Guia 3 Sustancia Pura 2018

 

 

F hs Tu Tu s thg thg d i hs U Uu u r hs

 

  Tusthgdih Uurh Ns hqunffh duyh dl`plsidiôg quà`idh ns ugiblr`n y gl dh`aih ng nf tin`pl, gi dlg nf dh`ail kn bhsn, ns kndir tingn ugh dl`plsidiôg quà`idh ml`loégnh n igvhrihafn, ncn`pfl3 Houh (M1L), H`lgàhdl (GM4), hirn purl, DL1. ^gh susthgdih purh gl tingn qun snr kn ug slfl nfn`ngtl nf n`ngtl l dl`punstl quà`idl. ^gh `nzdfh kn kibnrngtns nfn`ngtls l dl`punstls quà`idls th`aiég ns ugh susthgdih purh, sin`prn qun fh `nzdfh snh ml`loégnh. Nf hirn, plr ncn`pfl, qun ns ugh `nzdfh kn vhrils ohsns, dlg brndungdih sn dlgsiknrh dl`l ugh susthgdih purh plrqun tingn ugh dl`plsidiôg quà`idh ugiblr`n. Ng dlgtrhstn, fh `nzdfh kn hdnitn y houh gl ns ugh susthgdih purh, yh qun nf hdnitn gl ns slfuafn ng nf houh y plr ngkn, sn hdu`ufhrè slarn fh supnrbidin kn ésth, blr`hgkl kls rnoilgns quà`idh`ngtn kistigths. ^gh `nzdfh kn kls l `ès bhsns kn ugh susthgdih purh sioun singkl susthgdih purh, sin`prn qun fh dl`plsidiôg quà`idh kn fhs bhsns snh fh `is`h. ^gh `nzdfh kn vhplr y houh fàquikh (h), ns ugh susthgdih purh plrqun h`ahs bhsns tingng fh `is`h dl`plsidiôg quà`idh. Ng dlgtrhstn, ugh `nzdfh kn hirn fàquikl y hirn ohsnlsl (a), gl ns ugh susthgdih susthgdih purh knaikl h qun fh dl`plsidiôg knf hirn fàquikl ns kistigth h fh knf hirn ohsnlsl y, plr nffl, fh `nzdfh yh gl ns quà`idh`ngtn ml`loégnh. Fl hgtnrilr sn knan h qun fls kibnrngtns dl`plgngtns knf hirn tingng kistigths tn`pnrhturhs kn dlgkngshdiôg h ugh prnsiôg prnsi ôg khkh.

Biourh 8  8 

Tistn`h Ml`loégnl Ns duhgkl fh bhsn knf sistn`h ns ugh ug h slfh.

Bhsns Bh sns kn ugh sus susthgdih thgdih purh Ns lavil, plr fh nxpnringdih, qun fhs susthgdihs nxistng ng bhsns kibnrngtns. H tn`pnrhturh y prnsiôg h`aingtn nf dlarn ns ug sôfikl, nf `nrduril ug fàquikl y nf gitrôongl ug ohs. Ng dlgkidilgns kibnrngtns, dhkh ugl hphrndn ng ugh bhsn b hsn kistigth. Than`ls qun nxistng trns bhsns prigdiphfns3 sôfikh, fàquikh y ohsnlsh, sig n`ahrol ugh susthgdih punkn tngnr vhrihs bhsns kngtrl kn ugh bhsn prigdiphf, dhkh ugh dlg ugh nstrudturh `lfndufhr kibnrngtn. Ulr ncn`pfl, nf dhralgl nxistn dl`l orhbitl l dl`l kih`hgtn ng fh bhsn sôfikh. Nf mnfil tingn kls bhsns fàquikhs y nf minrrl trns bhsns sôfikhs. Nf minfl punkn nxistir dlg sintn bhsns kibnrngtns h prnsilgns nfnvhkhs. ^gh bhsn sn ikngtibidh dl`l ug hrrnofl `lfndufhr kistigtl, ml`loégnl ng su tlthfikhk y snphrhkl kn fhs kn`ès bhsns plr `nkil kn supnrbidins l brlgtnrhs bèdif`ngtn ikngtibidhafns.

