Green Building

 

S[GBT LBABIBE PKHGBHSB] ]KABZBTB JHN]BTS][AS[] CBH IJHGA[HGBH G]KKH M[JICJHG

FIKE? DJDJ ]BELBWBSJ K2N2=2003

SKAHJA ]KABZBTB JHN]BTS][AS[] CBH IJHGA[HGBH NBA[ISBT SKAHJA  [HJ^K]TJSBT EBI[ FIKF AKHCB]J =0=2

 

MBM J PKHCBE[I[BH 2.2 Ibtbr Ibtbr Mkibabhg Mkibabhg

Ibou pkrtblmbebh pkhcucua cj Aftb Akhcbrj skdbrb ibhgsuhg lkhjhgabtabh sbrbhbb euhjbh mkskrtb sbrbh mkskrtb nbsjijtbs nbsjijtbs pkhcuauhghyb. pkhcuauhghyb. Akmutuebh Akmutuebh utjijtbs utjijtbs pkrluajlbh pkrluajlbh skrjhgabij tjcba duaup tkrskcjb skdbrb lklbcbj abrkhb aktkrmbtbsbh pkibybhbh aftb cj lbhb pkrluajlbh tkrskmut mkrbcb. Sjcba tkrskcjbhyb rkhdbhb jhcua utjijtbs aftb, skrt skrtbb tjcb tjcba a duaup duauphyb hyb pkrbt pkrbtur urbh bh yb ybhg hg lklm lklmbt btbs bsjj pkriu pkriubs bsbh bh mb mbhgu hguhb hbh h ru rulb lbe e lkhcfrfhg tkrobcjhyb pkhuruhbh aubijtbs ijhgauhgbh cbh pkrusbabh abwbsbh  pkrluajlbh. Abwbsbh pkrluajlbh btbu pkrulbebh dkhckruhg rkhtbh tkrebcbp  mbhojr. Sjcba lklbcbjhyb sjstkl crbjhbsk skrtb mkraurbhghyb brkb rksbpbh bajmbt  pkrtulmuebh pkrluajlbh ybhg tjcba tkrakhcbij ebhyb skcjajt cbrj skoulibe  pkhykmbm skrjhg tkrobcjhyb mbhojr. Lkifhobahyb akmutuebh sbrbhb euhjbh mbgj wbrgb cj aftb-aftb hkgbrb  mkraklmbhg dkhckruhg suijt cjkibaabh. Akdkpbtbh pkrtulmuebh lbhusjb cj aftb lklkriuabh jlmbhgbh akdkpbtbh cbibl pkhykcjbbh sbrbhb euhjbh uhtua  lkhg lk hgba bafl flfc fcbs bsj. j. Mkrm Mkrmbg bgbj bj lbsb lbsbib ibe e cj sk skat atfr fr pk pkrl rluaj uajlb lbh h puh luhd luhdui ui bajmb bajmbtt ljhjlhyb nbsjijtbs nbsjijtbs sbrbhb cbh prbsbrbhb pkhuhobhg akejcupbh wbrgb. Pklmbhguhbh  pkrluajlbh/ pkrulbebh cjpkriuabh mbgj pkhjhgabtbh aubijtbs ejcup lbhusjb. Lksa Lk sajp jpuh uh ck cklj ljaj ajbh, bh,

cjsb cjsbcb cbrj rj bt btbu bu

tjcba tjcba tj tjcba cba,,

pk pklm lmbh bhguh guhbh bh sk skrj rjhg hgab abij ij

lkhjlmuiabh lbsbibe ijhgauhgbh cbh lkljdu tkrobcjhyb mkhdbhb, ybhg oustru lkhuruhabh aubijtbs ejcup. Grkk Grkkh h mu muji jicj cjhg hg bc bcbi bibe be mb mbhg hguh uhbh bh cj lbhb lbhb sk skob oba a cj cjlu luib ibjj cb cbib ibl l tb tbeb ebp p  pkrkhdbhbbh,

pklmbhguhbh,

pkhgfpkrbsjbh

ejhggb

cbibl

fpkrbsjbhbi

 pklkijebrbbhhyb lklpkrebtjabh bspka-bspka cbibl lkijhcuhgj, lkhgeklbt, lkhgurbhgj pkhguhbbh sulmkr cbyb bibl, lkhobgb lutu cbrj aubijtbs ucbrb cj cbibl rubhgbh rubhgb h cbh lklpkrebtj lklpkrebtjabh abh akskebtbh akskebtbh pkhgeuhjhyb. pkhgeuhjhyb. (Ekiljzui (Ekiljzuiebr.mi ebr.mifgspft fgspft.dfl, .dfl, =02=)

