Güthen 700
November 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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@aektar @ujtkpcrä`mtra hm Rcikmetm NÚXFME >22
@ceucj ha ]suãrka
(Wmr. 3.23 )
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Icrcitmràstkics has @aektarms @ujtkpcrä`mtras NÚXFME->22 NÚXFME->22 Cjnues Rcrä`mtras Wktcks Rcssàvmks hm @aektarkzcîéa @aektarkzcîéa -
Axk`mtrkc
Grmqúïeikc
(YpA4)<
Icrhàcic
Grmqúïeikc (GI)<
hm
Rrmsséa
Rujsa Crtmrkcj
(GR)< Eéa
Mjmtraicrhkanrc`c Kevcskvc
(RCEK)<
(MIN, Rrmsséa
Kevcskvc 3< Rrmsséa Kevcskvc 4< Xm`pmrcturc 3< Xm`pmrcturc 4< Icpeanrcgkc (MtIA4) `cksetrmc`, skhmstrmc`< Grmqúïeikc Tmspkrctùrkc (GT). Iaegknurcîýms @ahujcrms @ahujcrms Rassàvmks - As mqukpc`metas Nútfme 3222 m 3422 pahm` smr ia`mrikcjkzchas hm gar`c qum tahas as pcrä`mtras (YpA4/GR, MIN/TMYR/GI, MLN, RCEK, RK3, RK4, RK9, RK8, X3, X4, X9, X8, MtIA4, HI) smoc` `aetchas m` ia`dkecîéa au `ms`a hm gar`c kehkvkhucj. Ksta sknekgkic qum as mqukpc`metas pahmréa smr ia`mrikcjkzchas ia` 3 pcrä`mtra cpmecs (pmjc msiajfc ha ijkmetm. Mx? axà`mtra hm pujsa) au S]CKYS]MT ia`dkecîýms nmrchcs metrm mjms ia`, par mxm`pja,*? 3. YpA4 4. MIN 9. YpA4 +RCEK 8. YpA4 + RCEK +MIN =. YpA4 + MIN 7. RCEK + MIN >. Icpeanrcgkc 6. .... *As
mxm`pjas
iktchas
cik`c
séa
cjnu`cs
hcs
passkdkjkhchms
hm
cssaikcîéa hm pcrä`mtras, smeha qum mstms pahmréa smr cnrmnchas hm hkgmrmetms gar`cs pcrc suprkr mvmetucj emimsskhchm ha ijkmetm.
4
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Ads.? A sagtwcrm ha mqukpc`meta smrã iaegknurcha hm ciarha ia` as pcrä`mtras chqukrkhas, au smoc, icsa smoc chqukrkha a `ahmja cpmecs ia` axk`mtrkc hm pujsa a sagtwcrm scàrc hm gãdrkic cpmecs ia` c mxkdkîéa hmstm pcrä`mtra m cssk` par hkcetm. C vmrséa ha sagtwcrm ë c `ms`c hmstm `ceucj.
Iaegknurcîéa Dãskic Dãskic Rrm Rrm-iaegknurchc -iaegknurchc - MIN hm > hmrkvcîýms (K, KK, KKK, cWT, cWJ, cWG, W) smjmikaeãvmks pahmeha smr mxkdkhcs sk`ujtcemc`metm ec tmjc m @mesurcîéa hc Grmqúïeikc Tmspkrctùrkc par k`pmhäeikc trces-tarãxkic (dkak`pmhäeikc)< - Ceãjksm hm crrkt`kcs (39 tkpas), ceãjksm ha smnuk`meta YX m` tahcs cs hmrkvcîýms hkspaeàvmks m gueîéa hm hmtmiîéa/vcjkhcîéa hm `cricpcssa< - Axk`mtrkc (YpA4) m Grmqúmeikc hm Rujsa (GR) - Rrmsséa Eéa-Kevcskvc (`ëtaha asikja`ëtrkia) - Xm`pmrcturc (4 icecks)< -
Gueîéa hm sagtwcrm pcrc Icrhka-axk-rmsp kranrc`c (AV[-ITN)
- Keijuséa hm Kegar`cîéa tatcks has pcikmetms ((ea`m ha faspktcj, KH, hctc hm metrchc (ch`ksséa), prk`mkra ea`m, sadrmea`m, hctc hm cekvmrsãrka (iãjiuja hc khchm), pmsa, MYXCX]TC, jmkta, smxa...))< Dctmrkc Jk-ae (`àek`a 9 farcs hm gueikaec`meta)
‼ Gueîýms/Rcrä`mtras Gueîýms/Rcrä`mtras Apikaecks -Rrmsséa Kevcskvc (4 icecks) - Icpeanrcgkc (MtIA4)? @ckestrmc` `ahujcr mxtmrec (Icpeastct ’ Tmspkraekis) au Ykhmstrmc` `ahujcr mxtmrec (JaGJA ’ Tmspkraekis).
Autrcs Icrcitmràstkics ‼ Autrcs Icrcitmràstkics Icrcitmràstkics / Hkgmrmeikcks - Xmehïeikc eu`ërkic m nrãgkic hm ctë 376 farcs (> hkcs) - Fmcrt Tctm Wcrkcdkjkty(FTW)-
Wcrkcîéa hc Grmqúïeikc Icrhàcic
- CRN ’ @mesurcîéa hc Rjmtks`anrcgkc Cimjmrchc
9
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
- Cr`czmecnm` hm 42 mvmetas - Xmjc JIH m` `ctrkz ctkvc hm cjtc rmsajuîéa< - Cjcr`m vksucj ctrcvës hm JMHs vmr`mjfas pksicetms ea ncdkemtm graetcj< - Rartãtkj, jmvm m radusta< - Yagtwcrm ketuktkva mstruturcha m` Iùhkna Fugg`ce< - Dkvajt cuta`ãtkia (332~482W) ia` icrrmnchar ketmrea< - Datéa ratctùrka pcrc iaegknurcîéa ha `aektar< - Xmijcha pcrc cimssa rãpkha âs prkeikpcks gueîýms (jknc/hmsjknc, cjcr`m, mvmetas, cgmrkîéa hc RCEK, k`prmsséa, `meu, sckr, iaenmjcr...)< - Rasskdkjkhchm hm vksucjkzcîéa hm ctë ; iurvcs smjmikaechcs pmja usuãrka metrm MIN, YpA4, RK, Tmspkrcîéa (dka-k`pmhäeikc) au Icpeanrcgkc. - Ycàhcs/Rartcs hm Ia`uekicîéa? TO8= pcrc ia`uekicîéa ia` imetrcj hm @aektarkzcîéa (ia` au sm` gka), MIN (apikaecj), skeiraeks`a ia` hmsgkdrkjcîéa (apikaecj),Ycàhc WNC pcrc iaemxéa ia` vàhma, hkspjcy au praomtar (apikaecj)< - Ykstm`c apikaecj pcrc ia`pcrtkjfc`meta hm kegar`c îýms metrm jmktas ia` `aektarms jknchas â rmhm sm` gka au ia` gka (dmh ta dmh / jmkta c jmkta). A ia`pcrtkjfc`meta hcs kegar`c îýms ë gmkta ctrcvës hm u` fud hmvkhc`metm kestcjcha qum pmr`ktm c hkstrkdukîéa hmsscs kegar`cîýms. -
Icrtéa YH pcrc upnrchm hm sagtwcrm sm` emimsskhchm hm meic`kefcr pcrc csskstïeikc tëiekic m nrcvcîéa hcs tmehïeikcs (apikaecj)<
- Hkspasktkvas hm skecjkzcîéa? Dctmrkc hm m`mrnïeikc ia` dckxc icrnc, kehkichar ãuhka vksucj hm STY, kehkicîéa hm mqukpc`meta jkncha â rmhm mjëtrkic m dctmrkc, mti... -
TY494 pcrc ia`uekicîéa ia` k`prmssarc au ia`putchar<
- Rasskdkjkhchm hm ia`uekicîéa sm` gka (wkrmjmss) ia` imetrcj hm `aektarkzcîéa au ia` gka vkc tmr`kecj TO8=< - Cjîc pcrc trcespartm< - Apîýms hm trchuîéa ha `meu? Rartunuïs (DT) au (RX), Kenjïs, Grceiïs, Mspcefaj, Cjm`éa, Ktcjkcea, Tussa, Xuria, Ta`mea metrm autras< - K`prmssarc tër`kic hm ctë 9 icecks smjmikaeãvmks ia` iaegknurcîéa hm vmjaikhchm hm k`prmsséa? 34,=, 4=, =2``/s.(Apikaecj)<
8
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
- Rasskdkjkhchm apikaecj hm sagtwcrm m` jkenucnm` pchréa FJ>< - Mximjïeikc ec axk`mtrkc hm pcikmetm ia` dckxc pmrguséa, m` `avk`metcîéa, iutks emnrc, mti< - Iaegknurcîéa hm vmjaikhchms eas trcîchas hm ciarha ia` a pcrä`mtra ]tkjkzcha< - Hkspjcy (tmjc) smesàvmj ca taqum (Xauif Yirmme) (Apikaecj). Ads.? Suceha a hkspjcy smesàvmj ca taqum ë kestcjcha c mxkdkîéa hcs gueîýms ha `meu m` tmjc cu`metc` hm tc`cefa hcs qum mxkdkhcs emstm `ceucj< - Icrtéa YH pcrc scjvcr cs tmehïeikcs m mxpartã-jcs cjë` hm passkdkjktcr ctucjkzcîéa ha sagtwcrm sm` c emimsskhchm hm `uhceîcs ea Fcrhwcrm. (Apikaecj)< - Gueîéa hm Iãjiuja hm Hrancs< - Eéa utkjkzc vmetakefc pcrc hksskpcr icjar (Xmr`ahksskpcîéa pcsskvc). - Gueîéa hm MIN Tmicjj- vksucjkzc a trcîcha hm MIN pcsscha< - Wksucjkzcîéa hm ctë 4 farcs hm `kek-tmehïeikc ec tmjc hm `aektarkzcîéa (c nrcvcîéa hc tmehïeikc pchréa pahm ifmncr c 376 farcs)< - Nrcvcîéa/`ceutmeîéa hc ÿjtk`c iaegknurcîéa ha mqukpc`meta m tmehïeikcs `ms`a cpùs a hmsjknc`meta ha mqukpc`meta (dctmrkc ketmrec hm `m`ùrkc)`m`ùrkc eéa-vajãtkj< - Ykstm`c hm cprmsmetcîéa hm `mescnmes gueikaecks m` hkspjcy< - Cutahkcneùstkia gueikaecj ha mqukpc`meta ca jkncr< - Iaegknurcîéa hm iarms pmja usuãrka pcrc iurvcs m hchas eu`ërkias has pcrä`mtras< - Gueîéa RCEK iaetàeuc, cuta`ãtkic au `ceucj< - Gueîýms hm cjcr`m m tmijc hm suspmeséa tm`parãrkc mstms hm ciarha ia` KYA ;;3; (4 `keutas)< - Ear`cs cpjkichcs? -
EDT KMI 72723-3?3;;8 + M`mehc 3?3;;>,
-
EDT KMI 72723-3-4?4227, EDT KMI 72723-3-8?4228,
-
EDT KMI 72723-4-4>?3;;>, EDT KMI 72723-4-92?3;;>,
-
EDT KMI 72723-4-98?3;;>, EDT KMI 72723-4-8;?4229 m
-
EDT KYA ;;3;?3;;>.
=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Eatc? Cjnu`cs gknurcs utkjkzchcs emstm `ceucj cprmsmetc` msirktc ec jàenuc kenjmsc, paks c jàenuc utkjkzchc ea `a`meta gak kenjïs. Ea icsa hm iaegknurcîéa pcrc partunuïs-DT (hmgcujt) c jkenucnm` hc tmjc sm `ahkgkic.
7
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Àehkim
Kegar`cîýms hm Ymnurceîc--------
>
Iaegknurcîéa hm gãdrkic---------
=9
Ncrcetkc ----------- ----------
33
Iaegknurcîéa hc k`prmssarc------
=7
Iraeanrc`c hm @ceutmeîéa m Icjkdrcîéa
34
Iaegknurcîéa hm iarms----------
=6
Cetms hm Rrassmnukr c jmkturc ------
39
Cjk`metcîéa mxtmrec m dctmrkc-----
=;
Rrmicuîýms
Ymnurceîc---
38
M I N
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
74
Cimssùrkas hm sërkm m apikaecks------
37
Cetms m cpùs a usa
3;
Ykeiraeks`a MIN (apikaecj)--
77
W k s é a N m r c j N Ú X F M E - > 2 2 - - - - - --- -
42
Ceãjksm ha Ym`meta YX------------
7>
43 43
Ceãjksm hm crrkt`kcs ------------------------
76 >2
W k s t c
hm
Gr aetcj
--------
--- ----- -
hkrmktc------------- Wkstc jctmrcj hkrmktc-------------
44
Hmtmiîéa m vcjkhcîéa hm `cricpcssa--
Wkstc jctmrcj msqumrhc-------------
49
T m s p k r c î é a - - - - - - - - -
> >3 3
------------------- Wkstc trcsmkrc -------------------
48
W G I - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
>9
Hmsirkîéa has sà`dajas ------
47
RCEK- ---- ---- ----- ---- -
>7
Mxkdkîéa hcs tmjcs -----------
4;
Axk`mtrkc (YpA4)------------------
68
Yk`dajankc
tmjc---------
92
Rjmtks`anrcgkc Cimjmrchc (CRN) (CRN)-------
66
Ia`a utkjkzcr a `aektar---------`aektar----------
93
Xm`pmrcturc (XM@R)------------
;2
Cjcr`ms--------------------
94
Rrmsséa Kevcskvc (RK)----------
;3
Iaegknurcîéa has cjcr`ms------
98
M t I A 4
;>
Msicjc has cjcr`ms-------------------
9=
Xmjc hm tmehïeikcs tmehïeikcs ------------------------------
97
Wmrkgkiceha c tmehïeikc-------------
9>
Cetms hm sajkiktcr c `ceutmeîéa ----
324
Mspmikgkicîýms Xëiekics -----------
327
Ymnurceîc -------------------------
334
hc
Mxkdkîéa hm mvmetas---------------
Iaegknurceha a mqukpc`meta-------mqukpc`meta---------
9;
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
84
Gueîéa @KEK-XMEH-------------
88
Gueîéa Axkicrhkarmspkranrc`c------
8=
Gueîéa Tmvmr MIN-------------
8>
Gueîéa Iãiuja hm Hrancs -------
8;
Iaegkn. cs kegar`cîýms ha pcikmetm--
=4
>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Kegar`cîýms hm Ymnurceîc Rcrcdëes par suc cqukskîéa. Cetms hm `cks echc, sknc cs kegar`cîýms cdckxa pcrc c utkjkzcîéa ia` smnurceîc hm smu mqukpc`meta. A `ceucj c smnukr ë cpjkiãvmj smnukr cpjkiãvmj cpmecs ca ca `ahmja `ahmja `ahmja NÚX NÚXFME NÚXFME >22 >22 Mstms kpc`metas pc`metas garc` Mstms mquk mqukpc`metas
iaeimdkhas
pcrc
utkjkzcîéa
m` m`
pcikmetms pcikmetms
CH]JXAY, RMHKÃXTKIAY M EMAECXCKY. Rcrc sm cssmnurcr hc apmrcîéa ha mqukpc`meta m pmr`ktkr a cu`meta sm suc vkhc-ÿtkj, ë cssmeikcj qum, cetms hm usa hmstm, rmia`mehc`as u`c jmkturc iukhchasc m ia`prmmeséa par ia`pjmta ha `ceucj ha usuãrka.
@cetmefc mstm `ceucj m` jaicj hm gãikj rmsnctm pcrc mvmetucks hÿvkhcs hm usa.
Mstm mqukpc`meta gak irkcha pcrc smr uscha par pragksskaecks trmkechas pcrc smu usa au sad supmrvkséa has `ms`as.
C smnukr adsmrvm cjnu`cs rmnrcs hm smnurceîc k`prmsikehàvmks pcrc c utkjkzcîéa hm smu mqukpc`meta?
•
A `aektar hm pc pcikmetm ikmetm NÚXFME->22 hmvm hmvm smr apmrcha apmrcha cpmecs par par pmssacj qu qucjkgkicha. cjkgkicha. Cetms ha usa ë kehkspmesãvmj iukhchasc jmkturc m ia`prmmeséa hcs hkrmtrkzms hm usa hm qucjqumr cimssùrka, tahcs cs prmicuîýms m mspmikgkicîýms. A usuãrka hmvm vmrkgkicr cs iaehkîýms hm gueikaec`meta m a pmrgmkta mstcha hm tahas as cimssùrkas cetms ha keàika ha usa<
A `aektar NÚXFME->22 gak iaeimdkha cp cpmecs mecs pcrc smr smr uscha m` iaeoueta ia` skecks m
Rcrc mvktcr qucjqu qucjqumr mr pmrkna mjëtrkia, eueic eueic `mrnujfm c uekhchm m` m` qucjqumr jàqu jàqukha. kha.
Ym`prm hmsiae hmsiaemitm mitm a `aektar hc gaetm hm cjk`metcîéa cjk`metcîéa mjëtrkic cetms cetms hm kekikcr c jk`pmzc
•
sketa`cs ijàekias. • •
ha `ms`a.
6
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
•
NÚXFME
Ym a `aektar gar `ajfcha cikhme cikhmetcj`metm tcj`metm hurcetm a usa, hmsiaetkeum c `aektarkzcîéa m hmsjknum-a ctë qum tahas as ia`paemetms cgmtchas mstmoc` jk`pas m ia`pjmtc`metm smias. Iaetctm a rmprmsmetcetm jaicj pcrc pastmrkarms kegar`cîýms.
•
Iaemitm a `ae `aektar ktar ea ctmrrc`meta ctmrrc`meta (‚tmrrc‐), hm ciarha ciarha ia` c mspmikgkicîéa mspmikgkicîéa hmstm `ceucj. A usa ha tmrrc ë mssmeikcj pcrc ncrcetkc hc smnurceîc mjëtrkic hmstm, cjë` hm mvktcr passàvmks ketmrgmrïeikcs kehmsmochcs.
•
Cetms hm kekikcr a us usa, a, adsmrvm sm tahas as icdas m cimssù cimssùrkas rkas mstéa m` dacs iaehkîýms hm usa. Icsa cjnu` cimssùrka au icda eéa sm cprmsmetm m` dacs iaehkîýms, a `ms`a hmvmrã smr traicha<
A apmrchar hm hmvm vm mxc`kecr cs cs iaehkîýms nmrcks iarrmtcs hm hm gueikaec`meta ha
Ia`a m` tahas as mqukpc`metas `ëhkias, adsmrvm adsmrvm a paskikae paskikaec`meta c`meta ha hass icda icdass qum
Rcrc mvktcr c qu qumhc mhc ha `ae `aektar, ktar, `cetmefc-a c cpakcha pakcha m` jaicj smnura hurcetm a pmràaha
•
mqukpc`meta< •
metrc` m scm` ha `aektar, c gk` hm mvktcr csgkxkc au mstrcenujc`meta ha pcikmetm. •
hm `aektarkzcîéa. Kehkic`as a supartm ATKNKECJ ha `aektar<
•
M` icsa hm usa ha `aektar iaeia`ktcetm c u` hmsgkdrkjchar, tmefc imrtmzc ha usa hm mjmtrahas m icda hm MIN mspmiàgkias pcrc tcj gkecjkhchm.
•
Ym qucjqumr pc pcrä`mtra rä`mtra `astrcha ea `aektar eéa mstkvmr hm ciarha ciarha ia` a qu quchra chra ijàekia ea `a`meta,chatm autra `ëtaha pcrc prassmnukr a hkcneùstkia ha pcikmetm. A da` smesa ha apmrchar, vmrkgkicîéa hm skecks m sketa`cs ha pcikmetm pcikmetm hmvmrã prmvcjmimr sm`prm sm`prm cas hchas mxkdkhas pmja mqukpc`meta.
•
•
Mqukpc`meta ` `ëhkia ëhkia hmvm smr utkjkzcha par pmssacs pmssacs prmpcrchc prmpcrchcss pcrc tc tcj.j. Rar smnurce smnurceîc îc m prmikséa, ]YM CRMECY ICDAY M CIMYYÙTKAY A ATKNKECKY TKNKECKY K@Gtmi. Rcrc pcikmetms pmhkãtrkias m emaectcks, sajkiktm cimssùrkas mspmiàgkias.
Cimssùrkas hmsicrtãvmks (usa ÿekia) ÿekia) E]EIC hmvm` smr smr rmutkjkzchas.
Eéa usm a `aektar ec prmsmeîc prmsmeîc hm `ksturcs ncsascs ce cemstëskics mstëskics kegjc`ãvm kegjc`ãvmks ks au ia`
A skstm`c pahm eéa mstcr hmetra hmetra hm tahcs cs mspmikgkicîý mspmikgkicîýms ms sm mstaich mstaicha a au uscha garc
• •
axknïeka au ùxkha ektrasa. •
hm c`dkmetm mspmikgkicha khmetkgkicha ecs mspmikgkicîýms tëiekics.
•
Ym c prmikséa hm qucjqumr pcrä`mtra eéa gar rczaãvmj, prk`mkra vmrkgkqum as skecks vktcks ha pcikmetm par autra `ëtaha cjtmrectkva m a `aektar NÚXFME->22 pcrc smu gueikaec`meta pmrgmkta.
;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
•
As cjcr`ms pah pahm` m` smr iaegknu iaegknurchas rchas hm ciarha ciarha ia` hkgmrmetms hkgmrmetms sktucîýms kehkv kehkvkhucks. khucks. Mstmoc imrta hm qum a ãuhka mstã ctkvcha pcrc quceha m sm a cjcr`m aiarrmr.
•
Eéa hmpmehc cpmecs ha skecj saeara, paks a `ëhkia au megmr`mkrc pahm pahm` ` eéa prmstcr ctmeîéa quceha u` cjcr`m cdckxcr au hmsjkncr.
Suceha iaem iaemitcr itcr a `aektar c qucjqumr kestru`meta, kestru`meta, vmrkgkqum cs mspmikgkicîýms mspmikgkicîýms tëiekic tëiekicss cetms ha usa ijàekia. Adsmrvm cs rmgmrïeikcs ha autra hkspasktkva ctrcvës hc jmkturc tatcj
Mqukpc`metas ci cimssùrkas mssùrkas iaemitchas iaemitchas â ketmrgcim hm hchas ha NÚXFME->22 hmvm hmvm` ` smr
•
hcs kestruîýms hm usa. •
imrtkgkichas hm ciarha ia` c ear`c ‚EDT KMI 72723-3‐ pcrc mqukpc`metas mjmtra`ëhkias. Xahcs cs gueîýms ha mqukpc`meta séa ia`pctàvmks ia` c ear`c ‚EDT KMI 72723-3‐.
Rcrc mvktcr hcea hceass patmeikcks ec iarrmetm hm gunc, gunc, vmrkgkqum sm`prm sm`prm c sa`ctùrkc h hcs cs
Ym a NÚXFME->22 gar utkjkzcha iaetkeuc`metm iaetkeuc`metm par jaena pmràaha hm tm tm`pa, `pa, mstmoc imrta
•
iarrmetms hm gunc quceha `uktas ktmes ha mqukpc`meta mstkvmrm` ketmriaemitchas. •
hm iaemitã-ja ec cjk`metcîéa mxtmrec (ta`chc), icsa iaetrãrka, a mqukpc`meta krã hmsjkncr cuta`ctkic`metm (ca tër`kea hc icrnc hc dctmrkc), a qum j mvcrã â ketmrrupîéa hc `aektarkzcîéa.
