve fc kg jutìjukg.
Zì, rcgkmzg`fe u` pukmfe fc kg kçlm`g, gpkmjg`fe u` cslgktgfe pcrlg`c`tc, e pe`mc`fe u÷gs grtmimjmgkcs. Cvmtgr jertgr kg jutìj jutìjukg. ukg.
Vgokg 7.3. Gktcrgjme`cs `e pgtekúamjgs. 74
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
7
:.?. Gktcrgjme`cs fc kg ze`g pcrmu`aucg pcrmu`aucgkk Kg ze`g fc gkrcfcfer fc kg kçlm`g pcrmu`aucgk cs luy fckmjgfg. Xer cse smclprc sc gje`scng trgtgrkg je` prefujtes cspcjìimjes c m`tc`tgr jertgrkg ke lc`es pesmokc, y súke c` jgses luy pu`tugkcs. Cste cs fcomfe g quc u` jertgfe cxjcsmve pefr pefrìg ìg prevejgr gktcrgjme`cs. Vglomí` dgy quc prcstgr gtc`jmú` g júle jertgles kgs u÷gs, seorc tefe kgs fc kes pmcs. Cxmstc ck rmcsae fc quc kg u÷g pucfg pu cfg jkgvgrsc c` cstg ze`g tg` fckmjgfg fc kg pmck. C` kg smaumc`tc tgokg sc prcsc`tg` prcs c`tg` kgs lçs jelu`cs.
Zm kg pmck cstç reng, m`ikglgfg rmg`g. Zm cs argvc sc fcoc mr gk kmlpmgrr je` gaug exmac`gfg e kmlpmg gpkmjg u`g agsg cstírmk e u`g
G. Gktcrgjme`cs ppcrmu`aucgkcs crmu`aucgkcs
u` c`icrlcre/g c`icrlcre/g..
(pg`gfmze).
Vgokg 7.9. Gktcrgjme`cs pcrmu`aucgkcs.
Jgse prçjtmje 6
Zekujmú`> g) Xcpg tmc`c e`mjelmjesms (tm÷g fc kg u÷g). Xucfcs pukmr kg u÷g y lgqumkkgrkg pgrg lcnergr su gspcjte, pcre kucae tc`frçs quc cstcrmkmzgr g je`jmc`jmg ck lgtcrmgk c m`fmjgr g kg jkmc`tc quc gjufg urac`tclc`tc gk lífmje, yg quc cs kg Þ`mjg lg`crg fc jurgrkg. o) Je` jumfgfe ckmlm`grçs kes pgfrgstres, pgfr gstres, y kc `utrmrçs kg pmck pcrmu`aucgk c` preiu`fmfgf pgrg cvmtgr quc sgkag` lçs. j) @e. @u`jg prcsjm`fmrçs fc kgs lcfmfgs fc pretcjjmú`, yg quc kgs m`icjjme`cs tmc`c` u` pcrmefe vc`tg`g c` ck jugk se` je`tgamesgs gu`quc `e sc vcg` g smlpkc vmstg. @e sgocs sm Ymram`mg gjgog fc jeacr de`aes c` ck aml j) Xer Þktmle, Ymram`mg vmc`c fmrcjtglc`tc fck aml`gsme, `gsme. rcjmí` fujdgfg, y `e prcsc`tg `m`au`g gktcrgjmú` vmsmokc. vmsmokc. µXucfcs prcsjm`fmr fc kgs lcfmfgs fc pretcjjmú`, jele per cnclpke kes aug`tcs5
Vrgogngs c` u` jc`tre cspcjmgkmzgfe fc lg`mjurg y pcfm pcf mjurg y g fmgrme gtmc`fcs u` prelcfme fc fmcz jkmc`tcs. Cste supe`c u`es fesjmc`tes jm`juc`tg jkmc`tcs gk lcs, per ke quc jgfg fìg vcs gk lc`es u`g gktcrgjmú` c` kgs u÷gs. Fcocs pefcr mfc`tmimjgrkgs pgrg pefcr grrcakgr kg u÷g fcsfc u` pu`te fc f c vmstg cstítmje, e rclmtmr gk cspcjmgkmstg. cspcjmgkmstg. g) Dey dg vc`mfe kg sc÷erg Xcpg g dgjcrsc kg pcfmjurg. pcfmjur g. Vmc`c kg u÷g fck pukagr lcfme kcvg`tgfg fck kcjde y fc u` jeker glgrmkkc`te. Gfclçs cs lçs arucsg fc ke `er lgk. µJúle ke sekujme`grçs5 sekujme`grçs5 o) Fctrçs fc Xcpg vmc`c Jgrkes, u` lcjç`mje quc smclprc trgc kgs lg`es luy cstrepcgfgs y quc tmc`c u` le`tú` fc pgfrgstres. µWuí dgrçs dgr çs c` cstc jgse5
