Grupo 9 - Trabajo 1 - Sismo Resistente

 

 

‖Eõj m`f Djrtef`hbgb`ctj m` fe Xjk`recçe Cehbjcef‗ 

Dehuftem m` Bcn`cb`rçe

bvbf 

Jcmes Xçsgbhes

Efugcjs?

Håcterj Qekfj Oebr [jn`r     Luerheye Jrc`te O`sÿs Lunj   G`re Gbrecme Xl`bfy Dekbece   Føp`z [egçr`z Fbzk`tl Fuz  

C1152) E sç gbsgj, fes jcmes bct`rces s` m`muh` e pertbr m` fes `huehbjc`s m` Heuhly qu` r`fehbjcec fjs `sdu`rzjs hjc fes eh`f`rehbjc`s `c uc g`mbj `fåstbhj. Hjgprjkecmj qu` `s  pjsbkf` m` vjfug`c y qu`r`sp`htbveg`ct`, `f g`mbj `s bsøtrjpj, s` jktb`c` uce `huehbøcm`s`stbger `shefer y fes jtredu`rzes v`htjrbef qu` bcmbhec, fe pr`s`chbe m` uce  p`rturkehbøc  p`rturkehb øc brrjtehbjcef y jtre rjtehbjcef. @stes p`rturkehbjc` p`rturkehbjc`ss hjrr`spjcm`c, e su v`z, e fes jcmes Q y X huyes v`fjhbmem`s vb`c`c memes pjr fes `xpr`sbjc`s?

Dbcefg`ct` s` ff`nerå e uce s`rb` m` hjchfusbjc`s qu` s` m`ketbrå `c fe ljre m` hfes`s.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

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M@XE[[JFFJ

M`dbcbhbøc m` jcmes sçsgbhes Jcmes `fåstbhes n`c`remes pjr uc sbsgj qu` s` prjpenec e pertbr m`f djhj `c tjmes mbr`hhbjc`s. Jtre m`dbcbhbøc gås edçc e fe prjsp`hhbøc p`trjf`re `s qu`? Fe fbk`rehbøc bcstectåc`e m` uc  pufsj m` `c`rnçe `c`rnçe g`håcbhe `c uc puctj m` fe sup`rdbhb` sup`rdbhb` m`f t`rr`cj n`c`re uce uce s`rb` m` jcmes m` mbd`r`ct`s tbpjs hjc mbd`r`ct`s gjmjs y v`fjhbmem`s m` prjpenehbøc

M`shrbphbøc y hereht`rçstbhes

Fes jcmes sçsgbhes sjc perh`fes m` `c`rnçe m` m`djrgehbøc `fåstbhe qu` s` prjpenec m`sm` uce du`ct` sçsgbhe (hjgj uc t`rr`gjtj j uce `xpfjsbøc) lehbe du`re. Fes du`ct`s sçsgbhes eprjpbemes pere fe prjsp`hhbøc sçsgbhe sjc equ`ffes qu` n`c`rec tr`c`s m` jcme m` hjrte vbme hjcjhbmjs hjgj  pufsjs, qu` tçpbheg`ct` hjctb`c`c uc egpfbj recnj m` dr`hu`chbes. Fes m`djrgehbjc`s esjhbemes hjc `f pesj m` uc pufsj sçsgbhj s` pu`m`c hjcsbm`rer `fåstbhes, `xh`ptj `c fe zjce bcg`mbete e fe du`ct`. Hjc `ste esuchbøc, fes v`fjhbmem`s m` prjpenehbøc m` fjs pufsjs sçsgbhjs `ståc m`t`rgbcemjs pjr fjs gømufjs `fåstbhjs y fes m`csbmem`s m` fjs fjs get`rbef`s e trevâs m` fjs qu` pesec. @xbst`c mjs nrupjs ducmeg`ctef`s m` jcmes sçsgbhes? jcmes bct`rces j m` vjfug`c (kjmy wev`s) y jcmes m` sup`rdbhb` (surdeh` wev`s).

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

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]bpjs m` jcmes. Kåsbheg`ct` Kåsbheg `ct` ley tr`s tbpjs t bpjs m` jcmes. @f prbg`rj m` `ffjs, ffegemj jcmes prbgerbes u jcmes Q, hjcsbst` `c fe trecsgbsbøc m` hjgpr`sbjc`s y rer`dehhbjc`s m` fe rjhe, m` djrge sbgbfer e fe prjpenehbøc m`f sjcbmj.

@f s`nucmj tbpj, jcmes s`hucmerbes u jcmes X, hjcsbst` `c fe prjpenehbøc m` jcmes m` hbzeffe, mjcm` fes pertçhufes s` gu`v`c `c mbr`hhbøc p`rp`cmbhufer e fe mbr`hhbøc m` prjpenehbøc m` fe p`rturkehb p`rt urkehbøc. øc.

