Guia 7 Prat Gerenciar Ansiedade - Jean Alessandro

 

Jufo ek : prïtfios pro jkrkhifor o

 Ohsfkeoek

 Mkoh Olkssoherd Ssfidldjfo Ed Idtfefohd

 

 Ohsfkeoek : prïtfios poro sk tdrhor nofs `drtk quk o ohsfkeoek, o sîherdnk ed páhfid k o prkdiupoêéd K-addb

 Mkoh Olkssoherd

 

Ohsfkeoek Jufo ek 7 prïtfios

D prfnkfrd possd poro o nueohêo

Ikrtonkhtk vdií mï pkrikaku quk, ãs vkzks, `ujfnds eds hdssds prdalknos, eos pkssdos ef`îikfs, eos sftuoêûks idnplfioeos. Pdií tonaæn mï ekvk tkr idhgkifed oljuæn quk héd sk oaolovo efohtk ekssos sftuoêûks, k quk sknprk oioaovo “eohed o vdlto pdr ifno„. D quk kssos pkssdos tín kn idnun, quk pkrnftk quk klos posskn pdr ifno eos ef`fiuleoeks4 D quk ef`krk kssos pkssdos eos pkssdos quk `djkn eds prdalknos4 Hun prdikssd ek nueohêo, du ho vfeo kn jkrol, gï ikrtos polovros quk tdrhon tued nofs lkvk. Oikftoêéd æ uno ekssos polovros. Oikftor o rkolfeoek ho quol hds khidhtronds æ d prfnkfrd possd poro supkror d outdkhjohd k o fluséd ek quk kstï tued akn. Ekpdfs eo oikftoêéd, pdek vfr quolqukr idfso= luto, plohkmonkhtd, oêéd, aotolgo, du `ujo, nked, fluséd k khjohd. Od hkjor o rkolfeoek, fnpkefnds quk quolqukr plohkmonkhtd du nueohêo idnkikn. [n plohd eksidloed eo rkolfeoek æ un plohd quk mï hosik ndrtd, k sk héd oikftonds o rkolfeoek, héd tknds idnd idhgkií-lo.

Kstonds `olohed ek khioror os sftuoêûks k héd ek `ujfr eklos.

Yk troto ek oikftor d sd`rfnkhtd poro eor un skhtfed o klk k usï-ld poro skr nofs `drtk. Srkifso oikftor, ossunfhed uno pdsturo ek otfvfeoek k héd ek possfvfeoek. Pdií prkifso oikftor suo poriklo ek iulpo pklos idfsos héd kstorkn nklgdrks poro vdií k poro os pkssdos quk kstéd pdr pkrtd. Srkifso-sk oikftor, poro ekpdfs `ozkr quolqukr idfso. Khtéd oikftk omueo, oikftk os prïtfios, oikftk ds ekso`fds, oikftk o dpdrtuhfeoek. Oikftk skr nklgdr.

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Ohsfkeoek

Fhtrdeuêéd

O psfidldjfo fh`klfznkhtk tkn sfed ossdifoeo `drtknkhtk idn edkhêo nkhtol k idn prdalknos psfidlùjfids. Khtrk o psfidldjfo k ds ohskfds eo pdpuloêéd irfdu-sk uno aorrkfro, tol quk nuftos pkssdos tín nked, vkrjdhgo du otæ rkikfd ek prdiuror omueo psfidlùjfio.

Fssd æ un jrohek prdalkno, pdfs ds psfiùldjds séd os pkssdos nofs iopoiftoeos tkihfionkhtk k tkdrfionkhtk poro lfeor idn d tfpd ek idfso quk sdnkhtk igkjo o klks ekpdfs quk tued “`df poro d arkmd„. Uknds idnd prkvkhfr uno særfk ek prdalknos, tknds idnd omueor o ekspkrtor d pdtkhifol eos pkssdos, ekskhvdlvkr ksquknos prkvkhtfvd prkvkhtfvds s k prdtktfvds.  Sdeknds omueor os pkssdos o ekskhvdlvkrkn rksflfíhifo.

Oljunos pkssdos sk akhk`fifon nuftd ek opkhos oljunos lkfturos oikrio ek idnd `uhifdho o nkhtk gunoho k skus prdikssds. Igononds fssd ek

Ssfidkeuioêéd, d khsfhonkhtd sdark idnd `uhifdhon ikrtds prdikssds nkhtofs. _ukrd lgk ndstror oquf idnd o psfidldjfo pdek tk omueor. Pdií vof lkr hos prùxfnos pïjfhos idfsos quk idhskjuf muhtor od ldhjd ek edfs ohds sdark soýek kndifdhol, irksifnkhtd, outdkstfno, k akn-kstor psfidlùjfid.

O psfidldjfo kvdlufu. _ukn soak ksso kvdluêéd héd tkhgo igkjoed otæ vdií, nos klo oidhtkiku k ofheo kstï oidhtkikhed. oidhtkikhed. Gdmk soaknds voldrfzor os eknoheos sdifofs pdr nofs akn-kstor, pdr outdidhgkifnkhtd, pdr ausio pdr nueohêos prïtfios.

Ykjuhed Nortfh Yklfjnoh, fekolfzoedr ek nuftos pksqufsos hksso lfhgo, idn os jroheks jukrros o pdpuloêéd prkifsdu ed hdssd skrvfêd `dioed quosk quk kxilusfvonkhtk kn nfhfnfzor os nfsærfos k otrdifeoeks eo jukrro. Gdmk, pdræn, héd kstonds oquf sù poro `olor ek prdalknos. Sdr fssd, qukrd tk d`krkikr fh`drnoêéd ifkhtî`fio huno `drno sfnplks k `ïifl ek khtkhekr. kh tkhekr.

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Ohsfkeoek

Nofs ek 1; nflgûks ek arosflkfrds sd`rkn ek oljun trohstdrhd nkhtol. Ikrio ek 73 pdr ikhtd ekssos pkssdos héd tkn oikssd hkhgun trotonkhtd psfidlùjfid du næefid. Héd akn skf d ndtfvd efssd, nos sfhtd quk æ nku ekvkr kspolgor `drnos ek idnaotkr kssks trohstdrhds. O ifíhifo ekvk skr ekndirotfzoeo. Olæn ed nofs, hkn tded nuhed qukr k pdek `ozkr tkropfo. Os pkssdos héd prkifson sd`rkr pdr héd soakr idnd poror ek rkndkr pkhsonkhtds. Héd prkifson sd`rkr pdrquk oigon quk véd khlduqukikr ek tohtd nked. Pdií pdek oprkhekr o lfeor idn kssk tfpd ek prdalkno ek uno `drno rklotfvonkhtk  sfnplks. Pkmo akn, ku efssk sfnplks, héd efssk `ïifl. O ef`krkhêo khtrk kssos euos polovros æ jrohek. Æ sfnplks, pdfs ds prfhiîpfds k tæihfios mï kstéd efspdhîvkfs, k jrohek portk eklks kstï ek jroêo pdr oî.

Héd æ `ïifl, pdrquk vof fr idhtro ds gïaftds k tkheíhifos ikrkarofs k nkhtofs, quk, kn nuftos pkssdos, kstéd skhed olfnkhtoeds pdr ohds. @old pdr kxpkrfíhifo prùprfo. Kn 13?:/?7 ku kstovo `ozkhed `oiuleoek, kstïjfd, kstueohed poro idhiursd, od nksnd tknpd. Æ ilord quk nufto jkhtk nk igonovo ek lduid pdr qukrkr idhiflfor kstued poro idhiursds (quk æ oltonkhtk kstrkssohtk) idn quolqukr dutro idfso. Nos ku oioakf oigohed oljuhs ndeds ek nohkmor o nfhgo ohsfkeoek - ekpdfs ek nuftds efos kn quk klo qufs (k quosk idhskjufu) nk ekrruaor. Uonaæn ekskhvdlvf sîherdnk ed páhfid, `fiovo nuftd nol ekhtrd ek lujorks `kigoeds, `kigoeds, idnd idnd iorrds, õhfaus, klkvoedrks. klkvoedrks. Fssd kvdlufu kvdlufu otæ un pdhtd quk quosk quolqukr sftuoêéd pdekrfo ekskhioekor un nked quk iulnfhovo kn un pfid ek páhfid. D sfnplks nked ek tkr nked mï aostovo. Ikrtd efo, duvf `olor ek Nfhe`ulhkss. @fqukf iurfdsd k idnkikf o pksqufsor. Nfhe`ulhkss æ un tfpd fh`drnol ek nkeftoêéd. Fh`drnol qukr efzkr quk héd æ skhtoed huno olnd`oeo olnd`oeo k héd prkifso ek un rftuol. Æ uno nkeftoêéd quk pdek skr protfioeo oheohed, idrrkhed, idnkhed. Kssk tfpd ek nkeftoêéd vkn skhed kstueoed gï 53 ohds k gdmk nuftds psfiùldjds kstéd usohed kn skus poifkhtks muhtonkhtk idn o tkropfo. Gï nofs ek 9 nfl ortfjds `olohed eo k`fiïifo eksso tkropíutfio idhtro ohsfkeoek k ekprksséd. Nos d quk ohsfkeoek tkn o vkr idn nkeftoêéd4 Uued. Ohsfkeoek kn kxikssd (d quk igononds ek trohstdrhd ek ohsfkeoek) æ uno oprkkhséd, un nked, uno prkdiupoêéd kxikssfvo idn d `uturd.

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Ohsfkeoek

O pkssdo ohsfdso æ "edkhtk ed `uturd", edkhtk pdr iouso ed `uturd. Ykjuhed uno pksqufso ek Gorvore, vfvknds nktoek ed hdssd tknpd efïrfd pkhsohed hd possoed - runfhohed k rkndkhed nïjdos k lknarohêos - du hd `uturd. Pdií pdek oigor ksso pksqufso prdiurohed pdr "O wohekrfhj nfhe fs o uhgoppy nfhe".

Yk daskrvor pdr un efo du edfs idn otkhêéd, otkhêéd, vkrï quk dsiflo khtrk possoed k `uturd d efo tded, k, ãs vkzks, vdií `oz uno vfsftfhgo hd prkskhtk. Khtéd sk lknaro ek uno efsiusséd quk tkvk idn oljuæn k æ roptoed poro d possoed. Dutros pksqufsos o`frno quk kxojkronds tohtd hd `uturd dtfnfsto quohtd hd `uturd pkssfnfsto. Ydnds pæssfnds plohkmoedrks k pæssfnds kn prdmktor d `uturd. D psfiùldjd onkrfiohd Eoh Jflakr tkn uno vosto lftkroturo sdark fssd. Khtéd, vkmo akn= ýhfio idfso quk kxfstk æ d ojdro. D possoed æ un ojdro quk mï héd kxfstk nofs - o héd skr ho lknarohêo - k d `uturd, pdr ek`fhfêéd, ofheo héd kxfstk, æ uno pdssfaflfe pdssfaflfeoek. oek. Khtéd d ýhfid ndnkhtd quk pdeknds `ozkr oljd æ hd ojdro. Pdií mï vfu oljuæn `ozkr oljd hd possoed, du `ozkr oljd hd `uturd4 Héd4 Khtéd pdr quk possonds tohtd tknpd lï4 Sdfs æ. D Nfhe`ulhkss khsfho o oprdvkftor nklgdr d ndnkhtd, oiolnor o nkhtk, khtkhekr hdssos kndêûks, idhtrdlor hd quk `dionds o hdsso otkhêéd. Ekvknds prfnkfrd oikftor o ohsfkeoek. Héd oikftor hd skhtfed ek sk rksfjhor. Oikftor hd skhtfed ek pkrikakr quk klo kxfstk k quk ojk sdark hùs k æ uno idfso quk sknprk kstï olf. Ekpdfs quk poronds ek `ujfr, ek hkjor, pdeknds kh`rkhtor d prdalkno. Yk vdií hkjo du `djk d Srfhiîpfd ed [rsd Arohid khtro kn oêéd. Aosto tkhtor o`ostor uno kndêéd pro quk klo sk onplf`fquk. Héd gï dutrd nded ek supkror fssd, d prfnkfrd possd æ oikftor quk klos kxfstkn k oikftor d k`kftd quk hds iouson. D skjuhed possd æ trkfhorgïaftds nkhtofs k idjhftfvds nofs soueïvkfs. O ldhjd prozd. Aoskoed hkssos oadreojkhs quk eksirkvkrkf oquf ku idhskjuf trotor o sîherdnk ed páhfid k oprkhekr o rkjulor o ohsfkeoek. Idnd skhtfr ohsfkeoek æ uno idfso hdrnol (kn oljun hîvkl, ilord), oljunos vkzks sfhtd, nos héd nk otropolgo nofs idnd ohtks, héd nk fnpdssfaflfto ek `ozkr d quk tkn quk skr `kftd. Héd nk porolfso. Ydark kstk lfvrd, ek `drno oljuno nk prdpdhgd o ksjdtor d tkno, ldhjk efssd. _ukrd opkhos lgk eor un pduid ed idhgkifnkhtd quk o psfidldjfo pdek d`krkikr poro nklgdror suo vfeo. Idhgkifnkhtd Idhgkifnkht d ekhtrd eds nurds eos uhfvkrsfeoeks héd volk ek hoeo. Sflgos ek troaolgds oioeínfids juoreoeds hos afalfdtkios héd nueon sftuoêéd

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hkhg hk hgun uno o nk nkht htk k hk hkhg hgun uno. o.  

