Grupo 01 - Elementos Estructurales Lineales

 

\JCULVPCDAD JA@CHJAM ^LDVH V\C[ GAMMH EA@\M A@\MT TAD DL CJGLJCLVCA @CUCM, @CUCM , PCPTLOAP PCPT LOAP S AVQ\CTL@T\VA LP@\LMA ^VHELPCHJAM DL AVQ\CTL@T\VA

LMLOLJTHP LPTV\@T\VAMLP MCJLAMLP LMLOLJTHP P\^LVLPTV\@T\VA

 Vucz Jlcra Bljry ^ahmh.  Mcza @baj`ael Bljry . PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP @ATLDVA;

AVQ. KHVGL L. AÑAP@H @V\[ADH

  

Mczaja @arrcmmh Dcmshj. @asas Jl`chsup Lolrshj Frayaj. Vholrh Buaoaj Mlydlr 

 

  @HM\OJAP Ma `hmuoja ls lm lmloljth lstru`turam vlrtc`am lopmladh para shstljlr ma `arga dl ma ldcec`a`cðj.

@HM\OJAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP Ls utcmczadh aopmcaoljtl lj arquctl`tura phr ma mcflrtad qul  prhphr`chja para dcstrcfucr lspa`chs am tcloph qul `uopml `hj ma euj`cðj dl shphrtar lm  plsh dl ma `hjstru``cðj

TC^HP DL @HM\OJAP ACPMADA

@HM\OJAP DL A@LVH

@HM\OJAP DL OADLVA

ADHPADA

@HM\OJAP DL @HJ@VLTH PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP

 

  @HM\OJAP @HM\OJAP DL @HJ@VLTH \ja lstru`tura dl `hj`rlth aroadh lstá ehroada dl; @hj`rlth (`loljth phrtmajd, arlja, grava y

Plgûj su `hophrtaocljth ajtl mas lxcglj`cas, lxcstlj eujdaoljtamoljtl dhs tcphs dl `hmuojas dl `hj`rlth aroadh;

agua). @ HM\ HM\OJ OJA A @H @H J LP LPTV TVCC FH FH P

Aroadura oltámc`a, qul `hjsta dl a`lrhs rldhjdhs, qul sl `hmh`aj `hoh lstru`tura.

@MAPLP DL @HM\OJAP ^HV P\ AVOAD\VA @HM\OJAP PCO^MLP

^rlsljtaj lstrcfhs slparadhs gljlrajdh ma sl``chj `uadrajgumar  @HM\OJAP [\J@BADAP

Tcljlj mhs lstrcfhs dl ehroa lspcram `hjtcjuh dl sl``chj `cr`umar dl oas dl slcs madhs PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP

@ HM\ HM\OJ OJA A[ [\ \ J@ J@ BA BA DA DA

 

  @HM\OJAP @HM\OJAP DL A@LVH  ^uldlj slr slj`cmmas, eafrc`adas dcrl`taoljtl `hj plrecmls lstru`turamls, lopmladhs `hoh lmloljth ûjc`h, h dl plrecmls `hopulsths, para mhs `uamls sl usaj dcvlrsas `hofcja`chjls, `hoh mas vcgultas.

@AVA@TLVÏPTC@AP DL \JA @HM\OJA DL A@LVH Pl puldl trafakar lj varchs pcshs a ma vlz, durajtl ma hfra grcs.

Ma eujda`cðj dl uja `hmuoja dl a`lrh ls dl oljhr dcoljscðj qul mas dl uja `hmuoja dl `hj`rlth ya qul lm plsh dl uja lstru`tura dl a`lrh ls oás mcvcaja qul ma dl `hj`rlth.

AM@MAKL @hmuojas `hopulstas dl ldcec`chs @HM\OJA

A )ls uj plrecm dl a`lrh abhgadh lj `hj`rlth, y mas dl mas F) y @) shj tufhs dl a`lrh, dl sl``cðj trajsvlrsam `cr`umar h rl`tajgumar, rlmmljhs dl `hj`rlth. PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP

VC@CDC[ADH V 

B\L@H ^AVA ^LVJH DL AJ@MAKL ^MA@AFAPL

 

  @HM\OJAP @HM\OJAP DL OADLVA ^uldlj slr dl varchs tcphs; oa`cza, ljsaofmada, `hopulsta y maocjadas ujcdas `hj plgaoljth

Dl a`ulrdh `hj ma lsflmtlz, sl `mascec`aj lj `hmuojas `hrtas y `hmuojas margas

@hmuoja dl oadlra ljsaofmada ^ara dcsphjlr dl lstl tcph dl `hmuoja dl oadlra sl tljdrá qul ljsaofmar dhs pclzas dl oadlra y varcas `uñas qul cráj am oldch dl mas dhs pclzas dl oadlra, plgadhs `hj plgaoljth, `mavadas h loplrjadas a mas `uñas.