•
EÉA utkjkzm EÉA utkjkzm a `aektar NÚXFME->22 hurcetm Tmssaeäeikc @cneëtkic, paks pahm fcvmr rksia hm nrcvms qumk`churcs. A `aektar pahm cgmtcr c qucjkhchm ha mxc`m, cjë` hm pahmr cgmtcr as hchas hc `aektarkzcîéa.
•
Eéa iajaqum a `aektar m` qucjqumr qucjqumr paskîéa m` m` qum passc ickr sadrm a pc pcikmetm. ikmetm. Eéa jmvcetm au icrrmnum a mqukpc`meta ctrcvës ha icda hm garîc au iaemxýms ha pcikmetm.
A `aektar pahm `aektarkzcr cpmecs cpmecs u` pcikmetm par vmz, au smoc, ë vmtcha smu usa
Hmvm-sm rmspmktcr a tm`pa hm pmr`ceïeikc ha smesar hm axk`mtrkc axk`mtrkc ea hmha ha pcikmetm,
•
iaeia`ktcetm ia` autras kehkvàhuas. •
gczmeha, c ichc u`c farc, a rahàzka metrm as hmhas au ãrmc msiajfkhc pmja pragksskaecj rmspaesãvmj, rmspmktceha c cpjkicîéa ha smesar hurcetm `aektarkzcîýms, m` ketmrvcjas rmnujcrms.
•
M` pcikmetm pmh pmhkãtrkia, kãtrkia, emaectcks au au ia` dckxc pmrguséa, a rah rahàzka àzka has smesarm smesarmss hmvmrã smr gmkta hm gar`c `cks irktmrkasc m` ctë `ms`a ketmrvcjas `mearms paks mstms pcikmetms séa `cks susimtàvmks c qumk`churcs icuschcs pmjc juz kegrcvmr`mjfc m`ktkhc ha smesar.
32
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Icsa eéa sm adsmrvm mstc rmnrc, jmsýms hm hkgmrmetms partms pahm` aiarrmr, hmshm vmr`mjfkhéa hc pmjm ctë `ms`a emirasm tmikhucj.
Rcrc autrcs kegar`cîýms rmjmvcetms, par gcvar, jmkc ia` ctmeîéa a rmstcetm ha `ceu cj.
•
ADY? Rcrtms, pmîcs m cimssùrkas -arknkcks schas schas ci mssùrkas eéaeéa-arknkcks arknkcks au eéa fa`ajanchas uuschas ea `aektar NÚXFME NÚXFME->22 >22, , icuscréa icuscréa pmrhc cuta`ãtkic cuta`ãtkic hc ncrcetkc ncrcetkc cjë` hm hm >22 pahmr ia`pra`mtmr c smnurceîc ha usuãrka mm pcikmetm pcikmetm. pcikmetm.
Ia`a eas iaetcitcr
M` eassa sktm (www.k`gtmi.ia`.dr (www.k`gtmi.ia`.dr ) hkspaekdkjkzc`as u`c jkstc ia`pjmtc ia` eassas rmprmsmetcetms rmnkaecks. Icsa qumkrc eas iaetctcr hkrmtc`metm, par gcvar jknum pcrc eassa YCI? ==-33- 9479-293; au `cehm-eas u` m-`ckj? k`gtmiBk`gtmi.ia`.dr
Wmehcs
Xmj.? ==-33- 9479-293; M-`ckj? ia`mrikcjBk`gtmi.ia`.dr
33
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Ncrcetkc Ncrcetkc
Ymu mqukpc`meta passuk ncrcetkc hm 23 (u`) cea iaetrc hmgmktas hm gcdrkicîéa pcrc c uekhchm iaetchas c pcrtkr hc hctc hm scàhc hc `mricharkc iaestcetm ec eatc gksicj. Hm`cks pcrtms ia`a cimssùrkas passum` ncrcetkc hm ;2 (eavmetc) hkcs.
Icsa smoc hkcneastkicha par qucjqumr rmprmsmetcetm hc K@Gtmi hmgmkta hm gcdrkicîéa hurcetm c vknïeikc hc ncrcetkc, mstc smrã prmstchc sm` øeus ca ijkmetm c pcrtkr hc metrmnc ha mqukpc`meta pmja `ms`a ec K@Gtmi au Tmprmsmetcetm Agkikcj.
Mstc ncrcetkc sù ë cpjkichc quceha hc iaestctcîéa hm hmgmktas hm gcdrkicîéa pmjc apmrcîéa hmetra hcs iaehkîýms hmtmr`kechcs emstm `ceucj. Icsa fcoc cjnu` kehàika hm usa garc hcs mspmikgkicîýms au `ms`a vkajcîéa has jcirms hm smnurceîc, c ncrcetkc cuta`ctkic`metm smrã iceimjchc.
Mstc ncrcetkc EÉA iadrm? rauda, keiïehka m` k`ùvmj, qumhc, cjcnc`meta, tmrrm`atas, vcrkcîýms hm tmeséa ec rmhm, rckas au qucjqumr autrc `cekgmstcîéa mxtràesmic qum passc icuscr hceas ca mqukpc`meta.
C
K@Gtmi
eéa
sm
rmspaescdkjkzc
par
qucjqumr
hcea
ca
usuãrka
au
mqukpc`meta icsa c `ceutmeîéa has `ms`as smoc rmcjkzchc par pmssacj eéa irmhmeikcha/fa`ajancha par eassc m`prmsc. ]tkjkzm sm`prm eassc rmhm hm Tmprmsmetcetms pcrc `ceutmeîýms prmvmetkvcs m iarrmtkvcs.
34
Iaesujtm sadrm eassc pajàtkic hm ncrcetkc mstmehkhc.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Iraeanrc`c hm @ceutmeîýms Rrmvmetkvcs m Iarrmtkvcs m Icjkdrcîéa m Iarrmtkvcs m Icjkdrcîéa Yknc iarrmtc`metm mqukpc`meta?
a
iraeanrc`c
cdckxa
pcrc
a
iarrmta
hmsm`pmefa
hm
smu
Icjkdrcîéa Icjkdrcîéa Kekikcj? Kekikcj? M` tahas mqukpc`metas qum scm` hc K@Gtmi ë rmcjkzchc c icjkdrcîéa kekikcj sm` øeus ca ijkmetm. Cs hm`cks icjkdrcîýms, hmvmréa smr cnmehchcs m mstcs séa iadrchcs. Icjkdrcîýms Rmrkùhkics? Cpùs c icjkdrcîéa kekikcj, a mqukpc`meta hmvmrã smr Icjkdrcîýms Rmrkùhkics? rmicjkdrcha , ea `àek`a c ichc 23 (u`) cea au sm`prm qum cprmsmetcr cear`cjkhchms ecs cgmrkîýms. Mstm mevka ë hm ÿekic m mxijuskvc rmspaescdkjkhchm ha ijkmetm. @ceutmeîýms Rrmvmetkvcs K@Gtmi K@Gtmi? ? Ciaesmjfc-sm c `aektarkzcîéa ha iarrmta gueikaec`meta ha mqukpc`meta ctrcvës hm smrvkîas hm `ceutmeîéa prmvmetkvc. C cqukskîéa hmstm smrvkîa ë hm rmspaescdkjkhchm ha ijkmetm. Rcrc `ckarms kegar`cîýms, metrm m` iaetcta ia` c K@Gtmi. Iaefmîc eassa pjcea hm `ceutmeîéa prmvmetkvc! @ceutmeîýms Iarrmtkvcs? Mstcs hmvm` smr rmcjkzchcs sm`prm qum cjnu`c @ceutmeîýms Iarrmtkvcs? cear`cjkhchm au hmgmkta gar cprmsmetcha pmja mqukpc`meta, hurcetm au garc ha pmràaha hm ncrcetkc. Mstc `ceutmeîéa hmvmrã smr rmcjkzchc ßEKIC M MVIJ]YKWC@MEXM ec rmhm cutarkzchc hc K@Gtmi. Metrm m` iaetcta iaeasia pcrc `ckarms kegar`cîýms. Ads? Ads? Icsa fcoc `ceutmeîéa par tmrimkras eéa cutarkzchas/fa`ajanchas pmjc K@Gtmi hmetra au garc ha pmràaha hm ncrcetkc has `ms`as, c m`prmsc eéa sm rmspaescdkjkzc par mvmetucks hceas au `ms`a a iarrmta gueikaec`meta ha mqukpc`meta. Ads4? Icsa fcoc ra`pk`meta ha(s) jcirm(s) hm smnurceîc, cuta`ctkic`metm suc Ads4? ncrcetkc smrã imsschc, icrcitmrkzceha `ceutmeîéa par tmrimkras eéa cutarkzchas/fa`ajanchas pmjc K@Gtmi.
@ckarms kegar`cîýms YCI K@Gtmi? ==-33-9466-32>7 www.k`gtmi.ia`.dr
39
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Cetms hm prassmnukr jmkturc ha `ceucj...
c
Yk`dajankc Y k`dajankc hm Ymnurceîc
I]KHCHA
CXMEÎÉA CXMEÎÉA
EAXC EA XC
38
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Rrmicuîýms hm Ymnurceîc
Eéa cr`czmem au apmrm a mqukpc`meta sadrm cs smnuketms sktucîýms?
Icsa cjnu` jàqukha ickc sadrm a mqukpc`meta, eéa `cekpujã-ja jkncha â cjk`metcîéa.
Mvktm c utkjkzcîéa m` ãrmcs ia` nrcehms vcrkcîýms hm tm`pmrcturc, a qum pahm icuscr iaehmescîéa. C`dkmetm hm apmrcîéa 32²I c 82²I m u`khchm rmjctkvc metrm 92% m 6=%.
Mvktm mxpaskîéa hkrmtc ca saj.
@cetmefc a mqukpc`meta jaenm hm gaetms hm icjar mximsskva
Mvktm ãrmcs ia` mximssa hm u`khchm au Mvktm ãrmcs pcssàvmks hm vkdrcîéa. ia` pradjm`cs hm vmetkjcîéa.
3=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Mvktm usa/cr`czmecnm` m` ãrmcs aehm prahutas quà`kias mstmoc` mstaichas au Eéa ketrahuzc EMEF]@ adomta hmetra ha mxkstc c passkdkjkhchm hm vczc`meta hm mqukpc`meta nãs.
Eéa cdrc a ncdkemtm ha mqukpc`meta. C K@Gtmi eéa sm rmspaescdkjkzc par
Hmsjknum a mqukpc`meta hc ta`chc ctë
mvmetucks hceas ca usuãrka m mqukpc`meta.
suc`ms`a. `aetcnm` gkecj, pcrc mvktcr `aetcnm` mvktcr hceas ca
Tm`avc
as
icdas
pmjas
iaemitarms m eéa puxceha-a pmja gka.
‼ C`dkmetm hm apmrcîéa m cr`czmecnm` hmvm` smnukr as jk`ktms cdckxa mstkpujchas. Iaehkîéa
Apmrcîéa Cr`czmecnm`
37
Xm`pmrcturc 32℉ ~ 82℉
-32℉ ~ =2℉
Rrmsséa
]`khchm Tmjctkvc
>22~3272 lRc
92 ~ 6=%
>22~3272 lRc
42 ~ ;=%
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
A qum hmvm mstcr keijusa k eijusa ec ickxc hm smu mqukpc`meta (vmrséa dãskic/cimssùrkas Rchréa) Rchréa)>22 ’ ]YA MVIJ]YKWA EAY @AEKXATMY NÚXFME Cimssùrkas hm Yërkm -
23
Icda
hm
MIN
hm
9
vkcs
(Rchréa CFC au KMI) eas 3 @aektar @ujtkpcrä`mtra NÚXFME->22
23 Icda hm YpA4 tkpa Ijkp chujta
`ahmjas?
tkpa
datéa
(duttae)
au
ncrrc
(garmimp)
23 @ceucj ha ]suãrka
23 Xuda mxtmesar hm RCEK ia` menctm rãpkha 23 Drcîchmkrc ia` @cenukta Xc`cefa chujta
23 Icda hm garîc Rchréa CDEX
Ads? Icsa a ijkmetm aptm pmjc traic hm cjnu`(s) has cimssùrkas, c tcdmjc cik`c pahmrã sagrmr `ahkgkicîéa.
3>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Cimssùrkas apikaecks
-
Icda hm MIN hm 2= vkcs pratmnkha iaetrc hmsgkdrkjcîéa (pchréa CFC au KMI) eas `ahmjas? tkpa datéa (duttae) au ncrrc (garmimp)
-
Icda mxtmesar hm MIN pcrc 29, 2= vkcs- ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas
-
Drcîchmkrc ia` `cenukta rmutkjkzãvmks m` hkvmrsas tc`cefas chujtas,
’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aekta `aektarms rms NÚXFME >22<
`aektarms NÚXFME >22<
pmhkãtrkias m emaectcks - ’ ]sa ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME NÚXFME >22< -
Drcîchmkrcs usa ÿekia m` hkvmrsas tc`cefas (# 3 c >). ’ ]sa
-
Icda mxtmesar hm YpA4 - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22<
-
@ùhuja
mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22<
hm
K`prmssarc
tër`kic
ia`
29
icecks
hm
k`prmsséa
iaegknurãvmks iaegknurãv mks - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22< -
Taja hm Rcpmj pcrc k`prmssarc tër`kic ia` 36@
-
Icrtéa YH pcrc `m`ùrkc - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22<
-
Icda hm skeiraeks`a ia` icrhkavmrséa (hkspaeàvmj pcrc cpjkicîéa m` hkgmrmetms `ahmjas hm hmsgkdrkjchar) - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22< >22<
-
Ymesarms hm YpA4 ia`pctàvmks ia` tmieajankc Emjjiar® eas tc`cefas? Chujta,
Rmhkãtrkia
m
Emaectcj
eas
smnuketms
`ahmjas?
skjkiaem, ijkp, armjfc, [ (`ujtk-sktm) m tmstc- ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22< -
Yupartm `ùvmj pcrc a @aektar - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms `aektarms mxijuskva eas
-
Yupartm
NÚXFME NÚXFME >22< hm
Rcrmhm
pcrc
a
`aektar
ia`
hkgmrmetms
eàvmks
hm
cenujcîéa/cjturc - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME NÚXFME >22< -
Ymesarms
hm
YpA4
usa
ÿekia
(Xc`cefas?
Chujta,
Rmhkãtrkias
Emaectcks) - ’ ]sa mxijuskva mxijuskva eas `aektarms `aektarms NÚXFME NÚXF ME >22< >22<
36
m
-
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
-
Ymesar hm Xm`pmrcturc Tmtcj/msagãnkia (Xc`cefas? Chujta, Rmhkãtrkia
-
Ymesar
m Emaectcj) - ’ ]sa mxijuskva mxijuskva eas `aektarms `aektarms NÚXFME NÚXFME >22< >22< hm
Xm`pmrcturc
iutäema
(Xc`cefas?
Chujta,
Rmhkãtrkia
m
Emaectcj) - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22< -
Icda
-
`mricha)- ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22< @ùhuja mxtmrea hm Icpeanrcgkc Ykhmstrmc` JaGJA (Tmspkraekis®) m
hm
Rrmsséa
Kevcskvc
(ia`pctàvmj
ia`
hkvmrsas
`ahmjas
ha
smus cimssùrkas pcrc usa. A `ùhuja pahm smr iaemitcha m/au rm`avkha pmja prùprka usuãrka sm` c emimsskhchm hm mevka pcrc c csskstïeikc tëiekic ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME NÚXFME >22< -
@ùhuja mxtmrea hm Icpeanrcgkc @ckestrmc` Icpeastct (Tmspkraekis®) m smus cimssùrkas pcrc usa. A `ùhuja pahm smr iaemitcha m/au rm`avkha pmja prùprka usuãrka sm` c emimsskhchm hm mevka pcrc c csskstïeikc tëiekic ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms
-
NÚXFME NÚXFME >22< Tatmchar ^krmjmss (sm`
gka)
pcrc
ia`uekicîéa
ia`
imetrcj
hm
`aektarkzcîéa `aektarkzc îéa - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22< -
Ywktif
pcrc pcrc
hkstrkdukîéa
m
ia`uekicîéa
ia`
imetrcj
hm
`aektarkzcîéa.- ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22< -
Hkspjcy
(tmjc)
tauif-sirmme
(smesàvmj
ca
taqum)
ea
tc`cefa
>
pajmnchcs. - ’ ]sa mxijuskva mxijuskva eas `aektarms `aektarms NÚXFME NÚXFME >22< >22< -
@ùhuja hm Rrmsséa Kevcskvc (4 icecks) - ’ ]sa mxijuskva eas
-
Icda Xmrrc - ]sa mxijuskva eas `aektarms NÚXFME >22< >22<
-
Ads? Autras smesarms hm YpA4 fa`ajanchas ia` rmnkstra kehmpmehmetm
`aektarms NÚXFME NÚXFME >22<
ec CEWKYC? 6299>;72223. 6299>;72223 6299>;72223
3;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Cetms m cpùs a usa NÚXFME->22 NÚXFME->22 Jkstc hm ifmicnm` cetms ha usa - Xmefc imrtmzc ha paskikaec`meta ha mqukpc`meta m` rmjcîéa ca pcikmetm pcrc mvktcr rksias `miäekias ia`a qumhc, mti. - Ifmqum sm as icdas has smesarms, icda hm cjk`metcîéa mjëtrkic m autras cimssùrkas mstéa iarrmtc`metm iaemitchas.
@cetmefc a mqukpc`meta jk`pa cpùs cpùs aa usa usa ]sm u` tmikha `cika u`mhmikha m` ãjiaaj >2% pcrc jk`pmzc ha ncdkemtm m
cimssùrkas. EÉA ]XKJK_M mstm `ms`a tmikha ÿ`kha
pcrc jk`pmzc ha hkspjcy
(`aektar JIH). Rcrc jk`pmzc hmstm usm cpmecs u` tmikha `cika smia (gjcemjc) m pcssm m` `avk`metas ikriujcrms hmjkichc`metm. Eéa usm sajvmetms, tkeemr, au qucjqumr autrc gar`c hm prahutas pcrc
jk`pmzc. E]EIC `mrnujfm a mqukpc`meta m cimssùrkas m` jàqukhas au hmtmrnmetms.
42
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Wkséa Nmrcj ha NÚXFME NÚXFME->22 ->22 NÚXFME->22 (> pajmnchcs) NÚXFME ->22
43
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
NÚXFME->22 NÚXFME->22 Ads? As ea`ms has mqukpc`metas adsmrvchas ecs k`cnmes iaetkhcs emstm `ceucj, smréa sudstktuàha pmja iarrmta ea`m (NÚXFME >22 m K@Gtmi)
Wkstc Graetcj
3
44
(3) Datéa Jknc/Hmsjknc
(7) Datéa IAENMJCT K@CNM@
(4) Datéa CJCT@M
(>) Datéa RCEK
(9) Datéa NTCWCT mvmeta
(6) Datéa K@RTK@KT
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
(8) Datéa Xmjcs
(;) Datéa sckr
(=) Datéa @ME]
NÚXFMENÚXFME ->22 ->22 Wkstc Jctmrcj Hkrmktc
4 ◁ 9 3 ◁ ◁
8 ◁
(3) JMH hm Cjk`metcîéa
(9)Datéa hm momîéa hm pcpmj
(4) JMH kehkichar hm MTTA
(8)
Rartc
hc
K`prmssarc
49
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
NÚXFMENÚXFME ->22 ->22 Wkstc Jctmrcj Msqumrhc
8
3
(3) Iaemitar MIN/TMYR
(7) Iaemitar MtIA4 (apikaecj)
(4) Iaemitar YpA4
(>) Iaemitar RK 3 (apikaecj)
(9) Iaemitar EKDR
(6) Iaemitar RK 4 (apikaecj)
(8) Iaemitar XM@R 4 (=) Iaemitar XM@R 3
48
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
NÚXFMENÚXFME ->22 ->22 Wkstc Xrcsmkrc
8
(3) Cjîc hm Xrcespartm (4) Xmijc JKNC/HMYJKNC
(7) Rartc TY494 (>) Iaemitar TO8= (ketmnrcîéa ia` imetrcj hm @aektarkzcîéa
(9) Mq. Mqukpatmeikcj
(6)
Rartc
hm
Ycàhc
MIN
(Apikaecj).Ads?Yckhc skeiraeks`a
ia`
hmsgkdrkjchar
(skeiraeks`a
pcrc
icrhkavmrséa) apikaecj* (8) Iaemitar CI
(;) Yjat pcrc icrtéa YH
4=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
(=) Rartc WNC (apikaecj)
* Icsa smu mqukpc`meta tmefc skeiraeks`a ia` hmsgkdrkjchar, sajkiktm a icha hm skeiraeks`a mspmiàgkia pcrc a `ahmja hm smu hmsgkdrkjchar.
47
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Hmsirkîéa has Yà`dajas Yà`daja
Hmsir Hmsirkîéa kîéa
Yà`daja Y à`daja à`daja
Hmsir Hmsirkîéa kîéa
Rrahuta ha tkpa IG, Jknc/Hmsjknc Rratmnkha iaetrc hmsgkdrkjcîéa Rrahuta ha tkpa DG, Cjcr`m Rratmnkha iaetrc hmsgkdrkjcîéa
KRV > XM@R 3~4
Rrahuta ha tkpa DG
Mvmetas hm Cjcr`m
Ykecj hm Ctmeîéa
Xmjcs
Nrcu hm pratmîéa hm jàqukhas
Iaenmjcr iurvc
Xm`pmrcturc
Cgmrkîéa `ceucj hc Rrmsséa Crtmrkcj Eéa Kevcskvc (RCEK)
Metrchc hc c`astrc hm nãs
K`prk`kr
Ycàhc hc c`astrc hm nãs
Xmjc Kekikcj (scàhc)
Rrmsséa Kevcskvc (RK)
Mqukvcjmetm mqukpatmeikcj
Metrchc IA4
Ycàhc IA4
RK 3~4
MIN/TMYR
Mjmitrancrhkanrc`c Tmspkrcîéa
MLN
Mjmtraicrhkanrc`c hmrkvcîýms
/ hm
34
Rrmsséa Crtmrkcj Eéa Kevcskvc RCEK
HI
(RCEK)
IA@3 WNC JCE
]pnrchm hm sagtwcrm
Ycàhc WNC Ycàhc TO8= pcrc imetrcj hm `aektarkzcîéa Ycàhc MIN au Ykeiraeks`a ia`
Hëdkta Icrhàcia (HI) hmsgkdrkjchar
4>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Xmjc hm @aektarkzcîéa
3
? Eÿ`mra ha Jmkta
33
? Grmq. Tmspkrctùrkc (GT)
43
? RCEK Hkcstùjkic
4
? Ymjmîéa ha Rcikmetm
34
? MtIA4 kespkrcîéa
44
? RCEK Ykstùjkic
9
? Àiaems hm gueîéa
39
? MtIA4 mxpkrcîéa
49
? Xm`pmrcturcs ?