 

Jstji Jstjibe be grkkh grkkh mujicj mujicjhg hg lkrupb lkrupbabh abh upbyb upbyb uhtua uhtua lkhgebs lkhgebsjia jiabh bh mbhguhb mbhguhbh h ckhgbh lkhgguhbabh prfsks-prfsks prfsks-prfsks ybhg rblbe ijhgauhgbh, pkhgguhbbh sulmkr  cbyb skdbrb knjsjkh skiblb prfsks pklmubtbhhyb ejhggb pklmfhgabrbhhyb. Bcb > bspka ybhg lkhobcj pkcflbh cbibl kvbiubsj pkhjibjbh grkkh mujicjhg fike tjl GMDJ (Grkkh Mujicjhg Dfuhdji Jhcfhksjb) ybhg tkrcjrj cbrj ? 2. Skpbt Guhb Ibebh (Bpprftjbtk Tjtk Ckvkifplkht / BTC) =. Knjsjkhsj cbh Afhskrvbsj Khkrgj (Khkrgy Knnjdjkhdy & Dfhskrvbtjfh / KKD) 4. Afhskrvbsj Bjr (Wbtkr Dfhskrvbtjfh / WBD) 3. Tulmkr cbh Tjaius Lbtkrjbi (Lbtkrjbi ]ksfurdk bhc Dydik / L]D) ;. Aubijtbs [cbrb & Akhyblbhbh ]ubhg (Jhcffr Bjr Ekbite bhc Dflnfrt / JED) >. Lbhboklkh Ijhgauhgbh Mbhguhbh (Mujicjhg bhc Khvjrfhlkht Lbhbgklkht / MKL) Pkhkrbpbh bspka grkkh mujicjhg cbrj skgj cksbjh mbhguhbh bcb 3 ybjtu ? 2. Mkhtua Mbhguhbh =. Tebcjhg & ]knikatfr 4. Tjstkl Pkhkrbhgbh 3. Wbtkr ]kdydijhg Tystkl Bcb mkmkrbpb bspka utblb cbibl Grkkh Mujicjhg ybjtu ? 2. Lbtkrjbi =. Khkrgj 4. Bjr 3. Akskebtbh  

 

Mkmkrbpb Mkmkrb pb lbhnbbt lbhnbbt cbibl grkkh mujicjhg mujicjhg bcbibe lbhnbbt ijhgauhgbh, lbhnbbt kafhflj cbh lbhnbbt sfsjbi. Grkkh mujicjhg bcbibe mbhguhbh ybhg mkrakibhoutbh. Grkkh mujicjhg skhcjrj lklmkrjabh mbhyba lbhnbbt tktbpj cj sblpjhg jtu, grkkh  mujicjhg ougb lklmutueabh cbhb ybhg tjcba skcjajt. Lksajpuh grkkh mujicjhg lklmkr lkl mkrjab jabh h mbhyba mbhyba lbhnbb lbhnbbtt mbgj mbgj lbsybr lbsybrbab babt, t, grkkh grkkh mujicj mujicjhg hg oug ougbb lklpuh lklpuhybj ybj eblmbtbh cbibl prfsks pklmbhguhbhhyb. Cbibl rbhgab lklkhuej btbu lklmbhtu grkkh mujicjhg cbibl prfskshyb,  pkhkijtjbh jhj mkrtuoubh uhtua lkhkluabh btbu lklmbhtu lklkdbeabh aksuijtbh ybhg tkrobcj pbcb grkkh mujicjhg cbibl prfsks pklmubtbhhyb. Lbsbibe ybhg tkrcbpbt cbibl prfsks pkhgklmbhgbh grkkh mujicjhg bcbibe aksbcbrbh tkhtbhg grkkh mujicjhg, afljtlkh pkrusbebbh cbibl grkkh mujicjhg, tjhgabt pkhgklmbhgbh grkkh mujicjhg cj Aftb Af tb Akhc Akhcbr brj, j, lbhn lbhnbb bbtt ak akub ubhg hgbh bh grkk grkkh h muji mujicj cjhg hg cb cbh h pk pkrb rbh h ut utbl blbb cb cbib ibl l lkhgklmbhgabh grkkh mujicjhg.