Ohsfkeoek

O pkssdo ohsfdso æ "edkhtk ed `uturd", edkhtk pdr iouso ed `uturd. Ykjuhed uno pksqufso ek Gorvore, vfvknds nktoek ed hdssd hds sd tknpd efïrfd pkhsohed hd possoed - runfhohed k rkndkhed nïjdos k lknarohêos - du hd `uturd. Pdií pdek oigor ksso pksqufso prdiurohed pdr "O wohekrfhj nfhe fs o uhgoppy nfhe".

Yk daskrvor pdr un efo du edfs idn otkhêéd, vkrï quk dsiflo dsiflo khtrk possoed k `uturd d efo tded, k, ãs vkzks, vdií `oz uno vfsftfhgo hd prkskhtk. Khtéd sk lknaro ek uno efsiusséd quk tkvk idn oljuæn k æ roptoed poro d possoed. Dutros pksqufsos o`frno quk kxojkronds tohtd hd `uturd dtfnfsto quohtd hd `uturd pkssfnfsto. Ydnds pæssfnds plohkmoedrks k pæssfnds kn prdmktor d `uturd. D psfiùldjd onkrfiohd Eoh Jflakr tkn uno vosto lftkroturo sdark fssd.

Khtéd, vkmo akn= ýhfio idfso quk kxfstk æ d ojdro. D possoed æ un ojdro quk  mï héd kxfstk nofs - o héd skr ho lknarohêo - k d `uturd, pdr ek`fhfêéd, ofheo héd kxfstk, æ uno pdssfaflfeoek. Khtéd d ýhfid ndnkhtd quk pdeknds `ozkr

oljd æ hd ojdro. Pdií mï vfu oljuæn `ozkr oljd hd possoed, du `ozkr oljd hd `uturd4 Héd4 Khtéd pdr quk possonds tohtd tknpd lï4 Sdfs æ.

D Nfhe`ulhkss khsfho o oprdvkftor nklgdr d ndnkhtd, oiolnor o nkhtk, khtkhekr hdssos kndêûks, idhtrdlor hd quk `dionds o hdsso otkhêéd. Ekvknds prfnkfrd oikftor o ohsfkeoek.  Héd oikftor hd skhtfed ek sk

rksfjhor. Oikftor hd skhtfed ek pkrikakr quk klo kxfstk k quk ojk sdark hùs k æ uno idfso quk sknprk kstï olf. Ekpdfs quk poronds ek `ujfr, ek hkjor, pdeknds kh`rkhtor d prdalkno. Yk vdií hkjo du `djk d Srfhiîpfd ed [rsd

Arohid  khtro kn oêéd. Aosto tkhtor o`ostor uno kndêéd pro quk klo sk onplf`fquk.

Héd gï dutrd nded ek supkror fssd, d prfnkfrd possd æ oikftor quk klos kxfstkn k oikftor d k`kftd quk hds iouson.

D skjuhed possd æ trkfhor

gïaftds nkhtofs k idjhftfvds nofs soueïvkfs. O ldhjd prozd.

Aoskoed hkssos oadreojkhs quk eksirkvkrkf oquf ku idhskjuf trotor o sîherdnk ed páhfid k oprkhekr o rkjulor o ohsfkeoek. Idnd skhtfr ohsfkeoek æ uno idfso hdrnol (kn oljun hîvkl, ilord), oljunos vkzks sfhtd, nos héd nk otropolgo nofs idnd ohtks, héd nk fnpdssfaflfto ek e k `ozkr d quk tkn quk skr `kftd. Héd nk porolfso.

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Ohsfkeoek

Ek `drno oljuno nk prdpdhgd o ksjdtor d tkno, ldhjk efssd. _ukrd opkhos lgk eor un pduid ed idhgkifnkhtd quk tkhgd idnfjd k quk o psfidldjfo pdek d`krkikr poro nklgdror suo vfeo.

Idhgkifnkhtd ekhtrd eds nurds eos uhfvkrsfeoeks héd volk ek hoeo. Sflgos ek troaolgds oioeínfids juoreoeds hos afalfdtkios héd nueon sftuoêéd hkhguno, nkhtk hkhguno.

_ukn nofs prkifso ekssk idhgkifnkhtd séd os pkssdos. Skssdos quk kstéd idnporohed lfvrds ek outdomueo (nuftos vkzks kxtrknonkhtk eksidloeds eo rkolfeoek k eos pksqufsos) pdrquk héd soakn dhek oigor o sdluêéd poro skus prdalknos.

Sdr fssd kstk lfvrd skrï ksirftd ho nofs iloro k sfnplks lfhjuojkn pdssîvkl, poro quk d nofdr hýnkrd ek pkssdos khtkheo. Héd kstdu fhtkrkssoed oquf kn prd`uhefeoek, nos kn rksultoeds prïtfids poro os pkssdos quk kstéd sd`rkhed. Irkfd quk d idhgkifnkhtd quk ku tkhgd otæ ojdro pdek omueor aostohtk jkhtk, pdræn, soaknds quk o vkreoek ho ifíhifo æ sknprk prdvfsùrfo, ho psfidldjfo, nofs ofheo. Yknprk kstonds kvdlufhed k rkvkhed os pksqufsos.

 Ovfsd= Héd sk prkdiupk. Héd Héd tkhtk pdr kn prïtfio tdeos kssos ?3 idfsos od nksnd tknpd, k hkn oigd quk fssd skmo pdssîvkl hd fhîifd. Soro oljunos pkssdos

uno ekssos prïtfios mï aostorï. Idhskjufhed oplfior uno eklos idn idhsfstíhifo  mï `orï uno khdrnk ef`krkhêo. K d nklgdr æ quk vdií pdek idhskjufr un k`kftd Sfjnolkéd (quohed ds rksultoeds ek uno prïtfio sk kspolgon k pkrnftkn rksultoeds kn dutros ïrkos).

Oljunos pkssdos véd sk oeoptor k véd idhskjufr oplfior nofs prïtfios ho suo vfeo. Oljunos pkssdos véd fhidrpdror tdeos kssos tæihfios idnd gïaftds. Dutros véd idhskjufr oplfior sdnkhtk uno, k véd ounkhtohed idn d tknpd.

Uued ekpkhek eos ifriuhstáhifos, eo suo pkrsdholfeoek, ed idhtkxtd. Kn psfidldjfo, quosk tued ekpkhek ek tued. Ydnds skrks aostohtk idnplkxds. @ùrnulos nïjfios héd iokn akn poro hùs. Nos sfn, irkfd quk ikrtos idfsos oidnktkn o tdeds hùs.

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Ohsfkeoek

Ikrtds prdikssds oidhtkikn idn tded nuhed, iked du torek, nksnd quk d idhtkýed ekssks prdikssds skmo ef`krkhtk. Ykhtfr nked æ un prdikssd. D idhtkýed ed nked pdek nueor ek pkssdo poro pkssdo, nos hdrnolnkhtk o héd skr quk vdií tkhgo uno jrovk idhefêéd næefio quk fnpdssfaflftk d nked - vdií vof skhtfr oljun nked kn oljun jrou. Kssk k-addb sk aoskfo kn prdikssds kn idnun quk tdeds ds skrks gunohds posson. YDark ds idhtkýeds eo suo ohsfkeoek, æ nklgdr quk vdií `oêo ds kxkriîifds quk prdpdnds ho hdsso ploto`drno hd sftk psfidldjfoedidtfefohd.drj. Kssos euos lfhgos ek trotonkhtd sk idnplknkhton.

Ku jdstd ek d`krkikr vïrfos prïtfios pdfs klos pdekn sk oeoptor akn du héd ho suo vfeo. Ksilorkifed fssd, kspkrd quk héd `fquk ofheo nofs ohsfdsd pdr héd idhskjufr idldior os 7 tæihfios kn prïtfio. Pï idn iolno, tkhtk un ek ioeo vkz. Ukhtk uno pdr sknoho, du tolvkz uno pdr nís. Ausquk omueo prd`fssfdhol poro oplfior, sk oigor quk héd idhskjuk sdzfhgd. Irfk un nætded quk vdií skhtk quk vof `uhifdhor, du sfjo ds possds quk idldiorkf hd `fhol ekssk k-addb.

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Ohsfkeoek

Ku skf quk vdií oigo quk æ, nos vdií héd æ skus pkhsonkhtds. Pdií héd æ sku “ku„. Pdií æ, prdvovklnkhtk, uno idfso nofdr quk hfhjuæn ofheo soak od ikrtd kxplfior. Pdií æ fh`lukhifoed, sfn, pklo jkhætfio, pklo pkrsdholfeoek, pdr skus onfjds, pdr suos lkfturos, pdr skus pkhsonkhtds, nos hoeo efssd tk ek`fhk.

Pdií héd æ suo rofvo, vdií héd æ sku nked. Pdií héd æ suo ohsfkeoek. Pdií héd æ sku otoquk ek páhfid. Ykus `roiossds héd tk ek`fhkn, hkn sku possoed. Fssd tued séd nkrds kvkhtds nkhtofs k `fsfdlùjfids,  k vdií héd prkifso sk fekhtf`fior pro sknprk idn klks.

Ds Auefstos tín uno fnpdrtohtk lfêéd poro hùs= tued æ trohsftùrfd, tued æ nueohêo, k tdeo nueohêo tkn uno iouso k un k`kftd. D Auefsnd tkn skus loeds pdsftfvds k hkjotfvds, nos héd pdeknds hkjor quk gï aostohtk idhgkifnkhtd knpîrfid sdark o `drno ek nohf`kstoêéd eo idhsifíhifo gunoho hos prïtfios ek nkeftoêéd.

D quk hùs kstonds `ozkhed quohed hds ojorronds ho hdsso rofvo, trfstkzo, ohsfkeoek, prkdiupoêéd, kstrkssk4 Kstonds hds ek`fhfhed pdr uno arkvfeoek. Nos hùs héd sdnds ksso arkvfeoek. _uohed ksso rofvo possor, kssk nked, ksso trfstkzo possor, ofheo skrknds hùs. Ofheo tkrknds uno skhsoêéd ek idhtfhufeoek psfidlùjfio, nos d k`kftd ekssos kndêûks k pkhsonkhtds rufhs tkrï possoed. Jdstd ek pkhsor ho nkhtk idnd un nor. Pdií æ d nor, k skus kvkhtds (pkhsonkhtds, kndêûks, skhtfnkhtds k skhsoêûks) séd os dheos. Héd prkifso fr kn ioeo dheo. Sdek skhtor ho orkfo k daskrvor.

Hdssd iærkard æ aostohtk nolkïvkl. Du Slïstfid, idnd efzkn ds hkurdsifkhtfstos. Klk sk oidstuno o `ozkr os nksnos lfjoêûks= pkhsk huno tkrro lfso k `d`o. _uohed o ïjuo posso pdr klo, lkvo un pduid ek tkrro. Ioeo vkz quk o ïjuo posso hdvonkhtk, lkvo nofs tkrro knadro. Yk ksso ïjuo possor pdr ohds, vof oarfr uno volo, k quohtd nofs ïjuo possor, nos o volo o`uheo. Ossfn idnd hksso tkrro, hd hdssd iærkard sk `drnon volos, quk igononds ek gïaftds. [n gïaftd pdek skr idnpdrtonkhtol, `fsfdlùjfid du opkhos nkhtol. Kssks gïaftds `fion ornozkhoeds, khtrk dutrds ldiofs, huno kstruturo igonoeo Jáhjlfds Aosofs.

?3

 

Ohsfkeoek

D jrohek prdalkno æ quk ksso kstruturo dhek sk ornozkhon ds gïaftds héd nohtæn uno idhkxéd `drtk idn o portk roifdhol ed iærkard - hùs sdnds nuftd nofs kndifdhofs k fnpulsfvds ed quk roifdhofs, idnd nuftds prkjon. Khtéd quol æ d prdalkno ek ksso portk héd tkr lfjoêéd idn o portk ek “plohkmonkhtd„ eo hdsso nkhtk4 D prdalkno æ quk hdssos tkhtotfvos ek

nueohêo séd roifdhofs, nos hdssds gïaftds séd frroifdhofs k outdnïtfids. Pdií soak nuftd akn ed quk kstdu `olohed= vdií soak iloronkhtk d quk prkifso skr `kftd, vdií tkhto, nos o tkhtotfvo æ `rustroeo quohed uno kndêéd `drtk tdno idhto, du quohed un fnpulsd tk `oz nueor ek rdto k sk soadtor hdvonkhtk, k hdvonkhtk. _uohtd nofs vdií `roiosso, nofs sk skhtk

`rustroed, nofs suo skhsoêéd ek quk tkn oljun idhtrdlk sdark os idfsos efnfhuf. Igononds fssd ek  Fnpdtíhifo Oprkhefeo. O sdluêéd pro fssd æ rkkstoaklkikr ods pduids d idhtrdlk ek `drno jroeuol k idhsfstkhtk.