7=
7
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
6. Gktcrgjme`cs fc kg pmck fc lg`es y pmcs Kgs u÷gs y kg pmck fc lg`es y pmcs rcqumcrc` u` jumfgfe cspcjmgk. Jgfg u`e u` e fc ckkes cstç selctmfes g igjtercs quc pucfc` rcpcrjutmr c` su cstgfe `gturgk. C` kg pmck fc kgs lg`es y pmcs dgy fes cstrujturgs> cstrujt urgs> pgklg y pkg`t pkg`tg, g, fe`fc kg pmck cs lçs cspcsg y rcsmstc`tc, y ferse y clpcm`c, fe`fc kg pmck cs lçs im`g y irçamk. Kg pmck fc `ucstrgs lg`es cstç cxpucstg je`tm`uglc`tc g garcsme`cs glomc`tgkcs, gtlesiírmjgs, g sustg`jmgs quìlmjgs jele fctcrac`tcs, g kgs rgfmgjme`cs sekgrcs, imsmekúamje. g kg gjjmú` Nu`te lcjç`mjg fc `ucstrg gjtmvmfgf jetmfmg`g, gsì jele gk prepme c`vcncjmlmc`te je` kg pmck fc kgs lg`es kgs jutìjukgs pucfc` vcrsc gicjtgfgs fc maugk ierlg y kes trgtglmc`tes fcoc` rcgkmzgrsc fc lg`crg je`nu`tg. Gk maugk quc kgs lg`es, kes pmcs se` `ucstre pmkgr. Fmgrmglc`tc sepertg` ck pcse jerpergk, `es lg`tmc`c` c` pmc, gjtÞg` fc glertmaugfercs, `es g yufg` g lg`tc`cr ck cqumkmorme seorc kgs supcri mjmcs fcsmaugkcs y `es pcrlmtc` trgskgfgr`es fc u` smtme g etre. Kg pmck fc kes pmcs, gsì jele kg pkg`tg y fcfes suirc` u`g scrmc fc rcpcrjusme`cs fmgrmgs> sc`sgjme `cs jele ck irì e, ck jgker, cxjcse fc pcse, jgkzgfe fe m`gfcjugfe, feker, pcrlg`cjcr c` c r g ` c ` r g ` c r c cl , c . , i g v pm fu t u a p mefe efe f tm pe tj ercjc` quc c` ck pmc gpgrczjg` trgster`es fc jmrjukgjmú`, fcsdmfrgtgjmú`, jgkkesmfgfcs, furczgs.. .... Zc pucfc` fmicrc`jmgr kgs gktcrgjme`cs fc f c lg`es y pmcs, c` iu`jmú` fc kes smaumc`tcs igjtercs>
A_GFE FC @SV_MJMÚ@ CZVGFE FC KG JGXG JGXG JÚ_@CG
CZVGFE FC KG
Ima. 7.:8.
6.7. Argfe fc dmfrgtgjmú` Kg jerrcjtg dmfrgtgjmú` fc kg pmck gyufg g prcscrvgr kg ckgstmjmfgf, sugvmfgf, nuvc`tuf nuvc`t uf y ck te`e. Xgrg julpkmr tefgs kgs iu`jme`cs kg pmck fcoc lg`tc`cr u`g u` g jerrcjtg dmfrgtgjmú`. Xgrg mfc`tmimjgr ck argfe fc dmfrgtgjmú` c` kg pmck fc lg`es y pmcs p mcs fcocles je`ejcr kgs jgrgjtcrìstmjgs>
Xmck dmfrgtgfg. Ima. 7.:7.