2.= ]ulusbh ]ulusbh Lbsbibe Lbsbibe b. Mbgbjlbhb Grkkh Mujicjhg Jtu6 m. Mbgbjlbhb Pkhkrbpbh Grkkh Mujicjhg Pbcb mbhguhbh ]ulbe Sjhggbi6 2.4 Suou Suoubh bh

b. Cbpbt Cbpbt lklbe lklbeblj blj bpb bpb Grkk Grkkh h Mujicj Mujicjhg hg Jtu6 Jtu6  m. Cbpbt lklbeblj cbh lkhgktbeuj Pkhkrbpbh Grkkh Mujicjhg Pbcb mbhguhbh ]ulbe Sjhggbi6

 

MBM JJ PKLMBEBTBH =.2 Pkhgkrtjbh Grkkh Mujicjhg

Grkkh Brdejtkdturk cjcknjhjsjabh skmbgbj skmube jstjibe ybhg lkhggblmbrabh tkhtbhg kafhflj, eklbt khkrgj, rblbe ijhgauhgbh cbh cbpbt cjaklmbhgabh lkhobcj  pklmbhguhbh mkraksjhblmuhgbh. Grkkh Brdejtkdturk cjakhbi skmbgbj afhstruasj ejobu btbu mbhguhbh ybhg mkrakibhoutbh jhj bcbibe prbatka lklmubt struatur cbh lkhgguhbabh prfsks ybhg mkrtbhgguhg obwbm tkrebcbp ijhgauhgbh cbh sulmkr cbyb ybhg knjsjkh cj skiurue sjaius ejcup mbhguhbh? cbrj tbpba uhtua cksbjh, afhstruasj, fpkrbs fpk rbsj, j, pklkij pklkijebrb ebrbbh, bh, rkhfvb rkhfvbsj sj cbh ckafhst ckafhstrua ruasj. sj. Prbatk Prbatka a jhj lklpkr lklpkriub iubss cbh lkikhgabpj cksbjh mbhguhbh aibsja akprjebtjhbh kafhflj, utjijtbs, cbyb tbebh cbh akhyblbhbh. Suoubh ululhyb bcbibe mbewb mbhguhbh ejobu cjrbhdbhg uhtua lkhgurbhgj cblpba cbl pba akskiu akskiurue ruebh bh ijhgauh ijhgauhgbh gbh ybhg cjmbhgu cjmbhguh h uhtua uhtua akskeb akskebtbh tbh lbhusj lbhusjbb cbh ijhgauhgbh bibl fike? 

Knjsjkhsj lkhgguhbabh khkrgj, bjr cbh sulmkr cbyb ibjh.



Akskebt Aks kebtbh bh pkhgeuh pkhgeuhjj lkijhc lkijhcuhgj uhgj cbh lkhjhg lkhjhgabt abtabh abh prfcuat prfcuatjvj jvjtbs tbs lbhusjb jtu skhcjrj.



Lkhgurbhgj

ijlmbe,

pfiusj

cbh

(Tul (Tulmk mkr? r?js jslj ljy. y.wf wfrc rcpr prks kss. s.df dfl— l—Mb Mbhg hguh uhbh bh Ijhgauhgbh)

ckgrbcbsj Br Brsj sjtk tkat atur ur

ijhgauhgbh. ]blb ]blbe e

Brsjtkatur ejobu sbbt jhj lkljijaj tfiba uaur cbh sjstkl pkrjhgabt. Eblpjr  sktjbp Hkgbrb lkljijaj pkhjibjbh tkrebcbp mbhguhbh ejobu. Jhcfhksjb lkljijaj sjstkl  pkhguaurubh brsjtkatur ejobu ybhg cjibauabh fike Grkkh Mujicjhg Dfuhdji Df uhdji Jhcfhksjb Jhcfh ksjb (GMDJ).

 