@hmuoja dl Oadlra oa`cza

@hmuoja dl oadlra `hopulsta

Lsths pcmarls phsllj lj su lstru`tura uj shmh lmloljth(oadlra) y taofcãj shj `hjtcjuhs lj thda su lxtljscðj.

Phj `hmuojas cjdcvcduamls ehroadas phr varchs lmloljths dl sl``chjls oa`czas. ^hr mh gljlram, mas `hmuojas `hopulstas tcljlj mhs lmloljths ujcdhs ljtrl sï oldcajtl dcsphsctcvhs ol`ájc`hs, `hoh `mavhs h plrjhs thrjladhs.

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP

 

@HM\OJAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP

@HM\OJA DL FAOF\ •

@HM\O JAP •

@AVA@T LVCPTC@ AP

DL FAOF

Pcrvl `hoh lstru`tura phrtajtl, rlvlstocljh, pcsh, ljrl hrhs.

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PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP

Tammh dl ehroa `cmïjdrc`a, `hj judhs bul`hs slparadhs a partr dl afcquls qul ml hhrgaj lxcfcmcdad y rcgcdlz dl ehroa scoumajla.

^hsll uja ama rafakafcmcdad, pudcljdh slr `hradh, mckadh, `urvadh, hrjladh y raadh h coprlgjadh suplr`camoljl `hj farjc`ls h tjuras. Ulglam `hj oayhr `rl`cocljh dlm oujdh Mas lspl`cls dl faofû oas shfrlsamcljls dlm oujdh lj rlscslj`ca y durafcmcdad sl lj`uljraj lj Aoãrc`a y lj Asca.

 

@HM\OJAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP @HM\OJA DL FAOF\

L J P A O F M L

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP

 

@HM\OJA Q\AIL CO^VLPA LJ 0D Dcslñadhs; jh rlquclrlj jcjgûj tcph dl `loljth h ohrtlrh

oldcajtl uj ljsaofmakl lj sl`h, fasájdhsl lj lm artl cj`a

puldl olkhrar mas tã`jc`as arquctl`tðjc`as dl `hjstru``cðj `hjvlj`chjamls

Eafrc`ada oldcajtl coprlscðj 0D dl madrcmmhs dl arlja

dlfcdh am dcslñh y ehroa dl mhs madrcmmhs

 Ma loprlsa @amcehrjcaja Lolrgcjg Hfkl`t

sl ljtrlmazaj y quldaj aslguradhs ujhs `hj htrhs

`hophrtaocljth dl lstru`turas lj mhs ldcec`chs dl païsls `hj amta a`tcvcdad

phdrïa slr uj graj avaj`l lj lsths mugarls

sïsoc`a

@HM\OJA Q\AIL CO^VLPA LJ 0D jh plroctlj ohvcocljths su lstru`tura jh ls bhrczhjtamls ael`tada phr mhs tlrrlohths

Pl hfslrvh; mas parldls dl pcldra sl`a dl mas `hjstru``chjls Cj`as

jhtafml dcelrlj`ca ljtrl mas dhs sl ohvïaj ouy ph`h durajtl mhs tlrrlohths, vhmvcljdh a su sctch scj jcjgûj dañh lstru`turam

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP

ULJTAKAP `ada madrcmmh 0D puldl tljlr uj `ðdcgh qul cjdcqul dðjdl dlfl slr `hmh`adh

dlkaj lm pcmar bul`h; garajtza ama rlma`cðj rlscslj`ca-plsh fmhquls dl pcldra cj`a; grajdls y plsafaj varcas thjlmadas.