Cstg gpgrcjcrç gk tgjte sugvc, fc jeker se`resgfe, kmsg y ikcxmokc.
Xmck fcsdmfrgtgfg c` lg`es y
Ve`gkmfgf pçkmfg, çspcrgs gk tgjte, fcsjglgjmú`, g lc`ufe prcsc`tg kg supcrimjmc jugrtcgfg y keslçs pkmcaucs `gturgkcs fc kg pmck lgrjgfes, c m`jkuse pmjer.
pmcs. Ima. 7.:?.
Vgokg 7.1. Kg dmfrgtgjmú` c` kg pmck. ?8
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
7
6.?. Argfe fc `utrmjmú `utrmjmú`` Ck argfe fc `utrmjmú` gfcjugfe c` kg pmck cs mlpertg`tc, yg quc kgs sustg`jmgs argsgs quc je`tmc`c igvercjc` gk lg`te dmfrekmpìfmje, quc `es pretcac g`tc kes lmjreerag`ms les y irc`tc g kg fcscjgjmú`, rcaukg`fe kg pírfmfg pírf mfg fc gaug. Kg igktg fc `utrmjmú` dgjc dgj c quc kg pmck fc kgs lg`es y pmcs scg lçs im`g, scjg, çspcrg, tmrg `tc y je` u` te`e okg`je - resgfe.
6.:. Cstgfe fc kg jgpg júr`cg Kg jgpg júr`cg cs kg jgpg quc sc c`juc`trg c` je`tgjte je`t gjte je` ck cxtcrmer. Cstç ierlgfg per jíkukgs lucrtgs y sc c`juc`trg c` je`stg`tc fcsjglgjmú`, f csjglgjmú`, ic`úlc`e `gturgk ffcc kg pmck quc sc rc`ucvg je`stg`tclc`tc. Kes K es trgster`es c` kg pmck fc lg`es y pmcs rckgjme`gfes je` kg jgpg júr`cg j úr`cg se`> • Vrgster`es fc kg pmalc`tgjmú`> gicjtg` gk jeker fc kg pmck. Ze` kgs fc`elm`gfgs dmpcrjrelìgs, dmpcrjrelìgs, pmalc`tgjme`cs cxjcsmvgs fc kg pmck fc ermac` je`aí`mte e gfqumrmfe. Xefcles c`je`trgr c`je`tr gr lg`jdgs jutç`cgs c` kg pmck fc kgs lg`es fc jeker lgrrú` `caruzje, fc ierlg pkg`g, quc sc kejgkmzg` prcicrc`tclc`tc prcicrc`tclc`t c c` ck ferse fc kg lg`e. Kg gpgrmjmú` fc cstgs lg`jdgs pucfc fcocrsc f cocrsc gk c`vcncjmlmc`te, c`vcncjmlmc`te, cxpesmjmú` sekgr e rgfmgjmú` uktrgvmekctg. C` cstes cst es jgses, kg pmck fc kgs lg`es tmc`c u` gspcjte scje y c`rencjm c`rencjmfe, fe, çspcre gk tgjte, je` igjmkmfgf pgrg kg ierlgjmú` fc pcquc÷gs armctgs y imsurgs. G pgrtmr fc kes jugrc`tg g÷es, fcomfe gk fcscqumkmorme derle`gk quc m`ikuyc seorc ck lctgoekmsle fc kg lckg`m`g, kg pmck pmcrfc pmcrf c ck jeker resgfe, ck te`e ircsje y nuvc`mk, prefujmí`fesc jglomes fmiuses dgjmg te`es glgrm- kkc`tes, pgrfes y epgjes (Ima. 7.:6, y 7.:3). • Vrgster`es fc kg qucrgtm`mzgjmú`> sc prefujc u` gulc`te fc
kg jgpg júr`cg. ‚ Dmpcrqucrgtesms pkg`tgr (tglomí` fc`elm`gfes jgkkes)> cs u` c`aresglmc`te fc kg pmck fc f c kg pkg`tg fck pmc. C` ejgsme`cs tglomí` gpgrcjc` c` kg pgklg p gklg fc kg lg`e, fcomfe g u`g je` -
c ` kg Ima. 7.:3. Lg`es je` lg`jdgs c` pmck prepmgs fck c`vcncjmlmc`te.