8 = 7
? Hctc m Farc ? Grmqúmeikc Icrhàcic (GI) / Grmqúïeikc hm Rujsa (GR) ? Jk`ktms hm Cjcr`m GI
Hmtmiîéa/vcjkhcîéa
48
3=
? RK Hkcstùjkic
4=
37
? RK @ëhkc
47
? Iurvcs hcs RK
4>
? Iurvc Rjmtks`anrãgkic
3>
@cricpcssa
46
rmspkrctùrkc
? RK Ykstùjkic
? Crrkt`kcs, >
Iurvc
38
6
? Ceãjksm has Ymn`metas YX
36
;
? Jk`ktms hm Cjcr`m hm YpA4
3;
? Fkstùrkia hcs cgmrkîýms cetmrkcarms hm RCEK ? Farãrka hc ÿjtk`c cgmrkîéa ?
Ketmrvcja
hm
cgmrkîéa
46
(dkak`pmhäeikc) ?
Iurvc
icpeanrcgkc
(MtIA4)
?Iurvc Mjmtraicrhkanrc`c (MIN)
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
cuta`ãtkic hc RCEK 32
?
Wcjar
hm
Axk`mtrkc
(YpA4). GR iaegknurãvmj
42
? RCEK @ëhkc
4;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
NÚXFME->22 passkdkjktc c mxkdkîéa hm 7 hkgmrmetms iaegknurcîýms hm tmjc usceha a datéa ‚Xmjcs‐. Ads? Cs tmjcs pahm` smr rmiaegknurchcs.
3. Xmjc Rrkeikpcj
4. Xmjc MIN sk`ujtäema
9. Xmjc Dãskic
8. Eÿ`mras Nrcehms
=. Xmjc Xmehïeikcs
7. Xmjc Mvmeta
Xmjc Rrkeikpcj? @astrc tahas as pcrä`mtras Xmjc MIN sk`ujtäema? Mxkdm tacs cs hmrkvcîýms hm MIN sk`ujtcemc`metm (K, KK, KKK, cWT,
cWJ, cWG, W) quceha uscha icda hm = vkcs.
EAXC
Xmjc Dãskic? Mxkdm
MIN, YpA4, RCEK, Tmsp, Xm`p
Xmjc Xmehïeikcs? Mxkdm cs tmehïeikcs nrãgkics m eu`ërkic Xmjc Mvmeta?Mxkdm 42 mvmetas hm cjcr`m
92
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Metmehmeha as sà`dajas hc tmjc Àiaem
Mrr
A WR
Yknekgkicha Yknekgkicha
Mxkdkîéa
Gcjfc ea MIN m mjmtraha hmsiaemitcha
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Crrkt`kc hmtmitchc
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Hmtmiîéa smn`meta YX
Gkxa ec tmjc
@cricpcssa hmtmitcha
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Ym` hmha m sm` smesar
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Cgmrkîéa hm RCEK
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Mrra ec RCEK
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Yadrmprmsséa hc RCEK
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Cuta cgmrkîéa hc RCEK
Gkxa
Gcjfc ec RK 3
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Gcjfc ec RK 4
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Gcjfc ec Xm`p 3
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Gcjfc ec Xm`p 4
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha Hurcetm a scjvc`meta ? Gkxa
Mvmeta scjva
Cjcr`m hmsjkncha
Icsa
mxkstc
cjnu`
mvmeta
scjva
?
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha Gkxa quceha a cjcr`m mstmoc hmsjkncha.
Yuspmeséa ha cjcr`m? Tmtarec cuta`ctkic`metm m` 342 smnuehas icsa a `ms`a mstm garc has Rchrýms mspmikgkichas.
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
K`prk`keha
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Iaenmjc`meta hc iurvc
Rksicetm m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha
Cjk`metcîéa mxtmrec m` usa
Gkxa
Eàvmj hc dctmrkc/dctmrkc m` usa
Gkxa
93
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Ia`a utkjkzcr a `aektar NÚXFMENÚXFME ->22 ->22
3 4
Rrmsskaem a datéa JKNC/HMYJKNC (adsmrvm sm c ifcvm JKNC/HMYJKNC ea pckemj trcsmkra mstc jknchc) par 3~4 smnuehas.
Icsa qumkrc `ahkgkicr cjnu` vcjar hurcetm a usa, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] sadrm a pcrä`mtra hmsmocha.
9
Suceha as smesarms/icdas séa iaemitchas ea pcikmetm, as vcjarms eu`ërkias m/au nrãgkias cpcrmimréa ec tmjc cuta`ctkic`metm. Adsmrvm
8
c
tcdmjc
cdckxa
pcrc
vmrkgkicr
c
pãnkec
rmjctkvc
ca
pcrä`mtra a qucj qumkrc cimsscr. - @aektarkzcîéa hm MIN
Rãn. 74
- @aektarkzcîéa hm Tmspkrcîéa
Rãn. >3
- @aektarkzcî @aektarkzcîéa éa hm RCEK
Rãn. >7
- @aektarkzcî @aektarkzcîéa éa hm YpA4
Rãn. 68
- @aektarkzcîéa hm Xm`pmrcturc
Rãn. ;2
- @aektarkzcîéa hm
hm RK(Apikaecj)
- @aektarkzcîéa hm MtIA4(Apikaec j)
Rãn. ;3 Rãn. ;>
Rcrc hmsjkncr a `aektar `ujtkpcrä`mta JKNC/HMYJKNC par 3~4 smnuehas.
=
,
`cetmefc
a
datéa
Adsmrvm c `mescnm` hm ‚hmsjknceha‐.
Icsa a usuãrka hmsjknum a mqukpc`meta ctrcvës hc ifcvm JKNC/HMYJKNC JAICJK_CHC EA RCKEMJ XTCYMKTA A MS]KRC@MEXA RAHMTÃ EÉA YCJWCT CY KEGAT@CÎÝMY HC @AEKXATK_CÎÉA A]
CXMEÎÉA
94
@MY@A EÉA G]EIKAECT HM CIATHA.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka metmehc mstcs kegar`cîýms cetms ha usa hmstm mqukpc`meta.
Cjcr`ms Cjcr` ms
Hkgmrmetms cjcr`ms séa hkspastas pcrc usa eas `aektarms `ujtkpcrä`mtras NÚXFME>22 pcrc `mjfar iaevmekïeikc hurcetm c `aektarkzcîéa ha pcikmetm. Rar gcvar, jmkc ctmetc`metm m ia`prmmehc XAHAY as pcssas cquk hm`aestrchas. Tmia`mehc`as c iaegmrïeikc ha cjcr`m ãuhka/vksucj cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta.
EAXC EAX C
A usuãrka pahm smjmikaecr cjcr`ms pcrc tahas as pcrä`mtras.
Rrkarkhchm has Cjcr`ms CJXC
-
M` prkarkhchm cjtc, a cjcr`m sac = dkps m` u` ketmrvcjas hm 4 smnuehas.
Cpùs
6
smnuehas
mstm
ikija
ë
rmpmtkha
mequceta
as
pcrä`mtra mstkvmrm` mximhkhas. - @ëhkc @ëhkc
-
M` prkarkhchm `ëhkc, a cjcr`m sac 9 dkps m` u` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha.
Cpùs
4=
smnuehas
mstm
ikija
ë
rmpmtkha
mequceta
as
pcrä`mtra mstkvmrm` mximhkhas. Dckxc
-
M` prkarkhchm dckxc, a cjcr`m sac 4 dkps m` u` ketmrvcjas hm 3 smnueha.
Cpùs
72
smnuehas
mstm
ikija
ë
rmpmtkha
mequceta
as
pcrä`mtra mstkvmrm` mximhkhas (mx? dctmrkc dckxc). Cjcr`ms Xëiekias Kegar`ctkvas Kegar`ctkvas
-
A
cjcr`m
kegar`ctkva
sac
pcrc
mvkhmeikcr
ca
usuãrka
cjnu`
ciaetmik`meta au mrra ec `mesurcîéa hm cjnu` pcrä`mtra. -
Cjnu`cs hcs sktucîýms m` qum a cjcr`m kegar`ctkva sac? c. Ym mxkstkr u`c gcjfc ec cgmrkîéa hc RCEK au sadrmprmsséa. d. Gcjfc ea MIN au vkc ha icda hm MIN sajtc (mjmtraha sajta). i. Icsa a hmha ha pcikmetm eéa mstmoc ea smesar hm YpA4 hurcetm c `aektarkzcîéa hmstm pcrä`mtra. h. Gcjfc ec ta`chc hc tm`pmrcturc.
99
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
m. Gcjfc ec ta`chc hc RK. g. Hmtmiîéa hm pujsa hm `cricpcssa. n. dctmrkc grcic f. metrm autras... - Suceha a cjcr`m kegar`ctkva sacr, mstm pahm smr iceimjcha ctrcvës ha @ME].
98
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Iaegknurceha as cjcr`ms
3
Rcrc
iaegknurcr
prmsskaem
as
datéa
cjcr`ms, @ME]
pcrc
smjmikaecr a àiaem CJCT@M.
Nkrceha
4
a
a
datéa
imetrcj
pcrc
msqumrhc au hkrmktc, smjmikaem a pcrä`mtra qum sm hmsmoc coustcr a cjcr`m
(prmsskaeceha
a
datéa).
Rcrc `ahkgkicr as cjcr`ms @ÃV m @ÀE,
prmsskaem
a
datéa
@ME].
Iaegknurm as jk`ktms.
Rcrc smjmikaecr a tkpa hm cjcr`m,
9 8
prmsskaem a àiaem XKRA.
Rrmsskaem YCKT pcrc gkecjkzcr c iaegknurcîéa.
9=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Msicjc hm Cjcr`ms
Rcrä`mtra Rcr ä`mtra ä`mtra
Msicjc @ÃV
@ÀE
MIN \dp`P
92 ~ 4;=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 4= ~ 4;2
HKCNEÙYXKIA\`` P
2.3 ~ ;.;, HMYJ
HMYJ, -2.3 ~ -;.;
YpA4 \%P
43 ~ ;;, HMYJ
HMYJ, 43 ~ ;;
Ykstùjkic
82 ~ 4;=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 9= ~ 4;2
Hkcstùjkic
92 ~ 46=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 4= ~ 462
@ëhkc
9= ~ 4;2, HMYJ
HMYJ, 92 ~ 46=
HMYJ,
Ykstùjkic
82 ~ 4;=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 9= ~ 4;2
DCKVC,
Hkcstùjkic
92 ~ 46=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 4= ~ 462
@ËHKC,
@ëhkc
9= ~ 4;2, HMYJ
HMYJ, 92 ~ 46=
CJXC
\rp`P
= ~ 38;, HMYJ
HMYJ, 3 ~ 38=
RK 3 \``FnP
RK 4 \``FnP
TMYR CREMKC
RCEK \``FnP
97
HMYJ, 32 ~82 (ichc = smnuehas)
Ykstùjkic
82 ~ 4;=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 9= ~ 4;2
Hkcstùjkic
92 ~ 46=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 4= ~ 462
@ëhkc
9= ~ 4;2, HMYJ
HMYJ, 92 ~ 46=
RTKATKHCHM RTKATKHCHM
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
XM@R 3 / 4 \℉P
42.2℉ ~ 8;.;℉, HMYJ
HMYJ, 32.3℉ ~ 82.2℉
MtIA4 \%P
3% ~ ;;%, HMYJ
HMYJ, 3% ~ ;;%
Xmjc hm Xmehïeikcs Xmjc
3 ◁ 4 ◁ 9 ◁
Ë kehkspmesãvmj icpàtuja
c
jmkturc
m
ia`prmmesséa
ha
7 ◁
8 ◁ = ◁
EA.
Hmsir Hmsirkîéa kîéa Hctc hc Xmehïeikc, hctc hc nrcvcîéa, farãrka
EA. 8
Xrcîcha 9
4
Xrcîcha 3
=
Xmehïeikc eu`ërkics
9
Xrcîcha 4
7
Ymjmtar (iursar) hc tmehïeikc
3
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa
Ketmrvcja m` cjcr`m smréa `astrchas ec iar vmr`mjfc.
EAXC EAX C
9>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Wmrkgkiceha c Xmehïeikc
Rcrc cimsscr c tmjc hm
3
tmehïeikcs, prmsskaem a datéa XMJC 9 vmzms c pcrtkr hc tmjc prkeikpcj.
Rcrc
4
vmrkgkicr
c
tmehïeikc
ha
pcrä`mtra, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] m smjmikaem a trcîcha ea `meu XMEHMEIKC.
NÚXFME->22 mxkdm` nrãgkias m eÿ`mras hm tmehïeikc pmr`ktkeha u`c gãikj vksucjkzcîéa
hmstcs.. NÚXFME->22 pahm` scjvcr ctë > hkcs hm tmehïeikcs eu`ërkics m nrãgkics hm 3 m` 3
EAXC
`keuta. A usa ha icrtéa YH pmr`ktm c nrcvcîéa m mxpartcîéa hcs tmehïeikcs pcrc u` RI, cu`metceha mstm jk`ktm hm ciarha ia` c emimsskhchm ha usuãrka.
96
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Rcrc
8
hmjmtcr
cs
tmehïeikcs,
smjmikaem a sud`meu KEKIKCJ ea `meu XMEHMEIKC.
Cpùs smjmikaecr a sud`meu CRCNCT u`c tmjc hm iaegkr`cîéa cpcrmimrã. Icsa a usuãrka
smjmikaem IAEGKT@C, tahcs cs tmehïeikcs smréa cpcnchcs hc `m`ùrkc. Mstmoc imrta quceha aptcr par mstã gueîéa.
Ctmeîéa
A Yud`meu YCJWCT pmr`ktm c nrcvcîéa hcs tmehïeikc ea icrtéa YH. Rcrc scjvcr,
smjmikaem YCJWCT 5 MVMI]XCT
=
Rcrc kr pcrc c tmjc prkeikpcj cpùs c vmrkgkicîéa hc tmehïeikc, smjmikaem TMXATEC.
9;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Mxkdkîéa hm MWMEXAY
3
; ◁
32
◁
◁
33
◁ 34
◁ 4
◁
39
◁
38
◁
9
◁ 8
◁ =
7
>
6
◁ ◁ ◁ ◁ Ea.
Hmsirkîéa Hmsirkîéa
Ea.
Hmsirkîéa
3
Jkstc hm mvmetas
6
Ceãjksm has smn`metas YX
4
Eÿ`mra tatcj hm mvmetas jkstchas.
;
Jkefc ha tm`pa hc ceãjksm
9
Mvmeta ctucj`metm mxkdkha.
32
Xrcîcha 3
8
Mstctus hm nrcvcîéa (cuta`ãtkia ‚ C]XA‐ au ‚@CE ‚@CE]CJ‐) ]CJ‐)
33
Xrcîcha 4
=
Ocemjc hm mxkdkîéa hm cjcr`m
34
Xrcîcha 9
7
Ocemjc hm mxkdkîéa hm crrkt`kcs
39
Xrcîcha 8
>
Hkc m farãrka ha mvmeta mxkdkha
38
Xrcîcha =
A `aektar pahm scjvcr ctë 42 mvmetas hm 42 smnueha ichc, au smoc, tatcjkzceha 822
smnuehas hm mvmeta. A 43² krã sadrmpar a juncr ha 3².
EAXC
Suceha cjnu` cjcr`m gar sacha, u` mvmeta smrã cuta`ctkic`metm scjva. Rcrc scjvcr a
mvmeta mvmeta `ceuc `ceucj`met j`metm, m, prms prmsskaem skaem a d datéa atéa ‚
82
‐.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Rcrc vmrkgkicr as mvmetas,
3
prmsskaem a datéa XMJC u`c vmz c pcrtkr hc tmjc hm XMEHMEIKC.
3) Ecvmnum ia` a iursar ea mvmeta hmsmocha ec jkstc nkrceha a datéa @ME] m prmsskaem mstm pcrc smjmikaeã-ja.
4
4) Ymrã mxkdkha cs iurvcs scjvcs m` ketmrvcjas hm 2,4 smnueha ca nkrcr a datéa @ME] pcrc msqumrhc au hkrmktc. 9) Suceha a datéa @ME] gar prmsskaecha sadrm a `meu MWMEXA, smrã mxkdkha u` sud`meu hm ciarha ia` c gkn.9, cdckxa.
Suceha a datéa @ME] gar prmsskaecha as smnuketms `meus smréa mxkdkhas?
Jkstc hm Mvmetas Iurvcs @meu Mvmeta Iurvcs
EAXC
9
Rcrc smjmikaecr a hmsmocha ha mvmeta,
pcrä`mtra smjmikaem
XTCÎCHA ea `meu MWMEXA.
83
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Rcrc k`prk`kr a mvmeta, smjmikaem K@RTK@KT ea `meu MWMEXA. Cssk`
8
vaiï pahmrã iaegknurcr as icecks hm k`prmsséa (3/4/9). Cpùs c iaegknurcîéa, prmsskaem a datéa K@RTK@KT.
Icecks 3/4/9 séa a eÿ`mra hm iurvcs passàvmks hm smrm` k`prmssas.
EAXC
=
Ymjmikaem a ia`prk`meta hc k`prmsséa m` ``.
Rcrc hmjmtcr a mvmeta, smjmikaem KEKIKCJ ea `m eu XMEHMEIKCY.
Cpùs smjmikaecr a sud`meu KEKIKCJ u`c tmjc hm iaegkr`cîéa cpcrmimrã. Icsa a
usuãrka smjmikaem IAEGKT@CT, a mvmeta smrã hmjmtcha pmr`cemetm`metm hc `m`ùrkc.
Ctmeîéa
84
Mstmoc imrta quceha aptcr par mstã gueîéa.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
IAEGKN]TCEHA A MS]KRC@MEXA
Rcrc iaegknurcr a mqukpc`meta,
3
prmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz pcrc smjmikaecr a `meu IAEGKN.
Rcrc ecvmncr sadrm as sud`meus, nkrm a datéa @ME] pcrc hkrmktc
4
au msqumrhc. Rcrc smjmikaecr u` sud`meu, cpmrtm a datéa @ME].
Cdckxa a usuãrka pahm vmr c jkstc hm iaegknurcîýms
@meu IAEGKN IAEGKN
Msicjc
Hmsirkîéa Hmsir kîéa
JMKXA
23 ~ ;;
Eÿ`mra hm jmkta m` qumstéa
@KEK-XMEH
4 farcs hm tmehïeikc 4~32 `keutas( ketmrvcja hm 2.9smn) hm
AV[-ITN
iarrmjcîéa hm tmehïeikc pcrc YpA4, GI m
XMJC
TMYR TMWMT MIN ICJI]JA HM HTANCY
WAJ]@M YKECJ DMMR
2 ~ 322
(ICHC 32 uekhchms) MIN / YpA4
Suceha u` mvmeta ë scjva, a MIN tc`dë` pahm smr scjva m mxkdkha. Gueîéa hm iãjiuja hm hrancs Ya` ha dmmp m cjcr`ms m Ymjmîéa ha skecj hm dmmp
89
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Ymtup @meu
Tcenm
Hmsirkptkae Hmsirkptkae
CEA ? 4222 ~ 42=2 @MY ? 3 ~ 34 FATC/HCXC
HCXC M FATÃTKA
HCXC ? 3 ~ 93 FATC? 2 ~ 49 @KE]XA? 2 ~ =; Ea`m ha Faspktcj, ea`m ha pcikmetm,
RCIKMEXM KEGA.
Kegar`cîýms ha pcikmetm `aektarkzcha hctc hm ch`ksséa, khchm, mti.
MEHMTMIA KR
32 ~ 4=2
Mehmrmîa hm KR ha `aektar
WGI
JKN / HMYJ.
@astrc a nrãgkia hm vcrkcîéa hc GI
K@RTMYYATC
Wmrkgkqum
IAEGKN HMGC]JX
Chujta / Emaectcj / Rmhkctrkia
IAEGKN ARI
CRJKICT / ICEIMJCT
Ymjmtar hc gueîéa hm MtIA4
IAT
36 IATMY
Ymjmîéa hm iarms pcrc iurvcs m eÿ`mras
IAEXTCYXM JIH
32 ~ 322%
@ahkgkqum a iaetrcstm hc tmjc JIH
HM@A
JKN / HMYJ
@aha HM@A*
JCEN]CNM@
KENJMY, GTCEIÏY,CJM@ÉA, KXCJKCEA,MYRCEFAJ,RATX]N]MY (DT A] RX), X]TIA, T]YYA, TA@MEA,I_MIF.
Ymjmikaec c jkenucnm`
Y/^ ]RNTCHM
MVMI]XM / ICEIMJCT
]p nrchm hm sagtwcrm vkc icrtéa YH
pcn. =>
? Iaegknurcîýms hc k`prmsséa Ymjmikaem hm ciarha ia` a pcikmetm (Wmrkgkqum pãn =9)
E]EIC smjmikaem a `aha HM@A mequceta mstkvmr `aektarkzceha cjnu`
•
pcikmetm, pak as vcjarms mxkdkhas m` tmjc eéa iarrmspaehmréa ia` c rmcjkhchm ha pcikmetm.
88
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Gueîéa @KEK@KEK-X -XMEH XMEH Mstc tmjc gak hmsmevajvkhc pcrc c vmrkgkicîéa hc tmehïeikc ha pcikmetm hurcetm c `aektarkzcîéa ha `ms`a.
Rcrc smjmikaecr c tmjc hm @KEK-
3
XMEH, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz c pcrtkr c tmjc prkeikpcj m smjmikaem IAEGKN XMJC @kekXmeh‐.
4
C
mxkdkîéa
hcs
`kek-tmehïeikcs
smréa mxkdkhcs ea iceta msqumrha ha `aektar.
Rcrc gmifcr c tmjc hm @KEK-XMEH, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz sadrm c tmjc prkeikpcj m
9
smjmikaem ‚IAEGKNXMJC EAT@CJ‐.
C `kek-tmehmeikc mxkdm ctë 4 farcs hm tmehïeikc ha pcikmetm. Icsa a usuãrka hmsmom
Eatc Eat c
adsmrvcr `cks ha qum 4 farcs, mstm hmvmrã kr pcrc tmjc hm tmehïeikcs.
8=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
AV[-ITN ITN Gueîéa Axkicrhkarmspkranrc`c Axkicrhkarmspkranrc`c AV[ Mstc gueîéa mxkdm c rmjcîéa hmtcjfchc hcs tmehïeikcs hm GI, YpA4 m TMYR.
Rcrc vmr c tmjc AV[-ITN,
3
prmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz c pcrtkr hc tmjc prkeikpcj m smjmikaem ‚ IAEGKN XMJC AV[-ITN‐
Rcrc
4
vmrkgkicr
smjmikaem
a
sud`meu
as
hchas,
I]TYAT
ea
`meu AV[-ITN. Nkrm a datéa @ME] pcrc ecvmncîéa.
A usuãrka pahmrã smjmikaecr a tm`pa tatcj metrm 4, 8, 7, 6, 32
9
87
`ke hm vksucjkzcîéa smjmikaeceha a sud`meu XM@RA ec `meu AV[-ITN.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
8
NÚXFME
Rcrc cpcncr as hchas, smjmikaem‚KEKIKCJ JK@RCT MVMI]XM‐ea `meu AV[-ITN.
=
Rcrc
gmifcr
c
tmjc
hm
AV[-ITN,
smjmikaem ‚ YCKT‐ea `meu AV[-ITN.
Cpùs smjmikaecr a sud`meu KEKIKCJ u`c tmjc hm iaegkr`cîéa cpcrmimrã. Icsa a usuãrka
smjmikaem IAEGKT@CT, c tmehïeikc AV[-ITN smrã hmjmtchc pmr`cemetm`metm hc `m`ùrkc.