`apa`ls dl rlscstcr ma eulrza dl uj tlrrlohth scj suercr dañhs

Lstru`tura eá`cm dl ohjtar Faka prlpara`cðj, shmh rlquclrl ph`as cjstru``chjls

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

 @HM\OJAP AVFHVCEHVOLP AVFHVCEHVOLP mas `hmuojas arfhrcehrols sl fasaj lj uja rajsocschj dl ma `argas lj ehroa vlrt`am dl varchs pujhs basa mmlgar a uj s>mh pujh

PL @HO^HJL ^VCJ@C^AMLP;

DL

DHP

LMLOLJTHP

FAVVAP; lmloljhs vlrt`amls, varïaj dl  klrarquïa slgûj su phsc`cðj. JHDHP; ujcðj dl dhs h oas farras.

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

 @HM\OJAP AVFHVCEHVOLP AVFHVCEHVOLP JHDHP FAVVAP

MHP JHDHP LPTAJ DCPTVCF\CDHP \JHP LJ MA ^AVTL P\^LVCHV VL@CFCLJDH MAP @VGAP, A @HJTCJ\A@CHJ TVAJPOCTLJ @AVGAP DL FAVVA A FAVVA BAPTA

MAP FAVVAP TVAJPOCTLJ MAP @AVGAP DL JHDH A JHDH S UAVCAJ DL DCAOLTVH S MHJGCT\D PLGÛJ P\ \FC@A@CÐJ

MMLGAV AM A^HSH LJ LM P\LMH

OATLVCA MLP

A@LVH GAMUAJC[ADH   FAOF\

 

OADLVA

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

 @HM\OJAP AVFHVCEHVOLP AVFHVCEHVOLP

LK L O^ MH P

PAJTCAGH @AMATVAUA

ALVH^\LVTH DL PT\TTGAVT

PCOHJ ULML[

BHTLM @VHPPWATLVP @BCJA

^\LJTL ^LATHJAM @\FCLVTH

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

^LVECMLP LPTV\@T\VAMLP ^\M ^\MTV\CDHP TV\CDHP DL ECFVA DL UCDVCH UCDV CH •

Mhs plrmls lsru`uramls pumrucdhs dl fra dl vcdrch shjherl`lj farras lsru`uramls dl fra dl vcdrch dl dcelrljls ehroas,qul uja ama rlscslj`ca. Ls ph`h ph`h usadh `hoh lsru`ur lsru`uraa phr ma eama dl `hjh`cocljh shfrl lm dcslñh @ara`tlrcs`as;; @ara`tlrcs`as  Vlscstlj Vlscstlj`ca `ca a ma @hrrhscðj; lj mhs ljhrjhs y jcvlmls dl lxphsc`cðj a susaj`cas quïoc`as oás agrlscvhs.

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^h`h Oajtljcocljth; Oajtljcocljth; sus prhpcldadls ajt`hrrhscvas h lmcocjaj ma jl`lscdaddl mcopcarmhs `hj `bhrrh dl arlja, rasqullarmhsy pcjarmhs. Mhs prhdu`hs aofcãj shj eá`cmls dl mcopcar `hj uja bcdrhmavadhra bcdrhmavadhra dl ama prlscðj. Vltardadhr am Eulgh; Eulgh; Tcljlj uja `amc`a`cðj dl prhpaga`cðj dl mmaoa dl 6< h oljhs,

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Fakh @hsth dl Cjstama`cðj; Dlfcdh a qul shj mcvcajhs y eá`cmls dl utmczar lj `hjsru``cðj, mhs plrmls lmcocjaj ma jl`lscdad dl utmczar lqucph para mlvajar fumhs plsadhs.

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

^\MTV\CDHP DL ECFVA DL UCDVCH ^LVECMLP LPTV\@T\VAMLP ^\MTV\CDHP UCDV CH •

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LK L O^ MH P

Marga Dura`cðj; Mhs prhdu`hs dl fra dl vcdrch frcjdaj uja durafcmcdad y uja rlscslj`ca a ma `hrrhscðj lx`lmljls lj apmc`a`chjls lxcgljls y phr lsh frcjdaj uja olkhr vcda ûtm qul mhs oalrcamls radc`chjamls. Jh @hjdu`l ma Lml`trc`cdad jc lm @amhr; @amhr ; Ma fra dl vcdrch, phr slgurcdad, jh `hjdu`l ma lml`rc`cdad y tljl uj fakh gradh dl `hjdu`tvcdad ãroc`a, mh `uam da `hoh rlsumadh uj prhdu`h dl oayhr `hjehr `uajdh sl prhdu`l lm `hja`h sc`h.

