Grupo9 Post Tarea.

SISTEMAS DE COMUNICACIÓN

POST-TAREA - SIMULAR Y EXPLICAR EL TRANSMISOR FM.

Presentado a: ING. GONZALO MEDINA

Entregado por: CINDY MAYERLY HERNANDEZ GUERRERO Código: 1003519539 LUIS OLMEDO FERNANDEZ MENSA Código: 83.044.722 DIEGO LEONARDO PARRA BUITRAGO JHON EVER HERNANDEZ RIVEROS DANNY ALEXANDER FORERO

Grupo: 2150504_9

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS TECNOLOGÍA E INGENIERÍA 2018

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Contenido INTRODUCCION ............................... ...................................................................... ................................................. ..........3 DESARROLLO DE LA ACTIVIDAD ............. ............. ¡Error! Marcador no definido. 1. Introducción a los sistemas de comunicación ..................................4 2. Modulación Analógica .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 3. Redes y Medios de Transmisión ................................................ .................................................... .... 8 4. Se emplea un tono de audio de 5Khz 5K hz para modular una portadora de del ejercicio a simular, se tiene una desviación de frecuencia de 25Khz. Determinar índice de modulación y el ancho de banda. ......................... 11 5. Desarrolle la implementación del transmisor FM. Realice el video de simulación y relacione relacio ne el link en el informe i nforme de la actividad. ................... 11 CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................ ............................................................................ 1 88 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................... ..................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido. 9

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3

INTRODUCCION En este trabajo individual y colaborativos se plantean los temas y conceptos básicos y se identifican los sistemas de comunicación en el curso de comunicaciones industriales El término comunicaciones digitales abarca un área extensa de técnicas de comunicaciones, incluyendo transmisión digital y radio digital. La transmisión digital es la transmisión de pulsos pul sos digitales, entre dos o más puntos, de un sistema de comunicación.

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4

Desarrollo de la actividad Ejercicios teóricos 1. Introducción a los sistemas de comunicación

Realice un esquema de una emisora FM donde se relacionen mediante un ejemplo los elementos que lo componen: fuente, transmisor, canal, receptor y destino.

2. Modulación Analógica



Relacione parámetros teóricos de la modulación en FM, determine además el rango de frecuencias en Colombia usan este tipo de modulación.

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5

La modulación de frecuencia consiste en variar la frecuencia de la onda portadora de acuerdo con la intensidad de la onda de información. La amplitud de la onda modulada es constante e igual que la de la onda portadora. La frecuencia de la portadora oscila más o menos rápidamente, según la onda moduladora, esto es, si aplicamos a plicamos una moduladora de 100 Hz , la onda modulada se desplaza arriba y abajo cien veces en un segundo respecto de su frecuencia central , que es la portadora; además el grado de esta variación dependerá del volumen con que modulemos la portadora, a lo que denominamos “índice de modulación”. Debido a que los ruidos o interferencias alteran la amplitud de la onda, no afecta a la información transmitida en FM, puesto que la información se extrae de la variación de frecuencia y no de la amplitud, que es constante. Como consecuencia de estas características de modulación podemos observar cómo la calidad de sonido o imagen i magen es mayor cuando modulamos en frecuencia que cuando lo hacemos en amplitud. Las emisoras de FM pueden trabajar en bandas de frecuencias muy altas, en las que las interferencias en AM son importantes; las

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6

que pueda haber emisoras de la misma frecuencia situadas a unos cientos de kilómetros sin que se interfieran entre ellas. 

Relacione en el diagrama de bloques del transmisor y de recepción para FM presentado en la Tarea 2. Indique en el montaje del transmisor FM la funcionalidad de los siguientes s iguientes bloques funcionales: oscilador, modulador, amplificador de potencia.

Diagrama de bloques del transmisor

Diagrama de bloques del receptor para FM

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7

Bloques funcionales

Funcionalidad

Oscilador

Un oscilador es un sistema capaz de crear perturbaciones o cambios periódicos o cuasiperiódicos en un medio, ya sea un medio material (sonido) o un campo electromagnético (ondas de radio, microondas, infrarrojo, luz visible, rayos X, rayos gamma, rayos cósmicos).

Modulador

El modulador es el dispositivo electrónico que varía la forma de onda de una señal (modula) de acuerdo a una técnica específica, para poder ser enviada por un canal de transmisión hasta el dispositivo o los dispositivos que incorporen un demodulador apto para dicha técnica.

