Green Architecture.pdf

Green Architecture Introduction The first shelters Homes in ancient civilizations Ancient Egypt Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Greek Modern houses

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1. 1.1

Green Buildings Definition

Glazing Green buildings can only be so labelled if it is demonstrated that it is sustainable in terms of physical design, resource conservation and operation of the hard infrastructure. It should also be a complimentary addition to a community that is both socially and environmentally sustainable. The sustainable building must not only meet basic needs for food, shelter, education, work, income and safe living and working conditions, but also ensuring that it provides equity, accessibility, and a fair distribution of the benefits of development across the residents and community as a whole. Green Buildings aspects : • the use of local materials and indigenous building materials; • incentive to promote the continuation of traditional techniques, with regional resources and self-help strategies; • regulation of energy-efficient design principles; • international information exchange on all aspects of construction related to the environment, among architects and contractors, particularly non-renewable resources; • exploration of methods to encourage and facilitate the recycling and reuse of building materials, especially those requiring intensive energy use during manufacturing; and the use of clean technologies. Examples of definitions include that given by the Department of Architecture at Hong Kong University (a leader in the development of sustainable building practices) which defines the approach to green building as one that: “involves a holistic approach to the design of buildings”. The Green Building Council of the United States (USGBC) defines green (sustainable) building design or development as: “a process to design the built environment while considering environmental responsiveness, resource efficiency, and cultural land community sensitivity”.

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The objective of the current assignment is embedded in the following definition: The system of “Green Buildings "delivers services without exhausting resources. It uses all resources efficiently both in an environmental and economic sense. The idea of environmental sustainability is to leave the Earth in good or better shape for future generations than we found it for ourselves. Benefits of Sustainable Building Design: 1.2.1 Environmental Benefits Environmental benefits are at the very heart of sustainable building practices. The benefits which can be accrued can be considered both locally as well as globally. Using the example of the construction market in the United States, it is clear that reducing the water consumption, and energy (embodied¹ as well as direct) is a fundamental principle of green (sustainable) building design, in the widest context. 1.2.2 Economic Benefits Economic benefits can be identified at many stages of the project cycle it reduced design and building costs, operating costs, life cycle costs, improvements to occupant performance, marketing advantages, as well as optimisation of whole life cycle costing and analyses. 1.2.3 Social Benefits Social benefits include the health and welfare aspects as well as resource selection, transport and site selection and other aspects.

¹ Embodied energy refers to the quantity of energy required to manufacture, and supply to the point of use, a product, material or service.

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2. Green Building Criteria and Related Groups The following chart (Fig.1) depicts the six groups identified with the selected green building criteria including alternative cooling systems; envelop (fabric) efficiency; energy efficiency; water efficiency; indoor environmental quality; and site and heat island.

Shading Devices, External Wall Insulation, Glazing, Day lighting, Glazing Orientation,

District Cooling,

Site Selection

Solar Absorption Cooling Floor Cooling, Chilled Water Walls, Radiant Cooling,

Building ’s Orientation, AC Equipment Efficiency, CFC - free Refrigerants, Electrical Lighting, Cooling System

Glazing Area and Type, Glazing Characteristics,

Building Fabric Efficiency

Water Fixtures ,

Energy

Rain Water, Water Efficient Landscaping, Condensation, Recycled Water, Non - desalinated Water for AC.

Efficiency

Control Sensors, Smart Control Devices, Thermal comfort, Water Heating , Swimming Pools, Renewable Energy, Ventilation

Water Efficiency Indoor Air Quality

Operable Windows, Ventilation Systems, Chemical & Pollution, Noise and Acoustic Control,

The Site

Fig. ١ Green Building criteria and its related groups

Roof Shapes, High Reflective Roofs, High Emissivity Materials, Green Roofs, Site Configuration.