Mkmkrbpb bspka ybhg cjhjibj cbibl pkhjibjbh mbhguhbh rulbe fike GMDJ bcbibe tbtb guhb ibebh (bpprfprjbtk sjtk ckvkifplkht), afhskrvbsj cbh knjsjkhsj khkrgj cb cbh h af afhs hskr krvb vbsj sj bj bjr. r. Bspka Bspka jhj jhj lkru lkrupb pbabh abh pfjht pfjht pk pkht htjh jhg g cb cbrj rj pkhji pkhjibj bjbh bh ab abrk rkhb hb lkhy lk hybh bhgau gautt cknjh cknjhjs jsjj grkk grkkh h br brde dejt jtkd kdtu turk rk jtu jtu sk skhc hcjr jrj, j, yb ybjt jtu u sk skmu mube be js jstj tjib ibe e yb ybhg hg lkhggb lkh ggblmb lmbrab rabh h tkhtbh tkhtbhg g kafhfl kafhflj, j, eklbt eklbt khkrgj khkrgj,, rblbe rblbe ijhgauh ijhgauhgbh gbh cbh cbpbt cbpbt cjaklmbhgabh lkhobcj pklmbhguhbh mkraksjhblmuhgbh. Lkhurut Grkkh Mujicjhg Dfuhdji Jhcfhksjb (GMDJ ? =020), mbhguhbh ejobu bcbibe bcb ibe mbhguhbh mbhguhbh mbru mbru ybhg cjrkhd cjrkhdbhbb bhbbh h cbh cji cjibas basbhb bhbabh abh btbu btbu mbhguhbh mbhguhbh sucbe sucbe tkrmbhguh ybhg cjfpkrbsjabh ckhgbh lklpkrebtjabh nbatfr-nbatfr ijhgauhgbh btbu kafsjstkl cbh lklkhuej ajhkrob? mjoba guhb ibebh, eklbt bjr, eklbt khkrgj, eklbt  mbebh, lkhgurbhgj ijlmbe skrtb aubijtbs ucbrb cbibl rubhgbh. Lkhurut Arjss (=023), grkkh mujicjhg bcbibe skmube afhskp efijstjd ybhg cjluibj ckhgbh pklbeblbh mbewb ijhgauhgbh ybhg cjmbhguh cbpbt lkhjlmuiabh cblpba1 mbja cblpba pfsjtjn cbh cblpba hkgbtjn pbcb ijhgauhgbh ejcup, ougb frbhgfrbhg ybhg tjhggbi cj mbhguhbh tkrskmut sktjbp ebrj. Grkkh mujicjhg bcbibe skmube usbeb usb eb uhtua uhtua lklpkr lklpkrmks mksbr br cblpba cblpba pfsjtj pfsjtjnn cbh lkhdkgb lkhdkgbe e cblpba cblpba hkgbtjn hkgbtjn skiblb skiblb ulur pbabj mbhguhbh. [pbyb-[pbyb uhtua lkwuoucabh Grkkh Mujicjhg? b. Lklmbhguh aksbcbrbh lbsybrbabt babh pkhtjhghyb Grkkh Dfhstrudtjfh mbgj cuhjb  pklmbhguhbh cj Jhcfhksjb.  m. Lklmubt mbhguhbh-mbhguhbh ybhg mkrmbebh cbsbr rblbe ijhgauhgbh. d. Lkhgb Lkhgbtu turr tb tbtb tb ik iktb tba a af aftb tb yb ybhg hg sk sksu subj bj ck ckhgb hgbh h af afhs hskp kp Gr Grkk kkh h Muji Mujicj cjhg hg yb ybhg hg  mkrwbwbsbh ijhgauhgbh. c. Lklmbhguh sjstkl mbhguhbh ybhg knnjsjkh cbibl lkhgguhbabh khkrgj. k. Lklm Lklmbh bhguh guh Gr Grkk kkh h Mujic Mujicjh jhg g ck ckhg hgbh bh lkhgg lkhgguhb uhbab abh h lbtk lbtkrj rjbi bi ybhg ybhg cbpbt cbpbt cj  pkrmbebruj, cjcbur uibhg, cbh cjguhbabh aklmbij skrtb lkhcuauhg afhskp knjsjkhsj khkrgj.

 

n. Lkhgfibe ijlmbe-ijlmbe ybhg mkrlbhnbbt uhtua cjobcjabh lbtkrjbi mbebh cbsbr. g. Lklmbhguh Grkkh Dfhstrudtjfh ybhg sksubj ckhgbh afhcjsj bibl, cbh jaijl wjibybe Jhcfhksjb. e. Jhfvbsj uhtua lkhgklmbhgabh grkkh mujicjhg tkrus cjibauabh skmbgbj upbyb uhtua  lkhgeklbt khkrgj cbh lkhgurbhgj lbsbibe-lbsbibe ijhgauhgbh. j. Pkljijebh lbtkrjbi ybhg pbs bgbr Grkkh Mujicjhg mjsb mkrtbebh ikmje iblb.  o. Pkhgguhbbh tkahfifgj-tkahfifgj ybhg sksubj cbh rblbe ijhgauhgbh bgbr tjcba  lkrusba kafsjstkl skajtbr. =.= Pkhkrbpbh Grkkh Mujicjhg Pbcb mbhguhbh ]ulbe Sjhggbi

Pbcb krb sbbt jhj cjlbhb akrusbabh tkrebcbp ijhgauhgbh sklbajh pbrbe sktjbp ebrjhyb, lbhusjb cjtuhtut cjtuh tut uhtua ikmje pkrcuij pkrcuij tkrebcbp tkrebcbp akmkribhout akmkribhoutbh bh ijhga jhgauh uhgb gbh h

ejcu ejcup. p.