tm`ugckprcsmú`. Jele je`scjuc`jmg sc c`aresg, jgusgfg per use fc jgkzgfe m`gfcjugfe, kg pmck eocsmfgf, fcierlmfgfcs c` kes pmcs, y jmcrtgs jmcrtgs c`icrlcfgfcs fc ermac` jmrjukgterme y `curekúamje. Kg pmck c`aresgfg gpgrcjc g pgrcjc fc jeker glgrmkke, je` feker g kg prcsmú`, m`jkuse cstg`fe fc pmc y gk jglm`gr. jglm`gr. ‚ Jgkkes m`tcrfmamtgkcs u ene fc agkke> fc`elm`gfes tglomí` jgkkes okg`fes, sc kejgkmzg` c`trc kes fcfes, c` kes kgtcrgkcs e c` kg ogsc fc kes lmsles. Cs u`g gktcrgjmú` fe`fc kg pmck gpgrcjc okg`fg, m`ikglgfg, dÞlcfg, je` rmcsae fc cstgr m` icjtgfg per de`aes e ogjtcrmgs. Cs u`g gktcrgjmú` fekeresg, quc sc prefujc per ck rejc je`tm`ue ejgsme`gfe ejgsme`gfe per u` jgkzgfe cstrcjde, su trgtglmc`te suckc scr pefekúamje.
Ima. 7.:6. Igktg fc lckg`m`g c` kg pmck.
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Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
‚ ‚ Ycrruag pefgk> cs u`g gktcrgjmú` prefujmfg per ck vmrus fck pgpmkelg dulg`e dulg` e
(DXY). Gpgrcjc jele u`g jgkkesmfgf jmrju`sjrmptg c` ck pmc, je` u`g jekergjmú` glgrmkkc`tg je` ck jc`tre esjurcjmfe. esjurcjmf e. Xucfc` gpgrcjcr c` uu`e `e e c` kes fes pmcs, c` sekmtgrme e c` arupe, c` kg pkg`tg pkg`t g fck pmc, c`trc kes fcfes, e c` kg ze`g fc kgs u÷gs. Cs u`g gktcrgjmú` fekeresg quc q uc sc pucfc je`trgcr g trgvís fc kg pmck per igjtercs igjte rcs fmvcrses> fmvcr ses> dmpcrdmfresms, dmpcrdmfresms, dulcfgf c` kg fujdgs y pmsjm`gs, pmsjm`gs, ck rejc je`tm`ue fck jgkzgfe, gktcrgjme`cs ertepífmjgs, ctj. Zu trgtglmc`te cs lífmje (Ima. 7.:9). 7.:9).
6.6. Cstgfe fc kg jmrjukg jmrjukgjmú` jmú` pcrmiírmjg Ima. 7.:9. Ycrruag pefgk.
Kgs gktcrgjme`cs c` kg jmrjukgjmú` fc rcter`e, pucfc ejgsme`gr trgster`es tgkcs je
Gspcjte
@elorc fc kg gktcrgjmú`
M`i kg l gj me`c s y g ktcrgj me`c s fck je ker > cs u`g g ktcrg jmú` fc kg jmrjukg jm ú` pcrmi írmjg prefujm fg per u`g rctc`jm ú` fc kì qumfes. Xref ujc u`g sc`sg jmú` fc pcsgfcz, dm`jdgz ú`, sc`sg jmú` fc derlmauce, c`tulcjmlmc`te, i rmg kfg f, jeker gl erg tg fe, y je` prcsm ú` kg ze`g telg u` jeker okg `quc jm`e. Cs je lÞ` c` ck clog rgz e, c` p crse`g s eo csg s, g k cstg r lujdg s dergs fc pmc, ctj. Ima. 7.:1.