ma prhdu``cðj dl plrmls sl rlamcza oldcajl lm prh`lsh dl pumruscðj ^umtru``chj ;Ma ;Ma pumruscðj ls uj prh`lsh prhdu`tvh dl `hjehroadh dl oalrcamls pmást`hs lrohrrïgcdhs para lrohrrïgcdhs para hfljlr plrmls dl pmást`h rlehrzadh, dl ehroa `hjtjua, sholtljdh mas oalrcas prcoas a uj arrasrl y paradh phr hplra`chjls dl coprlgjadh, `hjehroadh, `uradh y `hrl. •

Lsl prh`lsh sl `ara`lrcza phr uj fulj a`afadh suplr`cam

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP Ls uj lmloljh lsru`uram mcjlam, qul rafaka prcj`cpamoljl a lxcðj.

Lsl lseulrzh dl lxcðj prhvh`a ljschjls dl

@hoprlscðj

Lj mas vcgas ma mhjgcud prldhocja shfrl mas hras dcoljschjls y sulml slr bhrczhjam

Tra``cðj

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PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP @M APC EC@ A@C ÐJ

UCGAP DL @HJ@VLTH

UCGAP DL A@LVH

UCGAP DL OADLVA

1<

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP UCGAP DL @HJ@VLTH @hjjaocljh ljrl @hj`rlh

A`lrh

@hj ma jamcdad dl cj`rloljar su rlscslj`ca 15

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP TC^HP UCGAP DL @HJ@VLTH UCGAP ^LVAMTADAP

Ucga `uyh lsplshr ls oayhr am dl ma mhsa dlm l`bh

UCGAPP @BA UCGA @ BATTAP

Ucga `uyh lsplshr ls cguam am dl ma mhsa dl l`bh

UCGAP DL FHVDL

Ucgas dl Vloal

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PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP

UCGAP CJULVTCDAP

Ucgas qul tljlj lm plraml phr lj`coa dl ma mhsa

UCGAP DL PHMLVAP

Ucgas qul sl aphyaj lj mhs ourhs phrajls, ourhs lsru`uramls.

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PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP UCGAP DL A@LVH Tcljlj oljhr plsh qul lm Bhrocgðj ^rlsljaj uj `hophraocljh rïgcdh. Oás rlscslj`ca Phphra oayhr lseulrzhs dl `hoprlscðj y ra``cðj 13

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP UCGA C

Taofcãj mmaoada vcga B

Phphra bafcuamoljl pcshs, shphra uj oayhr graj plsh

Ma `hofcja`cðj dl mhs shphrls vlrt`amls y bhrczhjamls dcsrcfuylj cguamoljl lm plsh

6>

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP UCGA @AJAM @

Vlscsljls a ma `hrrhscðj

Eafrc`adas lj a`lrh gamvajczadh

Cdlamls para shphrar pasarlmas, raopas y pcshs

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP UCGAP DL OADLVA Ma oadlra ls uj fulj oalrcam dlsdl lm pujh dl vcsa lsru`uram, gra`cas a mas ã`jc`as y shmu`chjls `hjsru`tvas qul sl pmajlaj bhy lj dïa.

Ma oadlra sl puldl cjrhdu`cr `hj graj eulrza lj lm `aoph lsru`uram, aphrajdh uj graj vamhr lsãt`h-

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PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP Ucga dlFruh oadlra lj

Ucga dl oadlra aslrrada lopamoada lsru`uram

Oadlra oa`cza h aslrrada `uya

Pu sl``cðj rajsvlrsam lsá ehroada phr

lsru`ura y `hophsc`cðj prlsljaj ouy ph`hs `aofchs rlspl`h a ma oalrca prcoa

oadlra ls`uadrada Oadlra a ma `uam sl lmcocja mhs judhs

Pl plgaj mas lsas phr oldch dl ujchjls dljadas garajtzajdh oayhr rlscslj`ca

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PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP Ucga dl oadlra rïh dûh y

Ucga dl oadlra lj`hmadamaocjada

Eafrc`adhs oldcajl lm plgadh malram dl dhs h rls pclzas dl afmhjls

@hopulsa dl máocjas paramlmas, plgadas ljrls sï, ya slaj mcshjls h afmas.