Igkjo un ndnkhtd kn quk oljunos pkssdos sfnplksnkhtk eksfstkn k oikfton o sftuoêéd kn quk sk khidhtron. Héd idhskjukn idhs kjukn nofs lutor idhtro o ndhtohgo, rknor idhtro o noræ. K quofs séd os idfsos quk prkifsonds soakr o `fn ek idhskjufr prdjronor k ojukhtor otæ quk igkjukn os nueohêos4

Srkifsonds

soakr

idnd

os

rksfstíhifos

ã

nueohêos 

oidhtkikn, poro quk héd idldquknds d `roiossd kn ifno ek hdssos idstos quohed kstfvkrnds `rojflfzoeds pkld hdssd prdalkno k pkld `otd ek héd idhskjufrnds nueï-ld.

Ukr un prdalkno mï æ rufn, ojdro, tkr o skhsoêéd ek fhidnpktíhifo od tkhtor nueor, k `roiossor, æ akn pfdr. Yoakhed idnd `uhifdho d prdikssd  ek nueohêo hùs mï kstonds prkvkhfeds idhtro d skjuhed prdalkno. Héd soaknds sk vonds idhskjufr, nos soaknds quk héd vonds pfdror os idfsos, pkld nkhds.

Dutro `krronkhto poro nueohêo æ tkr un plohd, uno rdto, uno kstrotæjfo . Nuftos vkzks os idfsos quk prkifsonds `ozkr hds porolfson, pdfs héd soaknds pdr dhek idnkêor. Héd soaknds d quk `ozkr, hkn d quk héd `ozkr. Fssd sk nfsturo od hdssd prdalkno fhfifol k ounkhto hdsso ohsfkeoek. D rksultoed æ nofs iods ho hdsso vfeo, nofs ekskspkrd k nofs nked. Sdr fssd, qukrd tk d`krkikr euos idfsos. O prfnkfro æ fh`drnoêéd. _ukrd tk ndstror oljunos kvfeíhifos ifkhtî`fios k knpîrfios ek idnd pdeknds supkror o ohsfkeoek k d páhfid.

??

 

Ohsfkeoek

Nos fh`drnoêéd mdjoeo ods vkhtds héd volk oasdlutonkhtk hoeo. Ek fh`drnoêéd o fhtkrhkt kstï igkfo, k idnd efz U.Y. Klfdt, k héd kstï hoeo `ïifl oigor d idhgkifnkhtd hd nkfd ek tohto fh`drnoêéd. Sdr fssd tonaæn vdu tk eor uno skjuheo idfso= uno kstrotæjfo poro prdjronor o nueohêo.  Os pkssdos séd ef`krkhtks k ýhfios kn suos pkiulforfeoeks, nos fssd héd sfjhf`fio quk uno idfso quk `uhifdho poro un héd `uhifdho poro dutrds. Lknaro eds prdikssds4

Pkmo d kxknpld eos knprksos ek tkihdldjfo quk irforon nkiohfsnds poro vfifor aflgûks ek pkssdos hos rkeks sdifofs, opkhos troaolgohed hdsso tkheíhifo o ausior rkidnpkhsos. Idldioron un oljdrftnd `uhifdhohed k oltkroron d `uhifdhonkhtd eo sdifkeoek kn ksiolo jldaol.

Du vdií idhskjuk ekfxor skus oplfiotfvds igkfds ek hýnkrds skn igkior os hdtf`fioêûks4 Pdií igkio pdrquk fssd `df kstueoed k tkstoed fhýnkros vkzks, k klks oigoron o nklgdr `drno poro ndleor sku idnpdrtonkhtd, efo opùs efo, fhirknkhtohed d nætded. Yoakhed efssd, héd vonds sofr poro uno jukrro skn ohtks= ?. Kstueornds d fhfnfjd2 k 1. Ukrnds uno kstrotæjfo akn iloro poro ojfr.

Qksunfhed Sdeknds usor d sd`rfnkhtd k os ef`fiuleoeks poro hdssd irksifnkhtd pkssdol. Héd sdnds d idhtkýed eo hdsso nkhtk. Ydnds oljd nofdr, ds pkhsonkhtds k kndêûks séd sdnkhtk kvkhtds nkhtofs k `îsfids héd séd o hdsso kssíhifo. Ponds oprkhekr o lfeor idn ds prdalknos otrovæs ek fh`drnoêéd ifkhtî`fio poro quk hdssds prdalknos héd sk fhtkhsf`fqukn ekpdfs ek nofs un `roiossd. Ponds troaolgor idn kstrotæjfo poro quk héd `fquknds pkrefeds hd nkfd eds prdalknos 

?1

 

Ohsfkeoek

Nos fh`drnoêéd mdjoeo ods vkhtds héd volk oasdlutonkhtk hoeo. Ek fh`drnoêéd o fhtkrhkt kstï igkfo, k idnd efz U.Y. Klfdt, k héd kstï hoeo `ïifl oigor d idhgkifnkhtd hd nkfd ek tohto fh`drnoêéd. Sdr fssd tonaæn vdu tk eor uno skjuheo idfso= uno kstrotæjfo poro prdjronor o nueohêo.  Os pkssdos séd ef`krkhtks k ýhfios kn suos pkiulforfeoeks, nos fssd héd sfjhf`fio quk uno idfso quk `uhifdho poro un héd `uhifdho poro dutrds. Lknaro eds prdikssds4

Pkmo d kxknpld eos knprksos ek tkihdldjfo quk irforon nkiohfsnds poro vfifor aflgûks ek pkssdos hos rkeks sdifofs, opkhos troaolgohed hdsso tkheíhifo o ausior rkidnpkhsos. Idldioron un oljdrftnd `uhifdhohed k oltkroron d `uhifdhonkhtd eo sdifkeoek kn ksiolo jldaol.

Du vdií idhskjuk ekfxor skus oplfiotfvds igkfds ek hýnkrds skn igkior os hdtf`fioêûks4 Pdií igkio pdrquk fssd `df kstueoed k tkstoed fhýnkros vkzks, k klks oigoron o nklgdr `drno poro ndleor sku idnpdrtonkhtd, efo opùs efo, fhirknkhtohed d nætded. Yoakhed efssd, héd vonds sofr poro uno jukrro skn ohtks= ?. Kstueornds d fhfnfjd2 k 1. Ukrnds uno kstrotæjfo akn iloro poro ojfr.

Qksunfhed

Sdeknds usor d sd`rfnkhtd k os ef`fiuleoeks poro hdssd irksifnkhtd pkssdol. Héd sdnds d idhtkýed eo hdsso nkhtk. Ydnds oljd nofdr, ds pkhsonkhtds k kndêûks séd sdnkhtk kvkhtds nkhtofs k `îsfids héd séd o hdsso kssíhifo. Ponds oprkhekr o lfeor idn ds prdalknos otrovæs ek fh`drnoêéd ifkhtî`fio poro quk hdssds prdalknos héd sk fhtkhsf`fqukn ekpdfs ek nofs un `roiossd. Ponds troaolgor idn kstrotæjfo poro quk héd `fquknds pkrefeds hd nkfd eds prdalknos 

?9

 

Ohsfkeoek

Skrefeds hd Kjd

D hdssd kjd `oz `uhêûks nuftd fnpdrtohtks, idnd fhtkjror hdsso kxpkrfíhifo idn d nuhed, du pdssfaflftor `uhêûks nkhtofs idnplkxos idnd o otkhêéd, d roifdiîhfd, d pkhsonkhtd. Nos oaroêor eknofs d kjd æ lfnftor hdssos pdssfaflfeoeks. _ukn lkvo nuftd o særfd skus pkhsonkhtds idrrk d rfsd ek klks tdnorkn os ræekos. Sfdr ofheo, qukn lkvo nuftd o særfd ds pkhsonkhtds, idrrk d rfsid ek possor o vfvkr hklks k héd hd nuhed rkol. _uohtos vkzks vdií héd sk prkdiupdu idn kvkhtds quk huhio oidhtkikron4 _uohtos vkzks vdií `kz uno fnojkn ek vdií nksnd quk héd kstovo ek oidred idn d quk ds dutrds pkrikafon4 Uknds skhtfnkhtds, kndêûks, pkhsonkhtds. Nos klks sk véd, æ ossfn quk æ. Sdeknds oprkhekr o daskrvor idnd klks surjkn k sk véd, ossfn idnd daskrvonds os dheos ho ïjuo. Héd gï idnd idhjklor d nor, os dheos kstéd sknprk nueohed. Khtéd pdr quk idhjklonds k hds ojorronds kn un ektkrnfhoed pkhsonkhtd4   Ãs vkzks, prkifsonds dlgor hdsso kxpkrfíhifo idnd sk `dssknds dutro pkssdo, hds daskrvohed ek ldhjk. Fnojfhor quk kstonds hds dlgohed ek ldhjk `oz idn quk o kndêéd porkêo nkhds fhtkhso. Pkmo oquklo pkssdo lï ldhjk, idn nked. Héd idhskjufnds qukstfdhor o rkolfeoek ek un pkhsonkhtd quohed klk trohs`drno tdeo hdsso quînfio ikrkarol k efsporo gdrnõhfds k suastáhifos quk oltkron hdsso `fsfdldjfo. Igononds fssd ek Ykqukstrd Kndifdhol. _uohed surjk un otoquk ek páhfid, nuftos vkzks héd idhskjufnds pkhsor quk klk vof possor du quk héd vonds ndrrkr, du quk héd vonds khlduqukikr. O goaflfeoek ek pkrikakr o kndêéd k d quk klo kstï hds iousohed æ uno idfso aostohtk pdekrdso poro hds tfror eksso khrosioeo ho quol porkiknds kstor tdtolnkhtk eksonporoeds, k ksso goaflfeoek rkqukr un ikrtd trkfhd. _uohed kstonds ekhtrd eo kndêéd, sdnds idnd un pkfxk quk héd soak d quk æ ïjuo. Yfnplksnkhtk hds ekfxonds lkvor pklos skhsoêûks quk surjkn hd idrpd, pklos fekfos quk surjkn ho nkhtk.

?5

 

Ohsfkeoek

Hkssk ndnkhtd, hdssd iùrtkx (quk kstï khvdlvfed ho `uhêéd ed muljonkhtd, ed idhtrdlk eds fnpulsds) kstï ekslfjoed, hdsso rozéd edrnk. Héd idhskjufnds pkrikakr, pdfs hd ndnkhtd ed nked, tknds uno idhsifíhifo pkqukho, uno héd trkfhonds hdsso nkhtk

kndêéd jfjohtk, k rkjuloêéd eos kndêûks.

 poro nklgdroro pkrikpêéd k o

Nos, ekpdfs ek oprkhekr tued fssd, pdeknds oikftor quk hdsso nkhtk héd hds ek`fhk. Oikftor quk pdeknds tkr skhtfnkhtds, kndêûks, pkhsonkhtds, skn quk klks skmon hdsso kssíhifo. Hdsso nkhtk héd prkifso skr hdssd iorrosid. Hùs héd prkifsonds, tonpduid sí-ld. Sdeknds trohsikhekr k oprkhekr o idhvfvkr k jkrkhifor hdssos ef`fiuleoeks. Sdeknds kxkriftor hdsso `drêo ek pkrikpêéd poro quk klo skmo nofdr ed quk ds hdssds prdalknos.  

?;

 

Ohsfkeoek

Hds ýltfnds 93 ohds ds hîvkfs ek ekprksséd, sdlfeéd k trohstdrhds ek ohsfkeoek suafron. Ds hîvkfs ek knpotfo k idhkxéd sdifol efnfhuîron.

Héd æ

idfhifeíhifo, gï uno jrohek idrrkloêéd khtrk kssks edfs eoeds. Sdr quk kstonds ioeo vkz nofs ekprfnfeds k ohsfdsds4 O rkspdsto porkik skr quk kstonds nofs efstohtks uhs eds dutrds, nofs prkdiupoeds, kjdîstos, k hds olfnkhtohed ioeo vkz pfdr.

@otdrks idnd d nohkmd ed kstrkssk, o rksflfíhifo (quk æ o iopoifeoek ek supdrtor sftuoêûks kxtrknos k rktdrhor skn trounos), o olfnkhtoêéd k o nkeftoêéd, pdekn skr kxiklkhtks nkfds ek idnaotkr k ek prkvkhfr ds nolks iousoeds pdr kssks quoerds potdlùjfids.

Yù d `otd ek kstornds nofs efstohtks k sdlftïrfds mï aostorfo poro uno kxplfioêéd fhfifol. Ydnds nuftd fh`lukhifoeds pkld `otdr sdifol, idnd vkrknds o skjufr.

Héd sdnds `kftds poro skrnds sdlftïrfds, hkn poro hds oidndeor efohtk eos sftuoêûks k ekso`fds, hkn poro `fior skhtoeds o nofdr portk ed efo.

Qksunfhed

Sdeknds hds fnojfhor daskrvohed o hùs nksnds ek ldhjk, poro pdekr fekhtf`fior nklgdr hdssos kndêûks. _uohed kstonds idn kndêûks `drtks hdssd iùrtkx kstï protfionkhtk ekslfjoed. Sdr fssd héd qukstfdhonds os fekfos quk oporkikn, khioronds ds pkhsonkhtds pkhsonkht ds iotostrù`fids idnd rkolfeoeks. Sdeknds kstor nofs ohsfdsds, pdfs tknds nkhds onpord sdifol, du pdr quk tknds idhkxûks sdifofs nofs prkiïrfos.

?0

 

Ohsfkeoek

Hds ýltfnds 93 ohds ds hîvkfs ek ekprksséd, sdlfeéd k trohstdrhds ek ohsfkeoek suafron. Ds hîvkfs ek knpotfo k idhkxéd sdifol efnfhuîron.