@stjs mjs tbpjs m` jcmes s` pu`m`c prjpener pjr `f bct`rbjr m` fe ]b`rre y cjs r`d`rbr`gjs e `ffes hjgj JCMEX M@ TJFPG@C j BC]@[CEX. @xbst` uc s`nucmj nrupj m` jcmes, ffegemes JCMEX XPQ@[DBHBEF@X m`kbmj e qu` sjfj s` prjpenec pjr fes hepes gås sup`rdbhbef`s m` fe ]b`rre, m`hr`hb`cmj su egpfbtum hjc fe  prjducmbmem.  prjducmbme m. M`ctrj m` `st` tbpj m` jcmes s` pu`m`c mbd`r`chber mbd`r`chber mjs gjmefbmem`s, gjmefbmem`s, m`cjgbcemes jcmes [eyf`bnl y jcmes Fjv` `c ljcjr e fjs hb`ctçdbhjs qu` m`gjstrerjc t`ørbheg`ct` t`ørbheg`c t` su `xbst`chbe. Fes jcmes [eyf`bnl s` djrgec `c fe sup`rdbhb` m` fe ]b`rre y leh`c qu` fes pertçhufes s` m`spfeh`c s`nÿc s`nÿc uce trey`htjrbe `fçptbhe r`trønreme.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

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Fes jcmes Fjv` s` jrbnbcec `c fe bct`rdeh` m` mjs g`mbjs hjc prjpb`mem`s g`håcbhes mbd`r`ct`s9 `c `st` hesj `f gjvbgb`ctj m` fes pertçhufes `s p`rp`cmbhufer e fe mbr`hhbøc m`  prjpenehbøc  prjpenehb øc m` fe p`rturkehbøc, sbgbfer e fes jcmes X, p`rj sjfj jhurr` `c `f pfecj m` fe sup`rdbhb` t`rr`str`.

M`ctrj m` `ste verb`mem m` jcmes, fes Q sjc fes qu` s` prjpenec hjc geyjr v`fjhbmem (m` elç su cjgkr`,  prbgerbes), pr`s`ctecmj em`gås fe hereht`rçstbhe m` pjm`r prjpeners` pjr huefqub`r tbpj m` get`rbef, s`e søfbmj j fçqubmj. Fes jcmes X vbeoec e uce v`fjhbmem efnj g`cjr (s`hucmerbes ) y cj s` prjpenec pjr geses fçqubmes. Qjr ÿftbgj, fes jcmes sup`rdbhbef`s vbeoec hjc uce v`fjhbmem g`cjr eÿc. @c fj qu` r`sp`hte ef `stumbj m` fes jcmes m` hjgpr`sbøc, fes mjs trecsdjrgehbjc`s prbchbpef`s e t`c`r `c hu`cte pere fjs dbc`s m` `st` trekeoj sjc fe  [`drehhbøc y fe [`df`xbøc. Egkjs  prjh`sjs s` njkb`rcec pjr fes fes f`y`s m` fe fe Øptbhe. Øptbhe. ]egkbâc ]egkbâc fes jcmes m` hbzeffe hbzeffe `ståc sjg`tbmes e bnuef`s prjh`sjs dçsbhjs y, pjr `ffj, fjs gbsgjs hjch`ptjs sjc epfbhekf`s e su `stumbj. @f r`nbstrj m` ucj u jtrj tbpj m` jcmes s` mbd`r`chbe kåsbheg`ct` `c `f tbpj m` s`csjr`s utbfbzemjs `c heme hesj. @f l`hlj m` trekeoer `c fjs `stumbjs sçsgbhjs m` r`df`xbøc prbchbpefg`ct` hjc jcmes m` hjgpr`sbøc s` m`k` e fe geyjr s`chbff`z jp`retbve m` su r`nbstrj.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

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Psjs m` fes jcmes sçsgbhes

@stumbjs m`f t`rr`cj? Fe prjsp`hhbøc n`jdçsbhe hjcstbtuy` uce l`rregb`cte guy v`rsåtbf `c

`stumbjs m`f t`rr`cj p`rgbtb`cmj jkt`c`r bcdjrgehbøc m` heråht`r hjctbcuj `c djrge m` gjm`fjs kbmbg`csbjcef`s y trbmbg`csbjcef`s m` fe `struhture bct`rce m`f t`rr`cj.

N`jt`hcbe?  Fe prjsp`hhbøc n`jdçsbhe hjgj g`tjmjfjnçe hjgpf`g`cterbe `c fjs `stumbjs n`jtâhcbhjs (ehtuefg`ct` jkfbnetjrbjs `c fe `o`huhbøc m` jkres m` vbvb`cmes, bcmustrbes y jkre

 pÿkfbhe), r`pr`s`cte uce l`rregb`cte l`rregb`cte hepez m` prjpjrhbjcer prjpjrhbjcer uce nrec hectbmem m` bcdjrgehbøc, `c pjhj tb`gpj y hjc hjst`s eoustemjs. Fes epfbhehbjc`s gås lekbtuef`s `c n`jt`hcbe sjc fe `stbgehbøc m` fe prjducmbmem m`f sustretj rjhjsj, hereht`rbzehbøc hereht`rbzehbøc m` m`sfbzegb`ctjs, `stbgehbøc `stbgehbøc m` rbpekbfbmem m` t`rr`cj, t`rr `cj, fjhefbzehbøc fjhefbzehbøc m` lu`hjs, deffes, `th. G`mbj Egkb`ct`? Fe prbchbpef v`cteoe m` fes tâhcbhes n`jdçsbhes, `c fjs `stumbjs egkb`ctef`s,