Kihorh`hs Kih orh`hs kn prlp inkhkns inkhkns phrh prldnsls prl dnsls k n dh`ail kn bhsn Nf dl`plrth`ingtl kn ugh susthgdih purh hf vhrihr sus prlpinkhkns kn nsthkl rnsufth `uy dl`pfncl, fl duhf gl pnr`itn kntnr`ighr su nduhdiôg kn nsthkl tér`idh ng tlkl nf rhgol kn prnsilgns y tn`pnrhturhs kn blr`h sngdiffh. Nstn dl`plrth`ingtl rnhf vh h snr kibnrngtn knpngkingkl kn fh zlgh knf nsphdil kn nsthkls ng qun gls ngdlgtrn`ls. Fh blr`h kn fh nduhdiôg kn nsthkl tér`idh phrh ug sistn`h blr`hkl plr ugh susthgdih purh qun rnfhdilgh fh prnsiôg, fh tn`pnrhturh y nf vlfu`ng snrè kn fh blr`h3 

 

b (U,v  (U,v ,[) ,[) 0 5  Fh rnprnsngthdiôg orèbidh kn nsth nduhdiôg knpngkingtn kn trns vhrihafns ng nf nsphdil, kh dl`l rnsufthkl ugh supnrbidin, qun rndian nf gl`arn kn supnrbidin U-v  U- v -[ -[ knf sistn`h. Ng fh biourh 1 sn `unstrh nsth supnrbidin phrh ugh susthgdih qun sn nxphgkn hf dlgonfhrsn. Nsth supnrbidin triki`ngsilghf (U,v  (U, v ,[) ,[) ns ótif phrh knsthdhr fhs rnfhdilgns ongnrhfns ngtrn fhs trns bhsns kn fh susthgdih purh ng nstukil.  

Biourh 1 Tig n`ahrol, fh dl`pfncikhk kn nsth n sth supnrbidin mhdn qun rnsuftn `ès dlgvngingtn fh utifizhdiôg kn sus prlynddilgns aiki`ngsilghfns slarn fls ncns U-[ (prnsiôg — tn`pnrhturh) th`aiég kngl`ighkl kihorh`h kn bhsns, slarn fls ncns U-v U-v (prnsiôg — vlfu`ng nspndàbidl) y slarn fls ncns [- v (tn`pnrhturh y vlfu`ng nspndibidl) dl`l sn rnprnsngthg ng fh biourh 4.

 

Biourh 4 Hgtns kn knbigir nf dl`plrth`ingtl kn ugh susthgdih purh ns gndnshril hdfhrhr hfougls dlgdnptls3   [n`pnrhturh kn shturhdiôg3 shturhdiôg 3 [n`pnrhturh h fh qun ugh susthgdih purh dh`aih kn bhsn h ugh prnsiôg khkh.   Urnsiôg kn shturhdiôg3 Urnsiôg h fh qun ugh susthgdih purh dh`aih kn bhsn h ugh tn`pnrhturh khkh.  

 

     

 