Ctmeîéa
Mstmoc imrta quceha aptcr par mstã gueîéa.
C gueîéa AV[-ITN mstã hkspaeàvmj cpmecs ec tmjc prkeikpcj.
EAXC
8>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Gueîéa Tmvmr MIN Cs iurvcs hm MIN cssk` ia`a as vcjarms eu`ërkias hmstm, séa scjvas ouetc`metm ia` as mvmetas nrcvchas. Ctrcvës hc gueîéa ‚ TMWMT MIN‐a usuãrka pahmrã adsmrvcr a trcîcha.
Rcrc tmr cimssa â gueîéa TMWMT MIN, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz c
3
pcrtkr hc tmjc prkeikpcj m smjmikaem ‚IAEGKNXMJC TMWMT MIN‐.
◁
3
◁
9
4
◁ = ◁
8
◁
86
③ ? Xrcîcha Xrcîcha hm MIN MIN scjva scjva
⑩? G GI I scjvc scjvc em emstm stm `a`meta
④
? _aa` hc iurvc
⑨? Crrkt`kc hmtmitchc
⑤
? Farãrka m hctc ha mvmeta
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Rcrc vmrkgkicr c jkstc hm hchas
4
scjvas, smjmikaem JKYXC MWMEXA ec tmjc TMWMT MIN. Ymjmikaem as hchas ctrcvës ha datéa @ME].
Waiï
9
par
iaetrajcr
(c`pjktuhm
=,
``/`W)
trcîcha
ha
32,
42,
a
ncefa 92,
82
smjmikaeceha
C@RJKX]HM ec tmjc TMWMT MIN.
Rcrc hmjmtcr as hchas, smjmikaem
8
‚KEKIKCJ JK@RCT MVMI]XM‐ea `meu TMWMT MIN.
=
Rcrc gmifcr TMWMT MIN, smjmikaem ‚YCKT‐ ea `meu TMWMT MIN.
Cpùs smjmikaecr a sud`meu KEKIKCJ u`c tmjc hm iaegkr`cîéa cpcrmimrã. Icsa a usuãrka
smjmikaem IAEGKT@CT, a mvmeta hm MIN smrã hmjmtcha pmr`cemetm`metm hc `m`ùrkc.
Ctmeîéa
Mstmoc imrta quceha aptcr par mstã gueîéa.
8;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
3.322 mvmetas hm MIN pahm` smr nrcvchas.
Eatc Eat c
=2
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
G]EÎÉA IÃJI]JA HM HTANCY
3
◁ 4 ◁ 9 ◁ = ◁ 7 ◁ >
8
◁ ;
◁
6 ◁ ◁
Ea.
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa
3
Xkpa hc hranc? Hapc`kec, hadutc`kec, mpkemgrkec, c`keagkjkec, ekprkhm, ektranjkimrkec, ektranjkimrke c, fmpcrkec, hkczmpc`, pmekikjkec, pktaike, kesujkec, jkhaicjkec, gmetceyj, praickec`khc, impfcjatfke-imgadkh, hranc C~M
4
Rmsa ha Rcikmetm(Ln)
9
Hasm tatcj
8
]ekhchm hm `mhkhc hc hasm tatcj?n, `n, `in
=
Waju`m hc sajuîéa
7
]ekhchm hc hasm ? HAYM/fr, HAYM/`ke
>
Waju`m hm hascnm` chmqucha
6
Waju`m natc
;
nrãgkia hm vmjaikhchm hm keomîéa iarrmspaehmetm c ichc vaju`m chmqucha hm hascnm`
=3
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
A iãjiuja hm vcjar hm hascnm` hc hranc hmvmrã smr mstcdmjmikha pcrc ichc pcikmetm.
Ctmeîéa
]` vcjar eéa hmvm smr ta`cha ia`a Rchréa pcrc tahas.
Rrmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz c
3
pcrtkr hc tmjc prkeikpcj m smjmikaem ‚IAEGKNXMJCICJI HTANC‐.
4
Rcrc vmr c tcdmjc hm tktujcîéa, smjmikaem XCD XKX]JCICA.
Rcrc
k`prk`kr
c
tktujcîéa,
9
=4
‚ K@RTK@KTKEKIKCT‐
tcdmjc
hm
smjmikaem
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Rcrc
vmrkgkicr
c
tcdmjc,
8
smjmikaem I]TYAT m ecvmnum ia` a datéa @ME].
=
Rcrc gmifcr c tcdmjc hm
7
Rcrc gmifcr c gueîéa iãjiuja hm
tktujcîéa, smjmikaem ‚YCKT.
hranc, smjmikaem ‚YCKT.
=9
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Iaegknurceha cs KEGAT@CÎÝMY HA RCIKMEXM
Rcrc kesmrkr kegar`cîýms ha pcikmetm, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz c pcrtkr hc tmjc
3
prkeikpcj m smjmikaem ‚IAEGKN KEGA RCIKMEXM.‐ Waiï pahm jceîcr cs kegar`cîýms hm ciarha ia` c tcdmjc cdckxa. Jkstc Jkstc EA@M FAYRKXCJ HCXC HM CH@KYYÉA KH EA@M YADTMEA@M YMVA HCXC HM ECYIK@MEXA RMYA MYXCX]TC
4
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa Ea`m ha Faspktcj Hctc hm ch`ksséa ha pcikmetm Eÿ`mra hm khmetkgkicîéa ha pcikmetm Ea`m ha pcikmetm Yadrmea`m ha pcikmetm Ymxa ha pcikmetm Hctc hm ecsik`meta ha pcikmetm Rmsa ha pcikmetm Mstcturc ha pcikmetm
Rcrc cpcncr as hchas ha pcikmetm, smjmikaem ‚JK@RCTYK@‐.
A ea`m ha pcikmetm ë mxkdkha ea iceta supmrkar msqumrha hc tmjc prkeikpcj.
Eatc Eat c
=8
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Iaegknurcîýms hm Gãdrkic (Hmgcujt)
Suceha sm smjmikaec HMGC]JX cs iaegknurcîýms hm gãdrkic kréa sadrmpar âs gmktcs pmja usuãrka.
Ymnum cdckxa cs iaegknurcîýms hm gãdrkic (HMGC]JX). Rcrä`mtra Rcr ä`mtra
Ktm`
HMTKW
Chujta Chujta
Emaecta Emaect a
3² ICECJ
HMTKW K
HMTKW K
Rmhkctrki Rmhkctrkia a HMTKW K
4² ICECJ
HMTKW KK
HMTKW KK
HMTKW KK
9² ICECJ
HMTKW W
HMTKW W
HMTKW W
32 ``/`W
32 ``/`W
32 ``/`W
4= ``/smn
4= ``/smn
4= ``/smn
9 WKCY CXKWA
9 WKCY CXKWA
9 WKCY CXKWA
GKJXTA
2.= ~ 82 Fz
2.= ~ 82 Fz
2.= ~ 82 Fz
YX
O + 62`s
O + 62`s
O + 62`s
CTTKX@KC
HMYCX
HMYCX
HMYCX
@CTICRCYYA
HMYCX
HMYCX
HMYCX
@ÃV
342 dp`
422 dp`
372 dp` >= dp`
3² ICECJ C@RJKX
4² ICECJ 9² ICECJ 3² ICECJ
WMJAI
4² ICECJ 9² ICECJ
MIN ICDA T]ÊHA CTMC IAEGKN
CJCT@M
YMN YX
CJCT@M
EAEM
@ÀE
=2 dp`
322 dp`
XKRA
CJXC
CJXC
CJXC
@ÃV
+=.2
+=.2
+=.2
@ÀE
-=.2
-=.2
-=.2
C@RJKX
x4
x4
x4
WMJAI
4= ``/smi
4= ``/smi
4= ``/smi
JKN
JKN
JKN
HMYJ
HMYJ
HMYJ
@KE
;2 %
;2 %
;2 %
XKRA
CJXC
CJXC
CJXC
I]TWC YpA4 @ÃV CJCT@M
==
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Rcrä`mtra Rcr ä`mtra
Ktm`
Chujta Chujta
Emaecta Emaect a
Rmhkctrki Rmhkctrkia a
ICECJ 3
JKN
JKN
JKN
ICECJ 4
JKN
JKN
JKN
℉
℉
℉
@CV
9;.2℉
9;℉
9;℉
I]TWC
XM@R ]EKX
@KE
CJCT@M
XKRA
V2.=
V2.=
V2.=
7.4= ``/smi
7.4= ``/smi
7.4= ``/smi
CJCT@M
JKN
JKN
JKN
@CV
72 rp`
322 rp`
92 rp`
@KE
= rp`
92 rp`
32 rp`
XKRA
CJXC
CJXC
CJXC
42 smi
32 smi
32 smi
CREMKC @AHA
@CE]CJ
@CE]CJ
@CE]CJ
KEXMTWCJA
92 @KE
92 @KE
92 @KE
]EKHCHM RCEK CJCT@M
``Fn
``Fn
``Fn
@CV
372/;2(332)
;2/72(>2)
342/>2(;2)
@KE
;2/=2(72)
82/42(4=)
>2/82(=2)
XKRA
CJXC
CJXC
CJXC
C@RJ
x4
x4
x4
WMJAI
7.4= ``/smi
7.4= ``/smi
7.4= ``/smi
]EKHCHM
``Fn
I]TWC
JKN
MtIA4 CJCT@M
CJCT@M
``Fn JKN
82
82
@KE
32
32
CJXC
CJXC
@CV
82
82
@KE
32
32
XKRA
CJXC
``Fn JKN
@CV
XKRA
=7
97℉ CJXC
C@RJ
I]TWC
YCKHC
97℉ CJXC
WMJAI
TMYR
MEXTCHC
97.2℉ CJXC
CJXC
82 32 CJXC 82 32 CJXC
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
Rcrä`mtra Rcr ä`mtra
NÚXFME
Ktm`
Chujta Chujta
Emaecta Emaect a
Rmhkctrki rkia Rmhkct rki a
34.= ``/smi
34.= ``/smi
34.= ``/smi
RC
RC
RC
@CV
372/;2 (332)
;2/72 (>2)
342/>2 (;2)
@KE
;2/=2 (>2)
==/42 (9=)
>2/82 (=2)
ICECJ 3 ICECJ 4 WMJAI
ICECJ 3 ICECJ 4 MXKS
MXKS]MXC? RC MXKS]MXC?
CJCT@M
XKRA
CJXC
CJXC
CJXC
Mtkumtc? RWI RK
CJCT@M
@CV
38/7 (32)
32/4 (8)
32/4 (8)
@KE
7/-8 (2)
4/-8 (2)
4/-8 (2)
XKRA
CJXC
CJXC
CJXC
Mtkqumtc RCR?
CJCT@M
@CV
9=/37 (42)
72/8 (47)
72/8 (47)
@KE
32/2 (2)
48/-8 (34)
48/-8 (34)
XKRA
CJXC
CJXC
CJXC
Mtkqumtc ?RKI
CJCT@M
@CV
38/7 (32)
32/4 (8)
32/4 (8)
@KE
7/-8 (2)
4/-8 (2)
4/-8 (2)
XKRA ]EKX
CJXC
CJXC
CJXC
``Fn
``Fn
``Fn
ICECJ 3
JKN
JKN
JKN
ICECJ 4
JKN
JKN
JKN
I]TWC
=>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Iaegknurcîéa hc K`prmssarc (Apikaecj) Cs
kegar`cîýms ha pcikmetm pahm` smr k`prmsscs ctrcvës hc k`prmssarc tër`kic (apikaecj).
3 Rcrc `ahkgkicr cs iaegknurcîýms hc k`prmssarc, prmsskaem c tmijc @ME] u`c vmz m smjmikaem a `meu ‚IAEGKN K@RTMYYATC‐.
4 Ymjmikaem a sud`meu hmsmocha ctrcvës hc ratcîéa ha datéa @ME] pcrc msqumrhc au hkrmktc. Cdckxa pahm smr adsmrvchc cs hkgmrmetms iaegknurcîýms hm k`prmsséa.
@aha
YKEI
Cjcr`m / @ceucj
@AHA
C@DAY / I]TWC / XMEH
YMJ XC@
=6
Xkpa hm K`prmsséa K`prmsséa
3 Iurvc / 4 Iurvcs / 9 Iurvcs 3=2 ~ 922``
Hmsirkîéa Hmsirkîéa Cjcr`m? Suceha cjnu` cjcr`m gar mximhkha, c k`prmsséa kekikc cuta`ctkic`metm. @ceucj? k`prmsséa `ceucj. C`das ? c iurvc m eÿ`mras smréa k`prmssas sk`ujtcemc`me sk`ujtcemc`metm.. tm.. Iurvc? c iurvc smrã k`prmssc. Xmeh? As eÿ`mras smréa k`prmssas Ymjmikaec a eÿ`mras hm iurvcs c smrm` k`prmsscs.
Ymjmikaec a tc`cefa hc k`prmsséa.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Mxm`pjas hm k`prmsséa
:Mx?
K`prmsséa
hc
Xmehïeikc5
:Mx?
K`prmsséa
hcs
iurvcs5
Cjk`metceha c dcehmoc hc k`prmssarc.
Gcvar iajaicr pcpmj cpraprkcha quceha a `ms`a cicdcr. E]EIC prmsskaem k`prk`kr sm` pcpmj, paks c k`prmssarc pahmrã smr hcekgkichc. Cdrc c dcehmoc hm k`prmsséa prmsskaeceha as datýms hm c`das as jchas sk`ujtcemc`metm iaegar`m hm`aestrcha ec gknurc cdckxa. Tm`avc c dadkec vczkc m keskrc u`c eavc (arkmetchc ia` c scàhc ha pcpmj hm ik`c pcrc dckxa) iaegar`m c gknurc. Ruxm imric hm = i` hm pcpmj
pcrc cjkefc`meta ha `ms`a.
Gmifm c dcehmoc.
Suceha c partc hc dcehmoc eéa gar gmifchc chmquchc`metm, c k`prmssarc pahm eéa gueikaecr chmquchc`metm.Iaegkr`m smu iarrmta gmifc`meta.
CXMEÎÉA
Icsa fcoc supmrcqumik`meta hc k`prmssarc, u` JMH sm cimehmrã. Emstm icsa, cnucrhm imric hm 9 `keutas pcrc rmkekikcr c k`prmsséa.
=;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Iaegknurcîéa hm IATMY Mstc gueîéa pmr`ktm c iaegknurcîéa hcs iarms has iurvc m eÿ`mras has hkgmrmetms pcrä`mtras ha `aektar.
Rcrc `uhcr cs iarms hcs iurvcs m
3
eÿ`mras, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz c pcrtkr hc tmjc prkeikpcj m smjmikaem ‚IAEGKN IAT‐.
A usuãrka pahm msiajfmr hmetrm 36
4
hkgmrmetms iarms pcrc iaegknurcîéa has pcrä`mtras hm ciarha ia` c emimsskhchm au Rchréa ha Faspktcj/Ijàekic.
Cpùs
c
msiajfc
hcs
iarms,
a
usuãrka pahm scjvcr cs cjtmrcîýms
9
ha smu sud`meu
pmrgkj, smjmikaeceha a ‚HCRTCA 3/HCRTCA
4YCJWCT‐, m dusicr smu Rchréa ctrcvës
has
3/HCRTCA 4D]YICT.
72
pcssas‚HCRTCA
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Cjk`metcîéa Mxtmrec m Dctmrkc C cjk`metcîéa mxtmrec m dctmrkc hm m`mrnïeikc séa ketmnrchcs eas `aektarms NÚXFME->22. C dctmrkc hm m`mrnïeikc cssu`krã c cjk`metcîéa ha `aektar c` icsa hm gcjfc ec hm`cehc hm memrnkc mxtmrec au quceha a `aektar gar hmsiaemitcha hc ta`chc pcrc trcespartm. (322~482WCI) ’ ddkvajt kvajt cuta`ãtkia Cjk`metcîéa Mxtmrec (322~482WCI) Suceha
a
mqukpc`meta
mstkvmr
smeha
cjk`metcha
par
gaetm
mxtmrec
hm
memrnkc, u` JMH vmrhm (ca rmhar ha datéa JKNC/HMYJKNC)gcrã a cjmrtc ea pckemj graetcj ha mqukpc`meta. Icsa a mqukpc`meta eéa mstmoc m` usa, a `aha hm rmicrnc smrã cikaecha cuta`ctkic`metm. Dctmrkc Dctmrkc
Suceha c gaetm hm cjk`metcîéa mxtmrec gar ketmrra`pkhc ia` a mqukpc`meta jkncha,
c
dctmrkc
hm
m`mrnïeikc
cssu`krã
c
gueîéa
hm
cjk`metcîéa,
cuta`ctkic`metm. ]` JMH jcrceoc (ca rmhar ha datéa JKNC/HMYJKNC) smrã mxkdkha mvkhmeikceha a usa hc dctmrkc.
@astrchar hm Icrnc Mstctus hc Dmtm mrkc Dmtmrkc
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa Dctmrkc ifmkc Cpùs 72 `keutas hm usa Tmqumr rmicrnc Dctmrkc
grcic.
Tmqumr
rmicrnc
k`mhkctc. dctmrkc Xm`pa ia` u`c (23) dctmrkc - Xm`pa hm rmicrnc? ; Farcs au `cks pcrc icrnc pjmec - Hurcîéa m` usa? 362 @keutas
A usa hm ctmrrc`meta ea c`dkmetm ë @CEHCXÙTKA. Ketmrgmrïeikc ec iurvc pahm` aiarrmr icsa a tmrrc eéa mstmoc kestcjcha au eéa smoc mgmtkva.
CXMEÎÉA
A usa ha mqukpc`meta m` c`dkmetm `ajfcha au `ms`a paîcs hm ãnuc pahm icuscr iurta
73
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
ikriuktas pahmeha jmvcr c ifaqums.
C `m`ùrkc ha mqukpc`meta ë ha tkpa eéa-vajãtkj, au smoc, cs kegar`cîýms iaegknurchcs pmjc ÿjtk`c vmz m nrcvcîýms hm mvmetas, tmehïeikc, mti. Rmr`cemim` kecjtmrchcs
cpùs
a
hmsjknc`meta
iarrmta
ha
`ms`a.
Icsa
c
dctmrkc
smoc
hmsiaemitchc, mstms hchas smréa crqukvcha cpmecs par 9 hkcs. Icsa mssm pmràaha smoc mximhkha sm` c iajaicîéa hm eavc dctmrkc, as hchas smréa cpcnchas hmgkektkvc`metm m c iaegknurcîéa HMGC]JX cssu`m c cetmrkar.
NÚXFME->22 cia`pcefc u`c dctmrkc hm m`mrnïeikc.
EAXC
Xm`pa hm hmsicrnc ecturcj sm` usa C tcdmjc cdckxa mspmikgkic a tm`pa hm hmsicrnc mxpaetäemc quceha a mqukpc`meta eéa mstkvmr smeha uscha.
Xm`pmrcturc hm Cr`czmec`meta
Xm`pa hm hmsicrnc ecturcj sm` usa
2℉ ~ 42℉
; @msms
43℉ ~ 92℉
7 @msms
93℉ ~ 8=℉
9 @msms
Xkpa hc Dctmrkc - Mspmi ? 33.3W 8822`Cf ’ Xkpm ? Dctmrkc hm jktku` (Jktfku`-kae Dcttmry)
Wkhc ÿtkj hc dctmrkc dctmrkc Icrnc / Hmsicrnc
Eÿ`mra hm ikijas
322 % hm Icrnc / Hmsicrnc
3422
=2 % hm Icrnc / Hmsicrnc
=22
92 % hm Icrnc / Hmsicrnc
422
C dctmrkc smrã cuta`ctkic`metm rmicrrmnchc quceha c gaetm hm memrnkc mxtmrec
74
mstkvmr
hmvkhc`metm
iaemitchc
ca
mqukpc`meta
m
c
ifcvm
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
jknc/hmsjknc
NÚXFME
ha
pckemj
trcsmkra
mstkvmr
ec
paskîéa
JKNC
(
a
mqukpc`meta eéa prmiksc mstcr jkncha pcrc kssa aiarrmr).
Ia`a sudstktukr c dctmrkc Iaetcitm c K@Gtmi au u` rmprmsmetctms jaicj cutarkzcha pcrc traic hc dctmrkc,icsa mstc eéa suprc 92% ha mspmikgkicha.
I]KHCHA
E]EIC traqum c dmtmrkc m` jaicks eéa cutarkzchas pmjc K@Gtmi paks c iarrmtc kestcjcîéa ë àtm` iruikcj pcrc a da` gueikaec`meta ha mqukpc`meta.
79
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Mjmtraicrhkanrc`c M jmtraicrhkanrc`c (MIN)
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
A praimssa hm hmspajcrkzcîéa m rmpajcrkzcîéa ha `kaiãrhka nmrc patmeikcks mjëtrkias qum séa icptchas pmjas mjmtrahas iaemitchas ec pmjm ha pcikmetm m mxkdkhas m` gar`c nrãgkic m eu`ërkia ctrcvës ha `aektar.
NÚXFME->22 cia`pcefc hm MIN hm hm 99 vkcs. NÚXFME->22 cia`pcefc icda icda hm vkcs.
Wmrkgkqum c ketmnrkhchm ha icda hm MIN cetms ha usa ea pcikmetm. Cpmecs icdas àetmnras pahmréa smr uschas.
]sm cpmecs icdas arknkecks K@Gtmi au fa`ajanchas par mstc ia` as `aektarms NÚXFME->22. Autras icdas pahmréa icuscr `aektarkzcîýms k`prmikscs au mrrchcs m pahm` eéa pra`avmr c pratmîéa chmquchc m` icsas hm hmsgkdrkjcîéa.
I]KHCHA
M` pcikmetm ia` usa hm `cricpcssa mjëtrkia, eéa taqum ea `ms`a au ec `msc, paks pahm fcvmr ketmrgmrïeikc hc jmkturc.
Ca utkjkzcr mqukpc`metas mjmtraikrÿrnkias vmrkgkqum c ia`pctkdkjkhchm hmstms. ]sm cpmecs mqukpc`meta cpravchas pmja KE@MXTA. Icsa iaetrãrka ketmrgmrïeikcs pahm` cpcrmimr ec `aektarkzcîéa au `ms`a hceas ca mqukpc`meta.
Rra`avc c jk`pmzc hc pmjm ha pcikmetm pcrc rm`aîéa hm mvmetucks irm`ms, jaîýms, mti paks pahm` icuscr ketmrgmrïeikc ea iaetcta ha mjmtraha.M` icsas hm pcikmetm ia` pïjas ec rmnkéa hc iajaicîéa has mjmtrahas, pra`avmr c trkiata`kc jaicj.
CXMEÎÉA CXMEÎÉA
78
@cetmefc a icda hm MIN sm`prm jk`pa.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
]sceha a MIN
Iaemitm a icda hm MIN ea tmr`kecj
3 4
iarrmspaehmetm iaegar`m kehkicha ec gknurc ca jcha.
Iajaqum as mjmtrahas ea pcikmetm iaegar`m cs gknurcs cdckxa (hmpmehmeha ha eÿ`mra hm vkcs ha icda).