Héd æ

idfhifeíhifo, gï uno jrohek idrrkloêéd khtrk kssks edfs eoeds. Sdr quk kstonds ioeo vkz nofs ekprfnfeds k ohsfdsds4 O rkspdsto porkik skr quk kstonds nofs efstohtks uhs eds dutrds, nofs prkdiupoeds, kjdîstos, k hds olfnkhtohed ioeo vkz pfdr.

@otdrks idnd d nohkmd ed kstrkssk, o rksflfíhifo (quk æ o iopoifeoek ek supdrtor sftuoêûks kxtrknos k rktdrhor skn trounos), o olfnkhtoêéd k o nkeftoêéd, pdekn skr kxiklkhtks nkfds ek idnaotkr k ek prkvkhfr ds nolks iousoeds pdr kssks quoerds potdlùjfids.

Yù d `otd ek kstornds nofs efstohtks k sdlftïrfds mï aostorfo poro uno kxplfioêéd fhfifol. Ydnds nuftd fh`lukhifoeds pkld `otdr sdifol, idnd vkrknds o skjufr.

Héd sdnds `kftds poro skrnds sdlftïrfds, hkn poro hds oidndeor efohtk eos sftuoêûks k ekso`fds, hkn poro `fior skhtoeds o nofdr portk ed efo.

Qksunfhed

Sdeknds hds fnojfhor daskrvohed o hùs nksnds ek ldhjk, poro pdekr fekhtf`fior nklgdr hdssos kndêûks. _uohed kstonds idn kndêûks `drtks hdssd iùrtkx kstï protfionkhtk ekslfjoed. Sdr fssd héd qukstfdhonds os fekfos quk oporkikn, khioronds ds pkhsonkhtds pkhsonkht ds iotostrù`fids idnd rkolfeoeks. Sdeknds kstor nofs ohsfdsds, pdfs tknds nkhds onpord sdifol, du pdr quk tknds idhkxûks sdifofs nofs prkiïrfos.

?:

 

Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio ? - Sossk nofs tknpd D``-lfhk [n kstued ek :; ohds ek euroêéd ’ d nofs ldhjd eo gfstùrfo eo pksqufso kn soýek ’ idhstotdu quk o vorfïvkl quk nofs fh`luíhifo kn hdsso soýek æ o quolfeoek eos hdssos rkloêûks. Nos héd æ sdnkhtk kssk kstued quk igkjdu o ksso idhiluséd= jrohek nofdrfo eds pksqufsoedrks o`frnon kn idhskhsd sdark o vorfïvkl rkloifdhonkhtds idnd o nofs fnpdrtohtk ek tdeos ho prdeuêéd ek soýek.

Sdfs æ, ku skf. Pdií ekvk tkr skhtfed un iolo`rfd ojdro, héd4 “Hdssos rkloêûks kstéd ioeo vkz nofs prkiïrfos„ vdií pkhsdu. “Héd idhvkrsonds nofs tohtd quohtd ohtks ed iklulor„ vdií pkhsdu. Akn, vonds kxonfhor fssd idn iolno. Hùs arosflkfrds possonds nofs ek ; gdros pdr efo hd iklulor. Sossonds 6 gdros kn næefo ho fhtkrhkt, skhed 5 ho rkek sdifol. Ykjuhed uno pksqufso eo @lurry, nofs ek 173 nflgûks ek pkssdos séd efojhdstfioeos idn vîifd kn iklulor hd nuhed. ?3 pdr ikhtd eds fhtkrhoutos ed Arosfl kstéd hkssk jrupd ek vfifoeds. 1 kn ioeo 9 pofs oigon quk skus `flgds posson nuftd tknpd idn oporklgds k nîefos. Nktoek eds iõhmujks oigo quk sku porikfrd posso nuftd tknpd hds efspdsftfvds. 73 pdr ikhtd eds ekpkhekhtks oioaon ekskhvdlvkhed ekprksséd.   Kn 13?:, pdr vïrfos qukstûks `fqukf tdtolnkhtk eksidhkitoed, skn @oikaddb, skn Fhstojron, skn ZgotsOpp. Ykn iklulor! Sdr nofs du nkhds 0 nksks. Sdssd efzkr quk tol kxpkrfíhifo nk ndef`fidu aostohtk. Ekpdfs efssd idnkikf o pksqufsor k lkr sdark d usd eos tkihdldjfos, k, sfhikronkhtk, oigd quk d kstoed eos idfsos æ un tohtd prkdiupohtk. @fqukf fhtrfjoed od soakr quk Ytkvk Mdas, Afll Jotks k tohtds dutrds jfjohtks ed Polk ed Yflîifd lfnftovon du otæ nksnd prdfafon ds `flgds ek usor suos prùprfos fhvkhêûks. Gdmk mï soaknds quk d rfsid ek ekprksséd kn oedlksikhtks irksik aostohtk idn d usd rkidrrkhtk ed iklulor, olæn ek govkr nofdr rfsid ek sufiîefd. 73% eds vfifoeds kn tkihdldjfo oioaon ekskhvdlvkhed ekprksséd. Ykn `olor ho ohsfkeoek. [sk ; gdros pdr efo suos rkeks sdifofs k vkmo suo ohsfkeoek trohsadreor.

D @oikaddb pualfidu uno pksqufso ho quol qukrfo soakr sk idhskjufo nohfpulor o kndêéd eds usuïrfds pdr nkfd ed idhtrdlk ek pdstojkhs pdsftfvos du hkjotfvos. Klks tk ndstrorfon idfsos rufhs d efo tded k vkrfon sk suos pdstojkhs sk tdrhorfon nofs hkjotfvos. O gfpùtksk sk ndstrdu ikrto, k o pdpuloêéd héd jdstdu nuftd eo hdtîifo k hkn eo pksqufso. Ds usuïrfds iofron kxpdhkhifolnkhtk ho æpdio, nos d @oikaddb ofheo sk nohtkn `frnk k porkik quk vkfd pro `fior. Od nkhds ojdro quk idnprdu d Fhstojron k ZgotsOpp.

?7

 

Ohsfkeoek

Ed pdhtd ek vfsto eos hkurdifíhifos, Ytkvk k Jotks oikrtoron kn igkfd= d iærkard sk tdrho “noeurd„ pdr vdlto eds 13 ohds. Uued d quk d iærkard rkikak kn rkpktfêéd k pdr aostohtk tknpd, oltkro erostfionkhtk suo quînfio k `uhifdhonkhtd. Os rkeks sdifofs `uhifdhon idn aosk kn rkidnpkhsos idnpdrtonkhtofs k idjhftfvos quk kstfnulon d sfstkno edponfhærjfid, uno pdekrdso `drno ek

idhsdlfeor idnpdrtonkhtds. Klos lfeon idn jrotf`fioêéd fhstohtáhko k idn rkidnpkhso vorfïvkl. O rkidnpkhso vorfïvkl æ nuftd nofs kstfnulohtk ed quk quolqukr dutro, pdfs eï uno skhsoêéd ek kxiftoêéd, uno oerkholfho. Æ d nksnd nkiohfsnd usoed hds ioêo hîqukfs ek iossfhd. Porfïvkl efz rkspkftd o d `otd ek héd skr uno rkidnpkhso ikrto, pdrtohtd, iouso nofs oerkholfho k ohtkifpoêéd. Olæn efssd, héd gï lfnftks poro d idhsund ek hdtf`fioêûks k ilfquks, idnd oidhtkik kn dutrds ksquknos ek vîifds idnd oliddlfsnd k erdjoefêéd. D erdjoeftd k d olidùlotro pdekn eksnofor k tkr uno dvkredsk, nos d vfifoed kn iklulor du fhtkrhkt héd tkrï ksso aorrkfro afdlùjfio,  klk idhsunfrï fh`drnoêéd, hdtf`fioêéd, lfbks k idnkhtïrfds otæ quk idhsfjo pkrnohkikr oidreoed. D prdalkno æ quk o tklo k os fhtkroêûks tfron d sdhd, k d sdhd tkn nuftd govkr idn ohsfkeoek. D sdhd eos pkssdos pfdro aostohtk sk usorkn os tklos hos ýltfnos gdros ohtks ek edrnfr, kspkifolnkhtk sk ekfxorkn os luzks eo ioso opojoeos. O pkssdo vfifoeo oprkskhto idnpdrtonkhtds quk tín fnpoitd hkjotfvd hd sku efo o efo, ho suo rdtfho, hds skus o`ozkrks. Klo oprkskhto idnpdrtonkhtds ek ksqufvo, du skmo, klo hkjo du nkhtk sdark o quohtfeoek ek tknpd quk posso dh-lfhk du hd iklulor. D poeréd ek usd ed vfifoed æ irksikhtk, du gï d `otdr ek tdlkráhifo, quk æ d idhsund ioeo vkz nofdr poro datkr o nksno quohtfeoek ek prozkr. Gï tonaæn o oastfhíhifo , quk pdek oporkikr ho `drno ek tkfndsfo, ek prdtkstd vkraol, ek `rustroêéd du o rofvo quohed d damktd héd kstï efspdhîvkl. O pkssdo tkhtorï nohfpulor k igohtojkor os pkssdos poro idhskjufr datkr nofs tknpd hd oporklgd. Olæn efssd, pdekrï oprkskhtor o tkhtotfvo k d ekskmd ek poror, nos un `otd kn idnun khtrk os pkssdos quk kstéd sk tdrhohed ekpkhekhtks æ quk héd idhskjukn poror ek usor d damktd ed vîifd. Nos pdr quk tued ho fhtkrhkt sk tdrho `oiflnkhtk vfifohtk4

?6

 

Ohsfkeoek

Ed pdhtd ek vfsto eos hkurdifíhifos, Ytkvk k Jotks oikrtoron kn igkfd= d iærkard sk tdrho “noeurd„ pdr vdlto eds 13 ohds. Uued d quk d iærkard rkikak kn rkpktfêéd k pdr aostohtk tknpd, oltkro erostfionkhtk suo quînfio k `uhifdhonkhtd. Os rkeks sdifofs `uhifdhon idn aosk kn rkidnpkhsos idnpdrtonkhtofs k idjhftfvos quk kstfnulon d sfstkno edponfhærjfid, uno pdekrdso `drno ek

idhsdlfeor idnpdrtonkhtds. Klos lfeon idn jrotf`fioêéd fhstohtáhko k idn rkidnpkhso vorfïvkl. O rkidnpkhso vorfïvkl æ nuftd nofs kstfnulohtk ed quk quolqukr dutro, pdfs eï uno skhsoêéd ek kxiftoêéd, uno oerkholfho. Æ d nksnd nkiohfsnd usoed hds ioêo hîqukfs ek iossfhd. Porfïvkl efz rkspkftd o d `otd ek héd skr uno rkidnpkhso ikrto, pdrtohtd, iouso nofs oerkholfho k ohtkifpoêéd. Olæn efssd, héd gï lfnftks poro d idhsund ek hdtf`fioêûks k ilfquks, idnd oidhtkik kn dutrds ksquknos ek vîifds idnd oliddlfsnd k erdjoefêéd. D erdjoeftd k d olidùlotro pdekn eksnofor k tkr uno dvkredsk, nos d vfifoed kn iklulor du fhtkrhkt héd tkrï ksso aorrkfro afdlùjfio,  klk idhsunfrï fh`drnoêéd, hdtf`fioêéd, lfbks k idnkhtïrfds otæ quk idhsfjo pkrnohkikr oidreoed. D prdalkno æ quk o tklo k os fhtkroêûks tfron d sdhd, k d sdhd tkn nuftd govkr idn ohsfkeoek. D sdhd eos pkssdos pfdro aostohtk sk usorkn os tklos hos ýltfnos gdros ohtks ek edrnfr, kspkifolnkhtk sk ekfxorkn os luzks eo ioso opojoeos. O pkssdo vfifoeo oprkskhto idnpdrtonkhtds quk tín fnpoitd hkjotfvd hd sku efo o efo, ho suo rdtfho, hds skus o`ozkrks. Klo oprkskhto idnpdrtonkhtds ek ksqufvo, du skmo, klo hkjo du nkhtk sdark o quohtfeoek ek tknpd quk posso dh-lfhk du hd iklulor. D poeréd ek usd ed vfifoed æ irksikhtk, du gï d `otdr ek tdlkráhifo, quk æ d idhsund ioeo vkz nofdr poro datkr o nksno quohtfeoek ek prozkr. Gï tonaæn o oastfhíhifo , quk pdek oporkikr ho `drno ek tkfndsfo, ek prdtkstd vkraol, ek `rustroêéd du o rofvo quohed d damktd héd kstï efspdhîvkl. O pkssdo tkhtorï nohfpulor k igohtojkor os pkssdos poro idhskjufr datkr nofs tknpd hd oporklgd. Olæn efssd, pdekrï oprkskhtor o tkhtotfvo k d ekskmd ek poror, nos un `otd kn idnun khtrk os pkssdos quk kstéd sk tdrhohed ekpkhekhtks æ quk héd idhskjukn poror ek usor d damktd ed vîifd. Nos pdr quk tued ho fhtkrhkt sk tdrho `oiflnkhtk vfifohtk4

13

 