Pkl Pklbhbs bhbsbh bh

gifm gifmbi bi

ybhg ybhg

cjbajmbtabh fike pfiusj cbrj batjnjtbs lbhusjb, cbh  ougb pkrusbabh eutbh uhtua akmutuebh lbhusjb lkhy lk hykm kmbm bmab abh h

bi bibl bl sk sklb lbaj ajh h

ak akej ejib ibhg hgbh bh

cb cbyb yb

cuauhg akejcupbhhyb. Fike abrkhb jtu, aksbcbrbh tkre tkrebc bcbp bp

ak akmk mkri ribh bhou outb tbh h

ijhg ijhgau auhg hgbh bh

jhj jhj

eb ebru russ

cjtkrbpabh cbibl skgbib bspka akejcupbh lbhusjb. Ebii Eb

jhj tkh khtu tu lklkr klkriu iuab abh h

pkr pkrbh cbr cbrj

 mkrmbgbj pjeba, sbibe sbtuhyb bcbibe pkrbh skfrbhg cksbjhkr, mbja ybhg mkrprfnksj skmbgbj brsjtka, cksbjhkr jhtkrjfr, prfcua, grbnjs, lbupuh cksbjhkr cj mjcbhg ibjhhyb. Pkrbh Pkr bh pkhtjhg pkhtjhg skfrbh skfrbhg g cksbjh cksbjhkr kr tkrebc tkrebcbp bp kcuabs kcuabsjj pkhgguh pkhgguhbb tkr tkrebcb ebcbp p aksbcbr aksbcbrbh bh ijhg ijhgau auhgb hgbh h tk tkib ibe e cjlu cjluib ibjj cbrj cbrj afhsk afhskp, p, pk pklj ljij ijebh ebh mb mbeb ebh/ h/lb lbtk tkrj rjbi bi yb ybhg hg ba babh bh cjguhbabh, sjstkl prfcuasj, ejhggb lbraktjhg.

 

Afhskp Afhs kp cksbjh cksbjh ybhg rblbe rblbe ijhgau ijhgauhgbh hgbh jhj cjakhbi cjakhbi ckhgbh ckhgbh jst jstjib jibe e ―grkkh ―grkkh  mujicjhg‚. Grkkh mujicjhg jhj bcbibe subtu afhskp uhtua lklpkrakhbiabh lktfck  pkrbhdbhgbh ybhg rblbe ijhgauhgbh, skrtb knjsjkhsj cbh knkatjnjtbs pkhgguhbbh khkrgj skrtb sulmkr cbyb ybhg cjguhbabh. Lktfck pkrbhdbhgbh mkrafhskp ―grkkh  mujicjhg‚ jhj cjluibj cbrj tbebp pkrkhdbhbbh, pkibasbhbbh, skrtb pklbabjbh cj tbhgbh  pkhgguhb.

Cbib Cb ibl l ourh ourhbi bi ybhg ybhg cjtu cjtuij ijss fike fike ]bdel ]bdelby bybht bhtjj & ]fksi ]fksij, j, (= (=02 023) 3),, Gr Grkkh kkh Brdejtkdtu Brdej tkdturk rk bcbibe bcbibe subtu mkhtua lktfck pkrbhdbhgbh brsjtkatur brsjtkatur btbupuh btbupuh jhtkrjfr  jhtkrjfr   mbhguhbh ybhg lblpu lkljhjlbijsjr mkrmbgbj pkhgbrue skrtb kiklkh cksbjh ybhg cb cbpbt pbt lklm lklmbe beby bybab babh h mb mbgj gj akske akskebt btbh bh lbhus lbhusjb jb bt btbu bupu puh h ij ijhg hgauh auhgb gbh. h. Ckhgb Ckhgbh h lkhgguhbabh pkhckabtbh jhj, cjebrbpabh mbhguhbh cbpbt lklmkrjabh lbhnbbt ikmje  mbgj pkhgguhb, bhtbrb ibjh mbhguhbh cbpbt ikmje tbebh iblb, eklbt khkrgj, ljhjlbijsbsj mjbyb pkrbwbtbh mbhguhbh, cbh mbhguhbh cbpbt ikmje hyblbh cbh skebt uhtua cjtjhggbij.

 

Pbcb rulbe tjhggbi, afhskp Grkkh mujicjhg cbpbt cjbpijabsjabh lkibiuj dbrbdbrb mkrjaut jhj? 