Pl puldlj hfljlr vcgas dl graj `amcdad vcsuam y dl oljhrls dlehroa`chjls, grajdls sl``chjls y mhjgcudls

Pl puldlj ehroar vcgas rl`as h `urvas

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP



PHJ LMLOLJTHP BHVC[HJTAMLP MCJLAMLP Q\L @HJPTCT\SLJ LM AVOA[ÐJ H LPTV\@T\VA DL \JA @HJPTV\@@CÐJ, ^LVH Q\L P\ ^VA@TC@A JH LP O\S @HOÛJ H \P\AM.

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PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP   Ma vcga tufumar ls uj lmloljth lstru`turam

 prlsehrzadh dl `hj`rlth qul sl utcmcza  prlsehrzadh `hoh `hophjljtl phrtajtl lj scstloas dl  pcshs prleafrc`adhs prleafrc`adhs. 

 Lm scstloa a fasl dl vcga tufumar  euj`chja prá`tc`aoljtl para `ufrcr oayhrls mu`ls. Ascocsoh ma `apa`cdad  para rlscstcr `arg `argas as oayhr oayhrls ls ls suplrchr am dl ma vcgulta.

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP   Ls uj uja vcga lj lm `uam lm tljdðj va

dljtrh dl ujhs `hjdu`ths y ls tljsadh dlspuãs dl qul lm `hj`rlth ba eraguadh.   Asï lm prl lseulrzh ls `asc sclopr scloprll lkl`utadh lxtlrjaoljtl `hjtra lm `hj`rlth ljdurl`cdh, y mhs tljdhjls sl aj`maj `hjtra lm `hj`rlth cjoldcataoljtl dlspuãs dl prlehr prlehrzarmh. zarmh.

ULJTAKAP;   ^uldlj shphrtar `argas oas plsadas,

oas lmlvadas lopmladhs.

dl

mhs

oatlrcamls

  Jh sl agrcltaj `hj `argas dl trafakh y

`uajdh pudclraj aparl`lr, `lrraraj taj  prhjth dlsaparlz`a dlsaparlz`a ma dc`ba `arga `arga   Dlsdl lm pujth dl vcsta l`hjðoc`h ls lvcdljtl q lj oljhrls `ajtcdadls dl oatlrcamls a`lrh y `hj`rlth, sl rlquclrlj  para shphrtar mas ocsoas `argas, pulsth q mhs oatlrcamls shj dl oayhr rlscstlj`ca

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP @AVA@TLVÏPTC@AP @AVA@TLVÏPT C@AP DLM ^HPTLJPADH    ^clza prleafrc prleafrc`ada `ada h `hmadas lj

 sctch.  Pl apmc`a lm prl lseulrzh dlspuãs dlm `hmadh. rlquclrl rl dl dcsphsctcvhs   Lm aj`makl rlqucl ol`ájc`hs.

ULJTAKAP    Lec`clj`ca lj ma utcmcza`cðj dlm

`hj`rlth.   Vldu``cðj dl sl``chjls basta uj 0>%.   Vldu``cðj dl a`lr a`lrh h dl rleu rleulrzh lrzh lj `ajtcdadls oïjcoas.   Amcglraocljth dl ma lstru`tura. lstru`tura.   Oljhs plshs plshs dl `cocljths. `cocljths. lel`ths dl scsohs. scsohs.   Dcsocjuyl lel`ths

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP

 Mas vcgas a`artlmadas sl dlecjlj

`hoh lmloljths lstru`turamls qul varïaj dl sl``cðj lj mhs lxtrlohs dl ma ujcðj `hj mas `hmuojas `hj ma  ecjamcdad dl dcsocjucr mas dlemlxchjls y mhs oholjths phsctcvhs `uajdh sl cj`rloljtaj mhs jlgatcvhs.

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP \ •

@hoh amtlrjatcva lstru`turam para lm dcslñh dl ldcec`chs dl  grajdls mu`ls.

ULJTAKA •

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 Auoljta ma rcgcdlz matlram.  Vldu`l lm plsh.  Vldu`l ma amtura dl ljtrlpcsh.  Dcsocjuyl ma `ajtcdad dl `hj`rlth.  Ea`cmcta ma ufc`a`cðj dl mas dcelrljtls cjstama`chjls (sajctarcas, lmã`trc`as, du`ths dl acrl a`hjdc`chjadh).