Ohsfkeoek

Hdssd pkhsonkhtd sk tdrho rkolfeoek idn opkhos un ilfquk, pdfs quosk tued kstï efspdhîvkl ho wka. D idhtkýed æ quosk flfnftoed, du nklgdr, idhsfekrohed d tknpd ek uno vfeo gunoho, æ flfnftoed. Olæn efssd, gï pduio du hkhguno aorrkfro khtrk d ohskfd, du d ekskmd, k o rkolfzoêéd. Sdr fssd idfsos idnd d idhtkýed skxuol diupon o nofdr portk eo fhtkrhkt k æ téd idhsunfed. D dutrd ospkitd æ d `otdr sdifol. Ydnds irfoturos sdifofs, ds dutrds gunohds æ o idfso sdark o quol hds nofs possonds tknpd pkhsohed. D quk oidhtkik quohed tdeds kstéd dh-lfhk4 Adn, ausiorknds fhtkroêéd sdifol k fh`drnoêéd sdifol lï, dhek tdeds kstéd. Olæn efssd, oljunos pkssdos tín d quk ds pksqufsoedrks idnkêoron o fekhtf`fior kn ?663 idnd @DND. @kor d` tgk nfssfhj dut, du d nked ek kstor ek `dro. Kssk tfpd ek ohsfkeoek sdifol `oz os pkssdos sk nohtkrkn idhkitoeos pdr iouso eo skhsoêéd ek kstor pkrekhed oljd `dro ed nuhed dh-lfhk. Oidhtkik nuftd `drtknkhtk idn ds oedlksikhtks, pdfs kstéd mustonkhtk ho `osk ek irfor fekhtfeoek ek oidred idn os fhtkroêûks k popæfs sdifofs. Nuftos pkssdos héd tín o nîhfno hdêéd eo iopoifeoek ek vîifd quk kssos tkihdldjfos iorrkjon. Nuftds dutrds héd idhskjukn sk outdrfzor efohtk eds `flgds pdfs, ho prfnkfro vkz ho gfstùrfo, duvk uno fhvkrséd ek gfkrorqufos, dhek ds `flgds tín, nuftos vkzks, nofs idhgkifnkhtd k pdekr ed quk ds pofs (pdr soakr lfeor nklgdr idn d nuhed tkihdlùjfid) k pdr fssd ds pofs sk skhtkn idn nkhds outdrfeoek pkrohtk klks. Gdmk kn efo d idhgkifnkhtd k o fh`drnoêéd sk tdrhoron o hdvo fheýstrfo. Dutrd `otdr æ quk os toxos ek hotolfeoek ioîron, ds `flgds oioaon, pdrtohtd, `fiohed sdzfhgds pdr nofs tknpd, `otd quk ds `oz ausior idnpohgfo hos rkeks sdifofs k mdjds. Olæn efssd, idnd nuftds pofs sù tkn un `flgd, didrrk un hklks un ikrtd nked ek `rustrï-ld. Fssd oioao idldiohed ds pofs kn uno sftuoêéd ef`îifl, pdfs ds `flgds idhskjukn nohfpulï-lds pdr iouso ekssks k`kftds iulturofs k psfidlùjfids, du pdr iouso eo rdtfho kstrkssohtk k idrrfeo eds pofs. Urfstoh Gorrfs, kn uno ek suos `rosks kn un ortfjd pualfioed rkikhtknkhtk efz= “uno fheýstrfo ek tkihdldjfo fhvkstk kn hdssds vfksks fhotds ek Qkifprdifeoek Ydifol, Idnporoêéd Ydifol, k Srdiuro ek Hdvfeoeks„ Mï Morfdh Lohkr orjunkhto quk quohed sk ekfxo un iùefjd (d `ondsd OLJDQÎUND) idhtrdlor ds idhtkýeds idn aosk hds ilfquks, d quk jkrolnkhtk oidhtkik æ quk os pfdrks fhilfhoêûks ed skr gunohd sk tdrhon d idhtkýed nofs vkfiuloed. Æ porkifed ods prdjronos ek UP, hds quofs prkednfhon ikhos ek vfdlíhifo.

1?

 

Ohsfkeoek

[no fheýstrfo fhvkstk kn nohfpuloêéd kn ifno ek hdssos `roqukzos k ioroitkrîstfios nofs aïsfios. Jdstonds ek `fior eksotkhtds. Oedronds skr fhefsifplfhoeds, jdstonds ek hds idnporor idn ds dutrds. Fssd tued æ usoed idhtro hùs hos rkeks sdifofs. Hdssos prdpkhsûks nofs hkjotfvos séd usoeos idhtro hùs.

O idfso ho quol nofs pkhsonds æ kn dutros pkssdos. D quk os pkssdos quk idhgkiknds kstéd `ozkhed, idnd klos hds khxkrjon. D Fhstojron, pdr kxknpld, hds eï nufto fh`drnoêéd sdark d quk ds dutrds oigon du pkhson ek hùs, olæn ek d`krkikr

os

pkssdos

nofs

kspktoiulornkhtk kxikpifdhofs

poro

quk

idnporknds hdsso hdsso vfeo idn o eklos. Kstonds ho kidhdnfo eo eo arfjo ek jfjohtks tkihdlùjfids pklo hdsso otkhêéd. [no pkssdo næefo igkio sku iklulor kn næefo ?;3 vkzks pdr efo. Sossonds nofs ek 9 gdros pdr efo kn næefo kn rkeks sdifofs. O nofdrfo ek hùs æ vîtfno ek uno idnplkxo khjkhgorfo idnpdrtonkhtol kxtrknonkhtk vfifohtk k prkdiupohtk.

Yk vdií oigo quk o idfso héd æ téd skrfo fhstolk hd sku iklulor un oplfiotfvd ek ndhftdronkhtd ed sku tknpd dh-lfhk k vkmo pdr sf nksnd. Qkidnkhed quk `oêo fssd sk kstfvkr nksnd o `fn ek idnaotkr suo ohsfkeoek. Otæ nksnd os ploto`drnos @oikaddb k Fhstojron mï `drnoron skus idhtrdloedrks ek tknpd ek usd. Yoakr quohtos gdros vdií posso trkfhohed o idnporoêéd sdifol, o ohsfkeoek ek rkidnpkhsos (lfbks) k o nultftork`o, mï æ un adn efojhùstfid fhfifol. Khtéd idnd supkror kssk vîifd4 Ekfxk sku iklulor ldhjk, ekslfjuk os hdtf`fioêûks k rkidnkheoêûks.

Os hdtf`fioêûks séd ndeds kxtrknonkhtk ýtkfs ek `ozkr idn quk pkjuknds d oporklgd. Hùs pkjonds k prdhtd. Lï sk `dron 9 gdros sù kn nknks k vîekds. D oljdrftnd tk knpurro quolqukr idfso quk vdií mï vfu. Yk mï vfu oljd porkifed, æ prdvïvkl quk vkrï nofs ed nksnd idhtkýed.

Yk héd `dr pdssîvkl ekslfjor tdeos os hdtf`fioêûks k rkidnkheoêûks, ekslfjuk os idfsos quk héd séd ksskhifofs k nohtkhgo sdnkhtk os idfsos prfdrftïrfos. Ksidheo ds oplfiotfvds.

Ek quolqukr `drno, `fior tknpd skn rkeks sdifofs pkrnftk quk suo nkhtk k idrpd sk oeoptkn o uno hdvo rkolfeoek, o un hdvd nded ek skr, ofheo nofs sk vdií uso gï nuftd tknpd. @oz vdií pkrikakr un idhtrostk oasured. Pdií vkrï quohtd tknpd os pkssdos posson hfssd, k quohed vdltor o usor, tkhgd tdtol ikrtkzo ek quk tkrï dutro nkhtolfeoek sdark fssd.

11

 

Ohsfkeoek

Ekpdfs ek possor un tknpd d`` vdií pdek otæ usor, nos huhio nofs usorï ed nksnd nded, pdfs soakrï nuftd akn o ef`krkhêo khtrk possor gdros olf k sdnkhtk igkior, pdstor, k skjufr idn suo vfeo. Dutro sdluêéd æ pksqufsor k sk fh`drnor d nïxfnd pdssîvkl sdark os pksqufsos quk ndstron ds pkrfjds eo fhtdxfioêéd efjftol. _uohed hùs soaknds d pdrquí ek oljd, hdsso vdhtoek `fio nofs `drtk. _uohed os pkssdos soakn ds k`kftds ek skus idnpdrtonkhtds, klos `fion nofs ndtfvoeos o nueor.

Kh`fn, kssos séd oljunos eos oltkrhotfvos quk tkhgd o lgk sujkrfr. Héd séd os ýhfios, ldhjk efssd. Os kstrotæjfos ek nueohêo prkifson lkvor kn idhto d idhtkxtd, o pkrsdholfeoek, o vfeo eo pkssdo kn jkrol. Kspkrd quk oljuno idfso lgk omuek. Yk héd omueor, prdiurk omueo prd`fssfdhol, du ausquk nofs fh`drnoêûks.

Yk o pkssdo ohsfdso k vfifoeo `dr oljuæn eo suo `onîlfo, vï idn iolno hos idarohêos. Os pkssdos sk skhtkn otoioeos quohed ndstronds kssk tfpd ek idfso o klos. Pï idhvkrsohed ekvojor, hkjdifohed idn poifíhifo. Sduid o pduid o pkssdo vof sk skhsfaflfzohed. _uohtd nofdr d vîifd, nofdr o roifdholfzoêéd (eksiulpos) quk o pkssdo vof idhskjufr orrunor poro mustf`fior o sftuoêéd.

Qksunfhed

D `otdr nofs fnpdrtohtk poro hdsso soýek æ o quolfeoek eos hdssos rkloêûks  sdifofs D iklulor k o fhtkrhkt hds ekfxon ohsfdsds pdr iouso eo nultftork`o, eds ksquknos ek ohtkifpoêéd ek edponfho, k ed nked ek kstornds pkrekhed oljd  O aofxo idhkxéd sdifol ek sk rkloifdhor sdnkhtk dh-lfhk pfdro hdsso soýek kndifdhol idnd un tded. Ukhtk ekfxor d oikssd nofs ef`îifl= ksidheo ds îidhks, usk os rkeks sdifofs  sdnkhtk hd hddtkaddb du eksbtdp, ekfxk sku iklulor ldhjk quohed kstfvkr troaolgohed, kstueohed, idhvkrsohed. Yk pdssîvkl `fquk un tknpd skn usor poro vkr o ef`krkhêo hd sku kstoed `fsfdlùjfid  Opojuk idhtos quk héd séd hkikssïrfos, hkikssïrfos, ekfxk lfvrds du damktds kspolgoeds pklo ioso poro quk skmo kstfnuloed d idnpdrtonkhtd ek `ozkr oljd ldhjk ed iklulor. Idldquk d iklulor `dro ed quortd od fr edrnfr Idldquk kn jovktos kn dutrds iõndeds quohed `dr kstueor Ukhtk eksidarfr pdr quk vdií posso tohtd tknpd dh-lfhk, quk hkikssfeoek kndifdhol kstï tkhtohed suprfr4

19

 

Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio 1 - Urkfhk o Otkhêéd Slkho Pdií vfvk ho suo ioakêo du vdií vfvk ho rkolfeoek4 Kn 1330, hds K[O, o nkeftoêéd `df rkidhgkifeo idnd prïtfio næefio. Hd Qkfhd uhfed klo æ usoeo idnd idnd trotonkhtd idhvkhifdhol idhvkhifdhol poro ekprksséd. ekprksséd. Kn 1330, hd Arosfl surjk uno pdrtorfo quk fhikhtfvo ds pdstds ek soýek o d`krkikrkn nkeftoêéd kn tded poîs. Ds pksqufsoedrks onkrfiohds mï kstueon fssd gï quosk 53 ohds, k os kvfeíhifos séd aostohtk hunkrdsos.

Gï nofs ek 9 nfl ortfjds ifkhtî`fids ho afalfdtkio hoifdhol ek nkefifho K[O. Hd QM :3 pdr ikhtd eds nuhfiîpfds mï tkn nkeftoêéd idnd otkhefnkhtd kn Y[Y. Yéd Sould mï tkn prdjronos prdjronos ek nkeftoêéd nkeftoêéd hos ksidlos. ksidlos. Eftd fssd qukrd efzkr efzkr quk possorkf oquf oljunos efios ek idnd protfior nkeftoêéd Nfhe`ulhkss. Kssk polovréd sfjhf`fio Otkhêéd Slkho, du, idnd ku prk`frd, Idhsifíhifo Slkho. [no `drno ek nkeftoêéd quk sk uhk idn o psfidldjfo idjhftfvo. D prdpùsftd æ trkfhor o nkhtk poro efrkifdhor d `did ek otkhêéd poro oljun damktd ksidlgfed.

D prfhiîpfd nofs fhtkrkssohtk eksso oadreojkn æ oprkhekr rkidhgkikr ds kstoeds nkhtofs k kndifdhofs, olæn ek tkr nofs idhtrdlk sdark o otkhêéd. Yk vdií idhtrdlo nofs suo otkhêéd, idhtrdlo nofs sku idnpdrtonkhtd k suo pkrikpêéd. O otkhêéd æ o prfhifpol pdrto ek khtroeo, d quk `dionds ektkrnfho nuftd ed quk vkn ekpdfus.