`s su heråht`r bcjhuj hjc `f t`rr`cj Erqu`jfjnçe?  @f `gpf`j m` hb`rtes tâhcbhes n`jdçsbhes `c `f ågkbtj m` fe erqu`jfjnçe epjrte

mjs v`cteoes prbchbpef`s, pjr uce pert` su heråht`r cj m`struhtbvj y pjr jtre fe hepehbmem m` ekerher nrecm`s år`es m` `stumbj `c p`rçjmjs hjrtjs m` tb`gpj. Gbc`rçe Hect`res y Nrev`res? Fe n`jdçsbhe `s uce m` fes l`rregb`ctes gås bgpjrtect`s `c

fe `xpfjrehbøc gbc`re, drutj m` fe v`rsetbfbmem m` fes tâhcbhes y su g`ojre e fj fernj m`f tb`gpj. @f `gpf`j m` `stes tâhcbhes epfbhemes hjrr`hteg`ct` hjrr`ht eg`ct` `c heme hesj hjchr`tj p`rgbt` m`fbgbter år`es `xpfjtekf`s, hukbher get`r get`rbef`s, bef`s, m`t`rgbcer nremjs m` eft`reh eft`rehbøc, bøc, `th @stumbj m` `struhtures? `struhtures ? Fes tâhcbhes n`jdçsbhes heme v`z sjc gås utbfbzemes `c fe

bcv`stbnehbøc bcv`stbnehb øc m` `struhtures `str uhtures pjr su heråht`r cj m`struhtbvj, repbm`z `c tjge m` metj metjss y r`fetbvj  keoj hjst`. Hjc `stes tâhcbhe t âhcbhess s` pu`m` `stumber `f `stemj m`f ljrgbnøc ljr gbnøc y m` su ergemure, bm`ctbdbher m`d`htjs jhuftjs (hjqu`res, nrb`tes, lug`mem`s.), m`t`rgbcer fe mbspjsbhbøc m` ergemures `c 8M, `th.

Pce v`z bm`ctbdbheme uce petjfjnçe y r`pereme, s` pu`m` r`p`tbr fe

bcsp`hhbøc n`jdçsbhe pere v`rbdbher fe `dbhehbe m` fe r`perehbøc.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

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Jkres m` bcn`cb`rçe Hbvbf? ]ectj `c fe des` m` prjy`htj, hjcstruhhbøc hjgj m`

gect`cbgb`ctj gect`cbgb`c tj fe n`jdçsbhe `s uce l`rregb`cte m` bcv`stbnehbøc bcv`stbnehbøc egpfbeg`ct` utbfbzeme ut bfbzeme.. X` utbfbze `c fe bcv`stbnehbøc m` tÿc`f`s, pu`ct`s, m`sgjct`s, t`rrepf`c`s, dbrg`s, vçes dârr`es, `th. N`c`refg`ct` s` utbfbze pere m`t`rgbcer su `struhture bct`rce, `stbger `sp`sjr`s m` hepes, m`fbgbter zjces m` lug`mem, fjhefbzer pjsbkf`s lu`hjs, drehtures, dreht ures, `th

Qrjpb`me Qrjpb`mem`s m`s m` fes jcmes? r`df` r`df`xbøc xbøc y r`drehhbøc [`df`xbøc. - Fe r`df`xbøc m` uce jcme `s `f r`kjt` qu` `xp`rbg`cte huecmj ff`ne e uc

jkståhufj nrecm`, hjgj uce per`m. Eucqu` `f jkståhufj eksjrke pert` m` fe `c`rnçe r`hbkbme (bchfusj vbkrecmj sb `ctre `c r`sjcechbe) s` prjmuh` tegkbâc r`df`xbøc r`df`xbøc `c fe qu` s` trecsgbt` m` vu`fte pert` m` fe `c`rnçe e fes pertçhufes m`f g`mbj bchbm`ct`. @c fe dbnure emoucte s` r`pr`s`cte uc dr`ct` m` jcmes pfecj ff`necmj e uce sup`rdbhb` ljrbzjctef hjc uc hb`rtj åcnufj b m` bchbm`chbe (s` gbm` hjc r`sp`htj e fe mbr`hhbøc cjrgef,  C) M` ehu`rmj hjc `f prbchbpbj prbchbpbj m` Luyn`cs, huecmj huecmj `f dr`ct` m` jcmes `gpb`ze `gpb`ze e "tjher" fe sup`rdbhb`, `f puctj E s` hjcvb`rt` `c uc cu`vj djhj qu` `gbt` jcmes s`hucmerbes y s`nÿc trecshurr` `f tb`gpj y `f dr`ct` EK ve bchbmb`cmj, r`pbt`c `st` hjgpjrtegb`ctj tjmjs fjs  puctjs m` fe sup`rdbhb` hjgpr`cmbm hj gpr`cmbmjs js `ctr` E y H. @f dr`ct` m` jcmes r`df`oemj, MH, `s `f `cvjfv`ct` m` fes jcmes s`hucmerbes qu` s` lec bmj `gbtb`cmj murect` uc tb`gpj bnuef ef  p`rbjmj m`sm` `f tregj EH m` fe fe per`m.