J? C`crmja
J? C`crmja
T? Wmr`mjfa
T?Wmr`mjfa I? Drceia
G? Wmrhm E? Rrmta
G? Wmrhm
:Raskikaec`met :Raskikaec`meta a pcrc icda hm 9 vkcs5
:Raskikaec`meta pcrc icda hm = vkcs5
Wkc
Iar KMI/CFC KMI/CFC
Jaicj hm paskikaec`meta paskikaec` paskikaec`meta paskikaec`me meta ta ha ha mjmtraha
KMI/CFC T/TC
Wmr`mjfa/Drcei Wmr`mjfa/Drceia a
Oueta â ijcvàiujc prùxk`a ca a`dra hkrmkta.
J/JC
C`crmja/Rrmta
Oueta â ijcvàiujc prùxk`a ca a`dra msqumrha.
G/JJ
Wmrhm/Wmr`mjfa
Jcha msqumrha ha dckxa cdha`m.
E/TJ
Rrmta/ Wmrhm
Jcha hkrmkta ha dckxa cdha`m. C paskîéa ca jaena ha tùrcx ha pcikmetm hmstm
I/W
Drceia/@crra`
mjmtraha hmpmehm hc hmrkvcîéa rmqumrkhc pmja pragksskaecj.
7=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22 A gkjtra HMGC]JX ha MIN ë hm
2.= ~ 82 Fz.
Cs hmrkvcîýms HMGC]JX ha MIN séa MIN3? H K, MIN4? H KK, MIN9?
EAXC
W
Ea icsa ha usa hm icda hm = vkcs, a usuãrka hmvmrã iaegknurcr a mqukpc`meta pcrc
tcj.
Ctmeîéa
NÚXFME->22 cia`pcefc icda hm 9 vkcs pcrc MIN. M` icsa hm usa hm icda hm = vkcs, a usuãrka hmvmrã smjmikaecr?‚@ME] MIN IAEGKN ICDA‐
@uhceha c hmrkvcîéa
Rcrc `ahkgkicr c hmrkvcîéa hm MIN, prmsskaem
3
a
datéa
@ME]
u`c
vmz
‚MIN -5 HMTKW -5 ICECJ 3-5H K...... Msiajfc
c
hmrkvcîéa
prmtmehkhc
prmsskaeceha a datéa @ME]
4 9
Yknc cs kestruîýms cik`c pcrc as icecks hm MIN4 m MIN9.
Cdckxa smnum` cs autrcs passàvmks gueîýms ha MIN
@meu
Msicjc
HMTKW
HMTKW K, KK, KKK, cWT, cWJ, cWG,
C@RJ
4.=, =, 32, 42, 92, 82 ``/`W, C]XA
W3~W7
WMJAI
7.4=, 34.=, 4=, =2 ``/smn ICDA 9 WKCY, = WKCY T]ÊHA
CXKWA, KECXKWA
CTMC
=2Fz, 72 Fz
IAEGKN
Hmsirkîéa Hmsirkîéa Hmrkvcîéa ha MIN C`pjktuhm ha trcîcha ha MIN Wmjaikhchm ha trcîcha hmMIN Iaegknurcîéa ha Icda Ymjmikaem pcrc mjk`kecr ruàhas ec metrchc Ymjmikaem pcrc mjk`kecr ruàhas ec metrchc
2.= ~ 82 Fz 2.= ~ 62 Fz GKJXTA
2.2= ~ 82 Fz 2.2= ~ 62 Fz @AEKXATK_CICA
77
c
pcrtkr hc tmjc prkeikpcj m smjmikaem
Iaegknurcîéa has gkjtras cecjùnkias m hknktcks pcrc a trcîcha hm MIN
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
YX
O + 2, 42, 92, 82, =2, 72, >2, 62 `s
Iaegknurcîéa ha paeta O
ICJI]JA GI
8 ~ 37
Rra`avm a iãiuja hc GI hm ciarha ia` c iaegknurcîéa ha usuãrka.
YKEI HMGKD.
JKN , HMYJ
Ctkvc a skeiraeks`a ia` hmsgkdrkjchar hmsgkdrkjchar. .
CTTKX@KCY
CXKWA, KECXKWA
@CTICRCYYA HMXMIICA HM
CXKWA, KECXKWA 2,3= c 2,8= `W
Ceãjksm hm Crrkt`kcs Icrhàcics Hmtmiîéa m vcjkhcîéa hm `cricpcssa Hmtmiîéa ha ia`pjmxa STY
STY
7>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Ykeiraeks`a (Apikaecj)
MI MIN IN
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
NÚXFME->22 pra`avm u` skecj cecjùnkia hm pujsa hm MIN. Mstm skecj pahm smr uscha pcrc skeiraeks`a ia` hmsgkdrkjcharms ea praimssa hm icrhkavmrsséa au ia` autras mqukpc`metas `ëhkias. Icsa a usuãrka aptm par mstc gueîéa, hmvmrã chqukrkr u` icda mspmiàgkia hm skeiraeks`a pcrc a mqukpc`meta hm hmsgkdrkjcîéa utkjkzcha (hkgmrmetms gcdrkicetms rmqumrm` hkgmrmetms icdas). I]KHCHA? E]EIC usm a icda hm u` `ahmja `ahmja hm hmsgkdrkjchar m` autra `ahmja, paks a skecj mevkcha pmja mqukpc`meta pahm eéa ctkvcr c gueîéa ea hmsgkdrkjchar. hmsgkdrkjchar.
3
Iaemitm a iarrmta icda ec scàhc hm skeiraeks`a jaicjkzchc ea pckemj trcsmkra ha `aektar NÚXFME- >22
C iurvc czuj mxm`pjkgkic a trcîcha hm MIN (skecj cecjùnkia hm 3`W/`W), mequceta c jkefc vmr`mjfc mvkhmeikc a pujsa hm skeiraeks`a (2~=W) mevkchas pcrc scàhc ha `aektar. Yajkiktm a icda
4
mspmiàgkia pcrc smu mqukpc`meta hm hmsgkdrkjcîéa â K@Gtmi m vmrkgkqum c ia`pctkdkjkhchm hm smu hmsgkdrkjchar ia` as `aektarms K@Gtmi.
76
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
Ceãjksm YX
NÚXFME
has
smn`metas
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
C ceãjksm ha smn`meta YX ë `mhkha pmjc ia`pcrcîéa farkzaetcj metrm as
smn`metas RT m YX. A usuãrka pahm msiajfmr a paeta O pcrc 6 tkpa hm paetas m` YX (62, >2, 72, =2, 82, 92, 42, 2 `s). Mssms vcjarms `mhkhas séa hkspaeàvmks cpmecs pcrc dctk`meta icrhàcias ear`cks. M` sktucîýms hm cear`cjkhchm m `cricpcssa, par mxm`pja, iaetrcîéa vmetrkiujcr prm`cturc, mti.,
pahm
ketmrgmrkr
ec
ceãjksm
ha
smn`meta
YX
par
pahmr
icuscr
hkstarîýms ha `ms`a.
NÚXFME->22 gak hmsmevajvkha pcrc cecjkscr a Ymn`meta YX kehmpmehmetm`metm ecs
hkgmrmetm hmrkvcîýms hkspaeàvmks ( K / KK / KKK / cWT / cWJ / cWG / Wx...).
EAXC
(]`c
ceãjksm eéa cgmtc c autrc).
Ceãjksm ha smn`meta YX
I]KHCHA
C ceãjksm ha smn`meta YX hmvm smr gmktc par pragksskaecks qucjkgkichas pcrc tcj.
7;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Ceãjksm hm Crrkt`kcs
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
Ia`a utkjkzcr c ceãjksm hm crrkt`kcs
Rcrc ctkvcr c ceãjksm hm crrkt`kcs, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz m
3
smjmikaem‚MIN -5 IAEGKN -5 CTTKX@KC ‐ Ymjmikaem ‚CXKWA‐
4 9
Suceha gar hmtmitchc cjnu`c crrkt`kc, u`c `mescnm` hmtmr`keceha a tkpa hmstc (vmoc gknurc cik`c) m u` cjcr`m saeara smréa hmgjcnrchas pmja mqukpc`meta. Rcrc iceimjcr a cjcr`m hm crrkt`kc, prmsskaem a datéa YCKT. Xahcvkc c `mescnm` hm crrkt`kc pmr`cemimrã ea ic`pa kehkicha.
8
Rahm ciaetmimr hm u` gcjsa cjcr`m aiarrmr au m` icsa hm cjnu`c crrkt`kc, mstm eéa apmrcr. Ksta sm hmvm ca icsa hcs vcrkcîýms kehkvkhucj qum pahm` aiarrmr. C
CXMEÎÉA
>2
gueîéa ceãjksm hm crrkt`kc hmvm smr utkjkzchc ia`a u` dcjkzchar m cecjkschc ouetc`metm ia` a rkt`a icrhàcia , skecks m sketa`cs ijàekias ha pcikmetm.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Xcdmjc hm Crrkt`kcs
E Ea aa`m `m hc CCrr rrkt`kc rr kt`kc
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa
Xcqukicrhkc? XCI
GI supmrkar c 382 dp`.
Drchkicrhkc? DTH
GI kegmrkar c 82dp`.
Iaetrcîéa Wmetrkiujcr Rrm`cturc? RWI
Dctk`meta icrhàcia cear`cj 5 qum 3
Xcqukicrhkc Wmetrkiu jcr? XCI W) @c ks hm 6 RWI m` 382 dp`. Csskstajkc? CYYK
Iarcîéa sm` skecj mjëtrkia.
Dknm`keks`a? DN@
Cpùs 3 dctk`meta icrhàcia , 4 au `cks RWI
Xrknm`keks`a ? XN@
Cpùs 4 dctk`metas icrhàcias, 4 au `cks RWI.
Wmetrkiujcr? WMEX
Wmrkgkic a mstctus ha vmetràiuja
Gkdrkjcîéa Wmetrkiujcr?GKD W
Gkdrkjcîéa vmetrkiujcr vmetrkiujcr iaesmiutkvas au `cks.
hurcetm hurcetm
Iaupjmt?IRX
Dctk`meta cear`cj supmrkar c hucs vmzms.
Xrkpjmt?XRX
Dctk`meta cear`cj supmrkar c trïs vmzms.
Dctk`meta Rmrhkha (@KD) T-ae-X
8
smnueha
Dctk`meta icrhàcia eéa ë hmtmitcha metrm haks autras. RWI ë hmtmitchc cetms cetms hc gkecjkzcîéa gkecjkzcîéa hc aehc X m` GI ear`cj.
As `aektarms NÚXFME->22 passum` 39 tkpas hm pchrýms pcrc ceãjksm hm crrkt`kcs
m
haks tkpas hm cjcr`ms pcrc mstcs. - Cjcr`m Cjta ? XCI W, CYYK - Cjcr`m Dckxa ? pcrc a r mstcetm hcs crrkt`kcs
EAXC
Icsa a usuãrka prmsskaem a datéa
hurcetm u` cjcr`m hm crrkt`kc, a àiaem
smrã mxkdkha ea tapa ha `aektar.A cjcr`m saeara smrã kekdkha. Mstmoc imrta hmstc hmikséa.
>3
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Hmtmiîéa m @CTICRCYYA
Wcjkhcîéa
hm
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
Icsa
c gueîéa hm hmtmiîéa hm `cricpcssa mstmoc fcdkjktchc, u`c dcrrc vmr`mjfc vmrtkicj smrã cprmsmetchc sadrm a trcîcha hm MIN ea qucj a `cricpcssa cssu`ku c gueîéa. Cjë` hkssa u` àiaem ea tapa hc tmjc ha `aektarm pmr`cemimrã pksicetm kehkiceha c ctucîéa ha `ms`a.
Ia`a hmtmitcr u`c gueîéa hm `cricpcssa
Rcrc fcdkjktcr mstc gueîéa, prmsskaem
3 3
a datéa @ME] m smjmikaem ‚MIN -5 IAEGKN -5 @CTICRCYYA ‐ Ymjmikaem
‚CXKWA‐
Hmtmiîéa hm `cricpcssa pahm smr
4
adsmrvchc ca jcha (dcrrcs vmr`mjfcs vmrtkicks sadrm a trcîcha hm MIN m àiaem hm `cricpcssa pksicetm.
I]KHCHA
NÚXFME->22 gak hmsmevajvkha pcrc hmtmitcr c prmsmeîc hm `cricpcssa m eéa gcjfc hm gueikaec`meta ha `ms`a.
Suceha gar hmtmitcha cîéa ha `cricpcssa, u` cjcr`m sacrã m` ketmrvcjas hm 3 `keuta.
EAXC
>4
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
TMYRKTCÎÉA (K`pmhäeikc Xrcestarãxkic)
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
Ctrcvës hc `uhceîc hm k`pmhäeikc ha tùrcx ha pcikmetm hurcetm as `avk`metas rmspkrctùrkas, a `aektar hmtmitc (ctrcvës ha icda hm MIN) m cs hk`meskaec ec gar`c hm nrãgkia m eÿ`mra hm rmspkrcîýms par `keuta. Mstms séa mxprmssas ec tmjc ha mqukpc`meta.
3 4
Iaemitm a icda hm MIN ea jaicj kehkicha.
Iajaqum as mjmtrahas iaegar`m kehkicha a icpàtuja MIN. C iajaicîéa pahm smr rmvkstc cdckxa.
J? C`crmja
J? C`crmja T? Wmr`mjfa
T? Wmr`mjfa I? Drceia
G? Wmrhm E? Rrmta
G? Wmrhm
:Icda hm = vkcs5
:Icda hm 9 vkcs5
A pcrä`mtra hm rmspkrcîéa par k`pmhäeikc trcestarãxkic ë rmjctkvc`metm `cks
smesàvmj â ic`pas mjmtra`cneëtkias m ketmrgmrïeikcs mxtmrecs. ]tkjkzm mstm
CXMEÎÉA
pcrä`mtra ia`a dcjkzchar hc grmqúïeikc rmspkrctùrkc.
>9
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Rcrc smjmîéa hc gueîéa cpeëkc smjmikaem CJCT@-5TMYR-5CREMKC
- Msicjc hm CREMKC ? HMYJ, 32 ~ 82 smnuehas (ichc = smnuehas)
EAXC
Icsa c icpeanrcgkc smoc utkjkzchc c grmqúïeikc hmstc hmvm smr `cehctùrkc ec
ta`chc hm hmiksýms.
@ahkgkiceta c iurvc hm rmspkrcîéa
Rcrc `ahkgkicr c c`pjktuhm hc iurvc
3 4
rmspkrctùrkc prmsskaem a datéa @ME] m smjmikaem‚TMYR -5 C@RJ
Rcrc `ahkgkicîéa hc vmjaikhchm hc iurvc rmspkrctùrkc, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] m smjmikaem ‚ TMYR -5 WMJAI‐
@ @meu meu
Msicjc
C@RJ
x2.4=, x2.=, x3, x4, x9,
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa C`pjktuhm hc iurvc hm rmspkrcîéa
x8, C]XA
>8
WMJAI
7.4=, 34.=, 4=, =2 ``/smn
Wmjaikhchm hc iurvc
I]TWC
JKN / HMYJ
Iurvc
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
Wcrkcdkjkhchm Wcrk cdkjkhchm hc GI (WGI)
NÚXFME
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
A skstm`c emrvasa cutøea`a (YEC) hmsm`pmefc u` pcpmj k`partcetm ec rmnujcîéa has praimssas gkskajùnkias ha arnceks`a fu`cea tceta m` iaehkîýms ear`cks quceta pctajùnkics. Hmetrm (WGI) cs tëiekics utkjkzchcs cvcjkcîéa, vcrkcdkjkhchmhas hc grmquïeikc icrhàcic tm` m`mrnkha ia`apcrc u`c suc `mhkhc sk`pjms mc eéa-kevcskvc k`pujsas cutaeø`kias, rmprmsmetceha u` has `cks pra`kssarms `cricharms qucetktctkvas ha dcjceîa cutaeø`kia. C WGI hmsirmvm cs asikjcîýms ea ketmrvcja metrm dctk`metas icrhàcias iaesmiutkvas (ketmrvcjas T-T), cssk` ia`a asikjcîýms metrm grmquïeikcs icrhàcics kestcetäemcs iaesmiutkvcs. Xrctc-sm hm u`c `mhkhc qum pahm smr utkjkzchc pcrc cvcjkcr c `ahujcîéa ha YEC sad iaehkîýms gkskajùnkics, tcks ia`a m` sktucîýms hm vknàjkc m saea, hkgmrmetms paskîýms ha iarpa, trmkec`meta gàskia, m tc`dë` m` iaehkîýms pctajùnkics. @uhceîcs eas Rchrýms hc WGI garemim` u` kehkichar smesàvmj m cetmikHCRa hm ia`pra`mtk`metas ec scÿhm. ]`c cjtc vcrkcdkjkhchm ec grmquïeikc icrhàcic ë skecj hm dac chcptcîéa, icrcitmrkzceha u` kehkvàhua scuhãvmj, ia` `miceks`as cutaeø`kias mgkikmetms, mequceta qum, dckxc vcrkcdkjkhchm ë grmqumetm`metm u` kehkichar hm chcptcîéa cear`cj m kesugkikmetm ha YEC, k`pjkiceha c prmsmeîc hm `cu gueikaec`meta gkskajùnkia ea kehkvàhua. Cpjkicîýms Ijàekics
Ctucj`metm, as àehkims hm WGI tï` skha utkjkzchas pcrc ia`prmmeséa hm hkvmrscs iaehkîýms, ia`a? hameîc crtmrkcj iaraecrkcec, `kaicrhkapctkc, fkpmrtmeséa crtmrkcj, kegcrta ha `kaiãrhka, `artm sÿdktc, hameîc puj`aecr adstrutkvc irøekic, kesugkikïeikc rmecj , kesugkikïeikc icrhàcic, hkcdmtms, cikhmetm vcsiujcr imrmdrcj, hameîc hm Cjzfmk`mr, jmuim`kc, cpeëkc adstrutkvc ha saea, mpkjmpskc, mexcqumic, metrm autrcs. C rmhuîéa hc WGI tm` skha cpaetchc ia`a u` gartm kehkichar hm rksia rmjcikaecha c mvmetas chvmrsas m` kehkvàhuas ear`cks m m` pcikmetms ia` u` nrcehm eÿ`mra hm hameîcs, rmgjmtkeha a pcpmj vktcj qum a YEC hmsm`pmefc ec `ceutmeîéa hc scÿhm . M` hameîcs ia`a fkpmrtmeséa crtmrkcj , kegcrta cnuha ha `kaiãrhka, kesugkikïeikc iaraecrkcec m ctmrasijmrasm as àehkims hm WGI meiaetrc`-sm rmhuzkhas. rmhuzkhas. Autras cutarms meiaetrcrc` hk`keukîéa hc WGI m` fkpmrtmesas, quceha ia`pcrchas c ear`atmesas, ca cecjkscr as àehkimssk`pãtkic. YHEE, Hk`keukîéa T@YYH, pEE=2, JG, tc`dë` JG/FG, pravcvmj`metm par u`c fkpmrctkvkhchm hc WGI FG, pùs-KC@ gak meiaetrchc par hkvmrsas trcdcjfas. Ec icrhka`kapctkc fkpmrtrùgkic, supým-sm qum c icptcîéa emuraecj hm earmpkemgrkec mstmoc ia`pra`mtkhc m` gueîéa hm u`c hk`keukîéa hc hmeskhchm hm rmimptarms dmtc* *Chcptcha hm Drczkjkce oaurecj ag icrhkavcsiujcr surnmry, Eaîýms dãskics hm vcrkcdkjkhchm hc grmquïeikc icrhàcic m suc cpjkicdkjkhchm , Waju`m? 48 Mhkîéa? 4 - Cdr/Oue - 422; - Jukz
Icrjas @crqums Wcehmrjmk
>=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22 Ia`a `aektarcr c WGI1
Rcrc
`aektarcr
c
WGI,
prmsskaem
a
3
datéa @ME] u`c vmz m smjmikaem?
4
A nrãgkia hm WGI smrã mxkdkha cpùs 4-
‚IAEGKN -5 WGI -5 YMJ -5 WGI JKN‐
9 `keutas.
A nrãgkia hm WGI pahm smr adtkha ctrcvës ha MIN (GI) au YpA4 (GR). C adtmeîéa
EAXC
>7
ctrcvës ha MIN ë `cks prmiksc.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Ia`a ketmrprmtmr a nrãgkia hm WGI
Yktucîéa Ear`cj
Mx? Fkpmrtmesséa, mstrmssm, mstctus sk`pctkia`k`ëtkia.
Crrkt`kc, mxiktcîéa, mstctus sk`pctkia`k`ëtkia .
Icescîa, pcikmetm nmrkctrkia, mstctus pcrcsk`pctkia`k`ëtkia.
>>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Rrmsséa Crtmrkcj Kevcskvc RCEK
Eéa
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
Eéa utkjkzm c gueîéa RCEK smeéa pcrc cgmrkîýms hc prmsséa crtmrkcj eéa kevcskvc ha pcikmetm.
E]EIC iajaqum ca `ms`a tm`pa c drcîchmkrc hm RCEK m` `m`dras ia` ictëtmrms, smesarms hm YpA4 au qucjqumr mqukpc`meta qum utkjkzm cs vkcs vmeascs m crtmrkcks au qum hmpmehc` hmsscs pcrc hkcneùstkias. A eéa iu`prk`meta hmstc rmnrc pahmrã icuscr gcjsas hkcneùstkias, jmsýms hm pmjm hmstm vmr`mjfkhéa au ctë `ms`a emirasm
^CTEKEN
jaicj.
]tkjkzm cpmecs drcîchmkrcs/`cenuktas arknkecks K@Gtmi au fa`ajanchas. Autrcs `crics pahmréa icuscr hkstarîýms hc `mhkîéa jmvceha c gcjsa hkcneùstkia.
Hmkxm a tuda mxtmesar ha `cenukta jkvrm quceha hc cgmrkîéa hc RCEK.
@avk`metcîýms ha pcikmetm hurcetm c cgmrkîéa hc RCEK pahm` icuscr `mhkîýms k`prùprkcs. @cetmefc a pcikmetm k`ùvmj hurcetm c ta`chc hc RCEK.
CXMEÎÉA
C
iarrmtc
smjmîéa
ha
tc`cefa
hc
drcîchmkrc/`cenukta
pcrc
a
pcikmetm
ë
guehc`metcj pcrc c iarrmtc cgmrkîéa hc RCEK.
C prmsséa hm kesugjcîéa ha `cenukta ë dcjkzchc pmjc ÿjtk`c cgmrkîéa hc prmsséa
skstùjkic rmcjkzchc, au smoc, icsa c RC skstùjkic ha pcikmetm ec ÿjtk`c ta`chc mstmoc dckxc c sudsmqúmetm kesugjcîéa ha `cenukta smrã praparikaecj. Icsa c RC
EAXC
skstùjkic ha pcikmetm emstm `a`meta mstmoc cu`metchc, a mqukpc`meta gcrã a coustm hc kesugjcîéa cuta`ctkic`metm.
>6
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Xmjc hm RCEK
8 ◁
3 ◁
= ◁
4 ◁
③ ? Ykstùjkic ⑩ ? Kehkicîéa hm cgmrkîéa `ceucj ⑧
3
> ◁
7 ◁
9 ◁ ④ ? Hkcstùjkic ⑨
⑤ ? @ëhkc
Xm`pa pcrc c prùxk`c cgmrkîéa
⑭
? Farãrka cgmrkîéa
hc
? Xa`chcs cetmrkarms
Ia`a cgmrkr c RCEK
Iaemitm a tuda mxtmesar ec metrchc kehkichc ca jcha m a
`cenukta emstm.