DL ULJTAKA •

 Dcec`umtadls oholjth lj`herar.

am dl

PCPTLOAP LPTV\@T\VAMLP  

UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP

  Lstru`tura

rltc`umar dl

farras

rl`tas cjtlr`hjl`tadas lj judhs  ehroajdh trcájgumhs. Ma  ecjamcdad ls mhgrar qul ma farras trafaklj prldhocjajtloljtl a `hoprlscðj `hopr lscðj y tra``cðj.  Pl lopmlaj `uajdh;   Jl`lsctaohs `ufrcr mu`ls cophrtajtls (a partcr dl 1> - 1< o phr lklopmh). 

 Jl`lsctaohs tljlr `ajths cophrtajtls.

vcgas

dl

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UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP 1. Ucga Ucga trcajgumada - pratt;  Ucga utcmczada para mu`ls mu` ls oldcajas y grajdls

mu`ls (suplrchrls a 1>> oltrhs `hj amturas ljtrl 1/< a 1/2 dl su muz).   Aquï

mas dcaghjamls lstáj sholtcdas a

tra``cðj ocljtras qul mas farras vlrtc`amls lstáj `hoprcocdas.

6. Ucga trcajgumada - bhwl;



Ucga qul ml daj oayhr rlscstlj`ca a uja lstru`tura oás mcglra.

  Aquï mas dcaghjamls lstáj sholtcdas a `hoprlscðj,

ocljtras qul mhs ohjtajtls (farras vlrtc`amls) trafakaj a tra``cðj.

  Lstas vcgas sl usaj erl`uljtloljtl lj ma

`hjstru``cðj cjdustrcam para aprl`cafmls mu`ls y pðrtc`hs ocxths.

rlshmvlr

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UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP 0. Ucga trcajgumada-warrlj;

  Ma vcga

Warr arrlj lj sl lopmla lj mu`ls rldu`cdas, oldcajas y  grajdls. Lstl tcph dl vcga phsll fulja rlscstlj`ca y taofcãj rlsumta rlmatcvaoljtl mcglra.

  Aquï mas

dcaghjamls pr prlsljtaj lsljtaj amtlrjatcvaoljtl `hoprlscðj y tra``cðj.

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UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP





Ucga dl amoa afclrta ehroada phr uja slrcl dl `hrdhjls bhrczhjtamls y farras vlrtc`amls rïgcdas, a ohdh dl `lmhsïa, qul `hjl`ta mhs `hrdhjls  suplrchrls `hj mhs cjelrchrls scj farras dcaghjamls .

Pl lopmla lj ma `hjstru``cðj dl puljtls (puljtl Uclrljdllm) y lj lm dl vcgas lspl`camls qul dlflj `ufrcr grajdls mu`ls lj ldcec`chs (dl 6> a 0> o aprhx.). Pulml lopmlarsl lj oatlrcamls `hoh oltam, `hj`rlth `hj`rl th aroadh h cj`mush oadlra (rara h`ascðj).

Ma dcsphsc`cðj dl ma vcga Uclrljdllm 

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UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP  Phj lmloljths `hjstru`tcvhs eafrc`adhs a partcr dl uja vcga

maocjada `hj plrehra`chjls lj su amoa dl ehroa `cr `cr`umar `umar h blxaghjam, h dl vcgas maocjadas `hrtadas lj zcgzag suplrphjcljdh mas dhs partls mulgh dl `amarmas lj uja dltlrocjada mhjgctud .

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UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP ULJTAKAP;   Aspl`th oás mcglrh mcglrh dl ma `hjstru``cðj.  Mas plrehra`chjls lj lm amoa dl mas vcgas

 plroctlj lm pash dl thdh tcph dl cjstama`chjls.  ^hscfcmcdad dl adapta`cðj a dcelrljtl dcelrljtlss amturas  phr oldch dl mas pma`as cjtlr`amadas a uja amtura dltlrocjada.

 Mas vcgas amcglradas lj rlma`cðj a su plsh

 prlsljtaj graj rcgcdlz phr mh dlehroa`chjls shj ph`h aprl`cafml aprl`cafmls. s.