Amplificador de potencia

Un amplificador de potencia es aquel cuya etapa de salida se ha diseñado para que sea

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8



Indique en el esquema de simulación propuesto pr opuesto de simulación, al final de la guía, la función que cumplen cada uno de los dispositivos que constituyen las diferentes etapas del transmisor.

3. Redes y Medios de Transmisión Relacione los tipos de antenas usados en la transmisión FM e indique el patrón de radiación tanto para el receptor como transmisor.

Antena Monopolo vertical con plano a tierra

Entre las principales características de la

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9

Irradia la mitad de la potencia de la antena dipolo. Sus propiedades y parámetros principales son: 

Polarización: Vertical.



Ganancia: 4.76 dB.



Ancho de Banda: 5 a 40%



Resistencia: 37 ohms.



Longitud de Onda: ¼

Antena Dipolo vertical

El dipolo se suele encontrar en prácticamente todos los servicios que

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10

nombre lo indica, este tipo de antena se construye y utiliza para una sola frecuencia presentando un buen compromiso entre directividad y tamaño. Esta antena puede situarse de manera horizontal o vertical con respecto a la superficie terrestre dependiendo de los requerimientos de los servicios, su patrón de radiación es omnidireccional en el plano H, utilizado para aplicaciones como comunicaciones móviles. Antena Yagi de “N” Elementos

Es una antena direccional compuesta por elementos parásitos y un elemento activo Paubicados entre ellos de forma paralela soportados s oportados por un

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11

Ejercicios prácticos 4. Se emplea un tono de audio de 5Khz 5 Khz para modular una portadora de del ejercicio a simular, se tiene una desviación desvia ción de frecuencia de 25Khz. Determinar índice de modulación y el ancho de banda. Calculamos el índice de modulación m de la señal de FM:  =

 =

∆  

  ∗    ∗   

=

Podemos calcular el ancho de banda según se gún Carlson mediante la siguiente formula:  =  ·  · ( + ) =  ·  · ( ( + ) = 

Ejercicio simulado 5. Desarrolle la implementación del transmisor FM. Realice el video vid eo de simulación y relacione el link en el informe de la actividad. Simulación de la señal FM en Simulink

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12

Se verifica la señal a medida que aumenta la rampa

Implementación en Proteus Esquema circuital del transmisor de FM El esquema del transmisor de FM que se va a desarrollar en esta práctica se

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13

Modo de funcionamiento de un transmisor de FM En la siguiente figura se muestra el diagrama de bloques de un transmisor de FM. Oscilad 

Oscilador 2 Anten

Mezclad  Micrófon

Amplificad 

Modulador

Amplificad 

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14

Proteus

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15

2 Condensadores Cerámicos de .1uF/50v 2 Condensadores Cerámicos de 2.7pF/50v (También pueden usar de 2.5pF) 1 Condensador ajustable de 5-60pF (trimmer) 2 Resistencias 1k, 1 Resistencia 15K, 1 Resistencia 6.8k, 2 Resistencias 10K, 2 Resistencias 4.7K, 1 Resistencia 2.2K, 1 Resistencia 220 Ohm. 50 cm. Alambre para puentes de 0.51mm de diámetro (24 AWG) Tornillos varios 1 Conector + Soporte para Batería 5 Espadines o Pines (ver imagen) 1 Baquelita 1 Batería 9V Cautín Taladro Soldadura Estaño Estructura del transmisor FM

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16

Link del video https://youtu.be/M_bb-jD5Bx4

Circuito Del Transmisor

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17

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18

CONCLUSIONES 



Dentro de las modulaciones se encuentra la AM y Angular (PM y FM) que son analógicas cada una con aplicaciones específicas. Dentro de la AM la señal moduladora modifica en amplitud a la portadora, mientras que en la FM modifica la frecuencia; cabe mencionar que PM no es muy común su utilización debido a su complejidad. Así mismo se dice que el ruido es uno de los enemigos de la comunicación; por lo que en la AM se usa los filtros por ejemplo la banda lateral la teral única o portadora suprimida, lo que permite que disminuya el ruido. El conocimiento de las diferentes bandas y áreas del espectro electromagnético asociadas a las comunicaciones en nuestro país es

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19

BIBLIOGRAFIA 

Blake, R. (2004). Modulación de la Amplitud. Sistemas electrónicos de comunicaciones. Cengage Learning Editores. (pp. 101- 170). Recuperado de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2081/ps/retrieve.do?resultListT ype=RELATED_DOCUMENT&userGroupName=unad&inPS=true&cont entSegment=&prodId=GVRL&isETOC=true¤tPosition=1&docI