Zgog÷e`cs> tglomí` fc`elm`gfes crmtclg pcr`me, sc ejgsme`g` per u`g igktg fc
jmrjukgjmú` c` kes pcquc÷es jgpmkgrcs quc mrrmag` kg pmck. Gpgrcjc` jele u`g tulcigjjmú` fc kg pmck, je` c`rencjmlmc`te y cfclg jutç`ce. jutç` ce. Ejgsme`g` pmjer c` kgs lg`es, fcfes fc lg`es y pmcs, ercngs, y `grmz. Zc lg`mimcstg` jele u`g tulergjmú` renmzg. Zuckc` fcsgpgrcjcr cspe`tç cspe`tç`cglc`tc `cglc`tc,, gu`quc tglomí` pucfc` kkcagr g ukjcrgrsc ukjcrgrsc c m`icjtgrsc. Zu jgusg prm`jmpgk cs u`g cxpesmjmú` cxjcsmvg gk irìe y g kg dulcfgf. Ck tgogje igvercjc kg gpgrmjmú` fc sgog÷e`cs gk cstrcjdgr cstrcjdg r kgs grtcrmgs y rcfujmr ck ikune sg`auì`ce. Ima. 7.:4.
Ic` ú lc` e fc _ gy `gu f> cs u` trg ster`e jmrjukgterme quc pref ujc cspgsles e je`trgjjme`cs c` kgs grtcrmgs fc kes fcfes fc kg s lg`es y fc kes pmcs, prefujmfgs per tclpcrgturgs og ngs, tgogje e smtug jme`cs fc cstrís clejme`gk, gu`quc g lc`ufe `e cs pesmokc fctcrlm`gr kg jg usg. Ck i c`úlc`e fc _g y`g uf cs lçs jelÞ` c` kgs lu ncrcs. Kes sì `telg s se` c`t ulcjmlmc`te y derlmauce c` kes fcfes fc lg `es y pmcs, kg pm ck sc vuckvc pç kmfg e gzukgfg, y sc c`rencjc. Kg furgjmú` cs vgrmgokc fcsfc u`es lm`utes g u`gs dergs. Ima. 7.:=. Vgokg 7.4.
Jgse prçjtmje 3
Gk jc`tre fc pckuqucrìg y cstítmjg gjufc u`g luncr pgrg pgr g rcgkmzgrsc u` trgtglmc`te fc lg`mjurg. Fcscg je`nu`tglc`tc u` trgtglmc`te pgrg kgs lg`es, y cstgs sc prcsc`tg` scjgs, çspcrgs çspcrgs gk tgjte, je` pcquc÷gs pcquc÷ gs armctgs, y c` ck ferse fc kg lg`e gpgrcjc` lg`jdgs pkg`gs fc jeker glgrmkke pgrfuzje. µWuí tmpe fc gktcrgjmú` prcsc`tg5 µG quí sc fcoc cstg gktcrgjmú`5
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Zekujmú`> Vrgs kg eoscrv g jmú` y kmlpmczg fc kg z e`g, kg gktcrg jmú` quc prcsc`tg kg pmck fc kg lg`e fck jkmc`tc sc fcoc g u` trg ster`e fc pmalc`t g jmú` fck cstg fe fe fc kg jgpg júr`cg. Cstc tmpe pe fc gktcrgjmú` cs jelÞ` g pgr tmr fc u`g fctcrlm `gfg cfgf c` kg quc kg pmck suirc u`g scrmc fc lefmi mjg mjgjme `cs jele je`scjuc`jmg fck c`vc ncjmlmc`te jutç`ce.
Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
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6.3. C`icrlcfgfcs preicsme` preicsme`gkcs gkcs Kg pmck fc lg`es prm`jmpgklc`tc pucfc suirmr gktcrgjme`cs quc pucfc` fcocr sc, gk glomc`tc c` ck quc fcsgrrekkgles fcsgrre kkgles ck trgogne y quc pucfc pu cfc ejgsme`gr`es ejgsme`gr`e s fmicrc`tcs c`icrlcfgfcs, fc`elm`gfgs «fcrlgtesms². Xer fcrlgtesms c`tmc`fc jugkqumcrarg`es g`elgkìg jutç`cg e kcsmú` fc kg pmck lg`mimcstg g trgvís fcscjestrgs, lg`jdgs, u etrgs ierlgs fc crupjmú`. C`quc cstcscsc`tmfe kg «fcrlgtesms preicsme`gk² cs tefg gquckkg gktcrgjmú` jutç`cg jgusgfg, igvercjmfg e clpcergfg per ck glomc`tc fc trgogne. Zc trgtg fc u`g c`icrlcfgf c`icrlcf gf c` kg lgyerìg lgyer ìg fc jgses pesmokc fc f c prcvc`mr, prcvc`mr, iu`fglc`tgklc`tc sm sc g`gkmzg` sus jgusgs, quc c`trc c`t rc etrgs pucfc scr kg jgpgjmfgf quc tmtmc`c` c`c` gkau`gs sustg`jmgs quc lg`mpukgles c` ck trgogne pgrg prevejgr`es preve jgr`es u`g mrrmtgjmú` e gkcramg c` kg pmck. Kgs fcrlgtesms fc ermac` kgoergk kgo ergk sc jkgsmimjg` c`> • Fcrlgtesms mrrmtgtmvg> cs u`g m`ikglgjmú` fc kg pmck fc kgs lg`es lg`e s jgusgfg per ck je`tgjte fmrcjte je` u`g sustg`jmg mrrmtg`tc. Cste Cst e vgrìg c` ck lmsle m`fmvmfue je` ck tmclpe y fcpc`fmc`fe kg sustg`jmg y kg ircjuc`jmg fc su cxpesmjmú`. cxpesmjmú` . Kgs jgusgs lçs ircjuc`tcs se` ck je`tgjte je` çjmfes, lgtcrmgkcs gkjgkm`es jele kes ngoe`cs y kes fctcrac`tcs, fmsekvc`tcs fmsekvc`t cs y etres quìlmjes. Kg rcgjjmú` suckc pgrcjcrsc g u`g quclgfurg. Gpgrcjc c` kg pmck fc kgs lg`es, seorc tefe tef e c` kgs pgklgs y c` kes cspgjmes m`tcrfmamtgkcs, sc gpgrcjcr prcsc`tg crupjmú`, je` c`rencjmlmc`te e m`ikglgjmú` fc kg pmck c` ck çrcg cxpucstg.fe`fc Xucfc` pçpukgs, vcsìjukgs y glpekkgs, gfclçs fc cxufgfe y ierlgjmú` fc jestrgs je` pírfmfg pírf mfg fc kg tcxturg `erlgk fc kg pmck gpgrcjmc`fe jele jgr`c vmvg e c`aresgfg. Kg pcrse`g sc`tmrç pmjer e quclgzú` fc kg pmck c` çrcgs, gsì jele u` gulc`te fc kg sc`smomkmfgf fc f c kg pmck c` ck çrcg cxpucstg. • Fcrlgtesms gkíramjg> cs u` tmpe fc c`icrlcfgf quc gpgrcjc gk c`trgr c` je`tgjte ck m`fmvmfue je` gkau`g gka u`g sustg`jmg g kg quc prcvmglc`tc p rcvmglc`tc yg crg cr g sc`smokc (gkíramje, (gkíramje, fc ermac` je`aí`mte) e g kg quc, trgs u`g cxpesmjmú` rcpctmfg (ermac` gfqumrmfe), ck trgogngfer gjgog sc`smomkmzç`fesc y fcsgrrekkg`fe u`g gkcramg jele je`scjuc`jmg fc kg gjtmvmfgf kgoergk. • Fcrlgtmtms jrú`mjg fc lg`es y pmcs> kg fcrlgtmtms jrú`mjg fc lg`es y pmcs se` u`g scrmc fc gktcrgjme`cs c` kg pmck fc kgs lg`es, quc gpgrcjc m`ikglgfg m`ikglgf g c mrrmtgfg. Zc prefujc jele je`scjuc`jmg fc u`g sujcsmú` fc je`tgjtes je` sustg`jmgs quìlmjgs c` ck fcsclpc÷e fc kg gjtmvmfgf fmgrmg kgoergk. Kg fcrlgtmtms fcrlgt mtms jrú`mjg fc kes pmcs gpgrcjc per kgsfcrlgtmtms je`fmjme`cs fc dulcfgf dulcf gf yyjgker quc prefujc` kes jgkjctm`cs y kes zgpgtes. Cstg prefujc feker pmjer.