Fàquikl suangbrihkl l dl`pri`ikl3 dl`pri`ikl3 Nsthkl tnr`lkigè`idl ng nf duhf fh susthgdih nxistn ng bhsn fiquikh y h ugh tn`pnrhturh `nglr qun fh kn shturhdiôg h fh prnsiôg h fh qun sn ngdungtrn nf fàquikl. [h`aiég sn punkn knbigir dl`l nf fàquikl qun nxistn h ugh prnsiôg supnrilr h fh kn shturhdiôg dlrrnsplgkingtn h fh tn`pnrhturh h fh qun sn ngdungtrh nf fàquikl. Fiquikl shturhkl3 shturhkl3 Fàquikl qun sn ngdungtrh h fh tn`pnrhturh y prnsiôg kn shturhdiôg y qun si sn fn høhkn ugh `àgi`h dhgtikhk kn ngnroàh dl`ngzhrh h dh`aihr h fh bhsn ohsnlsh. @nzdfh shturhkh3 shturhkh3 Nsthkl tnr`lkigè`idl ng nf duhf dlnxistng ng nquifiaril hf `ngls kls bhsns. @nzdfh shturhkh fiquikl-vhplr3 Nsthkl tnr`lkigè`idl ng nf duhf dlnxistng ng nquifiaril fhs bhsns fiquikl y vhplr.  vhplr.  Rhplr shturhkl3 shturhkl3 Nsthkl tnr`lkigè`idl ng nf qun tlkh fh susthgdih sn ngdungtrh ng bhsn vhplr h fh tn`pnrhturh y prnsiôg kn shturhdiôg. Ng nf dhsl kn qun sn fn rntirn ngnroàh h nsth susthgdih dl`ngzhr dl`ngzhràh àh h dlgkngshr. Rhplr slarndhfngthkl3 slarndhfngthkl 3 Nsthkl tnr`lkigè`idl nf duhf sn ngdungtrh ng bhsn vhplr h ugh tn`pnrhturh ng `hylr h fhfhknsusthgdih shturhdiôg dlrrnsplgkingtn h fh prnsiôg ng fh qun sn ngdungtrn nf vhplr. [h`aiég sn punkn knbigir dl`l nf vhplr qun nxistn h ugh prnsiôg `nglr h fh kn shturhdiôg dlrrnsplgkingtn h fh tn`pnrhturh h fh qun sn ngdungtrn nf vhplr.

Kihorh`h [ — v 

 

 

Kihorh`h U - v

QNOILG KN RHULQ TLAQNDHFNG[HKL

Urldnsls kn dh`ail kn bhsn kn susthgdi hs purhs Uhrh halrkhr nf prldnsl kn dh`ail kn bhsn kn ugh susthgdih purh sn dlgsiknrh ug kisplsitivl kn difigkrl n`alfl qun dlgtingn houh h 15 ³D y 8 ht` kn prnsiôg dl`l sn `unstrh ng fh biourh ; (h).

(h)

(a)

(d) Biourh ;

Biourh >

(k)

(n)

 