@st` gâtjmj s` le epfbhemj hjc nrec âxbtj `c `xpfjrehbjc`s pere fe bcmustrbe p`trjf`re, fjhefbzecmj m`t`rgbcemj tbpj m` `struhtures n`jfønbhes hjc fes qu` e g`cumj s` `chu`ctre esjhbemj `f p`trøf`j.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

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@f gâtjmj m` r`df`xbøc kåsbheg`ct` bcvjfuhre fj sbnub`ct`? Fe m`tjcehbø m`tjcehbøcc m` uc `xpfjsbvj `c uc pjzj sjg`rj j `c fe sup`rdbhb` m`f t`rr`cj, qu` s` trecsdjrge `c `c`rnçe vbkretjrbe fe huef s` trecsgbt` e trevâs m`f g`mbj `fåstbhj lehbe fe prjducmbmem9 m`spuâs m` uc hb`rtj bct`rvefj, `ste `c`rnçe `s r`df`oeme pjr huefqub`r mbshjctbcubmem dçsbhe j pjr `stretjs sukyeh`ct`s e fe sup`rdbhb` t`rr`str t `rr`str`, `, r`tjrcecmj lehbe `ste y prjvjhecmj `f g gjvb jvbgb`ctj gb`ctj m` uc trecsmuhtjr `f`htrjg`håcbhj (m`t`htjr). Fe s`õef m` `st` m`t`htjr `s egpfbdbheme, r`nbstråcmjs` `c `stes hjcmbhbjc`s `c uc jshbfønredj. M`spuâs m` epfbher hb`rtes hjrr`hhbjc`s e fjs tb`gpjs m` errbkj f`çmjs `c fjs sbsgjnreges `s dehtbkf` hjcjh`r fe v`fjhbmem m` trecsgbsbøc m` fe jcme u jcmes r`df`oemes, `ståcmjs` hepehbtemj pere `stbger huectbtetbveg`ct` fe prjducmbmem j prjducmbmem`s m` fjs ljrbzjct`s r`df`htjr`s y pjm`r trezers` `c uc pfecj. Qere fjs n`øfjnjs p`trjf`rjs `s m` nrec bct`râs hjcjh`r fes verbehbjc`s `c prjducmbmem m` fjs `stretjs j f`hljs sukyeh`ct`s e fe sup`rdbhb` m` fe tb`rre, `c funer m` su prjducmbmem eksjfute keoj `f cbv`f m`f ger.

[`drehhbøc.

Fe r`drehhbøc m` uce jcme hjcsbst` `c `f hegkbj m` mbr`hhbøc qu` `xp`rbg`cte huecmj pese

m` uc g`mbj e jtrj mbstbctj. @st` hegkbj m` mbr`hhbøc s` prjmuh` hjgj hjcs`hu`chbe m` fe mbd`r`ct` v`fjhbmem m` prjpenehbøc qu` tb`c` fe jcme `c egkjs g`mbjs. @c fe dbnure emoucte s` r`pr`s`cte fe r`drehhbøc m` uce jcme pfece m`sm` uc g`mbj 5 e jtrj g`mbj ;, supjcb`cmj qu` fe v`fjhbmem m` prjpenehbøc `s g`cjr `c `f s`nucmj g`mbj qu` `c `f prbg`rj. E g`mbme qu` `f dr`ct` m` jcmes EK ve bchbmb`cmj `c fe sup`rdbhb` m` s`perehbøc, fjs puctjs EH m` `se sup`rdbhb` s` hjcvb`rt`c `c djhjs s`hucmerbjs y trecsgbt`c fe vbkrehbøc lehbe `f s`nucmj g`mbj. M`kbmj e qu` fe v`fjhbmem `c `f s`nucmj g`mbj `s g`cjr, fe `cvjfv`ct` m` fes jcmes s`hucmerbes trecsgbtbmes hjcdjrge uc dr`ct` m` jcmes @H, `c `f qu` `f puctj @ `stå gås prøxbgj e fe sup`rdbhb` m` s`perehbøc qu` `f K. @c hjcs`hu`chbe, ef peser ef s`nucmj g`mbj fjs reyjs s` m`svçec eh`rhåcmjs` e fe mbr`hhbøc cjrgef C. G`mbect` uc rezjcegb`ctj sbgbfer s` hjgpru`ke qu` fe m`svbehbøc m` fe mbr`hhbøc m`  prjpenehbøc  prjpenehb øc tb`c` funer`c s`ctbmj hjctrerbj hjctrerbj huecmj fe jcme vbeoe m` uc g`mbj mjcm` su v`fjhbmem m` prjpenehbøc `s g`cjr e jtrj `c `f qu` `s geyjr.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

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Ef epfbhers` `st` gâtjmj s` eprjv`hle `f d`cøg`cj m` fe r`drehhbøc m` fes jcmes e trevâs m` fes mbshjctbcubmem`s m` heråht`r dçsbhj m` fes djrgehbjc`s, prjvjhemes pjr fe m`tjcehbøc m` `xpfjsbvjs, `c funer m` fe r`df`xbøc m` jcmes hjgj ye s` m`shrbkbø.