Ima. 7.68. Fcrlgtmtms gkíramjg.
Ima. 7.67. Fcrlgtmtms jrú`mj
Jgse prçjtmje 9
G tu jc`tre fc pckuqucrìg y cstítmjg gjufc u`g luncr quc fcscg rcgkmzgrsc u` trgtglmc`te fc lg`mjurg y pcfmjurg. pcfmjurg. Vrgs gjelefgr gjelefgr g kg jkmc`tg, rcgkmzgs kg kmlpmczg kmlpmczg y fcsm`icj jmú`. µWuí fcocs eoscrvgr g`tcs fc rcgkmzgr ck pretejeke fc trgtglmc`te c` u÷gs, lg`es y pmcs5
Zekujmú`> _cgkmzgrçs u` cstufme y eoscrvgjmú` fc kgs u÷gs, c` lg`es y pmcs, y g je`tm`ugjmú` fctcrlm`grçs sm cxmstc` gktcrgjme`cs.
C` ck jgse fc quc kgs gktcrgjme`cs scg` fc jgrçjtcr cstí -
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tmje, fcocs fctcrlm`gr sm gicjtg` g kg kçlm`g u`aucgk. u`au cgk. Zm cs pesmokc g`gkmzgrçs kgs pesmokcs jerrcjjme`cs c` jug` te gk jeker y kg ierlg. Zm cs gsì prejcfcrçs gk prejcse fc lg`mjurg y pcfmjurg. C` ck jgse fc quc kgs gktcrgjme`cs scg` fc jgrçjtcr fcrlgtekúamje, `e rcgkmzgrçs `m`a Þ` tmpe fc trgtglmc`te y fcocs rclmtmr g kg jkmc`tc g je`suktg lífmjg. Zm trgs kg eoscrvgjmú` `e cxmstc` cxmst c` gktcrgjme`cs c` kgs u÷gs y pmck fc lg`es y pmcs, rcgkmzgrçs ck prejcse fc lg`m jurg y pcfmjurg smaumc`fe kgs pgutgs jerrcspe`fmc`tcs. jerrcspe`fmc`tcs.
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Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
Zì`tcsms Leriekeaìg fc kgs u÷gs Kg kçlm`g e jucrpe fc kg u÷g ze`g vmsmo vmsmokc kc
_gìz fc kg u÷g (lgtrmz) ze`g `e vmsmokc vmsmokc
G ktcrgjme`cs cstítmjgs fc kg pmck fc kgs l g`es y pmcs scaÞ`>
CZVGFE FC KG JGXG JÚ_@CG
A_GFE FC @SV_MJMÚ@
Xmck dmfrgtgfg Xmck fcsdmfrgtgfg
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Kg igktg fc `utrmjmú`
dgjc quc kg pmck fc kgs lg`es y pmcs scg lçs im`g, scjg, scjg , çspcrg
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M`ikglgjme`cs y
Vrgster`es fc kg
pmalc`tgjmú` Vrgster`es fc kg qucrgtm`mzgjmú`
Zgog÷e`cs
Gktcrgjme`cs quc pucfc` fcocrsc g jgusg fck glomc`tc c` ck quc fcsgrrekkgles ck trgogne •
Fcrlgtesms mrrmtgtmvg
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Fcrlgtesms gkíramjg
Leriekeaìg fck pmc
Leriekeaìg fc kg lg`e
Jgrpe> 4 ducses
Fcrlgtmtms jrú`mjg
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JÞomte
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_gfme
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@crvme juomtgk
@crvme rgfmgk
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Leriekeaìg fc lg`es y pmcs
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¡LSJDGZ A_GJMGZ!
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