Ng nsths dlgkidilgns nf houh nxistn ng bhsn fiquikh y sn kngl`igh fiquikl dl`pri`ikl l fiquikl suangbrihkl, yh qun fh tn`pnrhturh kn 15³D ns `nglr qun fh tn`pnrhturh kn shturhdiôg shturhdiôg h 8 ht` (855 Jph, nsthkl 8 Biourh >) >).. Tn trhgsbinrn dhflr hf houh mhsth qun su tn`pnrhturh hu`ngth plr ncn`pfl, ;5µD, ng nstn nsthkl hug pnr`hgndn dl`l fàquikl dl`pri`ikl. H `nkikh qun hu`ngth fh tn`pnrhturh, nf houh fiquikh tngkrè dinrth nxphgsiôg y, plr nffl, hu`ngthrè su vlfu`ng nspndàbidl. Dl`l rnspunsth h nsth nxphgsiôg, nxphgsiôg, nf é`alfl sn `lvnrè fionrh`ngtn mhdih hrriah. Kurhgtn nstn prldnsl fh prnsiôg ng nf difigkrl pnr`hgndn dlgsthgtn ng 8ht`, yh qun knpngkn kn fh prnsiôg ahrl`étridh nxtnrilr y knf pnsl knf é`alfl, qun slg dlgsthgtns. Ng nstn nsthkl nf houh sioun singkl ug fàquikl dl`pri`ikl, punstl qun gl mh dl`ngzhkl h nvhplrhrsn. Dlgblr`n sn trhgsbinrh `ès dhflr, fh tn`pnrhturh hu`ngthrè mhsth qun hfdhgdn 855µD (nsthkl 1, biourh >). Ng nstn pugtl nf houh sioun singkl ug fàquikl, pnrl duhfquinr hu`ngtl kn dhflr dhushrè qun hfol kn fàquikl sn vhplridn. Nstè plr sudnknr ug prldnsl kn dh`ail kn bhsn, kn fàquikl h vhplr. ^g fàquikl qun nstè h pugtl kn nvhplrhrsn rndian nf gl`arn kn fàquikl shturhkl. Ng dlgsndungdih, nf nsthkl 1 dlrrnsplgkn hf kn ug fàquikl shturhkl. ^gh vnz qun n`pinzh fh nauffidiôg, nf hu`ngtl kn tn`pnrhturh sn kntngkrè mhsth qun nf fàquikl sn nvhplrn plr dl`pfntl. Fh tn`pnrhturh pnr`hgndnrè dlgsthgtn kurhgtn tlkl nf prldnsl kn dh`ail kn bhsn, si fh prnsiôg sn `hgtingn dlgsthgtn. Ns bèdif vnribidhkl dlfldhgkl ug tnr`ô`ntrl kngtrl kn houh qun minrvn slarn ugh nstubh. H givnf knf `hr (U 08 ht`), nf tnr`ô`ntrl sin`prn fnnrè 855 µD, hug si fh dhdnrlfh nstè knsduainrth l duainrth dlg ugh thph fionrh. Kurhgtn ug prldnsl kn nauffidiôg, nf ógidl dh`ail lasnrvhafn ns ug orhg hu`ngtl ng nf vlfu`ng y ugh kis`igudiôg dlgsthgtn ng nf givnf knf fàquikl, dl`l rnsufthkl kn ugh `hylr dhgtikhk kn fàquikl dlgvnrtikl ng vhplr. Duhgkl nsté h fh `ithk kn fh fàgnh kn nvhplrhdiôg (nsthkl 4, biourh >), nf difigkrl dlgtngkrè dhgtikhkns iouhfns kn fàquikl y vhplr. Dlgblr`n høhkh dhflr, nf prldnsl kn nvhplrhdiôg dlgtiguhrè mhsth qun fh ófti`h olth kn fàquikl sn nvhplrn (nsthkl ;, biourh >). Ng nsn pugtl, nf difigkrl sn ffngh plr dl`pfntl dlg vhplr qun nstè slarn nf alrkn kn fh bhsn fàquikh. Duhfquinr pérkikh kn dhflr dhushrè qun hfol kn vhplr sn dlgkngsn (dh`ail kn bhsn kn vhplr h fàquikl). ^g vhplr h pugtl kn dlgkngshrsn rndian nf gl`arn kn vhplr shturhkl. Ulr thgtl, nf nsthkl ; ns ug nsthkl kn vhplr shturhkl. ^gh susthgdih ngtrn fls nsthkls 1 y ; sn dlgldn dl`l ugh `nzdfh shturhkh kn fàquikl-vhplr, knaikl h qun fhs bhsns fàquikh y vhplr dlnxistng ng nquifiaril ng nstls nsthkls. ^gh vnz qun nf prldnsl kn dh`ail kn bhsn tnr`igh, sn hfdhgzh ugh rnoiôg kn ugh slfh bhsn (ng nstn dhsl kn vhplr), y ugh trhgsbnrngdih hkidilghf kn dhflr rnsufthrè ng ug hu`ngtl thgtl kn fh tn`pnrhturh dl`l knf vlfu`ng nspndàbidl (biourh >). Ng nf nsthkl > fh tn`pnrhturh knf vhplr ns, plr khr ug vhflr, 455µD: si sn rntirh hfol kn dhflr knf vhplr, fh tn`pnrhturh knsdngknrè ug pldl pnrl gl ldurrirè dlgkngshdiôg `ingtrhs fh tn`pnrhturh pnr`hgnzdh slarn 855µD (ng U 0 8ht`). ^g vhplr qun gl nstè h  pugtl kn dlgkngshrsn (ns kndir, gl ns vhplr shturhkl) sn kngl`igh vhplr slarndhfngthkl. Ulr thgtl, nf houh ng nf nsthkl > ns ug vhplr slarndhfngthkl. Nf prldnsl kn dh`ail kn bhsn dlg prnsiôg dlgsthgtn knsdritl, sn ifustrh ng ug kihorh`h [[-v v ng fh biourh >. Ti tlkl nf prldnsl hgtnrilr sn igvinrtn ngbrihgkl nf houh `ingtrhs sn `hgtingn fh prnsiôg ng nf `is`l vhflr, nf houh rntlrghrè hf nsthkl 8, plr fh `is`h trhyndtlrih, y fh dhgtikhk kn dhflr fianrhkh snrè nxhdth`ngtn iouhf h fh dhgtikhk kn dhflr hornohkh kurhgtn nf prldnsl kn dhfngth`ingtl. Ng fh vikh kihrih nf houh i`pfidh houh fàquikh, y nf vhplr, vhplr kn houh, ng tnr`lkigè`idh, thgtl nf houh dl`l nf vhplr siogibidhg sôfl ugh dlsh3 M15. Nstn `is`l nxpnri`ngtl rnhfizhkl h ltrls vhflrns kn prnsiôg pnr`itn latngnr fl siouingtn3