`uam

mas   Ma

utcmcza`cðj dl vcgas amvlhmarls  phscfcmcta uja lxprl lxprlscðj scðj arquctl`tðjc`a julva. Amcglraj mas lstru`turas y ls lstafml ajtl grajdls mu`ls.

  Lstl tcph dl vcgas sl lj`uljtraj mcgadas a

ma euj`chjamcdad, am plroctcr lm pash dl lqucpaocljths tã`jc`hs (`hjdu`ths, tuflrïas) a travãs dl mhs amvlhmhs.

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UCGAP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP  PLGÛJ Lm plrecm mhjgctudcjam; 6.1. UCGAP AMULHMAVLP @\VUADAP H

6.6. UCGAP DL CJLV@CA UAVCAFML;

@HJTVAEML@BADA; 

  Lstl

tcph dl vcgas rlsumtaj cjdc`adas lspl`camoljtl lj ma hptcocza`cðj dl mas vcgas  para ehrkadhs. Ma ehroa copulsta sl oajtcljl ouy lstafml, cj`mush dlspuãs dl uj trataocljth dl gamvajcza`cðj.



Pl eafrc`aj cj`mcjajdh lm lkl dl `hrtl y dajdh ma vulmta a uja dl mas Tls.   Mas apmc`a`chjls oás erl` erl`uljtls uljtls dl lstl tcph dl vcgas shj; -Oãjsumas amargadas (trcfuja dl lstadch). -Ucgas `hjtcjuas (pasarlmas). -Dcjtlmls dl pðrtc`hs.

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AVVCHPTVLP Ls aqulm scsloa dl lmloljhs dcspulshs dcsp ulshs adl`uadaoljl qul rcgcdczaj y lsafcmczaj uja lsru`ura, mcocajdh sus dlspmazaocljhs, prcj`cpamoljl mhs malramls.

^ara aslgurar ma lsafcmcdad dl mhs scsloas erljl a scua`chjls `hoh scsohs y vcljhs ls jl`lsarch arrchsrar ma lsru`ura

02

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AVVCHPTVLP TC^HP DL AVVCHPTVAOCLJTHP OAP \TCMC[ADHP LJ MA @HJEL@@CÐJ DL MAP LPTV\@T\VAP.

^ÐVTC@HP AVVCHPTVADHP @ @H HJ@ÃJTVC@AOLJTL.

Lsl tph dl lsru`ura sl `ara`lrcz `ara`lrczaa phrqul mhs lkls `ljramls dl mhs lmloljhs lsru`uramls `hophjljls sl `hraj lj uj pujh.

^ÐVTC@HP AVVCHPTVADHP LLR R@ÃJTVC@AOLJTL.

Mhs pðrt`hs scsohrrlscsljls arrchsradhs lx`ãjrc`aolj lx`ãjrc`aoljll lsáj `hopulshs phr `hmuojas, vcgas, rchsras y judhs. Am oljhs uj lxrloh rchsras `hjl`adh `hj vcga a uja `hra dcsaj`cadldlmasuja ujcðjlsá vcga-rchsra h dl ujmajudh vcga-`hmuoja

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AVVCHPTVLP AVVCHPTVLP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP AVVCHPTVLP DL FAOFÛ

03

4>

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AVVCHPTVLP AVVCHPTVLP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP AVVCHPTVLP DL OADLVA @HJULJ@CHJAM

AVVCHPTVLP DL OADLVA JH @HJULJ@CHJAM lshs tphs dl arrchsrls sl puldlj lj`hjrar lj lsru`uras `hopmlkas. Dhjdl su euj`cðj shphrar sh phrar `argas bhrczhjamls y vlrt`amls y Asï dájdhml uja oayhr rcgcdlz am ldc`ch.

lshs tphs dl arrchsrls oayhroljl sl lj`uljraj lj mas `hflruras mcglras dl oadlra. Dhjdl su euj`cðj ls rlehrz rlehrzar ar lm scsloa lsru`uram dl ma `hflrura

^aflmmðj dl @bcml

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AVVCHPTVLP AVVCHPTVLP JH @HJULJ@CHJAMLP AVVCHPTVLP OLTAMC@HP

lshs tphs dl arrchsrls sl puldlj lj`hjrar lj lsru`uras dl graj aoañh y `hopmlkas. Dhjdl su euj`cðj shphrar hdas `argas bhrcz bhrczhjamls hjamls y vlrt`amls y darml uja olkhr dcsrcfu`cðj dc srcfu`cðj dl lsas ^ara qul asï ma lsru`ura sla oas rlscsljl.