Hd fhîifd æ nuftd nklgdr idnkêor idn ïuefds, pdfs klks rkolnkhtk véd tk jufor k tk efzkr d quk `ozkr kn ioeo sftuoêéd. Héd tkhtk "ksvozfor o nkhtk", pdfs fssd æ fnpdssîvkl. Hdsso nkhtk æ prdpkhso o otfvor rkspdstos o tded kstînuld quk `dr pkrikafed. Od fhvæs efssd, tkhtk daskrvor o nkhtk, pkrikakr idnd klo sk ojorro o un pkhsonkhtd.

Skrikao idnd ds sdhs ekspkrton pkhsonkhtds k muljonkhtds. Héd muljuk sk héd idhskjufr nohtkr d `did ho rkspfroêéd du kn quolqukr kxkriîifd ek otkhêéd. D prdpùsftd æ  trkfhor trozkr o otkhêéd ek vdlto  quohed klo sk pkrek. Huhio igkjorï d ndnkhtd kn quk o otkhêéd  héd sk pkrek. Nos ioeo efo vdií kstorï nofs pkrtd ek idhtrdlor pdr nofs tknpd suo otkhêéd.

Kn rksund, ds prfhiîpfds poro idnkêor séd= Ukhtor `dior o otkhêéd  hd damktd sdlfiftoed (rkspfroêéd, skhsoêûks idrpdrofs, sdhs). Daskrvor o nkhtk k trozkr o

otkhêéd ek vdlto od damktd sdlfiftoed quohed pkrikakr quk o otkhêéd `df efspkrso. Héd muljor du sk prkdiupor pdr héd kstor `ozkhed "ikrtd". Héd gï ikrtd. Uued quk gï séd arkvks ndnkhtds ek luifekz. Oprdvkftk kssks arkvks ndnkhtds k trkfhk trozkr suo otkhêéd o ioeo vkz quk pkrikakr quk klo sk pkreku kn ekvohkfds k pkhsonkhtds.

15

 

Ohsfkeoek

Sdr quk d Nfhe`ulhkss omueo ho ohsfkeoek4 Skhsk hksso sftuoêéd= uno pkssdo kstï tkhtohed poror ek pkhsor kn oljd. _uohtd nofs klo sk ks`drêo poro héd pkhsor kn "skr eknftfeo" - pdr kxknpld, nofs klo oigo krrds quk idnktku k nofs sk lknaro ek sftuoêûks hkjotfvos.

Fssd héd `uhifdho. Efzkr poro suo nkhtk "héd pkhsor hfssd" æ d nksnd quk kstor pkhsohed   ioeo vkz nofs mustonkhtk hoqufld. Dutro oltkrhotfvo æ pkrikakr d poeréd eo nkhtk skn muljor k oikftor d pkhsonkhtd k ekfxor quk klk sk vï. Pdií vof idhskjufr daskrvor d pkhsonkhtd ohjustfohtk igkjohed, `ozkhed sku k`kftd k fhed knadro.

 O nkeftoêéd eï eï nofs idhtrdlk o vdií k nkhds nkhds ãs suos kndêûks k skhtfnkhtds. skhtfnkhtds. O onîjeolo (uno pkqukho kstruturo ed iærkard) eo pkssdo ohsfdso kstï lfjoeo d tknpd tded. Ksso portk ed iærkard æ rkspdhsïvkl pkld olkrto ek luto k `ujo. Mï o onîjeolo ek uno pkssdo protfiohtk ek nkeftoêéd tkn uno otfvfeoek akn nkhdr, pdfs o rkjuloêéd kndifdhol eksso pkssdo æ aostohtk klkvoeo.

Qksunfhed    O nkeftoêéd æ uno uno eos nklgdrks tæihfios tæihfios ek trkfhonkhtd trkfhonkhtd nkhtol k tkn nuftos nuftos kvfeíhifos ek k`fiïifo hd idnaotk o ohsfkeoek Nkeftor héd æ pkhsor kn hoeo, æ trozkr o nkhtk od damktd  ek otkhêéd (rkspfroêéd æ d nofs idnun) sknprk quk klo `ujfr. Ukhtor kvftor oljun pkhsonkhtd sù tdrho klk nofs `drtk. Sdeknds sfnplksnkhtk daskrvor hdsso nkhtk, ds pkhsonkhtds, os skhsoêûks.  O nkeftoêéd idnkêo o `ozkr un k`kftd aostohtk sfjhf`fiotfvd kn 7 sknohos, idn oprdxfnoeonkhtk ?; nfhutds efïrfds. Slohkmk sku efo poro quk vdií tkhgo un gdrïrfd kn quk pdsso `ozkr o nkeftoêéd idn trohquflfeoek. Ekfxk tued prkporoed ed efo ohtkrfdr, sknprk. Fssd `orï un jotflgd quk `oiflftorï quk d idnpdrtonkhtd skmo rkpktfed

Efios prïtfios poro prdjronor d gïaftd=

Idldquk hd sku idnputoedr du iklulor uno posto idn orqufvds du ploylfts ek nkeftoêéd. @oiflftk d oikssd. Idldquk ksso posto akn vfsîvkl. Yk pdssîvkl, kstfpulk un gdrïrfd k ldiol kspkiî`fid poro protfior d Nfhe`ulhkss. Srotfquk un ïuefd ioeo sknoho, eurohtk os 7 sknohos idrrkspdhekhtks ods ïuefds. Ekfxk un rkjfstrd vfsîvkl eo suo prïtfio k ksirkvo sdark ds rksultoeds, pdfs fssd tk ndtfvorï o idhtfhuor.

1;

 

Ohsfkeoek

10

Srïtfio 9 - Uæihfios ek Qkloxonkhtd

Kxfstkn vïrfds tfpds ek rkloxonkhtd poro sofr ek uno irfsk ek ohsfkeoek du ek un otoquk ek páhfid. D rkloxonkhtd quk `uhifdhorï poro vdií skrï oquklk quk nklgdr sk oekquor od sku nded ek pkhsor k od sk kstfld ek kh`rkhtonkhtd.

Gï pkssdos quk héd idhskjukn `dior ho rkspfroêéd hd fhîifd, gï pkssdos quk héd idhskjukn sk sk skhtfr rkloxoeos otrovæs otrovæs ed rkloxonkhtd idrpdrol. Gï tded d tfpd ek sftuoêéd quohed sk troto ek ohsfkeoek k páhfid, k uno oadreojkn héd skrvfrï poro tdeds ds tfpds ek pkssdos.

Eksek mï ku qukrfo efzkr uno idfso fnpdrtohtk= kssks rkloxonkhtds séd trkfhonkhtds,

prkifson

skr

kxkriftoeds,

quohtd

nofs

vdií

kxkrifto

d

rkloxonkhtd, nofs k`fioz klk sk tdrho. Gï pkssdos quk dlgon vîekds k lkkn sdark kssos tæihfios, oplfion uno ýhfio vkz, k sk ekikpifdhon pdr quk o tæihfio "héd `uhifdhdu".. Héd æ ossfn quk sk pdek tfror `uhifdhdu" tf ror d nofdr prdvkftd ekssos tæihfios.

Ossfn idnd o nkeftoêéd k tdeds ds dutrds nætdeds quk vkrknds oquf, d rkloxonkhtd ekvk skr uno prïtfio efïrfo. Ksso tæihfio tkn nuftd knaosonkhtd ifkhtî`fid, k sk vdií trkfhor rkjulornkhtk kn pduid tknpd tkrï uno fnpdrtohtk `krronkhto poro os gdros ek irfsk.

Kxfstkn vïrfds ndeds ek `ozkr un rkloxonkhtd, idnd d rkloxonkhtd prdjrkssfvd, d afd`kkeaoib, o nkeftoêéd eo igono eo vklo, o fnojfhoêéd jufoeo, o rkspfroêéd efo`rojnïtfio, d trkfhd outùjkhd ek Yigultz, khtrk dutrds.

Nkeftoêéd eo igono Skjuk uno vklo, sk efrkifdhk o un ldiol trohqufld k sk oidndek huno pdsfêéd idh`drtïvkl. Osikheo o vklo, idldquk klo akn olfhgoeo idn skus dlgds, o uno efstáhifo ek nofs du nkhds un nktrd. Ojdro tkhtk prkstor otkhêéd ho igono. Idnkik efrkifdhohed o otkhêéd poro o aosk eo vklo, dhek o igono æ ozul. Pkmo idnd d `djd surjk ozuloed k ekpdfs sk tdrho arflgohtk k onorkld. Skrikao quk od rkedr ed aoraohtk sk `drno uno igono nofs ksiuro, quosk ek idr lorohmo. Ojdro vkmo d arflgd quk o vklo `oz kn sku khtdrhd, daskrvk d onafkhtk k idnd o luz eo vklo fhtkrojk idn d ldiol dhek vdií kstï. Ojdro tkhtk daskrvor k eklfnftor d kxotd pdhtd dhek o igono eksoporkik, d kxotd pdhtd dhek o igono sk tdrho opkhos or. Yk kstfvkr akn iolnd, o igono `fioro idn o pdhto fnùvkl, sk tfvkr oljuno khtroeo ek or klo `fioro dsiflohed poro onaos os efrkêûks. Skrikao quohto luz vkn ek uno sfnplks vklo. Skrikao quohtd tknpd klo pdek `fior oikso, jkrohed ioldr k luz. Ojdro vdltk o daskrvor o vklo. Daskrvk ds ndvfnkhtds quk o igono kstï `ozkhed. Daskrvk os sdnaros quk o luz eo vklo prdmkto hos porkeks, hd igéd, hd onafkhtk.

 

Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio 5 - Gfjfkhk ed Ydhd Jkrolnkhtk pkssdos quk tín ohsfkeoek tonaæn tín oljun prdalkno rkloifdhoed od sdhd. Edrnkn nol, du héd idhskjukn ekslfjor ho gdro ek ekftor. Oidreon ã hdftk, pkhson eknofs.

Igononds ek fhsõhfo prfnïrfo d quoerd hd quol héd gï dutros id-ndrafeoeks khvdlvfeos (idnd usd ek erdjos du trohstdrhds ek pkrsdholfeoek). Sdrtohtd, d quk igonorkf oquf ek fhsõhfo efz rkspkftd o kssk quoerd ek fhsõhfo idnun, efjonds, sfnplksnkhtk ef`fiuleoek kn edrnfr du edrnfr nol.

Ek :3 o 73 pdr ikhtd eds fhsdhks sk akhk`fifon idn os oadreojkhs héd`ornoidlùjfios, idn uno nklgdro ek ;3 pdr ikhtd.  O oadreojkn héd`ornoidlùjfio æ idhsfekroeo o prfnkfro dpêéd poro d trotonkhtd. D trotonkhtd durd ho fhsõhfo æ idhsfekroed pdr nuftds o tkropfo idjhftfvd-idnpdrtonkhtol. idjhftfvd-idnpdrtonkhtol.

Klo khvdlvk kstrotæjfos idnd=

Nohtkr d onafkhtk idn tknpkroturo oekquoeo, usor prdtktdrks ek duvfed poro fsdlor aorulgds, nohtkr d nksnd gdrïrfd  poro edrnfr, kvftor otfvfeoeks eknosfoeonkhtk kstfnulohtks k akafeos quk idhtkhgon io`kîho hos gdros prùxfnos od gdrïrfd ek edrnfr, usor o iono sdnkhtk poro otfvfeoek skxuol k sdhd, kvftohed ossdifor o iono idn jrohek otfvfeoek nkhtol.

Ukropfo ek idhtrdlk ek kstînulds Aoskoeo kn euos rkjros. O prfnkfro rkjro æ héd edrnfr eurohtk d efo, k fr poro o iono sdnkhtk quohed skhtfr sdhd2 ekfxohed d quortd iosd d sdhd héd vkhgo. Hkssk iosd, sk kn 13 nfhutds d sdhd héd vkn, rkidnkheo-sk `ozkr dutros otfvfeoeks rkloxohtks kn dutrd opdskhtd eo ioso, k rktdrhor ã iono quohed d sdhd vfkr.

O skjuheo rkjro æ tkhtor héd sk skhtfr `rustroed iosd d sdhd héd vkhgo, pdfs fssd pfdro d quoerd. O sujkstéd æ `ozkr oljuno otfvfeoek ek aofxo hkikssfeoek idjhftfvo, (skn tklos k skn luzks), l uzks), æ ilord. Yk `dr lkr, æ nklgdr quk skmo uno lkfturo trohquflo k héd fhtklkituolnkhtk kstfnulohtk.

Ukropfo ek rkstrfêéd ed sdhd Jkrolnkhtk ds fhsdhks idnpkhson o `olto ek eksiohsd hd efo skjufhtk, d quk diosfdho un iîriuld vfifdsd ek ounkhtd eo fhsõhfo hd efo quk skjuk. Qkidnkheo-sk rkstrfhjfr d tknpd ekftoed ho iono poro sdnkhtk d tknpd rkskrvoed od sdhd, du skmo, sk héd kstfvkr eksiohsohed rkolnkhtk, héd `fior ekftoed. Fssd æ fnpdrtohtk poro quk d drjohfsnd vdltk, ods pduids, o ossdifor o iono od prdikssd afdlùjfid ek aofxor o otfvfeoek nkhtol k rkloxor.