@st` gâtjmj tb`c` uce geyjr epfbhehbøc, s` emjpte `c djrge gås em`hueme e equ`ffjs  prjkf`ges mjcm` fes mbshjctbcubmem`s mbshjctbcubmem`s j hegkbjs hegkbjs m` djrgehbøc djrgehbøc `ståc gås prøxbgjs e fe sup`rdbhb` m`f t`rr`cj y gås pertbhuferg`ct` mjcm` s` m`s`e m`t`rgbcer fe prjducmbmem m` fe rjhe kesef j m` efnuce djrgehbøc kb`c hjcsjfbmeme. Cj jkstect`, fj ect`rbjr, `st` gâtjmj tb`c` uce pertbhufer epfbhehbøc `c `xpfjrehbjc`s p`trjf`res m` nrec prjducmbmem, mjcm` fe  pr`s`chbe m` hjgpf`obmem`s n`jfønbhes sup`rdbhbef`s y hjcsbm`rehbjc`s hjcsbm`rehbjc`s m` jtrj heråht`r mbdbhuftec fe r`h`phbøc fbgpbe y hfere m` fes jcmes r`df`oemes.  Cjrgefg`ct` fe fe r`df`xbøc y fe fe r`drehhbøc s` prjmuh`c m` djrge sbguftåc`e. sbguftåc`e. Huecmj Huecmj bchbm` uce jcme sjkr` fe sup`rdbhb` m` s`perehbøc `ctr` mjs g`mbjs, fjs puctjs m` `se sup`rdbhb` ehtÿec hjgj djhjs s`hucmerbjs, qu` trecsgbt` fe vbkrehbøc `c tjmes fes mbr`hhbjc`s y djrgec dr`ct`s dr` ct`s m` jcme r`df`oemjs r`df` oemjs y r`drehtemjs. r`dreht emjs. Fe `c`rnçe y fe bct`csbmem m` fe jcme j cme bchbm`ct` s` r`pert` r`pert` `ctr` egkjs prjh`sjs prjh`sjs (r`df`xbøc y r`drehhbøc) r`drehhbøc) `c uce m`t`rgbceme m`t`rgbceme  prjpjrhbøc..  prjpjrhbøc

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

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Qrjmuhhbøc Qrjmuhh bøc m` fe s`õef sçsgbhe/du`ct` m` `c`rnçe.- @c su tråcsbtj pjr `f suksu`fj fes jcmes

m` sudr`c uce et`cuehbøc qu` r`muh` prjnr`sbveg`ct` su egpfbtum. @c hjcs`hu`chbe, fe  prjducmbmemm m` bcv`stbnehbøc qu` s` pu`m` efheczer `c uc `st  prjducmbme `stumbj umbj sçsgbhj `stå jkvbeg`c jkvbeg`ct` t` hjcmbhbjceme pjr fe et`cuehbøc m` fe s`õef. ]ef l`hlj ff`ve m` bcg`mbetj e hjcsteter fe bgpjrtechbe bgpjrt echbe m` fe egpfbtum egpfbtu m m` fe s`õef jrbnbcef, `s m`hbr fe bgpjrtechbe m` fe du`ct` m` `c`rnçe. Qere `f recnj m` prjducmbmem e bcv`stbner g`mbect` `f gâtjmj sçsgbhj `xbst`c mbv`rses eft`rcetbves `c fj r`fetbvj e fes du`ct`s m` `c`rnçe qu` s` `gpf`ec lekbtuefg`ct`. @ctr` fes gås hjguc`s hek` hbter fes sbnub`ct`s?   Bgpehtj gecuef m` uc gertbffj m` 4-< in sjkr` `f t`rr`cj.

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  M`tjcehbøc m` hertuhljs `sp`hbef`s `c p`qu`õjs sjcm`js (1,0 g). Qjr `o`gpfj,

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`f sbst`ge

XBXXR

hjchertuhljs tbpj  Myc`rnbt m`serrjffem m`serrjffemjj pjr Mygegbt Cjk`f, `f

 K`tsy nuc, `th.   Heçme m` geses eh`f`remes. @c `st` nrupj s` bchfuy`c pjr `o`gpfj fjs sbst`ges



 @^N,

m` fe gerhe  KbsjcBcstr .   Q`qu`ões hernes `xpfjsbves m`tjcemes `c `f djcmj m` sjcm`js m` pjhe



 prjducmbmemm (5-; g).  prjducmbme   Tbkremjr`s



G`ojr qu` hjg`cter fes pertbhuferbmem`s m` heme uce m` fes du`ct`s m` `c`rnçe g`chbjcemes , s` hjcsbm`re p`rtbc`ct` r`gerher huåf`s sjc fes hjcmbhbjc`s bm`ef`s m` n`c`rehbøc y epfbhehbøc m` fes s`õef`s sçsgbhes. Âstes sjc?