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3. Green Building Guidelines

Group I: Envelop Efficiency

Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency

1. Glazing 2. Wall Insulations (non-glazed Façades) 3. Shading 4. Glazing and Building Orientations 5. Clearstory Windows

1. Water Consumption 2. Water Reclamation 3. Grey Water Systems 4. Sewage Systems 5. Water Harvesting 6. Water Management 7. Water Efficient Landscaping 8. Rain Water

Group II: Cooling/Heating Systems 1. Under-floor Cooling/Heating 3. Solar Absorption Cooling Group III: Energy Efficiency 1. Site Selection

Group V: The Site 1. Green Roofs 2. Site’s Materials

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Glazing Group 1: Envelop Efficiency Guideline no.: 1 Specifications: Solar Heat Gain coefficient (SHGC) or often called Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF), the percentage of solar heat gain transmitted through the fenestration product as a whole. SHGC is function of the Shading Coefficient (SC) multiply by a constant factor (1.19). The SHGC values can range from around 0.2 to 0.8 or less depending on coatings, tinting, frame area relative to glass areas, and other factors. The lowest SHGF values are typically found in windows with Low-E coatings formulated to reduce solar gains . a. Ensure that glazing shall be always double-glazing with Low-E coatings on the interior of outside pane (Fig.2). b. Allow thermal break to eliminate thermal bridges in glazing above 40% aluminum sections. c. Make sure that Northern facades of buildings shall be designed for passive solar cooling and have glazing with medium SHGC of 0.37 to allow for maximum VL of 0.80 and beneficial for solar heat gain in winter months. d. Apply SHGC of 0.30 in case the glazed facades of the building are tilted 15° to 45° from the north direction (north-east, north-west). e. Ensure that East and West facades receiving plenty of undesirable sun have SHGC of 0.30.

Fig 2 Different types of Low-E and solar control glazing Image sources: www.filmcote.co.uk / www.pentagonprotection.com/ www.yourglass.com

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Façade‘s Wall Insulations (non-glazed) Group 1: Envelop Efficiency Guideline no.: 2 Specifications: a. Use insulation materials with their Standards and tests. b. Introduce the air gap cavity as an insulation medium. The air gap should be 50mm to make the total external wall 30cm. c. Make sure that spandrels or windows frame combining many aluminum sections to have thermal break to eliminate thermal bridges. d. Make sure the thermal insulation value of such material meet the above Types of Thermal insulation - Mineral wool - Packing (fire stopping) -Installing building insulation - Building insulation materials - Wool insulation

-Super insulation - R-value (insulation) - Passive house - Zero energy building

Fig.3 Different wall insulation materials Image sources: www.fiberglass--insulation.com / www.yixinky.com

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Shading Group 1: Envelop Efficiency Guideline no.: 3

Specifications: a. Ensure that glazing areas are always shaded with shading devices (Fig.4). b. For glazing on the northern facades there is no need for shading devices unless the building shape is elliptical (Fig.5). c. Incorporate appropriate shading devises on Eastern and Western facades that receive plenty of undesirable direct solar radiation from the sun to minimise solar heat gain, especially on the peak hours in hot summer months, i.e., morning from 8.00 to 12.00am and afternoon from 2.00pm to6.00pm. d. Add shading elements underneath the skylight or atrium if these skylights are covering the opened roof or atrium to control the direct sun beams and reduce glare. e. Design the building to shad itself and benefit from the surroundings. f. Use exterior shadings to minimize heat gain during hot summer months (Fig.6, 7 & 8). g. Give west and south windows and glazed area shading priorities. h. Make glazed areas on the external facades that receive solar radiation recessed inwards to minimise direct heat gain in hot summer months. i. Use landscapes to rationally provide shad/shadow on the building facades. Technical Data: South facades: Horizontal shading devices and elements (Fig.4) Eastern and western facades :vertical/horizontal (sloped) shading devices (Fig.4)

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Shading Group 1: Envelop Efficiency Guideline no.: 3

Fig.4 Different types of shading devices for shading glazed areas and building facades

Fig.5 Shading devices on an elliptical shape to control heat gain from east and west directions

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Shading Group 1: Envelop Efficiency Guideline no.: 3

Fig.6 Types of external light shelves for shading

Fig.7 Shading devises and light shelves to ensure maximize shading and ensure adequate day lighting

Fig.8 Shading and light shelves to provide shading enhance natural day lighting and save energy

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Glazing and Building Orientations Group1: Envelop Efficiency Guideline no.: 4 Specifications: a. Minimize the height of the window on the South side (strip windows work well), and shade the window from direct sunlight. When the sun is high in the South sky, a canopy or a tree makes an excellent sunshade. b. Minimize windows on East-West, especially west-facing windows; due to the sun is low in the morning and evening and perpendicular on theses facades, creating a lot of glare and excessive solar heat gain. c. Ensure that the optimum directional orientation is given. This depends on the site specific factors and local landscape features such as trees, hills, or other buildings that may shade the space during certain times of the day.