LKLPK]MBHZBA M[ABBH

  Zbhg cjlbasuc muabbh pbcb mbhguhbh bcbibe pjhtu, okhckib, tblbh cbibl rubhg, rub hg, sayijg sayijget et (ok (okhcki hckibb pbcb pbcb btbp). btbp). Ckhgbh Ckhgbh lklpkr lklpkrmbh mbhyba yba muabbh muabbh pbcb pbcb subtu mbhguhb subtu mbhguhbh, h, lbab lbab babh lkljhj lkljhjlbi lbijsj jsjrr pklbab pklbabjbh jbh khkrgj khkrgj ijs ijstrj trja a ybhg ybhg cjguhbabh uhtua iblpu btbu bjr dfhcjtjfhkr rubhgbh. Ckhgbh lklbasjlbiabh  pkhgguhbbh dbebyb cbh sjrauibsj biblj ougb babh ikmje lkhykebtabh mbja  skdbrb psjajs lbupuh psjafifgjs pkhgeuhj mbhguhbh.

 



PKHGG[HBBH SBHBLBH CBIBL/I[B] ][BHG

Sb Sbhbl hblbh bh ejob ejobu u bi bibl bljj tk tkib ibe e tk tkrm rmuat uatjj lblpu lkhykgbrabh pbhcbhgbh lbtb cbh subsbhb rubhg skdbrb akskiuruebh. Cbibl  mkmkrbpb pkhkijtjbh ougb lklmuatjabh  mbewb pkiktbabh tbhblbh ejobu cbibl rubhg ubhgbh bh

ougb ugb

 prfcuatjnjtbs

lblpu blpu

pkhgeuhj

lkhj lkhjhg hgab abta tabh bh rubhg.

Lktfck

 pkiktbabh tbhblbh cbibl rubhg jtu skhcjrj cbpbt cjibauabh ckhgbh mkrmbgbj lbdbl dbrb, sbibe sbtu dbrbhyb bcbibe ckhgbh lkhgguhbabh vkrtjdbi gbrckh, pkhgguhbbh tbhblbh sbhsjkvkrb cbibl pft, tblbh ljhj cj mkibabhg/ tkhgbe rubhgbh, ,lbupuh tbhblbh skmbgbj ejbsbh rubhg. 

LKHGG[HBABH LBSK]JBI CB[] [IBHG

Afhskp cbur uibhg ckhgbh lkhgfibe aklmbij mbrbhg mkabs ybhg tjcba tkrpbabj lkhobcj mbrbhg ckhgbh hjibj nuhgsj guhb ybhg mbru, bcbibe subtu tjhcbabh prbatjs cbrj akpkcuijbh tkrebcbp ijhgauhgbh.

 



LKHGFIBE T[LMK] CBZB TKDB]B LBHCJ]J

Afhskp Grkkh mujicjhg babh ikmje lbasjlbi bpbmjib subtu mbhguhbh lblpu lkhcbpbtabh cbh lkhgfibe khkrgj ybhg cjmutueabhhyb skhcjrj. Ebi pbijhg skckrebhb bcbibe ckhgbh pkhgguhbbh ski suryb uhtua lkhgebsjiabh ijstrja ybhg cjmutueabh uh uhtu tua a pk pkrb rbib ibtb tbh h ki kikat katrf rfhj hja a ybhg ybhg bc bcbb pb pbcb cb su subt btu u mb mbhgu hguhb hbh. h. Tk Tkcbh cbhga gabh bh ik ikmj mje e af aflp lpik ikas ashyb hyb,, su subt btu u mb mbhgu hguhb hbh h cjeb cjebrb rbpa pabh bh cb cbpb pbtt lkhg lkhgfi fibe be ak akmut mutue uebh bh bj bjrr cbh lkljijaj pkhgkifibbh sblpbehyb skhcjrj. (Bnzb, h.c.)1(GMZC, h.c.)

 

MBM JJJ PKH[S[P

4.2 AKTJLP[IBH Grkkh Brdejtkdturk cjcknjhjsjabh skmbgbj skmube jstjibe ybhg lkhggblmbrabh tkhtbhg kafhflj, eklbt khkrgj, rblbe ijhgauhgbh cbh cbpbt cjaklmbhgabh lkhobcj  pklmbhguhbh mkraksjhblmuhgbh. Grkkh Brdejtkdturk cjakhbi skmbgbj afhstruasj ejobu btbu mbhguhbh ybhg mkrakibhoutbh jhj bcbibe prbatka lklmubt struatur cbh lkhgguhbabh prfsks ybhg mkrtbhgguhg obwbm tkrebcbp ijhgauhgbh cbh sulmkr cbyb ybhg knjsjkh cj skiurue sjaius ejcup mbhguhbh? cbrj tbpba uhtua cksbjh, afhstruasj, fpkrbs fpk rbsj, j, pklkij pklkijebrb ebrbbh, bh, rkhfvb rkhfvbsj sj cbh ckafhst ckafhstrua ruasj. sj. Prbatk Prbatka a jhj lklpkr lklpkriub iubss cbh lkikhgabpj cksbjh mbhguhbh aibsja akprjebtjhbh kafhflj, utjijtbs, cbyb tbebh cbh akhyblbhbh. Suoubh ululhyb bcbibe mbewb mbhguhbh ejobu cjrbhdbhg uhtua lkhgurbhgj cblpba cbl pba akskiu akskiurue ruebh bh ijhgauh ijhgauhgbh gbh ybhg cjmbhgu cjmbhguh h uhtua uhtua akskeb akskebtbh tbh lbhusj lbhusjbb cbh ijhgauhgbh bibl fike? 