4 9
Raskikaem
c
drcîchmkrc/`cenukta
ea drcîa ha pcikmetm hm ciara ha ia` c gknurc.
Rcrc kekikcr c ta`chc hc RCEK, prmsskaem a datéa RCEK.
>;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
CXMEÎÉA
EAXC
A paskikaec`meta hc drcîchmkrc `ukta cpmrtchc au `ukta grauxc ea `m`dra ha pcikmetm pahm icuscr cgmrkîéa mrrchc hc RCEK.
Hurcetm c cgmrkî cgmrkîéa éa hc RCEK a àiaem ( Hurcetm
) gkicrã gkicrã pksicet pksicetm. m.
@AHA Cuta`ãtkia Cuta`ãtkia (ikija).
Mstm `aha gcz cgmrkîéa cuta`ãtkic hc RCEK hm ciarha ia` as ketmrvcjas prëhmgkekhas pmja usuãrka.
3
Rcrc iaegknurcr RTMYYKAEM A DAXÉA
a `aha `meu u`c
cuta, vmz m
smjmikaem RCEK KEXMTWCJA‐. Cpùs kssa smjmikaem a ketmrvcja metrm cs cgmrkîýms hmsmocha.
Ymjmikaem C]XA JKN ea `meu RCEK pcrc
4
62
kekikcr cs ta`chcs hm prmsséa.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
RCEK Iaetàeuc
Mstm `aha pmr`ktm c vmrkgkicîéa hc RCEK iaetkeuc`metm hm ciarha ia` u` pmràaha hm tm`pa prë-mstcdmjmikha pmja usuãrka. Mstm `aha pahm smr hm nrcehm vcjkc m` icsas hm m`mrnïeikcs `ëhkics ia`a pcikmetm m` ifaqum, ec qucj pahm fcvmr vcrkcîýms hm RC m` iurta mspcîa hm tm`pa.
Rcrc
3
cimsscr
‚RCEK
mstc
gueîéa,
IAEXKE]C
iaegknurm
a
pmràaha
smjmikaem
XM@RA‐
hm
m
cgmrkîéa
hmsmocha.
4
Rcrc kekikcr c cgmrkîéa hc RCEK ea `aha iaetkeua
smjmikaem
‚
RCEK
@AHAIAEXKE]A.
Rcrc gmifcr c tmjc hm mxkdkîéa hcs
9
ta`chcs hm RCEK, smjmikaem ‚RCEK IAEXKE]CXMJCHMYJ‐.
63
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
@uhceha c uekhchm hm `mhkhc hc RCEK RCEK
Rcrc `ahkgkicr c uekhchm hm `mhkhc hc
3
RCEK,
smjmikaem
‚RCEK]EKHCHM
m
msiajfc c uekhchm hmsmochc metrm ``Fn m lRc.
@ahas @ahas RCEK
Msicjc Msicjc
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa
C]XA
C]XA JKN, C]XA HMYJ
Xa`chcs hm RCEK m` `aha iàijkia.
4, 9, 8, =, 32, 3=, 92 KEXMTWCJA
Ketmrvcja hm tm`pa pcrc a `aha C]XA `ke, 3, 4, 8, 6, 34 Farcs = ~3= `ke (ketmrvcjas hm3
Xa`chcs hm RCEK m` `aha iaetàeua
IAEXKE]C `ke)
XMJC ? iaegknurm metrm JKN/HMYJ JK@KXM @CV ? Jk`ktm hm k kesugjcîéa esugjcîéa
JK@KXM @CV , JAICJK_CT
ha `cenukta.
WMKC
JAICJK_CT WMKC ? Wcjar hc prmsséa ha
RTMYYCA `cenukta ea `aha JAICJK_CT WMKC. ]EKHCHM
``Fn, lRc
]ekhchm hm `mhkhc hc RCEK
Ym a JK@KXM @CV gar iaegknurcha `ukta dckxa c cgmrkîéa pahm smr cear`cj.
Icsa fcoc hkstarîéa ec cgmrkîéa hc RCEK, ifmqum a JK@KXM @CV. Mstm eéa hmvm mstcr téa dckxa.
Ctmeîéa
A Yud`meu WC_C@MEXA ea `meu RCEKhmvm smr uscha cpmecs pcrc tmstm hm vczc`meta hurcetm praimhk`meta hm menmefcrkc m E]EIC hurcetm a usa m` pcikmetms. Rcrc utkjkzcîéa hmstm, iaemitm a `cenukta ea mqukpc`meta m ijkqum cimssm WC_C@MEXA 5
64
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
XMYXM 5 IA@MICT. A `aektar iaetcrã m` arhm` iraeajùnkic hmirmsimetm 72 smnuehas m cpaetcrã a eàvmj hm vczc`meta ha skstm`c ia`pjmta. A jk`ktm hm kesugjcîéa ha `cenukta pahm smr iaegknurcha metrm 322 ~ 922 ``Fn (hm =
m` =``Fn).
EAXC
C iaegknurcîéa Hmgcujt ha JK@KXM @CV ë hm 462``Fn.
69
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Gueîéa JAICJK_CT WMKC Mstc
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
gueîéa ë pcrc smr uschc ia`a cuxkjkcr pcrc jaicjkzcîéa hc vmkc
ctrcvës ha iaetrajm ha gjuxa scenúàema jaicj m` pcikmetm m` qum mstc jaicjkzcîéa ë hkgàikj. Mstc gueîéa `cetë` a `cenukta kesugjcha iaestcetm`metm par u` pmràaha prë-mstcdcjmikha cuxkjkceha c jaicjkzcîéa hc vmkc pcrc mvmetucj pueîéa.
Ymjmikaem ‚RCEK RTMYYCA
3
JAICJK_CT WMKC‐ . Ymjmikaem c prmsséa hmsmochc.
Ymjmikaem ‚RCEK @AHA
4
JAICJK_CT WMKC pcrc hmgkekr
mstm `aha.
Rrmsskaem a datéa RCEK pcrc kegjcr a `cenukta. Rcrc hmskegjcr
9
prmsskaem a `ms`a datéa eavc`metm. Mstc gueîéa sù hmvm smr uschc m` pcikmetm ia` hkgkiujhchm hm jaicjkzcîéa hm vmkc
m sù pcrc mstc gueîéa. Eéa utkjkzm hmstm `aha m` pcikmetm ear`cks m` rmjcîéa â jaicjkzcîéa hc vmkc.
Ctmeîéa Ctmeîéa
ùs @CE]CC CJ J ea `meu RCEK @AHA. Cpù Cpù s a usa hmstc gueîéa, smjmikaem c gueîéa C]XA au @CE] @AHA. passàvmj. ssàvmj. Icsa kssa eéa smoc rmcjkzcha c cgmrkîéa hc RCEK eéa smrã pa
68
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
A tm`pa ha iaetrajm hm gjuxa iaestcetm ea `cenukta ë hm, ea `ãxk`a 3>2 smnuehas pcrc
pcikmetms CH]JXAY m RMHKÃXTKIA m ;2 smnuehas pcrc EMAECXAY. C prmsséa hc gueîéa JAICJK_CT WMKC pahm smr iaegknurchc metrm =2 ~ 422 ``Fn( hm = m`
EAXC
=``Fn ). C iaegknurcîéa HMGC]JX ë hm 342``Fn.
6=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Axk`mtrkc YpA4
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
C axk`mtrkc (YpA4) ë m`prmnchc pcrc hmtmr`kecr c scturcîéa hm axknïeka ec fm`anjadkec ha scenum rkia m` axknïeka. Ym, par u` mxm`pja, ;>% hcs `ajëiujcs hm fm`anjadkec ea scenum rkia m` axknïeka mstéa jknchcs ca A4(axknïeka), gar`ceha c axkfm`anjadkec, a scenum mstã ia` u`c scturcîéa crtmrkcj hm ;>%. A `aektar `astrcrã a vcjar ;> m c uekhchm hm `mhkhc m` %.
Ia`a gueikaec a pcrä`mtra hc YpA4 (3) (3) C scturcîéa hc axknmecîéa ha scenum crtmrkcj ë `mesurchc ctrcvës ha `ëtaha hc axk`mtrkc. Mstm ë u` `ëtaha hm iaetàeuc `aektarkzcîéa eéa-kevcskvc ctrcvës hcs hkgmrmetms cdsarîýms hm juz metrm c fm`anjadkec m` suc gar`c rmhuzkhc m c axkfm`anjadkec. Mstm `ëtaha hmtmr`kec qucetc juz ë cdsarvkhc ctrcvës hc pcsscnm` hmstc pmja hmha au armjfc ha pcikmetm(jaicks `cks usucks). Hm u` jcha ha smesar mxkstm u` JMH (gaetm m`kssarc hm juz) m ea autra mxtrm`a mxkstm u` rmimptar qum icptc quceta hmstc juz ctrcvmssau, au smoc, eéa gak cdsarvkhc. (4) (4) C qucetkhchm hm juz trces`ktkhc pmjas tmikhas ha iarpa hmpmehm hm u`c sërkm hm gctarms. Metrmtceta, u` hmstms gctarms, a gjuxa scenúàema crtmrkcj, vcrkc ia` a tm`pa, paks ë pujsãtkj. Rmjc `mesurcîéa hc cdsarîéa hc juz hurcetm c pujscîéa, ë passàvmj vmrkgkicr a eàvmj hm scturcîéa crtmrkcj. Cssk`, smrã hmtmr`kechc c iurvc pjmtks`anrãgkic (vcrkcîéa pujsãtkj) m a skecj hc grmqúïeikc hm pujsa.
33.4
Rrmicuîýms hurcetm c `aektarkzcîéa hc YpA 4 Gkas hm mqukpc`metas mjmtraikrÿrnkias mjmtraikrÿrnkias EÉA hmvm` mstcr m` iaetcta ia` a icda ha smesar hm axk`mtrkc<
Eéa iajaqum a smesar m` mxtrm`khchms ia` ictëtmr crtmrkcj au drcîchmkrc hm
Wmrkgkqum sm a icda ha smesar eéa cprmsmetc hmgmktas cetms hm kekikcr c
RCEK< `aektarkzcîéa. 67
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Eéa utkjkzm u` smesar hmsicrtãvmj hm YpA4 icsa a kevùjuira hmstm mstmoc vkajcha<
Rrajaenchcs `aektarkzcîýms hm axk`mtrkc pahm` aicskaecr pmqumecs cjtmrcîýms ec pmjm, ia`a smeskdkjkhchm m vmr`mjfkhéa, au ctë `ms`a vmsàiujcs au emirasm. Ksta ë mxtrm`c`metm k`partcetm quceha sm trctc hm irkceîcs au emaectas, hmvkha c pmiujkcrkhchms ia`a, par mxm`pja, c dckxc pmrguséa<
Rcrc mvktcr tcks gmeø`meas, ifmqum a smesar pmja `meas c ichc 4 farcs, traiceha-a hm jaicj (hmha au armjfc) pcrc mvktcr passàvmks jmsýms. Ifmicnmes `cks grmqúmetms hmvm` smr rmcjkzchcs m` hkgmrmetms pcikmetms m iaehkîýms ia`a, par mxm`pja, m` emaectas m irkceîcs, cjë` hm autras.
Gartms gaetms hm m`ksséa ju`keascs, ia`a par mxm`pja jä`pchcs hm dkjkrrudkec, juz hm gaia ikrÿrnkia (mspmikcj`metm hm xïeae), jä`pchcs gjuarmsimetm au `ms`a juz sajcr hkrmtc, pahm` ketmrgmrkr ec jmkturc hc axk`mtrkc/GR . Icsa kssa aiarrc iajaqum u` cetmpcra apcia metrm c gaetm m`kssarc m a smesar hm axk`mtrkc au aptm par autrc gar`c hm `aektarkzcîéa.
E]EIC utkjkzm c axk`mtrkc has `aektarms NÚXFME >22 m` praimhk`metas hm Tmssaeäeikc @cneëtkic paks jmsýms smvmrcs pahm` aiarrmr ea pcikmetm.
M` pcikmetm hm `uktc dckxc pmrguséa m dckxa skecj hm pujsa c tëiekic hm axk`mtrkc pahm eéa smr téa prmiksc.
A usa hc tëiekic hm axk`mtrkc m` pcikmetm ia` fkpavajm`kc, fkpatmr`kc metrm autrcs hksgueîýms hm gjuxa scenukem par cprmsmetcr rmhuîéa ha vaju`m hm scenum pujscetm pahm` ketmrgmrmr ec ta`chc hc axk`mtrkc/GR.
M` pcikmetm ia` kehkims cear`cks hm @mtcfm`anjadkec m Icrdaxkfm`anjadkec pahm` cprmsmetcr gcjsa pasktkvm hurcetm vmrkgkicîéa hc axk`mtrkc. Aptm par autra `ëtaha hm vmrkgkicîéa hc axk`mtrkc emstms icsas.
CXMEÎÉA
Ms`cjtms ecs uefcs pahm` ketmrgmrkr ec jmkturc. Tm`avc-as cetms ha usa. M` icsas hm utkjkzcîéa hm smesarms ha tkpa [, a paskikaec`meta ha JMH m`kssar m ha rmimptar hmvm` smr pcrcjmjas. A `cu usa ha `ms`a ia` hmgkikïeikc ea paskikaec`meta pahm nmrcr gcjsa pujsa/axk`mtrkc. Wmrkgkqum sm`prm c iurvc pjmtks`anrãgkic pcrc vcjkhcîéa hmssms pcrä`mtras. A `ms`a pahm aiarrmr m` icsas m` qum a smesar m` [ sckc garc ha sàtka hm paskikaec`meta. Emstm icsa ketmrgmrïeikcs ju`keasas pahmréa icuscr as `ms`as mrras. Rartceta, ctmeîéa emstms icsas.
6>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Icsa a rmsujtcha hm mxkdkîéa hc axk`mtrkc/GR eéa mstmoc` hm ciarha ia` as skecks m sketa`cs ijàekias ha pcikmetm, adsmrvm a smnuketm? - Xraqum c paskîéa ha smesar (mx? tarqum hm hmha) m adsmrvm c eavc jmkturc. - Ifmqum sm a smesar mstã hmvkhc`metm paskikaecha. - Suceha mqukpc`meta mjmtraikrÿrnkias mstéa smeha uschas, vmrkgkqum sm a icda ha
EAXC
smesar hm YpA4 eéa mstã `ukta prùxk`a has icdas ha autra mqukpc`meta. - Icsa as pcssas cik`c eéa sajuikaem` a pradjm`c, praimhc c vmrkgkicîéa hc
YpA4/GR ctrcvës hm autras `ëtahas. As skecks/sketa`cs ijàekias hmvm` smr `cehctùrkas ec ta`chc hc hmikséa.
3
③ ? Mxkdkîéa hc c`pjktuhm, vmjaikhchm hc iurvc ⑤ ? Jk`ktms hm cjcr`m hm axk`mtrkc
4
9
8
④ ? Iurvc pjmtks`anrãgkic (qucjkhchm ha skecj) ⑩ ? Dcrrc hm qucjkhchm hm pujsa/pmrguséa
=
=? Wcjar eu`ërkic hc axk`mtrkc
Iaemitm a icsa hm axk`mtrkc ea jaicj kehkicha ca jcha. Raskikaem
3
66
a smesar ea hmha ha pcikmetm.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Rcrc u`c `aektarkzcîéa mstãvmj c `avk`metcîéa ha pcikmetm hmvm smr mvktchc m u`c dcehcnm` hmvm smr
4
iajaichc (hm gar`c jmvm qum eéa icusm
ketmrgmrïeikc
ea
gjuxa
scenúàema jaicj) ia`a `astrchc ca
Ymesar
hm
Dcehcnm`
jcha pcrc mvktcr c `avk`metcîéa ha
Hmha
smesar hm suc paskîéa.
(pradm)YpA4
@ahkgkiceha c vmjaikhchm hc iurvc m suc c`pjktuhm
Rcrc `ahkgkicr c c`pjktuhm hc
3
iurvc pjmtks`anrãgkic, prmsskaem a datéa @ME] m smjmikaem a `meu ‚YpA4-5 C@RJ‐
Rcrc
4
`ahkgkicr
c
vmjaikhchm
hc
iurvc pjmtks`anrãgkic, prmsskaem a datéa
@ME]
m
smjmikaem
a
`meu
‚YpA4-5 WMJAI‐
@ @meu meu
Msicjc
C@RJ
x2.4=, x2.=, x3, x4, x9,
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa C`pjktuhm hc iurvc
x8, C]XA
6;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22 WMJAI
7.4=, 34.=, 4=, =2 ``/smn
Wmjaikhchm hc iurvc
CRN
CRN JKN , CRN HMYJ
Rjmtks`anrcgk Rjmtks`anrcgkc c cimjmrchc.
I]TWC
JKN / HMYJ
Mxkdkîéa au eéa hc iurvc ea `aektar
Rjmtks`anrcgkc Cimjmrchc Rjmtks`anrcgkc Rjmtks`anrcgkc -CRN (Ciimjmrctmh Rjmtfys`anrc`) Cimjmrchc -CRN (Ciimjmrctmh Rjmtfys`anrc`)
Ia`a adtmr c CRN
Rcrc adtmr c iurvc hc CRN
3
prmsskaem a datéa @ME] m smjmikaem ‚YpA4 -5 CRN -5 CRN JKN‐ . C iurvc smrã mxkdkhc ea `aektar.
C ketmrprmtcîéa hc iurvc CRN pahm smr adsmrvchc ia`a smnum?
4
c? Àehkim ha cu`meta hm hkgmrmeikcj d? êehkim hm prmss éa hmsimehmetm i? Àehkim csimehmetm rmgjmitkva h?Àehkim hmsimehmetm
hm
mjcstkikhchm
Cpjkicîýms ijàekics ijàekics hc CRN
Rahm-sm prmsu`kr c mstk`ctkvc hc khchm ha vcsa scenuàema pmjc mjcstkikhchm hmstm. As vcjarms eu`ërkias hc CRN pahm` smr hmsirktas hm 3~6, smeha qum quceta `ckar gar a vcjar, `ckar c khchm ha vcsa.
;2
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Iurvcs hm CRN
A quchra cik`c mxm`pjkgkic 8 hkgmrmetms iurvcs hm CRN. Hc msqumrhc pcrc hkrmktc? CRN 4 0 42 ceas< CRN 9~80 92~82 ceas< CRN 8~=0 82~=2 ceas< CRN =~70 =2~72 ceas
;3
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
@aektarkzcîéa hc Xm`pmrcturc XM@R
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
Xmjc hc Xm`pmrcturc
3 ◁ ③ ?
Xm`pmrcturc
X3
(adsmrvm
jana cdckxa X4) ④ ? Hmjtc X (hkgmrmeîc metrm X3 m X4)
4 ◁ Rraimhc c hmskegmiîéa ha smesar cetms ha usa m` autra pcikmetm.
EAXC tm`pmrcturc ctrcvës has `aektarms NÚEXFME >22 Ia`a `mhkr c tm`pmrcturc
3 Iaemitm a smesar hm tm`pmrcturc ea iaemitar kehkicha ca jcha. A iaemitar jana cdckxa hmvm smr utkjkzcha pcrc a icda hm tm`pmrcturc X4.
;4
@ahm
Msicjc Msicjc
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa
I]TWC
JKN, HMYJ
Ymjmikaem 4 XM@R
]EKHCHM
℉, ℋ
]ekhchm hm `mhkhc
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
@aektarkzcîéa Kevcskvc - RK
hc
Rrmsséa
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
Hkgmrmetm`metm hc RCEK, c RK icptc c vcrkcîéa hc prmsséa ctrcvës hc `avk`metcîéa hc iajuec hm sara hmetra hc jkefc hm c`astrcnm` (mqukpa) ha lkt hm RK. ]` smesar jaicjkzcha ca jaena hmstc jkefc , icptc m ketmrprmtc c prmsséa crtmrkcj m trces`ktm as hchas pcrc a `aektar.
^CTEKEN
E]EIC rmutkjkzm a lkt hm prmsséa crtmrkcj kevcskvc. Mstm ë hmsicrtãvmj.
]tkjkzm cpmecs trceshutarms (lkts) hm RK fa`ajanchas pmjc K@Gtmi.
Xahas as icecks hm RK gueikaec` kehmpmehmetm`metm, par kssa ë prmiksa
CXMEÎÉA
iaegknurcr ichc u`.
Iurvc hc RK
9 ◁
4 ◁
8 ◁
= ◁
3 ◁ ③ ? Msicjc hm Cjcr`m hm RK
④ ? Wmjaikhchm hc
⑤ ? Msicjc hc RK
Iurvc hc RK ⑩ ?
Mtkqumtc
hc
RK
⑨ ? Iurvc hc RK
(khmetkgkicîéa ha sàtka)
;9
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
7 ◁ > ◁
6 ◁ ; ◁
7? Mtkqumtc RK
>? Rrmsséa skstùjkic
6? Rrmsséa `ëhkc
;? Rrmsséa hkcstùjkic
Hurcetm c hmsgkdrkjcîéa hm pcikmetm a vcjar hc RK pahm sagrmr cjnu`c vcrkcîéa,
EAXC
vajtceha k`mhkctc`metm ca Rchréa rmcj cpùs c cpjkicîéa ha ifaqum.
Ia`a `aetcr a skstm`c hm `aektarkzcîéa hc RK
;8
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Iaemitm a icda hm RK garemikha
3
pmjc K@Gtmi ea jaicj kehkicha. M` icsa hm usa hm autra icecj hm RK4 iaemitcr a icda ea hmvkha iaemitar.
Mxm`pja hm ia`paskîéa hm u` lkt hm RK (hkgmrmetms lkts passum` hkgmrmetms hmsmefas m Rchrýms. Mstm ë cpmecs u` mxm`pja hkhãtkia)
4
Iaemitcr a lkt hm RK ea icda hm RK garemikha pmjc K@Gtmi.
Ads? Ca chqukrkr a lkt hm RK, adsmrvm cs kestru îýms hm usa.
;=
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
9 (3) Rrmmeifc a mqukpa ia` sara ctrcvës hc iaemxéa hm u`c dajsc hm sara ea jaicj cpraprkcha iaegar`m kestruîýms hm usa ha gcdrkicetm ha lkt hm RK. (4) Adsmrvm sm mxkstm dajfcs hm cr ec juz ha mqukpa. Icsa mxkstc, iaetkeum c keguehkr a sara pmja mqukpa ctë qum eéa fcoc `cks dajfcs. Dajfcs hm cr pahm` icuscr gcjsa vcjar hurcetm c cgmrkîéa hc RK. (9) Iaemitm a mqukpa ea ictëtmr prmvkc`metm kestcjcha ea pcikmetm. (8) Kestcjm u`c dajsc prmssùrkic ec dajsc hm sara pcrc nmrcr prmsséa ea skstm`c. Rrmsskaem a skstm`c ‚gjusf‐ ha lkt hm RK par 4~9 smnuehas pcrc rm`aîéa hm mvmetucks dajfcs rm`cemsimetms. (=)
Rraimhc
c
cdmrturc
ec
taremkrkefc
pcrc
c
`cricîéa
‚cdmrta
(apme)‐pcrc qum sm praimhc a zmra ha `aektar (adsmrvm ia`a zmrcr a `aektar `cks chkcetm).