Fig.9 Site subdivision with predominantly North and South facing orientation

Fig.10 Site running East-West with a building facing North-South and landscape orientation

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Clearstory Windows Group 1: Envelop Efficiency Guideline no.: 5 Specifications: a. Locate clearstory windows mainly on the Northern facades to reduce heat gain hence, cooling loads. b. Make sure the glazed areas and roofs of the public buildings, schools, health care centres and hospitals, as well as factories and residential buildings have clearstory windows installed to attract daylight and direct daylight inward. c. Guarantee that deeper spaces in buildings are provided with clearstory windows as much as possible to attract day lighting and distribute it evenly well across the floor space. Technical Data: - Clearstory windows to face the Northern or South directions only; and - Low-emissivity (Low-E) gl

Fig.11 Different vertical and horizontal types and styles of clearstory windows

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Under-floor Cooling/Heating Group 2: Cooling/Heating Systems Guideline no.: 1 Specifications: The Under-floor cooling and heating system is a unique combination of highly efficient inverter driven compressor and variable set point temperature capability that allows the system to match its output precisely to the actual cooling/heating demands of the building. To make it a complete system, the following should be considered: System A a. Use Under-floor cooling system to manage cold air and ensure it effective distribution. b. Apply barriers under the floor to direct the cold air to dense racks and in the ceiling to return it from the hot aisle. c. Utilize a raised floor to allow installing the system. d. Ensure the raised floors are initially built to assist in handling chiller lines, power feeds and the updraft required by mainframe equipment.

Fig.12 Under-floor cooling/heating systems

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Solar Absorption Cooling (SAC) Group 2: Cooling/Heating Systems Guideline no.: 2 It is a cooling system to cool air using chilled water. It is generated steam (evaporation) from heated water by the sun. There are two drivers in the cooling process: one is the water (utilized as the refrigerant that is the working medium that experiences a phase change that causes the cooling affect); and second is salt (lithium bromide) where heat is used to separate the two fluids.

Fig.13 Solar Absorption Chillers with its solar PV panels for heating water for AC

Fig.14 Solar Absorption Chillers with its system using flat plate collectors for heating water

Fig.15 Sun-chillers system used for space cooling/heating (sun evacuated tubes with absorption chillers) Image sources: www.cogeneration.net www.sunchiller.com

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Site Selection Group III: Energy Efficiency Guideline no.: 1 Specifications: a. Choose the site sensibly to lower the environmental impact. b. Select the site location to reduce transportation of materials and embodied energy during construction and operation. c. Decide on new sites that are near public roads network, bridges and highways to reduce loss of land, provide access to the new facility, and avoid extra cost of new roads. d. Choose new site to minimise infrastructures required to support the facility operation. e. Select sites in urban and developed areas to ensure good building orientation. f. Decide on the site to be nearby or within the immediacy of water supply sources. g. Pick the sites that are nearby or within the immediacy of power distribution network to reduce demand on supply and resources but within the allowable limits to avoid risk. h. Ensure that selected sites shall be within an acceptable good range to residential areas and other services to enable building users to reduce daily transportation and time. i. Ensure that the selection of sites has good link to good drainage systems and would not affect groundwater level. j. Avoid selecting sites that are nearby electrical transport medium or high voltage towers.

Fig.16 Hazardous, industrial areas, and noisy sites to be avoided when selecting a new site for buildings

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Water Consumption Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 1

4.1 Water Consumption Reducing water consumption in buildings is primarily achieved by avoiding the need to use water in the first instance, followed by improvements to efficiency of use. This requires a review of activities such as cleaning, irrigation, washing, flushing wastes and drinking to identify where use reductions can be made. Opportunities for this may involve: • Avoiding indoor and outdoor planting with high irrigation needs; • Avoiding water features that have little indispensable amenity value; • Incorporation of low water use appliances and fixtures. Methods for achieving reductions in water consumption are further outlined below. 4.1.1 Construction Water Conservation Design for reduced use of potable water in construction period can be achieved through ensuring that minimum potable water use is embodied into materials selection. Identify site construction activities where potable water may be utilised, reduce the need for these activities or specify alternative grey water sources where possible e.g. for washing or damping down.