 

 

Biourh 2 Dlgblr`n hu`ngtn fh prnsiôg, fhs fàgnhs kn shturhdiôg dlgtiguhrèg hdlrtègklsn dl`l `unstrh fh Biourh 2, y sn dlgvnrtirè ng ug pugtl duhgkl fh prnsiôg hfdhgdn nf vhflr kn 11.59 @Uh ng nf dhsl knf houh. Nstn pugtl sn ffh`h pugtl dràtidl y sn knbign dl`l nf pugtl ng nf duhf fls nsthkls kn fàquikl shturhkl y kn vhplr shturhkl slg ikégtidls. Fh tn`pnrhturh, fh prnsiôg y nf vlfu`ng nspndàbidl kn ugh susthgdih ng nf pugtl dràtidl sn kngl`ighg tn`pnrhturh dràtidh, prnsiôg dràtidh y vlfu`ng nspndàbidl dritidl. H prnsilgns `hylrns qun fh dràtidh, gl mharè ug prldnsl klgkn sn ikngtibiqun dfhrh`ngtn nf dh`ail kn bhsn. Ti hmlrh sn dlgsiknrh ug kisplsitivl difigkrl n`alfl qun dlgtingn houh h 8 @Uh y 8>5µD. Ng nstn nsthkl nf houh nxistn dl`l ug fàquikl dl`pri`ikl. Lasnrvn fh biourh ?. Hmlrh, fhs pnshs sn nfi`ighg ugh plr ugh kn fh phrtn supnrilr knf é`alfl, kn `hgnrh qun fh prnsiôg kngtrl knf difigkrl kis`iguyh orhkuhf`ngtn. Tn pnr`itn qun nf houh igtnrdh`ain dhflr dlg fls hfrnknklrns, phrh qun su tn`pnrhturh pnr`hgnzdh dlgsthgtn. Dlgblr`n kis`iguyh fh prnsiôg, hu`ngthrè fionrh`ngtn nf vlfu`ng knf houh. Duhgkl sn hfdhgdn nf vhflr kn fh prnsiôg kn shturhdiôg h fh tn`pnrhturh nspndibidhkh (5.;?>= @Uh) nf houh dl`ngzhrè h mnrvir. Kurhgtn nstn prldnsl kn nvhplrhdiôg, thgtl fh tn`pnrhturh dl`l fh prnsiôg pnr`hgndng dlgsthgtns, pnrl nf vlfu`ng nspndàbidl hu`ngth. Knspués kn qun sn nvhplrh fh ófti`h olth kn fàquikl, ugh rnkuddiôg hkidilghf ng fh prnsiôg prlkudn ltrl hu`ngtl ng nf Biourh ?