Coustceha a zmra ha `aektar
Mstm coustm vksc iaegknurcr a paeta zmra hc RK, au smoc, ea `a`meta m` qumstéa a mqukpc`meta metmehmrã qum c prmsséa ë zmra (zmra cuta`ãtkia). Mstm coustm ë k`prmsikehàvmj pcrc a iarrmta gueikaec`meta ha pcrä`mtra.
;7
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Gcîc c cdmrturc hc taremkrkefc ha
3
mqukpa ha lkt hm RK pcrc paskîéa ‚cdmrta (apme)‐.
Cpùs c cdmrturc hc taremkrkefc pcrc paskîéa ‚cdmrta‐ sknc as pcssas c
4
smnukr
hmetra
ha
`meu
RK
?
‚RK-
5_mra-5 Icecj 3 -5IAEGKT@CT‐
Ads?A usuãrka hmvmrã smjmikaecr a icecj hc RK hm ciarha ia` a usa. Ea mxm`pja cik`c a icecj smjmikaecha gak a 3 (icecj3).
Mtkqumtcs hm RK (sàtka hm `aektarkzcîéa) Mtkqumtc
Jaicjkzcî Jaicjkzcîéa Jaicjkzcîéa
@a @aektarkzcîéa ektarkzcîéa
RC
Rrmsséa Crtmrkcj
Nrupa crtmrkcj hm taha a iarpa.
RWI
Rrmsséa Wmeasc Imetrcj
Wmkcs imetrcks / nrupa ctrkcj
RKI
Rrmsséa Ketrcircekcec
Nrupa ketrcircekcea
RCR
Rrmsséa Crtmrkcj
Nrupa crtmrkcj puj`aecr
Ruj`aecr
Ads? @cks mtkqumtcs pahm` smr iaegknurchcs hm gãdrkic c pmhkha ha ijkmetm (apikaecj). Mssm pmhkha pahm nmrcr iusta.
@uhceha @uhceha c Mtkqumtc Mtkqumtc hm RK
;>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
3
Mxm`pja? Rrmsskaem a datéa @ME] u`c vmz m smjmikaem RK-5ICECJ 3-5RC.
@ME] @ME]
Msicjc
WMJAI
7.4=, 34.=, 4=, =2 ``/smn
MXKS]MXC
RC, RWI, RKI, RCR
]EKHCHM
``Fn, lRc
* _MTA
JKN
MYICJC
C]XA / GKVC**
I]TWC
JKN / HMYJ
Hmsirk Hmsirkîéa îéa Wmjaikhchm hc iurvc hm RK Yàtka iarpùrma hm `aektarkzcîéa hc RK ]ekhchm hm `mhkhc Coustceha a zmra ha mqukpc`meta Msicjc hc iurvc hm RK Iurvc hm RK
* Coustm ha zmra? Xmefc imrtmzc hc rmcjkzcîéa hmstm praimhk`meta cetmrkar`metm cetmrkar`metm ca keàika hc `aektarkzcîéa hc RK. ** Gkxc ? Wcjarms mstcdmjmikhas hm ciarha ia` c smjmîéa hc mtkqumtc (RC?2~422, RWI?2~=2, RKI?2~=2, RCR?2~=2) C]XA ? Coustm cuta`ãtkia hc msicjc.
;6
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
MtIA4 (Aptkaecj) (Aptkaecj Aptkaecj) Icjkdrcîéa
ha `ëtaha `ëtaha `ëtaha
Icpeanrcgkc
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
@ckestrmc`, Ykhmstrmc` Ykhmstrmc` quceha rmqumrkha pmja
skstm`c Ads? Cs Icpeanrcgkcs mjmeichcs emstm `ceucj eéa emimssktc` hm icjkdrcîéa hm ratkec,
c eéa smr quceha rmqumrkha pmja skstm`c.
C icjkdrcîéa hmvmrã smr pra`avkhc cpmecs quceha a skstm`c rmquksktcr mstc ctrcvës hc `mescnm` ‚ICJKDTCICA TMS]MTKHC‐ (_MTA TMS]KTMH) .
Rcrc zmrcr a icpeùnrcga, prmsskaem a datéa
3
@ME] m smjmikaem ‚MtIA45ICJKDTCICA5_MTA‐.
@mescnm`
4
hm
‚_MTCEHA‐ (‚_MTA
KE
RTANTMYY‐)
;;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
MtIA4 (@ckestrmc` (@ckestrmc` m Ykhmstrmc`) Ykhmstrmc` )
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
@ckestrmc`
3
Iaemitm a icda `ckestrmc` iaegar`m kehkicha cdckxa.
E]EIC garim c metrchc ha iaemitar. Mstm
gak
sucvm`metm
4
praomtcha ctrcvës
pcrc hm
metrcr
nukcs
hm
meickxm. A meickxm ë prmiksa m pajcrkzcha. A usuãrka auvkrã u` ‚ijkil‐
quceha
mstm
gar
iaemitcha iarrmtc`metm.
9 8 = 7 322
C
GT
smrã
mxkdkhc
m
`ahkgkichc
iaestcetm`metm
hm
ciarha
ia`
c
`mesurcîéa. C MtIA4 m GkIA4 smrã mxkdkhc ec tmjc m` ctë 3= smnuehas hc hmtmiîéa hc iarrmtc iaemxéa. C iurvc hm icpeanrcgkc smrã mxkdkhc ec tmjc. Icsa eéa smoc, `ahkgkqum c iaegknurcîéa ha `aektar ia`a smnum? ‚@meu ↔ MtIA4 ↔ I]TWC ↔ JKN‐ A usuãrka pahm `ahkgkicr c iaegknurcîéa hm ciarha ia` c emimsskhchm.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Ykhmstrmc`
3
Iaemitm a icda ha `ùhuja skhmstrmc` iaegar`m kehkicha cdckxa.
E]EIC garim c metrchc ha iaemitar. Mstm gak praomtcha pcrc metrcr sucvm`metm ctrcvës hm nukcs hm
4
meickxm. A meickxm ë prmiksa m pajcrkzcha. A usuãrka auvkrã u` ‚ijkil‐
quceha
mstm
gar
iaemitcha iarrmtc`metm.
9 8 = 7 323
C
GT
smrã
mxkdkhc
m
`ahkgkichc
iaestcetm`metm
hm
ciarha
ia`
c
`mesurcîéa. C MtIA4 m GkIA4 smrã mxkdkhc ec tmjc m` ctë 3= smnuehas hc hmtmiîéa hc iarrmtc iaemxéa. C iurvc hm icpeanrcgkc smrã mxkdkhc ec tmjc. Icsa eéa smoc, `ahkgkqum c iaegknurcîéa ha `aektar ia`a smnum? ‚@meu ↔ MtIA4 ↔ I]TWC ↔ JKN‐ A usuãrka pahm `ahkgkicr c iaegknurcîéa hm ciarha ia` c emimsskhchm.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Ë mssmeikcj qum a usuãrka jmkc m ia`prmmehc cs gueîýms cetms ha usa ha mqukpc`meta
MtIA4 (@cke/Ykhmstrmc` (@cke/Ykhmstrmc`) c`) @mescnm` (`ùhu (`ùhujas jas Ykhmstrmc` m @ckestrmc`) @ckestrmc` )
Cs `mescnmes mxkdkhcs ea Kehkichar hm ea ic`pa ic`pa ‚ ‚ Kehkichar hm `mescnm`‐ `mescnm`‐ cuxkjkc` cuxkjkc` a usuãrka quceta ca stctus hc hc `aektarkzcîéa.
@mescnm` CS]MIMEHA A YMEYAT
Hmsirkîéa Suceha a skstm`c mstc cqumimeha
Jkefc hm c`astrcnm` mstc hmsiaemitchc au `cj JKEFC HMYIAEMIXCHC meickxchc WMTKGKS]M C JKEFC
Wmrkgkqum c jkefc hm c`astrcnm`
Cpeëkc hmtmitchc au c jkefc hm c`astrcnm` CREËKC mstã hmsiaemitchc ea pcikmetm. C jmkturc ctrcvës ha Chcptchar au jkefc hm c`astrcnm`
mstã
smeha
ketmrgmrkhc
par
WMTKGKS]M CHCRXCHAT u`khchm
mximsskvc
ea
jaicj
au
suomkrc.
Wmrkgkqum. _MTCEHA
_MTA TMS]MTKHA
_mrceha a skstm`c
Suceha ë rmqumrkha a zmrc`meta ha skstm`c
Suceha a smesar hm icpeanrcgkc eéa mstã GCJFC YMEYAT hmvkhc`metm iaemitcha
324
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Suceha
c
jkefc
eéa
mstã
YMEYAT HMYIAEMIXCHA iaemitchc ea `ùhuja skhmstrmc`.
@AHA @MEY]TCÎÉA
329
@aha hm `mesurcîéa hm IA4
hmvkhc`metm
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Cetms hm Yajkiktcr a Ymrvkîa @ceutmeîéa Ymrvkîa hm @ceutmeîé a Mstm icpàtuja `astrc ia`a sajuikaecr pmqumeas pradjm`cs meiaetrchas hurcetm a usa. ▩ Rradjm`cs ec tmjc Rradjm`c
Rassàvmj Yajuîéa 3. Wmrkgkqum sm c ifcvm JKN/HMYJ prkeikpcj ec pcrtm trcsmkrc ha prahuta mstã jkncha.
A mqukpc`meta eéa jknc
4. Wmrkgkqum sm a icda CI mstã iaemitcha. 9. Rrmsskaem a datéa JKN/HMYJ par 4 smnuehas
A mqukpc`meta hmsjknc rmpmetkec`meta hurcetm a
3. Wmrkgkqum sm a icda CI mstã iaemitcha ca prahuta.
usa Rrmsskaem a datéa JKNC/HMYJKNC (pckemj graetcj) par 3-4 A mqukpc`meta eéa hmjsknc smnuehas m vmrkgkqum c `mescnm` 3. Wmrkgkqum sm mxkstm cjnu` cpcrmjfa ia` gartm ic`pa mjmtra`cneëtkia prùxk`a ca prahuta. C iurvc eéa mstã ear`cj
4. Wmrkgkqum sm a icda mstã dm` iaemitcha. 9. Wmrkgkqum sm a icda hm ctmrrc`meta ha prahuta mstã iaemitcha
▩ Rradjm`cs Rradjm`cs ec cgmrkîéa cgmrk cgmrkîéa hm MIN MIN Rradjm`c C
`mescnm`‚MJMXTAHA
Yajuîéa 3. Wmrkgkqum a icda hm MIN m imrtkgkqum-sm hm qum a nmj ea mjmtraha eéa mstã smia.
HMYI‐ ë mxkdkhc
328
4. Xmetm uscr autra icda hm MIN.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22 C
iurvc
hm
NÚXFME
MIN
eéa
ë
3. Wmrkgkqum sm c iaemxéa ha icda mstã mstãvmj. 4. Wmrkgkqum sm a icda hm MIN mstã hcekgkicha.
mxkdkhc
3. Wmrkgkqum sm a mjmtraha iaemitcha ca pcikmetm mstã mstãvmj. Tuàha smvmra ec iurvc
4. Wmrkgkqum sm a mjmtraha hmsicrtãvmj gak garemikha pmjc K@Gtmi. (Tuàhas pahm` aiarrmr sm c `cric ha mjmtraha gar keia`pctàvmj)
▩ Rradjm`cs Rradjm`cs ec cgmrkîéa cgmrk cgmrkîéa hm YpA4 Rradjm`c
Yajuîéa 3.
Wmrkgkqum sm a smesar mstã mxpasta c gartm ju`keaskhchm.
4. 9.
Wmrkgkqum sm c iaemxéa mstã ear`cj. Wmrkgkqum sm mxkstm cjnu` gctar ketmrgmrkeha ea gjuxa scenukem ha pcikmetm (par mxm`pja, sm a smesar hm YpA4 mstkvmr m` u` hmha ha `ms`a
C
cgmrkîéa
hm
YpA4
drcîa m` qum mstmoc smeha cgmrkhc c prmsséa
mstã kestãvmj
crtmrkcj au sm a smesar mstkvmr ea `ms`a hmha par `ukta tm`pa). 8.
Wmrkgkqum sm a smesar mstã paskikaecha iarrmtc`metm ea pcikmetm.
=.
Wmrkgkqum sm a pcikmetm mstã `avk`metceha a hmha au prmsskaeceha a smesar.
7.
32=
Wmrkgkqum sm a smesar mstã hcekgkicha.
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
▩ Rradjm`cs Rradjm`cs ec cgmrkîéa cgmrk cgmrkîéa hc RCEK Rradjm`c
Yajuîéa 3. Wmrkgkqum sm fauvm msicpm hm cr, hadrc au hcea ea `cenukta au tuda iaemitar hm `cenukta. 4. Wmrkgkqum sm a tc`cefa hc drcîchmkrc ë chmqucha ca partm ha pcikmetm.
Cgmrkîéa hc RCEK mstã kestãvmj
9. Wmrkgkqum sm c pasturc ha pcikmetm au sm a jaicj hm cgmrkîéa ë chmqucha. 8. Wmrkgkqum sm a pcikmetm sm `avk`metc hurcetm c cgmrkîéa. =. Wmrkgkqum sm c drcîchmkrc mstã `ukta cpmrtchc au `ukta grauxc.
▩ Rradjm`cs cgmrkîéa Rradjm`cs ec cgmrk cgmrkîéa hc RK Rradjm`c
Yajuîéa
Cgmrkîéa hc prmsséa crtmrkcj ë kestãvmj.
Tm`avc cs dajfcs hc jkefc ha lkt hm RK.
Tuàha smvmra au pajcrkzcîéa
Eéa `mxc au taqum ec ãrmc hm iaemxéa ha smesar hm
ec iurvc.
RK.
Ykhmstrmc`) ) ▩Rradjm`cs ▩Rradjm`cs ec cgmrkîéa cgmrkîéa hc MtIA4 (@ (@ù @ùùhuja huja hm IA4 @ckestrmc` au Ykhmstrmc`
Rradjm`c
Yajuîéa
Ymesar hmsiaemitcha
C jkefc hm c`astrcnm` eéa mstc iaemitchc ca mqukpc`meta. Iaemitm c jkefc hm c`astrcnm` ca mqukpc`meta.
MtIA4,
GkIA4
mxkdm eÿ`mra
327
eéa
Iaetctm c K@Gtmi
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Wmrkgkqum sm c jkefc hm c`astrcnm` au sm a gkjtra mstã Iurvc
hm
eÿ`mras
MtIA4 eéa
au
adstruàha, m jk`pm-a sm passàvmj. Hmvmrã smr traicha sm
séa
emimssãrka. Rcrc qum c `mescnm` eéa smoc mxkdkhc cpùs
mxkdkhas
mstm praimhk`meta, hmsiaemitm c jkefc hm c`astrcnm` m iaemitm eavc`metm.
▩ Rradjm`cs K`prmsséa Rradjm`cs hm K`prmss K`prmss éa Rradjm`c
Yajuîéa 3. Wmrkgkqum sm c `mescnm` ‚RTKEXMT‐ ë mxkdkhc ec tmjc. 4. Wmrkgkqum sm a JMH cimehm ec k`prmssarc ca jknã-jc.
Eéa k`prk`m
9. Wmrkgkqum
sm
a
pcpmj
tër`kia
mstã
paskikaecha
iarrmtc`metm. 8. Wmrkgkqum sm c partc hc k`prmssarc mstã gmifchc. 3. Wmrkgkqum Tuàha hurcetm k`prmsséa
32>
c
sm
a
raja
mst ã iaetc`kecha
ia`
cjnu`c
pcrtàiujc au sm c menrmecnm` mst ã garc hc pask îéa. 4. Wmrkgkqum sm pcpmj mstã merasicha (`uhm a pcpmj).
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Mspmikgkicîýms Xëiekics Rcrä`mtras Rcrä`mtras
-
9 au > hmrkvcîýms hm MIN (icda hm trïs vkcs ë pchréa),RCEK, YpA4,
Tmspkrcîéa, 4 icecks hm RK (apikaecj), 4 icecks hm Xm`pmrcturc , MtIA4icpeanrcgkc(apikaecj) tkpa `ckestrmc` au skhmstrmc` Rcrä`mtras praimsschas? RCEK (skstùjkic, `ëhkc m hkcstùjkic), RK, Xm`pmrcturc, Icpeanrcgkc, YpA4, grmqúïeikc hm pujsa, grmqúïeikc icrhãic, grmqúïeikc rmspkrctùrkc. Rmrgar`ceim ha @aektar -
Xmjc (hkspjcy) tkpa? Hkspjcy hknktcj m` irkstcj jàqukha iajarkha
( JIH Iajarkha XGX) - Xc`cefa ha hkspjcy ? > pajmnchcs -
Tmsaju îéa
-
? WNC (622Э862)
Hkspjcy Xauif Yirmme Yirmme irmme (smesàvmj ca taqum) - apikaecj
-
Wmjaikhchms hm iurvc ? 7.4=, 34.=, 4=, =2``/smn
-
@ahujcr au prë-iaegknurcha (hmpmehmeha hc iaegknurcîéa msiajfkhc)
-
Iaenmjc`meta hc iurvc ? àtm` hm sërkm
-
Iurvcs mxkdkhcs mxkdkhcs ( (tmjc tmjc prkeikpcj) prkeikpcj) ? 9ic eck s MIN, YpA4, 4 KDR ,
-
Eÿ`mra hm iurvcs mxkdkhcs ? > iurvcs sk`ujtäemcs
-
Wcjarms eu`ërkias mxkdkhas ? GI,YpA4, GR,, RCEK, 4 RK, 4
Tmspkrcîéa au MtIA4
Xm`p, MtIA4 MIN -
MIN? icda 9 vkcs ( K, KK, KKK) ’ 3 icecj Icda = vkcs (ARI? K , KK, KKK, cWT, cWJ, cWG, W) ’ 9 / >
hmrkvcîýms -
Metrchc gjutucetm? Rratmnkhc iaetrc
hmsgkdrkjcîéa m autras patmeikcks hm cjtc grmqúïeikc (mx? mqukpc`metas mjmtraikrÿrnkias) ia` rmiupmrcîéa rãpkhc hc jkefc hm dcsm. -
Gkjt Gkjtra? ra? pcrc ru àhas hm cjt c grmqú ïeikc / pcrc ruàh ruàhas as
pravmekmetms hc cjk`metcîéa mxtmrec =2/72Fz
326
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
-
K`pmhäeikc hm metrchc? @ckar qum = @ af`(=2/72)
-
I@TT ? `c `ckar kar qum 342hD
-
Grmqúïeikc hm dcehc ? 2.= ~ 82 Fz, 2.=Fz ~ 62Fz, 2.2=Fz ~ 82Fz,
2.2=Fz ~ 62Fz -
C`pjktuhm (ncefa)? 4.=, =, 32, 42, 92, 82``/`W, Cuta
-
Iurvc hm icjkdrcîéa ? 3`Wp-p, ³32%
-
Hmtmiîéa hm crrkt`kcs? ktm` hm sërkm - Ceãjksm Ymn`meta YX? Msicjc? -;.;`` ~ +;.;``, Tmsajuîéa? 2.3``
-
Hmtmiîéa hm `cricpcssa
Grmqúïeikc Icrhàcic (GI) -
Msicjc? 2 ~ 922dp`
-
Rrmikséa? ³ 3dp` au 3%
YpA4 YpA 4 (Axk`mtrkc (Axk`mtrkc hm Rujsa Rujsa) ) -
Msicjc? 2 ~ 322%
-
Rrmikséa ? >2 ~ 322% YpA4 ? ³ 4% =2 ~ 7;% YpA 4 ? ³ 9% 42 ~ 8;% YpA 4 ? Eéa mspmikgkicha
-
Msicjc hm cjcr`m ?
Jk`ktm `ãxk`a - 43 ~ ;;%, HMYJ
Jk`ktm `àek`a - HMYJ, 43 ~ ;;% -
Grmqúïeikc hm Rujsa (GR) ? 2 ~ 922dp`
-
Rrmikséa hc GR ? 2 ~ 922dp` ³3 dp` au 3%
RCEK (Rrmsséa Crtmrkcj EéaEéa -Kevcskvc) -Kevcskvc) -
@ët @ëtaha aha? ? Asikja`ëtrkia, `mesurcîéa cuta`ãtkic.
-
Wcja Wcjarms rms mxkd mxkdkhas khas? ? Ykst ùjkic , Hkcstùjk ic m @ëhk c
-
Msicjc hm Mxkdkîéa? RTMYYÉA YKYXÙJKIC
CH]JXA 72 ~ 4>2 ``Fn
EMAECXA =2 ~ 392 ``Fn
@ËHKC
8= ~ 4== ``Fn
82 ~ 342 ``Fn
HKCYXÙJKIC
82 ~ 48= ``Fn
92 ~ 322 ``Fn
-
Rrmikséa ?
³6 ``Fn(Ykstùjkic m Hkcstùjkic),
-
Rrmsséa @ãxk`c hm Cgmrkîéa ? Chujta ’ 922``Fn EDT KMI 72723-4-92
³ = ``Fn. Emaecta ’ 3=2``Fn ³ = ``Fn
32;
³= ``Fn (@ëhkc)
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
-
Msicjc hm Cjcr`m Wcjarms
@ãx
@àe
RCEK
Ykstùjkic
82 ~ 4;=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 9= ~ 4;2
\``FnP
Hkcstùjkic
92 ~ 46=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 4= ~ 462
@ëhkc 9= ~ 4;2, HMYJ HMYJ, 92 ~ 46= - @aha ? @ceucj, Cuta`ãtkia (3, 4, 9, 8, =, 32, 3=, 42, 92 `ke. m 3, 4, 8, 6 ,34 farcs hm ketmrvcja metrm cs `mhkîýms) Tmspkrcîéa Tmspkrcîéa -
-
Msicjc? 2 ~ 422 rp` @ëtaha? K`pmhäeikc Xrcestarãxkic (dka-k`pmhäeik c)
-
Rrmikséa?
-
Wmjaikhchm hc Iurvc? 7.4=, 34.=, 4=, =2 ``/smn
³4% au ³4 rp`
-
C`pjktuhm? x2.4=, x2.=, x3, x4, x9, x8, C]XA
-
Msicjc ha Cjcr`m hm Cpeëkc? HMYJ, 32 ~ 82 smn
(Rrmsséa Rrmsséa Kevcskvc) Apikaecj ikaecj RK ( Kevcskvc) - Ap ikaecj -
Msicjc? -=2 ~ 9=2``Fn
-
Icecks? 4 icecks
-
Rrmikséa?