Uu` fe s`õef s`e m` fe geyjr bct`csbmem pjsbkf` y, `c `st` esp`htj, `s jkvbj qu` `f jrm`c m`  pr`d`r`chbe s`rçe? s`rçe? `xpfjsbvj, geses geses eh`f`rem eh`f`remes, es, hertuhljs hertuhljs `sp`hbef`s, `th.   Uu` fe s`õef sçsgbhe t`cne uc `sp`htrj hjc uc cjtekf` hjct`cbmj `c eftes dr`hu`chbes



 pere eug`cter eug`cter fe r`sjfuhbøc v`rtbhef v`rtbhef m` fjs r`nbstrjs.   Gbcbgbzer `f `d`htj m` fes jcmes sup`rdbhbef`s y m` fe jcme eâr`e prjmuhb`cmj fe s`õef



`c `f djcmj m` p`qu`õjs sjcm`js y djhefbzecmj fe `c`rnçe lehbe ekeoj. @c `st` s`ctbmj, fjs `xpfjsbvjs m`tjcemjs `c sjcm`js kb`c r`tehemjs sjc fjs gås v`cteojsjs, s`nubmjs m` fjs hertuhljs `sp`hbef`s.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

55

 

  Em`gås m` fe prjpbe du`ct` m` `c`rnçe, `c fe trecsgbsbøc y gjmbdbhehbøc m` fe s`õef



 ou`nec uc pep`f r`f`vect` fes hjcmbhbjc`s m`f suksu`fj qu` ehtÿe cj søfj et`cue et`cuecmj cmj fe s`õef sbcj tegkbâc hjgj uc dbftrj pesekeojs `fbgbcecmj s`f`htbveg`ct` fes eftes dr`hu`chbes, fj huef r`muh` fe r`sjfuhbøc v`rtbhef m` fjs r`nbstrjs. Fe `dbhehbe m` tef dbftremj y fe et`cuehbøc m` fe s`õef sçsgbhe `s gåxbge gå xbge `c t`rr`cjs t`r r`cjs s`hjs y pjr `ffj fe sbtuehbøc bm`ef pere fe r`efbzehbøc m` `stumbjs sçsgbhjs m` r`df`xbøc `s equ`ffe `c qu` fe zjce sup`rdbhbef `stå hjcstbtubme pjr get`rbef`s nrecufer`s seturemjs.

]EKFE B.- 

Qertbhuferbmem`s m` efnuces m` fes du`ct`s m` `c`rnçe lekbtuefg`ct` utbfbzemes `c `stumbjs sçsgbhjs. @f prjh`mbgb`ctj m`f trekeoj m` hegpj m` r`df`xbøc y r`drehhbøc sçsgbhe.-   Hjcste m`

verbes des`s? 

]jpjnredçe y hjrt` m` fçc`es

 

? Hjcsbst` `c fe ukbhehbøc y ep`rture ep`rtur e m` pbhes `hjfønbhes `hjføn bhes (trjhle j fçc`es m` `xpfjrehbøc sçsgbhe) mbrbnbmes pjr uc nrupj m` tjpjnredçe `f huef g`mbect` `f usj m` tjpjnredçe hjcv`chbjcef (t`jmjfbtj y oefjc`s) j `qubpj `f`htrøcbhj qu` gerhe fes hjjrm`cemes pjr g`mbj m` setâfbt`, s` `cherne m` jrb`cter, cbv`fer fe fçc`e y s`õefbzer (hjc `stehes m` gem`re y pfehes m` zbch) fjs puctjs m` mbsperj y m` `stehbjc`s r`h`ptjres, m` ehu`rmj hjc uc prjnrege pr``stekf`hbmj. @c tjpjnredçe y hjrt` m` fçc`e bct`rvb`c`c mbv`rsjs trekeoemjr`s, m`p`cmb`cmj m`f t`rr`cj `xpfjremj y fe t`hcjfjnçe `gpf`eme, fjs huef`s s` `stekf`h`c h`rhe m` fe fçc`e sçsgbhe y hjcstruy`c hegpeg`ctjs gøvbf`s hjcjhbmjs hjgj vjfect`s.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

5;

 

 

Q`rdjrehbøc m` pjzj sçsgbhj ? @s fe ep`rture m` lu`hjs m` eprjxbgemeg`ct` 51 hg

m` mbåg`trj y uce prjducmbmem verbekf`, m`cjgbcemjs pjzjs9 pere fj huef s` `gpf`ec eyumes gecuef`s, gecuef`s, g`håcbhes

j c`ugåtbhes, m` ehu`rmj hjc fes

hereht`rçstbhes hereht`r çstbhes m`f år`e. Pce v`z s` ekr` `f pjzj `s c`h`serbj c`h`serbj gect`c`rfj, gect`c`r fj, memj qu` `st` tb`cm` e m`rrugkers` pjr fes mbv`rses pr`sbjc`s m`f suksu`fj, pere fj huef s` utbfbzec tuk`rçes m` QTH hjgj sbst`ge m` r`v`stbgb`ctj, `c huyj `xtr`gj mbstef s` hjfjhe uc tepøc eml`rbmj hjc sjfmemure m` QTH, hjc `f dbc m` `vbter `f ff`cemj m`f  pjzj.  