41

46

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@AFMLP 

Mhs `afmls shj ujh dl mhs rls lmloljhs lsru`uramls dl ehroa a`tva (Lmloljhs qul rafakaj a ra``cðj h `hoprlscðj9 mhs hrhs dhs lmloljhs lsru`uramls shj lm ar`h y ma `lr`ba).



Mhs `afmls shj oalrcamls lxcfmls (jh rïgcdh) `hj uja ehroa dllrocjada, kadhs phr sus lxrlohs, puldlj shsljlrsl phr sï ocsoh y `ufrcr uj graj lspa`ch. Phj lsru`uras scj rcgcdlz a ma lxcðj dlfcdh a ma plqulña sl``cðj rajsvlrsam lj rlma`cðj a su mhjgcud, phr mh qul ma `arga sl rajsehroa lj ra``cðj y ba`l qul lm `afml `aofcl su ehroa slgûj ma `arga qul sl ml apmcqul. a pmcqul.



Phj lsru`uras lspl`camoljl aprhpcadas para `ufclras dl grajdls mu`ls `hj oalrcamls mcglrhs (mcvcajhs) dhjdl lm lmloljh lsru`uram lslj`cam ls lm `afml y lm lseulrzh eujdaoljam eujdaoljam ls lm dl ra``cðj.

Lklopmhs

JHOLJ@MAT\VA FAPC@A DL MHP @AFMLP @HJULJ@CHJAMLP; Mhs `afmls dl a`lrh sl cdljt`aj oldcajl ma jholj`maura qul ba`l rlelrlj`ca a; 1.- ma `ajtdad dl `hrdhjls. 6.- ma `ajtdad (lxa`a h jhocjam) dl amaofrls lj `ada `hrdðj. 0.- uja mlra h pamafra dls`rcptva cjdc`ajdh lm tph dl `hjsru``cðj.

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@AVA@TLVÏPTC@AP      

Vlscslj ûjc`aoljl lseulrzhs dl ra``cðj pura Ma ehroa rlsphjdl a mas `argas @uamquclr `aofch lj mas `hjdc`chjls `hjdc`chjls dl `arga ael`a a ma ehroa @arl`lj dl rcgcdlz rajsvlrsam Mas `argas puldlj slr ouy grajdls lj rlma`cðj am plsh prhpch Jh `hjstuyl uja lsru`ura auh phrajl; lm dcslñh lxcgcrá lsru`uras auxcmcarls qul shsljgaj mhs `afmls a amuras cophrajls. Lsh `hjmmlva a uja `hofcja`cðj dl scsloas lsru`uramls dcelrljls.

ULJTAKAP ^lsh prhpch rldu`cdh

  

Oayhr vlmh`cdad dl lmlva`cðj. Plgurcdad (rhura prhgrlscva)

 AVVHMMAOCLJTH  AVVHMMA OCLJTH

DLPULJTAKAP Lxcglj phmlas y aofhrls oás grajdls  

Am eamar rcgcdlz lm puljl sl puldl vhmvlr cjrajscafml lj `hjdc`chjls dl eulrls vcljhs h urfumlj`cas, y rlqulrcrïa `lrrarmh lophramoljl am rá`h.

Mhs amaofrls dl mhs `hrdhjls lsáj `hmh`adhs lj ehroa dl bãmc`l amrldldhr dl uj amaofrl `ljram, ehroajdh uja h oás `apas. Lm pash dlm `hrdðj ls ma mhjgcud qul afar`a uja vulma `hopmla dlm amaofrl amrldldhr dl su jû`mlh `ljram. Lsa dcsaj`ca sl ocdl paramlmaoljl am lkl dlm `hrdðj. Lj mhs `afmls `hrrcljls, mas dcstjas `apas dl amaofrls a maofrls qul ehroaj mhs `hrdhjls tljlj pashs dcelrljls. Mhs `hrdhjls, a su vlz lsáj `hmh`adhs lj lm `afml lj ehroa dl bãmc`l amrldldhr dlm amoa. Lm pash dl bãmc`l qul dls`rcfl uj `hrdðj ls lm pash dlm `afml.