-
Msicjc Cuta zmra? ³422``Fn
-
Msicjc hm Cjcr`ms
³ 3%``Fn
Wcjarms
@ãx
@àe
RK
Ykstùjkic
82 ~ 4;=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 9= ~ 4;2
\``FnP
Hkcstùjkic
92 ~ 46=, HMYJ
HMYJ, 4= ~ 462
@ëhkc
9= ~ 4;2, HMYJ
HMYJ, 92 ~ 46=
XM@R (Xm`pmrcturc) (Xm`pmrcturc)
-
Msicjc? 2 ~ =2℉
( ) ( )
-
Rrmikséa? 4=.2℉ ~ =2.2℉ ³ 2.3℉
-
Msicjc hm Cjcr`m? Jk`ktm ha cjcr`m ‚@ÃV‐? 42.2℉
~
8;.;℉, HMYJ Jk`ktm ha Cjcr`m ‚@ÀE‐? HMYJ, 32.3℉
332
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
~ 82.2℉ Apikaecj ikaecj MtIA4 (Icpeanrcgkc (Icpeanrcgkc) Icpeanrcgkc) ’ Ap ikaecj
@ckestrmc` (Gcdrkicetm? Tmspkraekis® - @ahmja? Icpeastct) Icpeastct) `ahujcr (Gcdrkicetm? Tmspkraekis® mxtmrea - Xm`pa hm cqumik`meta ? `mear qum 3= smnuehas (4=℉) - @ëtaha? @ckestrmc` (gjuxa prkeikpcj) - Msicjc hm IA4 ? 2 ~ 3=2``Fn, 2 ~ 3;.>%, 2 ~ 42 lRc(c >72``Fn) - Tmsajuîéa IA4 ? 2 ~ 7; ``Fn 2.3``Fn >2 ~ 3=2 ``Fn 2.4=``Fn - Rrmikséa IA4 ? 2 ’ 82 ``Fn
³4 ``Fn
83 ’ >2 ``Fn
³=% hc jmkturc
>3 ’ 322 ``Fn
³6% hc jmkturc
323 ’ 3=2 ``Fn ³32% hc jmkturc - Msicjc Grmq. Tmspkrcîéa (GT) ? 2 ~ 3=2 DR@ - Rrmikséa ? ³3 DR@ - Tmquksktas mjëtrkias ? +2.= WHI,
3.34= ^ (@cx 3.= ^)
- Xm`pmrcturc/u`khchm? c`dkmetm hm apmrcîéa 2 ~ 8=℉, 32 ~ ;2% u`khchm rmjctkvc. cr`czmec`meta -82 ~ >2℉, : ;2% u`khchm rmjctkvc. - Rratmîéa KRV ? KRV8 (iarpa ha smesar, cpmecs)
Ykhmstrmc` (Gcdrkicetm? (Gcdrkicetm? Tmspkraekis® Tmspkraekis® - @ahmja? JaGja) `ahujcr mxtmrea au ketmrea. - Mxkdkîéa kekikcj ? `mear qum 42 smnuehas (4=℉) - @ëtaha? Ykhmstrmc` (gjuxa jctmrcj) - Msicjc hm IA4? 2 ~ 3=2``Fn, 2 ~ 3;.>%, 2 ~ 42 lRc (c >72``Fn) - Tmsajuîéa IA4 ? 2 ~ 7; ``Fn 2.3``Fn >2 ~ 3=2 ``Fn 2.4=``Fn
333
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
- Rrmikséa IA4 ? 2 ’ 82 ``Fn
³4 ``Fn
83 ’ >2 ``Fn
³=% hc jmkturc
>3 ’ 322 ``Fn
³6% hc jmkturc
323 ’ 3=2 ``Fn
³32% hc jmkturc
Cik`c hm 62 DR@ ³34% - Msicjc hm Grmq. Tmspkrctùrkc (GT) ? 4 ~ 3=2 DR@ - Rrmikséa GT ? ³3 TR@ - Tmqukskta mjëtrkia ? +2.= WHI ³=% - - Xm`pmrcturc/u`khchm? c`dkmetm hm apmrcîéa ’-5 2 ~ 82℉, 32 ta ;2% u`khchm rmjctkvc. cr`czmec`meta -82 ~ >2℉, : ;2% u`khchm rmjctkvc. - Rratmîéa KRV ? KRV8 ’ Ypjcsf-praag (quceha c jkefc hm c`astrcnm` mstã kesmrkhc ea mqukpc`meta)
K`prmssarc - Aptkaecj -
@ëtaha? Xër`kia
-
Xkpa? Ketmrec
-
@ahas hm k`prmsséa c. C@DAY - (@cx 9 iurvcs) + Xmehïeikc d. I]TWC - (@cx 9 iurvcs) i. XMEH - Xmehïeikc
-
Rchréa ha pcpmj? =>``
Xmehïeikc Xmehïeikc -
Rcrä`mtras? GI, GR, YpA4, RCEK, RK, Xm`p, Ymn`meta YX, , MtIA4
-
Ctë > hkcs (376 farcs)hm nrcvcîéa hm hchas
Ketmrgcims Ketmrgcims
334
-
Rartc TY-494I ’ ia`uekicîéa ia` ia`putchar au k`prmssarc mxtmrec
-
Rartc TO8= (imetrcj hm `aektarkzcîéa ia` ia` A] sm` sm` gka). gka).
-
Icrtéa YH ’ ctucjkzcîéa hm sagtwcrm m rmsnctm hcs tmehïeikcs
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22 -
NÚXFME
Ycàhc MIN (mx? skeiraeks`a ia` hmsgkdrkjcîéa)
Mspmikgkicîýms gàskics
-
Xc`cefa? 3;2`` x 422`` x 362 ``
-
Rmsa? 9.2ln (ia` dctmrkc m iaegknurcîéa dãskic)
-
Cjk`metcîéa mxtmrec? 3.4C, 322-482W (smjmîéa cuta`ãtkic),, =2/72Fz
-
Iaesu`a? >2WC (@CV) Dctmrk Dctmrkc c ? 33.3 33.3W W 882 2`Cf< Xm`pa hm ic icrnc’ rnc’ ; farcs, farcs, Hurcîéa’ 362
`keutas. C`dkmetm -
339
Xm`pmrcturc? (Apmrcîéa? 32²I ~ 82²I / Cr`czmecnm`? -32²I ~ =2²I)
-
]`khchm? (Apmrcîéa? 92 ~ 6=% / Cr`czmecnm`? 42 ~ ;=%)
-
Rrmsséa Ct`asgërkic? >22 ta 3272 lRc
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Ymnurceîc
]sm cpmecs cimssùrkas garemikhas au rmia`mehchas pmjc Watm`. ]sm cimssùrkas m` iaegar`khchm ia` cs hkrmtrkzms ha gcdrkicetm pcrc usa m smus Rchrýms hm jaicjkzcîýms. A usa hm cimssùrkas, trceshutarms m icdas qum eéa smoc` cqumjms
I]KHCHA
mspmikgkichas pahm rmsujtcr m` cu`meta hm m`ksséa au rmhuîéa hm k`uekhchm ha `aektar NÚXFME->22.
CXMEÎÉA
M` icsas m` qum M@K icusc trcestareas, pahm smr emimssãrka rmcjaicr a skstm`c.
M@K
Cpmscr hmssm skstm`c smr gcdrkicha hm ciarha ia` cs mxknïeikcs hm M@K (Ketmrgcim Mjmtra`cneëtkic), a usa hmssm skstm`c ec prmsmeîc hm u` ic`pa mjmtra`cneëtkia pahm icuscr hmnrchcîéa `a`metäemc ha skecj vktcj. Icsa kssa aiarrc hm `aha grmqumetm, c Watm` sunmrm u`c rmvkséa ha c`dkmetm m` qum a skstm`c mstã smeha uscha, hm `aha c khmetkgkicr passàvmks gaetms hm m`kssýms krrchkchcs. Msscs m`kssýms pahm` smr pravmekmetms hm autras hkspasktkvas
mjmtrøekias
uschas
ec
scjc
au
u`c
scjc
chocimetm.
As
hkspasktkvas hm ia`uekicîéa, tcks ia`a imjujcrms m pcnmrs, pahm` icuscr m`kssýms. C mxkstïeikc hm rãhkas, XWs, au mqukpc`metas hm trces`ksséa hm `kira-aehcs tc`dë` pahm` icuscr c ketmrgcim. M@I
]` tmstm pcrc M@I (Ia`pctkdkjkhchm Mjmtra`cneëtkic) hmssm skstm`c gak gmkta hm ciarha ia` a Rchréa ketmrecikaecj hm M@I pcrc hkspasktkvas `ëhkias (KMI72723-3-4). Mssm Rchréa KMI gak chatcha ec Murapc ia`a c ear`c Murapmkc (ME72723-3-4).
338
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Ymnurceîc A `aektar NÚXFME->22 hmvm smr uscha ea c`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia mspmikgkicha. A ijkmetm au usuãrka ha NÚXFME->22 hmvm imrtkgkicr-sm hm qum mstã smeha uscha m` tcj c`dkmetm, iaegar`m hmsirkta cdckxa?
M`ksséa Mjmtra`cneëtkic Mjmtra`cneëtkic Mjmtra`cneëtki c M`kssýms
Iaegar`khchm Iaegar`khchm
C`dkmetm Mjmtra`cneëtkia Mjmtra`cneëtkia Mjmtra`cneëtkia - Hkrmtrkz A NÚXFME->22 utkjkzc memrnkc hm TG cpmecs pcrc smu gueikaec`meta ketmrea. Rartceta, cs m`kssýms hm TG
M`kssýms hm TG Nrupa 3
séa `ukta dckxcs m eéa hmvm` icuscr emefu`c
IKYRT 33 ketmrgmrïeikc m` mqukpc`metas mjmtrøekias qum mstmoc` prùxk`as. M`kssýms hm TG Ijcssm D IKYRT 33 M`kssýms fcr`øekics Ijcssm C KMI 73222-9-4 Gjutucîýms hm vajtcnm` / M`kssýms ketmr`ktmetms
M` iaegar`khchm
KMI 73222-9-9
K`uekhchm Mjmtra`cneëtkic Mjmtra`cneëtk ic Mjmtra`cneëtkic
Xmstm hm k`uekhchm
Xmstm hm eàvmj KMI
Eàvmj hm
72723
iaegar`khchm
C`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia mjmtra`cneëtkia ’ Hkrmtrkz
Hmsicrnc
³7lW Iaetcta
³7lW Iaetcta
A pksa hmvm smr hm `chmkrc,
Mjmtrastãtkic (MYH)
³6lW cr
³6lW cr
iaeirmta au imrä`kic. Icsa as pksas smoc` hm `ctmrkcj sketëtkia, c u`khchm rmjctkvc
KMI 73222-8-4 Iarrmetm
mjëtrkic
hmvm smr hm pmja `meas 92%. ³4lW pcrc jkefcs hm
³4lW pcrc jkefcs
C qucjkhchm hc memrnkc hmvm
rãpkhc / Xrcesktùrkc
garemik`meta
hm garemik`meta hm
smr hm u` c`dkmetm tkpkic`metm
/qumk`c
memrnkc
memrnkc
ia`mrikcj au faspktcjcr.
KMI 73222-8-8
³3lW
jkefcs
metrchc/scàhc
33=
hm
hm
³3lW
jkefcs
metrchc/scàhc
hm
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22
Xmstm hm k`uekhchm Wkdrcîéa
Eàvmj hm tmstm KMI
Eàvmj hm
72723
iaegar`khchm
³3lW
`aha
hkgmrmeikcj
rãpkhcs
vajtcnm`,
m
vcrkcîýms
hm
hm
iurtcs
ketmrrupîýms
vajtcnm`
hkgmrmeikcj
jkefcs
metrchc
hm
memrnkc
smr hm u` c`dkmetm tkpkic`metm ia`mrikcj au faspktcjcr.
:=% ] X
C qucjkhchm hc memrnkc hmvm
(5;=% qumhc m` ] X)
(5;=% qumhc m` ] X)
smr hm u` c`dkmetm tkpkic`metm
Rcrc ikija hm 2,=
pcrc ikija hm 2,=
ia`mrikcj au faspktcjcr. Icsa
82% ] X
a usuãrka ha `aektar
82% ] X
(72% qumhc m` ] X)
ketmeskgkichar hm k`cnmes
(72% qumhc m` ] X)
Rcrc ikija hm =
NÚXFME->22 mxknkr
Rcrc ikija hm =
KMI 73222-8-33
Hkrmtrkz C qucjkhchm hc memrnkc hmvm
:=% ] X
ec m`
`aha
³4lW `aha ia`u`
KMI 73222-8-=
Sumhcs
³3lW
C`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia mjmtra`cneëtkia ’
gueikaec`meta iaetàeua hurcetm >2% ] X
cs prkeikpcks ketmrrupîýms hm
>2% ] X
(92% qumhc m` ] X)
memrnkc, rmia`mehc-sm qum a
(92% qumhc m` ] X)
Rcrc ikija hm 4=
`aektar ketmeskgkichar hm
Rcrc ikija hm 4=
k`cnmes NÚXFME->22 smoc :=% ] X
icrrmncha c pcrtkr hm u`c
:=% ] X
(:;=% qumhc m` ] X)
gaetm hm memrnkc keketmrruptc
(:;=% qumhc m` ] X)
pcrc =s
au u`c dctmrkc.
9C/`
As ic`pas `cneëtkias hm
pcrc =s Grmquïeikc
hm
9C/`
memrnkc
grmquïeikc hm memrnkc hmvm`
(=2/72 Fz)
tmr eàvmks icrcitmràstkias hm
Ic`pa `cneëtkia
u` tàpkia jaicj ia`mrikcj au faspktcjcr.
KMI 73222-8-6 EAXC ] X ë c prkeikpcj vajtcnm` i.c cetmrkar â cpjkicîéa ha eàvmj hm tmstm.
337
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Eàvmj hm
Xmstm hm
tmstm KMI
k`uekhchm
72723
Eàvmj hm
C`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia ’ Hkrmtrkz
iaegar`khchm
TG Iaehuzkhc
9 Wr`s
9 Wr`s
Mqukpc`metas hm ia`uekicîéa partãvmks m `ùvmks hm
KMI 73222-8-7
3=2lFz c
3=2lFz c
TG eéa hmvm` smr uschas prùxk`as hm qucjqumr pmîc
62@Fz
62@Fz
ha NÚXFME->22, keijukeha icdas, au smoc, `cks jaenm ha qum c smpcrcîéa rmia`mehchc icjiujchc c pcrtkr hc mqucîéa cpjkiãvmj â grmquïeikc ha trces`kssar.
TG Krrchkchc
9 W / `
9 W / `
KMI 73222-8-9
62@Fz c
62@Fz c
4.=NFz
4.=NFz
9 W / `
9 W / `
62@Fz c
62@Fz c
4.=NFz
4.=NFz
Hkstäeikc hm smpcrcîéa rmia`mehchc
62 @Fz c 622 @Fz
622 @Fz c 4.= NFz Aehm R ë c grmquïeikc `ãxk`c hm memrnkc hm scàhc ë ha trces`kssar m` wctts (^), hm ciarha ia` a gcdrkicetm ha trces`kssar m h ë c hkstäeikc hm smpcrcîéa m` `mtras (`). Cs garîcs ha ic`pa pravmekmetms hm trces`kssarms hm TG, iaegar`m hmtmr`kecha par u`c pmsquksc ha jaicj mjmtra`cneëtkia,
c
, hmvm smr `mear ha qum a
eàvmj hm iaegar`khchm m` ichc vcrkcîéa hm d
grmquïeikc ,m. Rahm aiarrmr ketmrgmrïeikc prùxk`a c mqukpc`metas `crichas ia` a smnuketm sà`daja?
EAXC 3) C 62@Fz m 622 @Fz, cpjkic-sm c `ckar vcrkcîéa hm grmquïeikc. EAXC 4) Msscs hkrmtrkzms pahm` eéa sm cpjkicr c tahcs cs sktucîýms. C prapcncîéa mjmtra`cneëtkic ë cgmtchc pmjc cdsarîéa m rmgjmxéa hm mstruturcs, adomtas m pmssacs. . c.
Garîcs hm ic`pas hm trces`kssarms gkxas, tcks ia`a mstcîýms dcsm pcrc rãhka (imjujcr/tmjmgaems sm` gka m rãhkas `ùvmks pragksskaecks, trces`ksséa C@ m G@ m hm XW eéa pahm` smr tmarkic`metm prmvkstcs ia` prmikséa. Rcrc cimsscr a c`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia hmvkha
c
trces`kssarms
hm
TG
gkxas,
hmvm-sm
iaeskhmrcr
u`c
pmsquksc
hm
jaicj
mjmtra`cneëtkia. Icsa c garîc ha ic`pa `mhkhc ea jaicj m` qum a NÚXFME->22 gar uscha
33>
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22 mximhmr a eàvmj hm iaegar`khchm hm TG cpjkiãvmj cik`c, a NÚXFME->22 hmvmrã smr adsmrvcha pcrc vmrkgkicr smu gueikaec`meta ear`cj. Icsa smoc adsmrvchc gueikaec`meta cear`cj, `mhkhcs chkikaecks hmvm` smr emimssãrkcs, tcks ia`a rmarkmetcîéa m rmcjaicîéa ha NÚXFME>22. d.
Cik`c hc vcrkcîéa hm grmquïeikc hm 3=2lFz c 62 @Fz, garîcs hm ic`pa hmvm` smr `mearms ha qum \W 3P W/`.
Hkstäeikc hm Ympcrcîéa Tmia`mehchc
C hkstäeikc rmia`mehchc pcrc smpcrcîéa metrm mqukpc`metas hm ia`uekicîýms hm TG partãtmks m `ùvmks m a `aektar NÚXFME NÚXFME>22. . NÚXFME->22 ->22 Mssm `aektar NÚXFME->22 hmvm smr uscha m` u` c`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia m` qum trcestareas hm TG krrchkchas séa iaetrajchas. A ijkmetm au a usuãrka ha `aektar NÚXFME->22 pahm couhcr c prmvmekr ketmrgcim mjmtra`cneëtkia `cetmeha u`c hkstäeikc `àek`c metrm mqukpc`metas hm ia`uekicîéa hm TG partãtmks m `ùvmks (trces`kssarms). Cjë` hkssa, a NÚXFME->22, ia`a rmia`mehcha cik`c, hm ciarha ia` c memrnkc hm scàhc `ãxk`c has mqukpc`metas hm ia`uekicîéa. Grmquïeikc hm
Hkstäeikc hm smpcrcîéa hm ciarha ia` c grmquïeikc ha trces`kssar \`P
Memrnkc hm scàhc `ãxk`c ha
3=2lFz c 62 @Fz
62@Fz c 622 @Fz
622@Fz c 4.=NFz
trces`kssar \^P
W309 Wr`s
M309W/`
M3042W/`
M309W/`
2,23
2,34
2,33
2,24
2,49
2,28
2,3
2,9>
2,97
2,27
2,>9
2,33 2,9=
M3042W/`
3
3,3>
3,37
2,36
4,99
32
9,7;
9,76
2,==
>,9>
3,33
322
33,77
33,77
3,>=
49,99
9,=2
Rcrc trces`kssarms ijcsskgkichas c u`c memrnkc hm scàhc `ãxk`c eéa jkstchc cik`c, c hkstäeikc h rmia`mehchc m` `mtras (`) pahm smr mstk`chc usceha-sm u`c mqucîéa cpjkiãvmj â grmquïeikc ha trces`kssar, m` qum p ë ë c grmquïeikc hm memrnkc hm scàhc `ãxk`c ha trces`kssar m` wctts (^), hm ciarha ia` a gcdrkicetm ha trces`kssar. EAXC 3) C 62@Fz m 6 22 @Fz, cpjkic-sm c `ckar vcrkcîéa hm grmquïeikc. EAXC 4) Msscs hkrmtrkzms pahm` eéa sm cpjkicr c tahcs cs sktucîýms. C prapcncîéa mjmtra`cneëtkic ë cgmtchc pmjc cdsarîéa m rmgjmxéa hm mstruturcs, adomtas m pmssacs.
336
@ceucj ha ]suãrka >22
NÚXFME
Eàvmj hm K`uekhchm m Iaegar`khchm Xmstm hm k`uekhchm k`uekhchm
Grmquïeikc mssmeikcj \@FzP
Eàvmj hm k`uekhchm rmcj
TG iaehuzkhc 2,3= @Fz c 62 @Fz
9 Wr`s
62 @Fz c 4,= NFz
9 W/`
62 @F_ c 4,= NFz
42 W/`
KMI 73222-8-7
TG Krrchkchc KMI 73222-8-9
K`uekhchm Mjmtra`cneëtkic Mjmtra`cneëtk ic Mjmtra`cneëtkic Xmstm hm k`uekhchm
Eàvmj hm tmstm KMI 72723
Eàvmj hm
C`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia ’ Hkrmtrkz
iaegar`khchm
A `aektar NÚXFME->22 hmvm smr uscha ea c`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia cdckxa. A ijkmetm au usuãrka ha NÚXFME->22 hmvm imrtkgkicr-sm hm qum mstã smeha uscha m` tcj c`dkmetm. TG iaehuzkhc KMI 73222-8-7
9 Wr`s 3=2lFz c
9 Wr`s 3=2lFz c
62@Fz
62@Fz
A `aektar NÚXFME->22 hmvm smr uscha cpmecs m` u` jaicj djkehcha ia` u` `àek`a hm mgkiãikc hm pratmîéa hm TG m pcrc ichc icda qum metrm ea jaicj djkehcha.
Garîcs hm ic`pa garc ha jaicj djkehcha TG krrchkchc
9 W / `
9 W / `
pravmekmetms hm trces`kssarms hm TG, iaegar`m
KMI 73222-8-9
62@Fz c
62@Fz c
hmtmr`kecha m` u`c pmsquksc mjmtra`cneëtkic,
4.=NFz
4.=NFz
hmvm` smr `mearms ha qum c
9 W/ ,`. 9 W / `
9 W / `
62@Fz c
62@Fz c
Rahm aiarrmr ketmrgmrïeikc prùxk`a c mqukpc`metas
4.=NFz
4.=NFz
`crichas ia` a smnuketm sà`daja?
EAXC 3) Msscs hkrmtrkzms pahm` eéa sm cpjkicr c tahcs cs sktucîýms. C prapcncîéa mjmtra`cneëtkic ë cgmtchc pmjc cdsarîéa m rmgjmxéa hm mstruturcs, adomtas m pmssacs. EAXC 4) Ë mssmeikcj qum c mgkiãikc rmcj hc djkehcnm` m gkjtra hm ctmeucîéa ha jaicj djkehcha smoc` vmrkgkichas pcrc ncrcetkr qum ctmehc` mspmikgkicîýms `àek`cs. Garîcs hm ic`pas hm trces`kssarms gkxas, tcks ia`a mstcîýms dcsm pcrc rãhka (imjujcr/tmjmgaems sm` gka m rãhkas `ùvmks pragksskaecks, trces`ksséa C@ m G@ m hm XW eéa pahm` smr tmarkic`metm prmvkstcs ia` prmikséa. Rcrc cimsscr a c`dkmetm mjmtra`cneëtkia hmvkha c trces`kssarms hm TG
33;
@ceucj ha ]suãrka NÚXFME->22 gkxas, hmvm-sm iaeskhmrcr u`c pmsquksc hm jaicj mjmtra`cneëtkia. Icsa c garîc ha ic`pa `mhkhc ea jaicj m` qum a NÚXFME->22 gar uscha mximhmr 9W/`, a NÚXFME->22 hmvmrã smr adsmrvcha pcrc vmrkgkicr smu gueikaec`meta ear`cj. Icsa smoc adsmrvchc gueikaec`meta cear`cj, `mhkhcs chkikaecks hmvm` smr emimssãrkcs, tcks ia`a rmcjaicîéa ha NÚXFME->22 au a usa hm u` jaicj djkehcha ia` `ckar mgkiãikc hm pratmîéa iaetrc TG m gkjtra hm ctmeucîéa. .
Yéa Rcuja, 32 hm @cka hm 4232
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ @crimja Emudcumr Núetfmr Gcencekmjja Tmspaesãvmj Jmncj
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Tadmrta Rkzcrra Yceifms Tmspaes ãvmj Xëiekia Men.Dka`ëhkia ITMC-YR - =2799226;7
342
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