M`tjcehbøc y r`nbstrj? @c fjs pjzjs s` hjfjhe uce herne m` `xpfjsbvjs y s`

`xtb`cm` fu`nj uce r`m m` m`tjcehbøc. @c djrge hjcoucte s` bcstefe uc sbst`ge m` n`ødjcjs (bcstrug`ctjs qu` trecsdjrgec fe `c`rnçe g`håcbhe m`f gjvbgb`ctj sçsgbhj `c bgpufsjs `fâhtrbhjs), qu` p`rgbtbråc `f r`nbstrj m` fes jcmes sçsgbhes qu` s` jrbnbcec uce v`z s` leh` m`tjcer fe herne m` fjs pjzjs. Fjs bgpufsjs `fâhtrbhjs n`c`remjs `c fjs n`ødjcjs s` trecsgbt`c e fjs bcstrug`ctjs m` nrekehbøc y r`prjmuhhbøc qu` tjgec fe bcdjrgehbøc y fe r`nbstrec `c hbctes gencâtbhes gencâ tbhes j `c r`nbstrjs nrådbhjs m` pep`f. Qere ff`ver ehekj `f prjh`mbgb`ctj m`shrbtj ect`rbjrg`ct` s` c`h`sbte c`h`sbte m` uc `qubpj m` trekeoj qu` hugpf`c m`t`rgbcemes duchbjc`s, e hjctbcuehbøc s` v`r`gjs `f  p`rsjcef c`h`serbj c`h`serbj pere uce uce `xpfjrehbøc `xpfjrehbøc sbsgjfønbhe?   O`d` m` Nrupj  ‘ Hefhufbste. Hefhufbste. - @s `f r`spjcsekf` m` leh`r `f håfhufj `

j

bct`rpr`tehbøc m` fjs r`nbstrjs j sbsgjnreges jkt`cbmjs hjc `f `qubpj m` hegpj, esç hjgj mbkuoer fjs gepes sbsgjfønbhjs qu` gu`str`c fe  prjducmbmemm m` fjs hjctehtjs j f`hljs kushemjs.  prjducmbme kushemjs.   Jks`rvemjr. - @s `f r`spjcsekf` m` fe jp`rehbøc m`f `qubpj `c `f hegpj,

j

esç hjgj m` hjcs`rverfj `c ku`ces hjcmbhbjc`s m` jp`rehbøc. M`k` vbnbfer `f t`cmbmj m` fjs m`t`htjr`s sjkr` fe fçc`e m` `xpfjrehbøc.   ]bremjr. - Euxbfbe ef jks`rvemjr y mbspere fes hernes `xpfjsbves.

j

j

  ]jpønredj. - Fjhefbze fjs pjzjs m` tbrj y treze y cbv`fe fjs puctjs mjcm`

s` sbtÿ`c j hjfjqu`c fjs m`t`htjr`s.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

58

 

  Hegbc`rj. - Esbst` ef tjpønredj.

j

  Q`rdjremjr.- Q`rdjre fjs pjzjs m` tbrj `c fjs huef`s s` mbsperec fes hernes

j

`xpfjsbves.

Epfbhehbøc m` fes jcmes sçsgbhes `c fe bcmustrbe p`trjf`re.- Fe epfbhehbøc m` `stes jcmes

rembhe pr`hbseg`ct` `c fe m`t`rgbcehbøc m` fjs p`rdbf`s m` suksu`fj hr`emjs nrehbes e fes  prjpb`mem`s m` fes jcmes  prjpb`mem`s jcmes hjgj sjc `f m` r`df`xbøc y m` r`drehhbøc. r`drehhbøc. ]jme fe bcdjrgehbøc jkt`cbme e fj fernj m`f prjh`sj `xpfjretjrbj `s jko`tj j ko`tj m` bct`rpr`tehbøc `c fjs h`ctrjs n`jfønbhjs n`jfønbhj s y n`jdçsbhjs m` fes `gpr`ses `gpr`s es p`trjf`res. Effç `s mjcm` s` `stekf`h` qu` år`es pu`m`c hjct`c`r gectjs hjc m`pøsbtjs m` lbmrjherkurjs, huef `s su pjt`chbef hjct`cbmj y mjcm` s` m`k`c p`rdjrer fjs pjzjs `xpfjretjrbjs pere hjcdbrgerfj. M` equç p`trjf`rjs‗. surn` fj qu` s` ffege ‖prjsp`htjs  p`trjf`rjs‗

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

5=

 