1:

 

Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio 5 - Gfjfkhk ed Ydhd Ukropfo idjhftfvo

Æ aoskoeo hds prfhiîpfds ek quk hdsso idjhfêéd fh`lukhifo hdssos kndêûks k idnpdrtonkhtds. Uroaolgo ho idrrkêéd ek pkhsonkhtds efs`uhifdhofs (kxknpld= “huhio idhsfjd edrnfr„, du “nksnd quk eurnd, héd eksiohsd„ du “ sk ku oidreor hd nkfd eo hdftk, héd eurnd nofs„). Uonaæn troaolgd poro fekhtf`fior k idrrfjfr ds pkhsonkhtds outdnïtfids quk jkron ohsfkeoek (kxknpld= “sù tkhgd x gdros poro eksiohsor„ “sk ku héd edrnfr vdu tkr un idlopsd„ “oigd quk vdu khlduqukikr sk héd edrnfr„). Ykjuhed os pksqufsos kssk trotonkhtd oprkskhto nklgdros nofs euroeduros k sfjhf`fiotfvos quk os fhtkrvkhêûks `ornoidlùjfios, hd khtohtd, onaos kstrotæjfos pdekn skr usoeos ek nded idhmuhtd, vfstd quk o oadreojkn `ornoidlùjfio idstuno trozkr d rksultoed nofs rïpfed, pdræn héd nuftd euroedurd o ldhjd prozd. Hd quk sk rk`krk o trotonkhtds `ornoidlùjfids, os pksqufsos rkikhtks ndstron quk o prfnkfro ksidlgo pdek skr ds héd-akhzdefozkpîhfids  (zdlpfekh, zolkpldh, zdpfildho). Dutrds nkefionkhtds ek idnpdsfêéd hoturol idnd nklotdhfho vín skhed aostohtk kstueoeds k ndstron rksultoeds sfjhf`fiotfvds poro o fhfifoêéd ed sdhd k rkjuloêéd ed rftnd ed sdhd. O nklotdhfho héd pdssuf idhtro`kftds nksnd kn edsks nofs klkvoeos. Dutros suastáhifos idnd o Polkrfoho tonaæn pdekn omueor. D igï Krvo ek séd Mdéd tonaæn pdek skr usoed poro oiolnor ohtks ek ekftor. Lknark-sk ek quk nueohêo ek idnpdrtonkhtd héd didrrk ed efo poro hdftk, héd sk `rustrk sk héd oporkikrkn nklgdros ldjd hds prfnkfrds efos. D idrpd k o nkhtk lkvon sku tknpd poro sk oeoptor, k ioeo pkssdo tonaæn tkn sku prùprfd tknpd. Qksunfhed

Ukhtor rkstrfhjfr od nïxfnd d tknpd ho iono quk héd skmo tknpd rkol ek sdhd [sor o oiono sdnkhtk poro edrnfr k poro otfvfeoeks skxuofs Ekfxor d quortd sk d sdhd héd vfkr, rktdrhor poro o iono sdnkhtk quohed d  sdhd vdltor [sor ds rkloxonkhtds k ïuefds ek nkeftoêéd poro khtror hd sdhd Ausior tkropfo idjhftfvo poro rkkstruturor os irkhêos quk otropolgon d sdhd Ausior omueo næefio du psfqufïtrfio poro trotonkhtd nkefionkhtdsd nkefionkhtdsd

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Srïtfio ; - Kxkriîifd Qkjulor Ykjuhed Zkhey Yusuby, o otfvfeoek `îsfio tkn k`kftds fnkefotds hd iærkard. [n ýhfid

posskfd

ounkhto

ds

hkurdtrohsnfssdrks

skrdtdhfho,

edponfho,

hdroerkholfho. [n ýhfid trkfhd ounkhto o iopoifeoek ek otkhêéd pdr oprdxfnoeonkhtk euos gdros.

Hd Gfpdionpd, o otfvfeoek `îsfio prdeuz hdvos iælulos ikrkarofs d quk ounkhton o nknùrfo ek ldhjd prozd. Hd iùrtkx præ-`rdhtol, gï uno nklgdro hds prdikssds ek otkhêéd k `did. Gfpdionpd k iùrtkx præ-`rdhtol séd os euos ïrkos nofs susiktîvkfs o edkhêos hkurdekjkhkrotfvos k od ekilîhfd idjhftfvd ossdifoed od khvklgkifnkhtd.

Zkhey rkidnkheo d nîhfnd ek 93 nfhutds efïrfds, 9x pdr sknoho. Ykjuhed klo, fssd æ d nîhfnd poro idnkêor o oporkikr ds akhk`îifds eksidakrtds kn skus kstueds. D iærkard eo pkssdo `fsfionkhtk otfvo æ prdtkjfed k sk nohtæn `uhifdhohed nklgdr idn d possor ed tknpd.

Ytkvk Oyoh o`frno quk o prïtfio rkjulor ek kxkriîifds `ovdrkik d ekskhvdlvfnkhtd eo rksflfíhifo k ed akn-kstor. Fssd oidhtkik pdr quk d kxkriîifd ounkhto

khedr`fhos k `ovdrkik o rkjuloêéd ed gundr. D kxkriîifd tonaæn suprfnk o lfakroêéd ek idrtfsdl, prfhifpol gdrnõhfd lfjoed od kstrkssk.

Soro Ortgur Bronkr, pksqufsoedr ek Flfhùfs, d kxkriîifd okrùafid pdek otfvor uno prdtkîho kheùjkho rkspdhsïvkl pdr rkjulor o otfvfeoek hkurdhol k o plostfifeoek sfhïptfio ed sfstkno hkrvdsd. Ykjuhed Monks Ufnndh k Iorl Yuheakrj, nofs ek ;33 jkhks séd otfvoeds k eksotfvoeds idn d kxkriîifd rkjulor.

Ek`fhftfvonkhtk, kxkriîifd `îsfid rkjulor pdek omueor nuftd ho nohutkhêéd eo soýek nkhtol k `îsfio. Os khedr`fhos k hkurdtrohsnfssdrks lfakroeds hd kxkriîifd omueon o sofr otæ ek uno ekprksséd prd`uheo. prd`uheo. Skssdos jrovknkhtk ekprfnfeos ekprfnfeos k ohsfdsos pdekn sk akhk`fifor ofheo nofs idn d kxkriîifd. Gï kstueds dhek nkefionkhtds k kxkriîifds ekndhstron d nksnd k`kftd. Kxkriîifd `uhifdho idnd ohtfekprkssfvd k iolnohtk hoturol poro suo ohsfkeoek.

Qksunfhed

D kxkriîifd lfakro uno særfk ek suastáhifos quk oltkron o quînfio ed idrpd, idnaotkhed k prkvkhfhed ohsfkeoek Kn oljuhs iosds, d kxkriîifd `uhifdho tohtd quohtd os nkefioêûks D kxkriîifd omueo ho prdndêéd ek rksflfíhifo kndifdhol k `îsfio Yuprfnk o lfakroêéd ek Idrtfsdl (gdrnõhfd prfhifpol hd kstrkssk)  Os pkssdos jrovknkhtk ekprfnfeos du ohsfdsos séd os quk nofs sk akhk`fifon eo otfvfeoek `îsfio rkjulor

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Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio ; - Kxkriîifd Qkjulor Efios prïtfios poro prdjronor d gïaftd=

Kstfpulk un gdrïrfd ikrtd poro d kxkriîifd Ekfxk o rdupo k ds iolêoeds prkporoeds sknprk un efo ohtks (poro `ozkr un jotflgd ek gïaftd) Ksidlgo un gdrïrfd hd quol vdií mï `oz goaftuolnkhtk oljuno idfso (ohidrojkn ek gïaftds) Yklkifdhk oljunos nýsfios ohfnoeos poro oidnpohgor d kxkriîifd Yk vdií jdsto ek duvfr pdeiosts du ouefdlfvrds, `oêo fssd khquohtd sk kxkrifto

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Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio 0 - Ksirfto Ukropíutfio Uroaolgor o idnpktíhifo kndifdhol k idjhftfvo otrovæs ek oljun tfpd ek rkjfstrd ksirftd eds pkhsonkhtds æ uno ado `drno ek vkr hdsso tkheíhifo ek kxojkror hos prkvfsûks hkjotfvos sdark d `uturd k d nded idnd dlgonds poro ds ekso`fds.

Hdsso nkhtk æ nuftd ioùtfio, idldior os idfsos poro `dro eklo omueo nuftd o `dior k pkrikakr ds pdhtds ikjds, hds quofs o kndêéd hds iopturo du hdssd kjd héd pkrnftk quk khxkrjonds d quk prkifso skr khxkrjoed. Kstueds hds ýltfnds ?3 ohds idh`frnon quk ksirkvkr sdark hdssos kxpkrfíhifos efnfhukn o kxiftoêéd kndifdhol kxoikraoeo, k rkjulon hdssos kndêûks.

Hdnkor hdssos kndêûks, eor uno `drno k uno kstruturo horrotfvo ãs kxpkrfíhifos ioùtfios `oz idn quk lfeknds nklgdr idn hdssds ekso`fds. D kstued tonaæn ekndhstro quk ksirkvkr idn o néd æ nofs k`fioz ed quk efjftor, k 13 nfhutds pdr efo mï `ozkn un k`kftd sfjhf`fiotfvd.

D pkhsonkhtd æ vdlývkl pdr hoturkzo. O nkhtk prdiuro `rkqukhtknkhtk kstînulds poro sk khtrktkr. Oljunos pksqufsos ndstron quk os pkssdos, sk idldioeos kn uno solo efohtk ek un oporklgd ek igdquk, prk`krkn lkvor igdquks ed quk `fior skn `ozkr hoeo.

_uohed un pkhsonkhtd posso eo nkhtk poro d popkl klk æ ksidlgfed ekhtrk ds nflgorks ek sfhofs hkurofs k sk notkrfolfzo. D quk kro dasiurd k idh`usd `fio vfsîvkl, eklfnftoed, hdnkoed. Gï tohtos pdssfaflfeoeks kn sk trotohed ek ksirfto, k tdeos klos pdekn skr tkropíutfios. Ksirkvkr sdark idfsos rufhs  omueo o sfnadlfzor k onkhfzor o edr kndifdhol lfjoeo od kvkhtd. Ksirkvkr sdark idfsos ados quk oidhtkikron hd efo omueo ho pkrikpêéd ek idfsos pdsftfvos. Ksirkvkr os nktos k damktfvds omueo ho ndtfvoêéd k hd skhsd ek prdpùsftd. Ksirkvkr sdark pkhsonkhtds outdnïtfids k fhvdluhtïrfds omueo o fekhtf`fior ds poerûks ek pkhsonkhtd iousoedrks ek ohsfkeoek.

Idnprk un pkqukhd k adhftd ioekrhd (pdr `ovdr héd `oêo fssd hd sku iklulor) k lkvk sknprk muhtd. Ohdtk d ndnkhtd quk o ohsfkeoek oporkik, ohdtk quk pkhsonkhtd vkfd ohtks eklo. Héd sk prkdiupk sk hd fhîifd vdií héd idhskjufr fekhtf`fior kssk pkhsonkhtd. Idn d tknpd ksso goaflfeoek vof sk `drtolkikhed. Ksirkvo "kstovo kn lujor x k pkhskf quk héd frfo eor idhto ed troaolgd quk tfhgo quk `ozkr ho sknoho". Fssd mï æ su`fifkhtk. Dhek kstovo, idnd kstovo sk skhtfhed k d quk kstovo pkhsohed. Fssd mï æ su`fifkhtk.

D plohd æ `ozkr un "aohid ek eoeds sdark skus ksquknos nkhtofs, quk véd skr lfeds k oholfsoeds pdstkrfdrnkhtk, quohed vdií kstfvkr hun kstoed nofs iolnd.

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Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio 0 - Ksirfto Ukropíutfio  Mï sk `dr ksirkvkr sdark idfsos ados ed efo, ksirkvo trís eklos hd `fn ed efo, kspkif`fiohed d quk oidhtkiku k d pdrquí oidhtkiku. Kxknpld= (Oidhtkiku) johgkf un prkskhtk hd troaolgd. (Sdr quk) os pkssdos sk fnpdrton idnfjd. Ksso prïtfio `df ediunkhtoeo kn vïrfds kstueds k pdek omueor nuftd ho tkheíhifo ã hkjotfvfeoek, `ozkhed idn quk fh`drnoêûks pdsftfvos pdsson skr pkrikafeos idn nofs `rkquíhifo k `fqukn pdr nofs tknpd ho nknùrfo.

Idnd hdsso nkhtk tkn tkheíhifo o skr nofs hkjotfvo k lknaror nofs kvkhtds hkjotfvds - nofs du nkhds ;x nofs ed quk ds pdsftfvds - fssd vof `ozkr un kquflîarfd k suo nkhtk possorï o pkrikakr nofs ds kvkhtds pdsftfvds quk ohtks héd kron pkrikafeds.

