Growth of Mumbai

PLANNING TECHNIQUE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE & URBAN PLANNING MALVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

“ GROWTH OF MUMBAI ”

SUBMITTED BY:~ SUVADIP BHOWMIK 2009 PAU 109 1

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Aim of the Study : The aim of the study is to analyze the morphological growth pattern of Mumbai.

Objective : To find out the reasons and main factors responsible for it’s development. To understand the Mumbai’s tremendous potential to feed 19million people within itself. To follow it’s topographical changes leading to achieve it’s present shape and size.

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The seven islands of Bombay with their anglicized names

Mumbai’s development has basically been a negotiation with the edges of each of the seven islands as well as of the larger island of Salsette which, housing the extended suburbs, is the major part of Mumbai’s footprint today. The edge condition is a huge part of the experience of the city, also due to a variety of human interventions like the urban rail and road transport corridors. 4

History of Mumbai Mumbai, now known as the City of Dreams, came into existence in the prehistoric period. The Kolis (fisher folk) from Gujarat are believed to be the first inhabitants of the city. Over the years, the city has undergone a sea change and today has a cosmopolitan character. PREHISTORY - KOLI FISHERFOLK SETTLED ON THE ISLANDS OF BOMBAY

The Kolis (fisherfolk) were the earliest known inhabitants of Mumbai. They migrated from Gujarat and lived in traditional fishing hamlets along the island's western shores, where they remain even today. These fisherfolk built their base in areas around Sassoon Dock and Cuffe Parade, Worli, Mahim, Bandra, Versova, Madh Island and Gorai. 200 B.C. - BUDDHISTS CONSTRUCTED KANHERI CAVES COMPLEX

The serene Kanheri Caves Complex was the creation of Buddhist monks of the Hinayana faith, who had occupied the nearby island of Salsette in the second century B.C. The complex expanded over the next 700 years to become one of the larger monastic settlements in India.

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300 BC - Part of Ashokas Empire. 1343 - Part of the Gujrat sultanate. 1508 - Francis Almeida sailed into the deep natural harbour. 1534 - Mumbai ceded to the Portuguese. 1661 - Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza brings Bom Bahia to King Charles II of England as part of her marriage dowry. 1668/1669 - East India Company takes over Bombay 1670 - First printing press imported to Bombay by Parsi businessman Bhimji Parikh 1675 - Population estimated to have risen to 60,000 from 10,000 in 1661. 1675 - The Mumba Devi temple built by an immigrant Hindu woman, Mumba, near the main landing site on the former Bori Bunder creek or inlet, against the north wall of the English Fort Saint George. 1735 - Start of ship-building industry. 1777 - First newspaper published in Bombay by Rustomji. 1822 - First vernacular language newspaper in Bombay, Mumbai Samachar published by Fardoonjee. India’s oldest newspaper still being published. 6

1838 - First edition of Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce launched 1845 - Grant Medical College founded. April 16, 1853 - First railway line in India between Bombay and Thane. 1854 - First cotton mill started. 1857 - University of Bombay established. 1870 - Bombay Port Trust formed. 1872 - Bombay Municipal Corporation founded. 1885 - Indian National Congress formed at Gowalia tank Maidan . 1887 - Victoria Jubilee Technological Institute (VJTI) established. First and only institute offering degree in engineering until 1960. 1911 - King George V and Queen Mary visit Bombay. Gateway of India built to commemorate the visit. January 22, 1926 - King Edward Memorial Hospital inaugarated. July 15, 1926 - First motorised bus ran between Afghan church and Crawford Market. October 15, 1932 - J. R. D. Tata flew from Karachi to Bombay via Ahmedabad landing on a grass strip at Juhu paving the way for civil aviation in India. August 8, 1942 - Quit India Movement declaration passed at Gowalia Tank Maidan. 7

April 14, 1944 - Massive explosion rocks Bombay Harbour. 1958 - IIT Bombay established in Powai. 31 March 1964 - Last tram made its journey from Bori Bundar to Dadar. December 1992 - January 1993; Over 2000 people killed in Hindu-Muslim communal riots following Babri Masjid destruction. 1993 - Serial bomb blasts across Mumbai, masterminded by underworld don Dawood Ibrahim, kill 300 and injure hundreds more. 1996 - Bombay renamed to Mumbai. Subsequently University of Bombay renamed to University of Mumbai. 1998 - Victoria Jubilee Technological Institute renamed to Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute. August 25, 2003 - Two bombings by Islamist terrorists, allegedly connected to the Pakistani Lashkar-e-Toiba, kill 48 and injure 150. 2004 - The fourth World Social Forum held in Mumbai, from 16-21 January.

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Mumbai Metropolitan Region

The linearity of the city’s geographical base is further heightened by the manner in which the two railway lines and two major interstate highways break it up into thinner strips on plan. Thus, Mumbai’s basic urban form, from one perspective, is that of an array of slivers with edge experiences and situations on either side of each sliver. This sliver form is merely a distorted projection into the present of an earlier centrality of the edge condition for Mumbai.