HJCHFPXBJC@X  

]`cb`cmj `c hu`cte fj bcv`stbnemj tegkbâc s` pu`m` m`hbr hjchfubr qu` fes jcmes c`h`sbtec uc g`mbj get`rbef pere prjpeners`, `s esç hjgj fe `c`rnçe s` fbk`re e cbv`f m` fe hjrt`ze t`rr`str` esjhbeme e uc sbsgj, pjr `cm`, fjs sbsgjs c`h`sbtec m` uc g`mbj hjgj fes rjhes qu` hjcdjrgec fe hjrt`ze pere pjm`r prjpeners`, `c jtres  pefekres, sjc prjmuhbmes prjmuhbmes pjr fbk`rehbøc fbk`rehbøc m` `c`rnçe g`håcbh g`håcbhee `c `f prjh`sj m` rupture `c fe du`ct` sçsgbhe ye qu` sjc sjc perh`fes m` `c`rnçe m` m`djrgehbøc `fåstbhe qu` s` prjpenec m`sm` uce du`ct` sçsgbhe (hjgj uc t`rr`gjtj j uce `xpfjsbøc) lehbe du`re. Fes du`ct`s sçsgbhes eprjpbemes pere fe prjsp`hhbøc sçsgbhe sjc equ`ffes qu` n`c`rec n`c`rec tr`c`s m` jcme m` hjrte vbme hjcjhbmjs hjgj pufsjs, qu` tçpbheg`ct` hjctb`c`c uc egpfbj recnj m` dr`hu`chbes.

 

@xbst`c tr`s tbpjs m` jcmes. @f prbg`rj m` `ffjs, ffegemj jcmes prbgerbes u jcmes Q, hjcsbst` `c fe trecsgbsbøc m` hjgpr`sbjc`s y rer`dehhbjc`s m` fe rjhe, m` djrge sbgbfer e fe prjpenehbøc m`f sjcbmj hjgj tegkbâc mjs tbpjs m` jcmes s` pu`m`c  prjpener pjr `f bct`rbjr m` fe ]b`rre ] b`rre y cjs r`d`rbr`gjs r`d`rbr`gjs e `ffes hj hjgj gj JCMEX M@ TJFPG@C j BC]@[CEX.

 

Fes jcmes sçsgbhes hu`ctec hjc mjs prjpb`mem`s ? fe prbg`re prjpb`mem `s fe [`df`xbøc qu` hjcsbst` `c `f r`kjt` qu` `xp`rbg`cte huecmj ff`ne e uc jkståhufj nrecm`, hjgj uce per`m, `c jtres pefekres, `s qu` s` trecsgbt` m` vu`fte pert` m` fe `c`rnçe e fes pertçhufes m`f g`mbj bchbm`ct` y fe s`nucme `s fe [`drehhbøc hjcsbst` `c `f hegkbj m` mbr`hhbøc qu` `xp`rbg`cte huecmj pese m` uc g`mbj e jt jtrj rj mbstbctj. mbst bctj. @st` hegkbj m` mbr`hhbøc s` prjmuh` hjgj hjcs`hu`chbe m` fe mbd`r`ct` v`fjhbmem m` prjpenehbøc qu` tb`c` fe jcme `c egkjs g`mbjs.

Pcbv`rsbmem Qrbveme m`f Cjrt`

50

 

KBKFBJN[EDÇEX     lttp?//www.n`jdbsbhe-hjcsuftjr`s.`s/`s/sbsgbhe.ltgf 

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lttp?//www.umh.`s/m`p/mthjc/`struhtures p/mthjc/`struhtures/@]XEH/Bcv`stb /@]XEH/Bcv`stbnehbjc/]`rr`gjtjs/jcme nehbjc/]`rr`gjtjs/jcmess   lttp?//www.umh.`s/m`

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 Z 

  s%@Msgbhes.ltg s%@Msgbhes.ltg     lttp?//lyp`rply lttp?//lyp`rplysbhs.ply-estr.nsu.`mu/lk sbhs.ply-estr.nsu.`mu/lkes``s/^ev`s/s es``s/^ev`s/s`bsgbh.ltgf `bsgbh.ltgf  

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lttps?//`s.wbibp`mbe.jrn/wbib/]`rr`gjtj     lttps?//`s.wbibp`mbe.jrn/wbib/]`rr`gjtj

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lttps?//`s.wbibp`mbe.jrn/wbib/Ec`x `mbe.jrn/wbib/Ec`xj?]`rr`gjtjsZ`cZH j?]`rr`gjtjsZ`cZHjfjgkbe jfjgkbe     lttps?//`s.wbibp

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  lttp?//www.vbx.hjg lttp?//www.vbx.hjg/`s/ktn/hurbjsbme /`s/ktn/hurbjsbmem`s/;151/51/18/hjg m`s/;151/51/18/hjgj-s`-prjpenec-fesj-s`-prjpenec-fes-

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jcmes  sçsgbhes sçsgbhes  

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lttp?//sbsl.snh.njv.hj/vbsjr/     lttp?//sbsl.snh.njv.hj/vbsjr/

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lttp?//;11.552.