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Water Reclamation Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 2

4.2 Water Reclamation Wastewater generated from sources such as grey water, sewage (also commonly referred to as black water) and air conditioning condensate can be used in a variety of ways: for fire protection, in outdoor water features, street cleaning, or for industrial purposes such as cooling water, boiler-feeder water, or process water. 4.2.1 Grey Water Systems Grey water is waste water produced from indoor uses such as laundries, showers, and bathroom sinks, and will require some treatment before use. Grey water from kitchen and food preparation areas should be separated from other sources of grey water, due to intrinsic difficulties in removing oils and fats. Many public and commercial facilities generate relatively small amounts of grey water; other types of commercial and industrial facilities may generate large quantities. For example, a vehicle cleaning areas and facilities that use large quantities of water to wash trucks can realize considerable savings by recycling wash water. Therefore, volume should be considered in deciding whether it is cost-effective to treat grey water and sewage separately. Usually, irrigation with grey water is required to be subsurface. Factors affecting the mode of grey water irrigation systems include soil depth and characteristics as well as drainage and flooding patterns.

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Grey Water Systems Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 3

• Install dual plumbing lines in building interiors. Dual plumbing separates grey water from sewage. Dual plumbing is not difficult to install, but is mostcost effective if done during initial construction. If dual plumbing lines are not installed initially, adding a grey water treatment system later can be relatively expensive. For this reason, install dual distribution lines in new facilities if a grey water system may be incorporated in the future. • Utilize grey water for non-potable purposes. Recycle grey water via a dual distribution system, for such non-potable water uses as toilet flushing, thereby avoiding unnecessary use of high-quality potable water. Another major use of grey water is for irrigation of areas such as golf courses and ornamental landscapes. A separate tank, filter, and special emitters are necessary in grey water irrigation systems. Types of irrigation systems that can utilize grey water include: - Drip irrigation with pressure dosing, which uses a pump system to “dose” the irrigation water at regulated intervals; - More traditional evapotranspiration systems; - Shallow trench systems, which utilize distribution pipes placed close enough to the surface to allow for irrigation of plant roots; - Spray irrigation using sprinklers should be avoided not only to reduce evaporative losses, but also to reduce potential health hazards from supplies of grey water which has not been treated to potable standards;

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Sewage Systems Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 4

4.2.2

Sewage Systems

Sewage can be treated on site to produce sludge and water. The water can be recycled for non-potable uses, reducing water consumption and overburdening of municipal treatment facilities. Sludge can either be taken off-site for disposal at appropriate facilities, or may be biologically digested at on-site facilities, potentially yielding exportable energy from production of methane. • As with grey water, incorporate segregated plumbing into design, isolating sewage from other wastewater systems. • Utilize innovations such as low-pressure dosing systems in conjunction with septic tanks to overcome limitations of soil, geology, or topography. • Consider solid separators, sand filters and aerobic tank treatment. Sand filters, a low-cost wastewater treatment technology, have been in use for many years. Aerobic tank systems offer advantages over traditional septic tanks, which do not use oxygen to treat waste. • Consider aquaculture systems (illustrated in Figure 3-1). In aquaculture systems, wastewater becomes a source of food for plants and fish. In the process water is purified, as plants and fish ingest pollutants. This type of system requires high management, but produces food and fertilizer in return. For example, both horizontal and vertical reed beds can be utilised for secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater and can be integrated into landscaping of the site, depending on land availability. The reed bed system utilises a system of sand and gravel of different grades, planted with local reed species.

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Sewage Systems Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 4

Figure 17: Aquaculture System

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Water Harvesting Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 5

3.2.3 Water Harvesting Water harvesting means collecting runoff from the soil’s surface, paved surfaces, rooftops, and other sources, and storing it for future use such as irrigation. Harvested water can include storm water and irrigation runoff, water from cooling towers and air-conditioning systems, and other drainage structures directed into collection areas. After collection in a covered storage tank (to reduce evaporation potential), harvested runoff must be pressurized in order to be used in an irrigation system. • Design flat roof spaces and paved pedestrian areas to collect rainwater runoff. Water collected from car parks may not be suitable for reuse for purposes such as irrigation due to potential diesel and chemical content. The use of oil interceptors in car park drains may increase use potential from this source and minimise the need for further treatment. • Utilize gravity flow to collect runoff into harvesting areas such as storage tanks, open ponds, or detention basins. • Direct rainfall from roofs and water from cooling towers into runoff harvesting areas. 3.3 Water Management 3.3.1 Monitoring of Water Use Monitoring of water use, will assist in identification and reduction of wastage of potable water. Designs should incorporate water metering systems which are accessible for review by site and facilities operators and users. Metering of different facilities and activities will also assist in identification of inefficient practices or appliances. In this manner, facility managers, operators or residents can monitor and audit water use and can be encouraged to introduce water saving measures.