vlfu`ng nspndàbidl. Dhan knsthdhr qun kurhgtn nf prldnsl kn dh`ail kn bhsn gl bun rntirhkl gigoóg pnsl, mhdnrfl dhushràh qun fh prnsiôg y, ng dlgsndungdih, fh tn`pnrhturh kis`iguynrhg Zyh qun [sht 0 b(Usht)P, y nf prldnsl yh gl snràh isltér`idl, sig n`ahrol nf su`igistrl kn dhflr bun dlgtigul kurhgtn tlkl nf prldnsl. Ti nf prldnsl sn rnpitn h ltrhs tn`pnrhturhs, sn latngkrèg trhyndtlrihs si`ifhrns phrh fls prldnsls kn dh`ail kn bhsn. Hf dlgndthr `nkihgtn ugh durvh fls nsthkls kn fàquikl shturhkl dlg fls kn vhplr shturhkl, sn latingn nf kihorh`h U-v kn ugh susthgdih purh, dl`l nf qun prnsngth ng nf kihorh`h U — v hrriah snøhfhkl.

 

@nzdfh nzdfh shtur hkh kn fàquikl-vhplr fàquikl -vhplr Kurhgtn ug prldnsl kn nvhplrhdiôg, ugh susthgdih nxistn dl`l ugh phrtn fàquikh y ltrh kn vhplr. Nstl ns, ns ugh `nzdfh kn fàquikl y vhplr shturhkls (biourh =). Uhrh hghfizhr nsth `nzdfh kn `hgnrh hprlpihkh, ns gndnshril dlgldnr fhs prlplrdilgns kn fhs bhsns fàquikh y kn vhplr ng fh `nzdfh. Nstl sn latingn hf knbigir ugh gunvh prlpinkhk ffh`hkh fh dhfikhk  ‖ x   ‐   dl`l fh rhzôg ngtrn fh `hsh kn vhplr y fh `hsh ` hsh tlthf kn fh `nzdfh.   `o    x  `

Biourh =

Klgkn3

``    b     `o   f h `nzdfh3 `  3 @hsh tlthf kn fh ` b  3 @hsh kn fàquikl shturhkl ng fh `nzdfh

`o 3 @hsh kn vhplr shturhkl ng fh `nzdfh Fh dhfikhk tingn siogibidhkl sôfl phrh `nzdfhs shturhkhs, y gl  gl  ng fhs rnoilgns kn fàquikl dl`pri`ikl l kn vhplr slarndhfngthkl. Tu vhflr sn ngdungtrh sin`prn ngtrn 5 y 8. Fh dhfikhk kn ug sistn`h dl`punstl plr fàquikl shturhkl ns 5 l 5% y fh dhfikhk kn ug sistn`h dl`punstl plr vhplr shturhkl ns 8 l 855% (Biourh 9). Ng `nzdfhs shturhkhs, fh dhfikhk punkn snrvir dl`l ugh kn fhs kls prlpinkhkns igtngsivhs igknpngkingtns gndnshrihs phrh knsdriair ug nsthkl. Hkvinrth qun fhs  prlpinkhkns kn fiquikl shturhkl slg fhs `is`hs snh qun nxisth slfl l ng ugh `nzdfh dlg vhplr shturhkl. shturhkl. Kurhgtn nf prldnsl kn vhplrizhdiôg sôfl dh`aih fh dhgtikhk kn fàquikl shturhkl, gl sus prlpinkhkns. Fl `is`l sudnkn dlg nf vhplr shturhkl. ^gh `nzdfh shturhkh punkn trhthrsn dl`l ugh dl`aighdiôg kn kls suasistn`hs3 nf fàquikl shturhkl y nf vhplr shturhkl. n`ahrol, fh Ng dhgtikhk kn `hsh ng dhkh bhsn sunfnTig knsdlgldnrsn. dlgsndungdih, ns dlgvngingtn i`hoighr qun fhs kls bhsns nstèg `uy aing `nzdfhkhs y blr`hg ugh `nzdfh ml`loégnh (biourh 85). Ng nstn dhsl fhs prlpinkhkns kn nsth "`nzdfh" snrèg fhs prlpinkhkns prl`nkil kn fh `nzdfh shturhkh kn fàquiklvhplr dlgsiknrhkh. Nstl sn ncn`pfibidh h dlgtiguhdiôg. Dlgsiknrn ug thgqun qun dlgtingn ugh `nzdfh shturhkh kn fàquikl-vhplr. Nf vlfu`ng lduphkl plr nf fàquikl shturhkl ns Rb y nf vlfu`ng lduphkl plr nf vhplr shturhkl ns Ro ns Ro.. Nf vlfu`ng tlthf R ns fh f h su`h kn h`als R   Rb   Ro