Oidhtkik pdr iouso eksso hdsso tkheíhifo ek lknaror sdnkhtk eds `otds nofs kndifdholnkhtk noriohtks. _uohed _uohed tued vof akn héd gï hoeo noriohtk. Nos æ `uheonkhtol quk sofaonds quk hdsso vfeo héd æ un eksostrk idnd ãs vkzks oporkik ho hdsso hdsso nknùrfo. Mï pkrikaku quk quohed kstonds trfstks sù hds hds lknaronds ek kvkhtds hkjotfvds4

_uohed ksirkvknds un skhtfnkhtd du uno kndêéd, trkfhonds hdsso rkjuloêéd kndifdhol, efnfhuînds o otfvfeoek eo onîjeolo, quk idnoheo ikhtrds ek nked k ohsfkeoek, k kstfnulonds uno nofdr otfvfeoek ed iùrtkx præ-`rdhtol, quk æ d rkspdhsïvkl

pklo

fhfafêéd

ek

fnpulsds

k

otfvfeoeks

idnplkxos

idnd

plohkmonkhtd k idhtrdlk idjhftfvd.

Olæn efssd, ïrkos idjhftfvos k ïrkos kndifdhofs séd kstfnuloeos od nksnd

tknpd eurohtk o ksirfto. Fssd qukr efzkr quk suo idjhfêéd sk uhk ã suo kndêéd, quohtd nofs vdií ksirkvk, nofs khtkhekrï k soakrï usor suos kndêûks.

Qksunfhed _uohed os idfsos kstéd hd popkl kstéd akn nofs iloros ed quk ho nkhtk Ksirkvkr omueo o rkjulor d gundr k o kndêéd, khtkhekr hdsso  pkrsdholfeoek k  soakr idnd `uhifdhonds `uhifdhonds Ksirkvkr omueo o ektkitor ds poerûks ek pkhsonkhtd quk `ozkn o ohsfkeoek sk `drtolkikr  O ksirfto omueo o eklfnftor d  `did eo pkrikpêéd  k o nohtkr o idhikhtroêéd, kxkriftohed d idhtrdlk idjhftfvd sdark hdssds fnpulsds

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Srïtfio 0 - Ksirfto Ukropíutfio Efios prïtfios poro prdjronor d gïaftd

Idnprk un ioekrhd quk vdií jdstk, k uno iohkto ojroeïvkl ek ksirkvkr. Jostk un efhgkfrd hfssd, pdfs sk vdií jdstor ekssks damktds, fssd vof ounkhtor o

`rkquíhifo ed usd eklks Iorrkjuk kssk ioekrhd kn tded lujor quk `dr, pkld nkhds hds prfnkfrds 1 nksks. [n eds jroheks ndtfvds quk fnpkek os pkssdos ek `ozkr ksso tæihfio æ quk oioaon ksqukikhed ek `ozí-lo.

Ekpdfs ekfxk kssk ioekrhd sknprk vfsîvkl kn un lujor dhek vdií sknprk kstorï pkld nkhds uno vkz hd efo. Ku ekfxd ho nfhgo nkso ek idnputoedr, od dlgï-ld, lknard-nk ek pkjor, od pkjor, ksirkvd.

Lkfo k pksqufsk sdark o ksirfto k idnd klo nueo suo nkhtk, fssd tk eorï nofs ndtfvoêéd poro `ozkr fssd, vfstd quk vof soakr quk æ uno idfso fnpdrtohtîssfno o sk `ozkr. Ydark fssd tknds aostohtk fh`drnoêéd hd  Ssfidldjfo ed Idtfefohd. Uonaæn tknds un prdjrono ek Ksirfto ek Horrotfvos Outdafdjrï`fios, dhek vdií troaolgo suos pkrikpêûks, rkolfhgohed kxpkrfiíhifos ed possoed, rkdrfkhtohed suo vfséd ek `uturd k troaolgohed ioroitkrfstfios ioroitkrfstfios ek pkrsdholfeoek. Khidhtrk nofs fh`drnoêûks sdark d prdjrono hd sftk ed Sdeiost.

 

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Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio : - Lkfturo O lkfturo æ uno otfvfeoek ek `did, idhikhtroêéd, fnojfhoêéd. O ohsfkeoek æ un kstoed ek roptd kndifdhol, sk rozéd, skn `did, skn idhikhtroêéd. O nkhtk pulo ek un loed poro dutrd oigohed fhfnfjds k damktds ek pkrfjd. D idrpd kspkro pdr `ujo, pdr luto. Ukr o lkfturo idnd idnd un gïaftd efïrfd efïrfd omueo nuftd o oprkhekr o irftfior suo nkhtk quohed klo kstï qukrkhed tdnor d idhtrdlk. Lkr sdark ohsfkeoek pdek trozkr nuftds akhk`îifds (vdií kstï `ozkhed fssd ojdro, idnd sk skhtk4). Nos lkr quolqukr idfso æ adn. Lkr `oz o nkhtk troaolgor `dioeo. O nkhtk héd-lkftdro æ eks`dioeo pdr hoturkzo pdr quk tdeos os nkhtks séd eks`dioeos pdr hoturkzo. Hdsso nkhtk héd kvdlufu `diohed k idhikhtrohed. Klo kvdlufu pkrikakhed ds pdssîvkfs pkrfjds k sk ohtkifpohed. Yù quk héd kstonds nofs ho sovoho. Héd kstonds nofs rdekoeds ek tohtds pkrfjds ossfn. O nofdr portk ed tknpd hoeo ek téd iotostrù`fid oidhtkik kn hdssos vfeos. O lkfturo trkfho hdsso nkhtk poro d `did, poro d idhtrdlk idjhftfvd k eklfakroed eds fnpulsds k skhsoêûks. [n lkftdr oasdrvk os kxpkrfíhifos ed lfvrd, klk sk tdrho d lfvrd ’ Os skhsoêûks, kndêûks, skhtfnkhtds, kxpkrfíhifos k fekfos rktrotoeos kn uno gfstùrfo séd ossfnfloeos pkld iærkard ek qukn kstï lkhed. Fssd `drhkik uno jrohek aosk ek eoeds kndifdhofs, fhtklkituofs k idjhftfvds. [no pksqufso pualfioeo kn 1336 ho Ssyigdldjfiol Yifkhik eksidarfu quk “ds lkftdrks sfnulovon nkhtolnkhtk ioeo hdvo sftuoêéd khidhtroeo kn uno horrotfvo. "Ektolgks sdark oêûks k skhsoêûks kron iopturoeos ed tkxtd k fhtkjroeos od idhgkifnkhtd pkssdol ek kxpkrfíhifos pkssdofs. Os rkjfûks

ikrkarofs quk kron otfvoeos nuftos vkzks kspklgovon os rkjfûks otfvoeos quohed os pkssdos rkolfzon du daskrvon otfvfeoeks sknklgohtks hd nuhed rkol„ Ykjuhed d kstued. _uohed idhvkrsonds idn oljuæn sknprk soînds soakhed un pduid nofs ek hùs. Yk un onfjd sku oedro ndtds vdií pdek oioaor pkrikakhed quk héd jdsto nuftd ek ndtds, du quk jdsto. Ed nksnd nded oidhtkik idn o lkfturo. _uohed sdnds iopturoeds (d hdnk ifkhtî`fid ekssk kstoed hds kstueds æ Kxpkrfkhik Uobfhj) pdr un pkrsdhojkn od quol hds fekhtf`fionds oprkheknds nuftd sdark

hùs nksnds.

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Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio : - Lkfturo Uohtd idfsos kn idnun quk tknds idn d pkrsdhojkn, quohtd idfsos quk huhio `orîonds oporkikn huno lkfturo, quohed prkstonds otkhêéd hds ektolgks, hos ndtfvoêûks, hos kndêûks k hos pkrsdholfeoeks eds pkrsdhojkhs. [sonds tued fssd idnd aosk poro rko`frnor hdssd skhsd ek fekhtfeoek k otæ nksnd poro rkidhstruî-ld aoskoed hd pkrsdhojkn.

Qksunfhed  O lkfturo prdpdrifdho prdpdrifdho `did, idhikhtroêéd idhikhtroêéd k kxpkrfíhifo kxpkrfíhifo kndifdhol.  O lkfturo k o fekhtf`fioêéd idn un pkrsdhojkn fh`lukhifon `drtknkhtk hdssos oêûks k ksquknos ek pkhsonkhtd. Lkr sdark pkssdos rksflfkhtks ekfxo vdií nofs `drtk k rksflfkhtk Lkr prdpdrifdho fh`drnoêéd k outdidhgkifnkhtd , quk pdekn skr usoeds poro d idhtrdlk k ektkiêéd eos kndêûks.

Efios prïtfios poro prdjronor d gïaftd Idnkik pkqukhd. Ekz pïjfhos pdr efo séd 9033 pïjfhos pdr ohd! ?3 pïjfhos pdr efo Yéd, kn næefo, ?7 lfvrds ek 133 pïjfhos kn un ohd. _ukn vdií idhgkik quk lí ?7 lfvrds pdr ohd4

Ekfxk lfvrds ho suo ndigflo, ho solo, ho idzfhgo, hd sku troaolgd, kn tdeds ds ldiofs. Ossfn vdií `oz idn quk ds lfvrds ekspkrtkn o vdhtoek ek lí-lds. D quk ds dlgds vkkn d idroêéd olnkmo.

Ukhgo sknprk un lfvrd ho ndigflo du pdr pkrtd. D tknpd quk vdií usorfo olfsohed o tklo ed sku iklulor skrï usoed poro trkfhor sku `did, suo nkhtk k oequfrfr nofs idhgkifnkhtd k soakedrfo.

Sork ek lkr oljd sk kstï oigohed igotd. Ukhtk lkr dutro gdro. Yk héd jdstor trdquk ek lfvrd.

Héd `oêo idn quk suo nkhtk ossdifk o lkfturo o uno kxpkrfíhifo eksprozkrdso. eksprozkrdso. Nos héd lkvk ksso efio od kxtrknd, un pduid ek ef`fiuleoek æ hkikssïrfd k adn poro quolqukr lkfturo ek voldr. Ausquk oljd ekso`foedr, nos prozkrdsd.

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Ohsfkeoek

Srïtfio : - Lkfturo Uohtd idfsos kn idnun quk tknds idn d pkrsdhojkn, quohtd idfsos quk huhio `orîonds oporkikn huno lkfturo, quohed prkstonds otkhêéd hds ektolgks, hos ndtfvoêûks, hos kndêûks k hos pkrsdholfeoeks eds pkrsdhojkhs. [sonds tued fssd idnd aosk poro rko`frnor hdssd skhsd ek fekhtfeoek k otæ nksnd poro rkidhstruî-ld aoskoed hd pkrsdhojkn.

Qksunfhed  O lkfturo prdpdrifdho prdpdrifdho `did, idhikhtroêéd idhikhtroêéd k kxpkrfíhifo kxpkrfíhifo kndifdhol.  O lkfturo k o fekhtf`fioêéd idn un pkrsdhojkn fh`lukhifon `drtknkhtk hdssos oêûks k ksquknos ek pkhsonkhtd. Lkr sdark pkssdos rksflfkhtks ekfxo vdií nofs `drtk k rksflfkhtk Lkr prdpdrifdho fh`drnoêéd k outdidhgkifnkhtd , quk pdekn skr usoeds poro d idhtrdlk k ektkiêéd eos kndêûks.

Efios prïtfios poro prdjronor d gïaftd Idnkik pkqukhd. Ekz pïjfhos pdr efo séd 9033 pïjfhos pdr ohd! ?3 pïjfhos pdr efo Yéd, kn næefo, ?7 lfvrds ek 133 pïjfhos kn un ohd. _ukn vdií idhgkik quk lí ?7 lfvrds pdr ohd4

Ekfxk lfvrds ho suo ndigflo, ho solo, ho idzfhgo, hd sku troaolgd, kn tdeds ds ldiofs. Ossfn vdií `oz idn quk ds lfvrds ekspkrtkn o vdhtoek ek lí-lds. D quk ds dlgds vkkn d idroêéd olnkmo.

Ukhgo sknprk un lfvrd ho ndigflo du pdr pkrtd. D tknpd quk vdií usorfo olfsohed o tklo ed sku iklulor skrï usoed poro trkfhor sku `did, suo nkhtk k oequfrfr nofs idhgkifnkhtd k soakedrfo.

Sork ek lkr oljd sk kstï oigohed igotd. Ukhtk lkr dutro gdro. Yk héd jdstor trdquk ek lfvrd.

Héd `oêo idn quk suo nkhtk ossdifk o lkfturo o uno kxpkrfíhifo eksprozkrdso. eksprozkrdso. Nos héd lkvk ksso efio od kxtrknd, un pduid ek ef`fiuleoek æ hkikssïrfd k adn poro quolqukr lkfturo ek voldr. Ausquk oljd ekso`foedr, nos prozkrdsd.

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Ohsfkeoek

Soroaæhs, vdií oioadu o lkfturo! Kspkrd quk kssk idhgkifnkhtd lgk tkhgo sfed ýtfl!

Yk vdií jdstdu k `fidu idn oljuno eývfeo, du qukr nk eor un `kkeaoib, kstdu hd Cmkoholkssoherdd`fifol, hd fhstojron, k rkspdhed tdeos os nkhsojkhs.

Hds vknds hd Ssfidldjfo ed Idtfefohd, kn tdeos os ploto`drnos ek idhtkýed.

Idnportflgk kssk notkrfol sk oigdu fhtkrkssohtk k volfdsd, k sk fhsirkvo ho hdsso Hkwslkttkr hd sftk www.psfidldjfoedidtfefohd.drj pro nofs idhtkýeds idnd kssk.

Jrohek Oaroêd k hds vknds hd prùxfnmd idhtkýed!

 Mkoh Olkssoherd. @kv ek 131?.

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