Knjsjkhsj lkhgguhbabh khkrgj, bjr cbh sulmkr cbyb ibjh.



Akskebt Aks kebtbh bh pkhgeuh pkhgeuhjj lkijhc lkijhcuhgj uhgj cbh lkhjhg lkhjhgabt abtabh abh prfcuat prfcuatjvj jvjtbs tbs lbhusjb jtu skhcjrj.



Lkhgurbhgj

ijlmbe,

pfiusj

cbh

(Tul (Tulmk mkr? r?js jslj ljy. y.wf wfrc rcpr prks kss. s.df dfl— l—Mb Mbhg hguh uhbh bh Ijhgauhgbh)

ckgrbcbsj Br Brsj sjtk tkat atur ur

ijhgauhgbh. ]blb ]blbe e

 

Pbcb rulbe tjhggbi, afhskp Grkkh mujicjhg cbpbt cjbpijabsjabh lkibiuj dbrb-dbrb mkrjaut jhj? 

LKLPK]MBHZBA M[ABBH

Zbhg cjlbasuc muabbh pbcb mbhguhbh bcbibe pjhtu, okhckib, tblbh cbibl rubhg, sa sayi yijg jget et (okh (okhck ckib ib pb pbcb cb bt btbp bp). ). Ckhgb Ckhgbh h lklp lklpkr krmb mbhyb hyba a mu muabb abbh h pbcb pbcb su subt btu u  mbhguhbh, lbab babh lkljhjlbijsjr pklbabjbh khkrgj ijstrja ybhg cjguhbabh uhtua iblpu btbu bjr dfhcjtjfhkr rubhgbh. Ckhgbh lklbasjlbiabh pkhgguhbbh dbebyb dbe byb cbh sjraui sjrauibsj bsj biblj biblj ougb ougb babh babh ikmje ikmje lkhykeb lkhykebtab tabh h mbja mbja skdbrb skdbrb psjajs psjajs lbupuh psjafifgjs pkhgeuhj mbhguhbh.



PKHGG[HBBH SBHBLBH CBIBL/I[B] ][BHG

Sbhblbh ejobu biblj tkibe tkrmuatj lblpu lkhykgbrabh pbhcbhgbh lbtb cbh subsbhb subsb hb rubhg skdbrb akskiuruebh. akskiuruebh. Cbibl mkmkrbpb mkmkrbpb pkhkijtjbh pkhkijtjbh ougb lklmuatjab lklmuatjabh h  mbewb pkiktbabh tbhblbh ejobu cbibl rubhgbh ougb lblpu lkhjhgabtabh  prfcuatjnjtbs pkhgeuhj rubhg. Lktfck pkiktbabh tbhblbh cbibl rubhg jtu skhcjrj cbpbt cjibauabh ckhgbh mkrmbgbj lbdbl dbrb, sbibe sbtu dbrbhyb bcbibe ckhgbh lkhgguhbabh vkrtjdbi gbrckh, pkhgguhbbh tbhblbh sbhsjkvkrb cbibl pft, tblbh ljhj cj mkibabhg/ tkhgbe rubhgbh, ,lbupuh tbhblbh skmbgbj ejbsbh rubhg.



LKHGG[HBABH LBSK]JBI CB[] [IBHG

Afhskp cbur uibhg ckhgbh lkhgfibe aklmbij mbrbhg mkabs ybhg tjcba tkrpbabj lkhobcj mbrbhg ckhgbh hjibj nuhgsj guhb ybhg mbru, bcbibe subtu tjhcbabh prbatjs cbrj akpkcuijbh tkrebcbp ijhgauhgbh

 



LKHGFIBE T[LMK] CBZB TKDB]B LBHCJ]J

Afhskp Grkkh mujicjhg babh ikmje lbasjlbi bpbmjib subtu mbhguhbh lblpu lkhcbpbtabh cbh lkhgfibe khkrgj ybhg cjmutueabhhyb skhcjrj. Ebi pbijhg skckrebhb bcbibe ckhgbh pkhgguhbbh ski suryb uhtua lkhgebsjiabh ijstrja ybhg cjmutueabh uh uhtu tua a pk pkrb rbib ibtb tbh h ki kikat katrf rfhj hja a ybhg ybhg bc bcbb pb pbcb cb su subt btu u mb mbhgu hguhb hbh. h. Tk Tkcbh cbhga gabh bh ik ikmj mje e af aflp lpik ikas ashyb hyb,, su subt btu u mb mbhgu hguhb hbh h cjeb cjebrb rbpa pabh bh cb cbpb pbtt lkhg lkhgfi fibe be ak akmut mutue uebh bh bj bjrr cbh lkljijaj pkhgkifibbh sblpbehyb skhcjrj. (Bnzb, h.c.)1(GMZC, h.c.)