Greater Mumbai

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GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

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Population Growth of Mumbai The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai’s population over the last four centuries: 1661: 10,000 inhabitants 1675: 60,000 1864: 816,562 1872: 644,605 1881: 773,196 1891: 821,764 1901: 812,912 (Greater Bombay) 1911: 1,018,388 1921: 1,244,934 1931: 1,268,936 1941: 1,686,127 1951: 2,966,902 1961: 4,152,056 1971: 5,970,575 1981: 8,227,382 1991: 9,900,000 + 2,600,000 (Thané) = 12,500,000 (Greater Bombay)

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Table presents the distribution of population growth and annual growth rate in different constituent units. The population growth rate in MMR declines from 4.4 per cent during 1971-1991 to 2.7 per cent during 1991-2011. It may be noted that Greater Mumbai (Island city and Suburbs) observes a decline in its growth rate from 3.3 per cent in 197191 to 1.5 per cent during 1991-2011. The growth rate of the Island city becomes negative during the later period. Some of the areas of the region are growing at a dramatic rate.

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The annual population growth rate of Thane was 12.7 per cent during 1971-91, which is reduced to 5.1 per cent during 1991-2011. Similarly, Bhinwadi and Kalyan had a growth rate of 8 per cent and 8.6 per cent in 1971-91, which is reduced to 3.9 per cent and 4.3 per cent, respectively in 1991-2011. The other area, which experienced an increased growth rate is Bassain. The annual growth rate of Bassain grew from 5.5 per cent in 1971-91 to 6.9 per cent in 1991-2011. Of the total population growth in MMR during 1971 to 1991, 57 per cent population has been added only in the suburban areas of Greater Mumbai compared to only 1.5 per cent in the Island city. During this period 12 per cent and 13 per cent of the additional population has gone to Thane and Kalyan. For the period 1991-2011, share of population growth is expected to decline to 43 per cent in suburbs and increase to 15 per cent in Thane and Kalyan. The overall population of the Island city is declining during this period. However, the contribution of Uran goes up in population growth from 4.4 per cent in 1971-91 22 to 15.7 per cent in 1991-2011.

Land-use Pattern in Mumbai Metropolitan Region

Table shows the land-use pattern for 1991. Nearly one-tenth of the area of MMR was used as built-up area and less than 3 per cent as industrial area. Two-fifths of the land was used for agricultural purposes and more than one-third was under the forest cover. In the Island city, built-up area was 71 per cent and industrial area was 8 per cent. In the suburbs, 33 per cent area was built-up and 4 per cent was used for industries. In Bhinwadi, more than half of the land was under the agriculture. In all the other regions between 30 to 50 per cent of the land was used for agricultural purposes. In Khalapur and Karjat more than half of the land was under forest cover. While in Bassain, Bhinwadi, Kalyan and Panvel between 30 to 45 per cent of the land was under the forest cover. 23

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Transportation Transportation in Mumbai is a huge problem, especially due to the geography of the island. There is a large concentration of all the commercial and administrative functions on the southern end of the island due to the fact that the fort was located there and has since developed into a modern Central Business District. The only highways that exist in Mumbai are the East and West Highways that run north/south along the eastern and western coasts of the island. The city's system was modeled after the London transportation system with the exception of the Underground Metro. Mumbai's lack of a subway system has been severely detrimental to the commuting congestion and times that the city experiences. 29

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1 GREATER MUMBAI 1.1 ISLAND CITY 1.2 WESTERN SUBURB 1.3 EASTERN SUBURB 2 WESTERN REGION 2.1 MIRA-BHAYANDER SUB REGION 2.2 VASAI-NAVGHAR SUB REGION 2.3 NALLASOPARA SUB REGION 2.4 VIRAR SUB REGION 2.5 VVNA-COASTAL SUB REGION 2.6 VVNA RURAL SUB REGION 2.7 REST VASAI TEHSIL SUB REGION 3 NORTH-EAST REGION 3.1 THANE SUB REGION 3.2 K.M.C. SUB REGION 3.3 ULHASNAGAR SUB REGION 3.4 AMBERNATH SUB REGION 3.5 BADLAPUR SUB REGION 3.6 BHIWANDI SUB REGION 3.7 REST OF BHIWANDI TEHSIL SUB REGION 3.8 SOUTH KALYAN ULHAS SUB REGION 3.9 NORTH KALYAN ULHAS SUB REGION 4 NAVI MUMBAI 4.1 NMMC ( EXCL. 15 VILLAGES ) 4.2 NMMC ( 15 VILLAGES ) 4.3 PANVEL SUB REGION 4.4 URAN SUB REGION 5 NERAL-KARJAT SUB REGION 5.1 KARJAT SUB REGION 5.2 KHALAPUR SUB REGION 6 PANVEL-URAN REGION ( OUT SIDE NEW BOMBAY ) 6.1 RASAYANI-PANVEL SUB REGION 6.2 REST OF PANVEL SUB REGION 6.3 KOPTA SUB REGION 6.4 REST OF URAN SUB REGION 6.5 KARNALA SUB REGION 7 PEN REGION 8 ALIBAG REGION

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How urban growth is managed : •Extending Municipal boundaries to include potential growth areas •Creation of Urban Development Authorities •Preparation of Master plans

LOCA L

GLOBAL

-“organic” / non-linear growth – indigenous settlements -City of Faith -“structured” / Linear growth – colonial period -British & Portuguese -City as Machine

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