R   `v  `v  ` b  v b  ` b 



`  `o





`o v o

`v  (`  ` b  )v b 

Hf kivikir ngtrn `  sn latingn3

v  (8       x)v b     xv o  

  

`o v o

Biourh 9

Biourh 85

 

 

 H`p  H `p fihd fi hdiô iô g k n fls fl s k iho r h`hs p hrh hr h igd ig d fu ir fh b hsn hs n sô f ik h Fls kls kihorh`hs kn nquifiaril knshrrlffhkls mhsth hmlrh rnprnsngthg nsthkls kn nquifiaril qun igvlfudrhg sôfl fhs bhsns fàquikh y vhplr. Tig n`ahrol, ns plsiafn h`pfihr nstls kihorh`hs phrh igdfuir fh bhsn sôfikh, hsà dl`l h fhs rnoilgns kn sôfikl-fàquikl y kn sôfikl-vhplr shturhkl. Fls prigdipils aèsidls nxpunstls dlg fls prldnsls kn dh`ail kn bhsn fàquikl-vhplr sn hpfidhg knf `is`l `lkl h fls f ls prldnsls kn dh`ail knkurhgtn bhsn knug sôfikl-fàquikl y kn sôfikl-vhplr. kn fhsLtrhs susthgdihs sn dlgtrhng prldnsl kn slfikibidhdiôg (nstl Fh ns `hylràh dlgonfhdiôg). dl`l nf houh, sn nxphgkng duhgkl sn dlgonfhg. Fls kihorh`hs U-v phrh h`als orupls kn susthgdihs sn `unstrhg `unstrhg ng fhs biourhs 88 y 81 Nstls kls kls kihorh`hs kibinrng slfl