4.= TB]BH Pkhuijss tkhtuhyb Pkhuij tkhtuhyb lbsje lkhybcbrj lkhybcbrj ojab ibpfrbh cjbtbs lbsje tkrcbpbt tkrcbpbt mbhyba  aksbibebh cbh obue cbrj aksklpurhbbh. Pkhuijs babh lklpkrmbjaj ibpfrbh tkrskmut ckhgbh mkrpkcflbh pbcb mbhyba sulmkr skrtb arjtja ybhg lklmbhguh cbrj pbrb  pklmbdb.

 

CBNSB] P[TSBAB

Bnzb, N. B. (h.c.). (h.c.). Pkhkrbpbh Grkkh Cksjgh btbu Kdf Cksjgh Cksjgh cbibl Cksbjh Cksbjh Jhtkrjfr | JhtkrjfrCksjgh.jc. ]ktrjkvkc Nkmrubry 3, =0=0, nrfl ettps?//jhtkrjfrcksjgh.jc/grkkhcksjgh-jhtkrjfr/ GMZC. (h.c.). Prjhsjp & Pkhgkrtjbh Pkhgkrtjbh T[TSBJHBMIK T[TSBJHBMIK CKTJGH CKTJGH — MijKxpkrjk MijKxpkrjkhdk. hdk. ]ktrjkvkc

Nkmrubry

3,

=0=0,

nrfl

ettps?//mijkxpkrjkhdk.wfrcprkss.dfl/=02>/0=/=3/prjhsjp-pkhgkrtjbh-sustbjhbmikcksjgh/ ]bde ]b delb lbyb ybht htj, j, T., T., & ]fks ]fksij ij,, D. (=02 (=023) 3).. G]KK G]KKH H CKTJ CKTJGH GH CBIB CBIBL L CK CKTB TBJH JH JHSK]JF] CBH B]TJSKAS[]. E[LBHJF]B, ;(=), :40—:4:. ettp?//k-ofurhbi.uboy.bd.jc/>=5=/=/ST2240=7.pcn  B.A., B.A ., ]jhtui ]jhtuikmcb kmcb.. : Hfvklm Hfvklmkr kr =02=. =02=. Grkkh Grkkh Mujicj Mujicjhg hg Tfi Tfiusj usj Gifmbi Gifmbi Wbrljh Wbrljhg. g. ettp?//www.uhcjp.bd.jc/jhckx.pep/brsjp-mkrjtb-uhcjp/75-ibtkst-hkws/=0>5-grkkh mujicjhg-sfiusj-gifmbi-wbrljhg Gejhj, J. (=00:, 2:, Bprji) Afhstruasj Mbhguhbh ]ulbe ]blbe Ijhgauhgbh. Aflpbs Nfrul Qfhijhk\. Skrskcjb? ettp?//nfrul.aflpbs.dfl/grkkh-gifmbi-wbrljhg/25;25-afhstruasj-mbhguhbh-ulberblbe-ijhgauhgbh-dyprus-efusk.etli Arks Ar kshb hb..

(=02 (=022) 2)

Mbhg Mbhguh uhbh bh

Ejo Ejobu

(Gr (Grkkh kkh

Muji Mujicj cjhg hg)).

Qf Qfhi hijh jhk\ k\..

ettp?//hkwa ettp? //hkwajcofy jcofy.mifgs .mifgspft.dfl pft.dfl/=022/ /=022/0;/mbhg 0;/mbhguhbh-ej uhbh-ejobu-gr obu-grkkh-mu kkh-mujicj jicjhg.etl hg.etlii

Skr Skrsk skcj cjb? b? Q=0

Fatfmkr =02=\. ettp ettp??//Lb //Lbab abiibe

Grkk Grkkh h

Mui Muijcjhg cjhg/L /LBA BABI BIBE BE

ettp?//kh.wjajpkcjb.frg/wjaj/GrkkhVmujicjhg

G]KKH ]KKH

M[JIC [JICJJHG.e HG.etl tl