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Water Management Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 6

3.3.2 Water Leakage Designers should seek to limit or eliminate the wastage of potable water, or other natural surface or subsurface water resources through leakages. Water leaks within a building or on a development can result in significant losses and cost as a result of damage or the building and its contents becoming inoperable. Designs for water supply and discharge systems should incorporate leak detection systems to allow determination of location for repair. This should include both indoor and outdoor distribution networks.

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Water Efficient Landscaping Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 7

3.4 Water Efficient Landscaping Limit or eliminate the use of potable water, or other natural water resources available on or near the project site, for landscape irrigation. • Use planting schemes that incorporate either native species or well adapted drought tolerant plants, requiring little or no irrigation. • Water at appropriate times of day i.e. not after 9am when water will evaporate quickly. • Introduce watering below surface to reduce evapotranspiration. • Use salt tolerant plant species, which will allow the blending of ‘sweet’ water, such as treated grey water and treated sewage effluent (TSE), with brackish or saline water from the ground or sea. • Incorporate rockery areas to reduce plant cover requirements. • Incorporate shading aspects, such as native trees or hard landscaping features into landscape design, reducing solar glare and potential for high evaporation rates. • Where irrigation is necessary, only utilise water from grey water or treated effluent sources. • Irrigation methods such as buried drip feed should be utilised and timed to meet with lowest solar insulation and highest plant uptake during the day, i.e. early in the morning. Above ground spray irrigation methods should not be used. Use drip irrigation systems, as shown in Figure 3-2.

Figure 18: Drip Irrigation

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Rain Water Group IV: Water Use and Efficiency Guideline no.: 8 Rain Water a. Collect rain water from the building’s roof using gutters and vertical pipes. b. Install a ground water tank (sensible size) to stockpile rain water on the building’s site for landscape purpose (Fig.19). c. Determine the sizes of water tanks according to the average precipitation rates in Naur and the roof size (roof area plus height until the gutter). d. Connect vertical pipes with horizontally-sloped pipes to reach the water tank’s inlet. e. Filter rain water before entering the water tank (Fig.19). f. Ensure access for and excavation depth for the water tank. g. Guarantee that pipes used for supplying rain is separate from that of potable water. h. If rain water is collected from parking lots a special filter and treatments are needed. i. Segregation of oil through filters is needed before water enters into the water thank. j. Separation of oudour is required in water tanks.

(Fig.19)

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Green Roofs Group V: The Site Guideline no.:1

a. Use green plantation on the building’s top Roof to provide shade/shading and protect it from direct heat gain and cool the atmosphere around these roofs by evapotranspiration process, hence significantly reduce the urban heat island effect. b. Apply green roofs to improve water quality in two ways: a) by capturing, breaking down and detoxifying pollutants found in rainwater such as, nitrogen and phosphorus. This is achieved by the root systems' bacteria and fungi, which utilize the natural filtering processes of bioremediation and Phytoremediation; and b) by acting as a sponge that captures storm water and slowly releases it over time. This reduces storm water flow that holds organic materials, chemical pollutants. c. Ensure roofing membrane is used as a critical waterproofing layer under a green roof. d. Apply a unique, root-resistant compound to prevent plant roots from penetrating beneath this waterproofing membrane. e. Install a drainage layer to grantee that excess moisture is drawn away from the roofing membrane. f. Guarantee a filter layer is included to prevent soil from clogging the drainage system, i.e., placed between the base membrane and a layer of soil while enabling water to penetrate and support the plant life. g. Apply lightweight: formulated soil to absorb and retain water in a controlled manner and to nourish the plant life h. Customize a surface layer of plant life is to meet specific functional and aesthetic requirements of individual applications. i. Install a vapour barrier or vapour retarder over the deck depending on occupancy and local conditions. j. Ensure water and root-repellent membranes are installed on top of a reinforced roof structure. k. Grantee that a soil layer is seeded with varieties of simple durable plants-sedums. l. Use green roofs to reduce sound reflection .

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(Fig.20)

(Fig.21)

Image sources: www.igra-world.com / www.mngreenroofs.org/ www.furbishco.com

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Green Roofs Group V: The Site Guideline no.:1