Biourh 81 Biourh 88 ng fh fàgnh kn shturhdiôg sôfikl-fàquikl. Fls kihorh`hs [-v sn vng `uy si`ifhrns h fls kihorh`hs U-v, ng nspndihf phrh susthgdihs qun sn dlgtrhng hf dlgonfhrsn. Nf mndml kn qun nf houh sn nxphgkh hf dlgonfhrsn tingn dlgsndungdihs vithfns ng fh ghturhfnzh. Ti nf houh gl sn dlgtrhcnrh hf dlgonfhrsn, dl`l mhdng fh `hylràh kn fhs susthgdihs, nf minfl blr`hkl snràh `ès pnshkl qun nf houh fàquikh y sn hsngthr hsngthràh àh ng nf blgkl kn fls ràls, fhols u ldéhgls, ng fuohr kn bflthr ng fh supnrbidin. Ns dl`óg qun kls bhsns nstég ng nquifiaril, pnrl ng hfoughs dlgkidilgns fhs trns bhsns kn ugh susthgdih purh dlnxistng ng nquifiaril (biourh 84). Ng fls kihorh`hs U-v l [-v, nstls nsthkls kn bhsn tripfn blr`hg fh fàgnh tripfn. Fls nsthkls kn ugh susthgdih slarn fh fàgnh tripfn tingng fh `is`h prnsiôg y tn`pnrhturh, pnrl dlg kibnrngtns vlfó`ngns nspndàbidls. Fh fàgnh tripfn hphrndn dl`l ug pugtl slarn fls kihorh`hs U-[, plr thgtl, sunfn kngl`ighrsn pugtl tripfn (Biourh 8>). Uhrh nf houh fls vhflrns kn tn`pnrhturh y prnsiôg knf pugtl tripfn slg 5.58µD y 5.2884 jUh, Biourh 84 rnspndtivh`ngtn. Fhs trns bhsns knf houh nxistirèg ng nquifiaril sôfl si fh tn`pnrhturh y fh prnsiôg tingng nstls vhflrns. Gigough susthgdih punkn nxistir ng bhsn fàquikh ng nquifiaril nsthafn h prnsilgns `nglrns qun fh knf pugtl tripfn. Fl `is`l sudnkn rnspndtl kn fh tn`pnrhturh kn susthgdihs qun sn dlgtrhng hf dlgonfhrsn. Tig n`ahrol, ns plsiafn qun nxisthg susthgdihs h prnsilgns nfnvhkhs ng fh bhsn fàquikh y dlg tn`pnrhturhs `nglrns h fh knf pugtl tripfn. Ulr ncn`pfl, nf houh gl punkn nxistir ng blr`h fàquikh ng nquifiaril ng dlgkidilgns ht`lsbéridhs h tn`pnrhturhs `nglrns kn L µD, hugqun punkn nxistir dl`l ug fàquikl h -15µD y 15@Uh Biourh 8; kn prnsiôg. Mhy kls `hgnrhs ng qun ugh susthgdih punkn phshr kn fh bhsn sôfikh h fh kn vhplr3 pri`nrl sn bugkn ng ug fàquikl y knspués sn nvhplrh, l sn

 

nvhplrh kirndth`ngtn, sig qun pri`nrl sn bugkh. Nf ófti`l dhsl sudnkn plr knahcl kn fh prnsiôg knf pugtl tripfn, yh qun ugh susthgdih purh gl punkn nxistir ng fh bhsn fàquikh h nsths prnsilgns (biourh 8>). Nf phsl kirndtl kn fh bhsn sôfikh h fh bhsn kn vhplr sn kngl`igh suafi`hdiôg

Nf kihorh`h kihor h`h U [ Fh biourh 8> `unstrh nf kihorh`h U-[ kn ugh susthgdih Nstn kihorh`h kihorh`h brndungtn`ngtnpurh. sn kngl`igh kn bhsn punstl qun fhs trns bhsns sn snphrhg ngtrn si `nkihgtn trns fàgnhs. Fh fàgnh kn suafi`hdiôg snphrh fhs rnoilgns sôfikh y kn vhplr, fh fàgnh kn vhplrizhdiôg kivikn fhs rnoilgns fàquikh y kn vhplr, y fh fàgnh kn busiôg snphrh fhs rnoilgns sôfikh y fàquikh. Nsths trns fàgnhs dlgvnrong ng nf pugtl tripfn, klgkn fhs trns bhsns dlnxistng ng nquifiaril. Fh fàgnh kn vhplrizhdiôg bighfizh ng nf pugtl dritidl plrqun gl sn punkng kistigouir fhs bhsns fàquikh y kn vhplr hrriah knf `is`l. Fhs susthgdihs qun sn nxphgkng y dlgtrhng hf dlgonfhrsn kibinrng slfl  slfl   ng fh fàgnh kn busiôg ng nf kihorh`h U-[. U-[.   Biourh 8>