Green Architecture

GREEN ARCHITECTURE

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction Green architecture is designing with nature. It is essential component of sustainable design, applying the techniques of sustainable design to architecture that are concerned with the ecological and aesthetic harmony between structure and its surrounding natural and built environment. It is a practice of creating a structure that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout its life-cycle. The buildings or houses are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment through efficiently using energy, water and other resources. It protects people’s health by reducing waste, pollution and environment degradation. It focuses on sustainable site development, improvement of indoor air quality, water management, energy management and solid waste management, green materials and preservation of cultural contexts. Green architecture involves a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in human and environmental health. These involve sustainable site selection and development, energy efficiency, water conservation, clean air, use of low-impact materials, renewable resource, and preserving indoor air quality.

Figure 1 Example of Green Architecture

Green architecture may have many of these characteristics:      

Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy Minimal harm to the natural habitat Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials Locally-obtained woods and stone Responsibly-harvested woods GROUP 5

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Difference between Green Architecture and Sustainable Architecture SUSTAINABILITY -

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Whole-systems approach to environment that encompasses the notion of green building but also addresses broader social, ethical, and economic issues, as well as the community context of buildings. Generalized on the efficiency of natural energy and resources with the help of mechanical tools to ease the daily life of human.

one prong of a three-sectioned theory that additionally encompasses economic and social components

GREEN

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Component of sustainability

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tangible environmentally responsible actions

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Provides healthy environment in a researchefficient manner using ecologically based principles

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focuses on the efficient use of natural resources and usage of it as the part of the structure

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MEASUREMENT OF GREEN Because of its inherently abstract, subjective nature, measuring an architectural value system is difficult. Measuring the “greenness” of architecture is understandably also challenging. To solve this issue, the three categories that make up the concept of “green”—sustainable, ecological, and performance—have been defined operationally. Linked to each category are the essential components and values that further define and isolate them. These definitions assign meaning to a construct by specifying the activities or “operations” necessary to measure it. In general, a concept is synonymous with its corresponding set of operations (Bridgman 1980). These categories are connected but they are also distinct and mutually exclusive. They each have their own subcategories with specific attributes. This taxonomy is not sequential; instead, it works primarily from the bottom up.

For any building to be considered as an example of “green architecture,” it should include all of the categories in various degrees. In other words, an architectural artefact can be “green” only if it is simultaneously “sustainable,” “ecological,” and “per formative.” The level within these categories depends on their own respective taxonomies. Sustainability requires “elements (technology and materials),” “resources,” and “environmental” subcategories. The degree of these subcategories is also determined based on their level of inclusion and overlapping attributes. For instance, a building can be “completely” or “barely” sustainable—or non sustainable—depending on the number of attributes it possess within each subcategory (i.e., elements, resources, and environmental). If a building only uses durable materials, is affordable, and is healthy, then that building is barely sustainable and goes to the bottom of the sustainability scale. If one of these subcategories is missing, then the building cannot be considered sustainable, even though it has sustainable qualities.

TAXONOMY OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2 Example of Green Architecture

Figure 2:

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GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS The development of building rating systems was the result of growing concerns in the building industry and management, in topics such as sustainability, building performance, environmental impact, energy, cost efficiency, and maintenance. The rating systems were a partial response to these issues, proposing quantifiable tools to evaluate and measure the level of a building’s environmental performance. Several countries created their own standards of building performance, evaluation, and rating systems, addressing a wide range of environmental issues (i.e., energy, design, construction, site, technologies, and materials). LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (LEED) RATING SYSTEMS are groups of requirements for projects that want to achieve LEED certification. Each group is geared towards the unique needs of a project or building type. Projects earn points to satisfy green building requirements. Within each of the LEED credit categories, projects must satisfy prerequisites and earn points. The number of points the project earns determines its level of LEED certification. LEED encourages and accelerates global adoption of sustainable and green building and neighbourhood development practices through the creation and implementation of a universally understood and accepted benchmark encompassing existing and new standards, tools, and performance criteria.

 Platinum 80 points and above MAIN CREDIT CATEGORIES:  Sustainable sites credits encourage strategies that minimize the impact on ecosystems and water resources.  Water efficiency credits promote smarter use of water, inside and out, to reduce potable water consumption.  Energy & atmosphere credits promote better building energy performance through innovative strategies.  Materials & resources credits encourage using sustainable building materials and reducing waste.  Indoor environmental quality credits promote better indoor air quality and access to daylight and views.

BUILDING ECOLOGICALLY RESPONSIVE DESIGN EXCELLENCE (BERDE) •

BERDE is a green building rating system developed by the Philippine Green Building Council (PHILGBC),

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It was created by PHILGBC as an appropriate response to the Philippine building industry’s need to proactively address the negative impacts of climate change in the property sector.

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It is used to measure, verify, and monitor the environmental performance of buildings that exceeds existing mandatory regulations and standards

LEVELS OF CERTIFICATIONS:  Certified 40–49 points  Silver 50–59 points  Gold 60–79 points

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It is consensus-driven, and achieved through a multi-stakeholder consultation and collaboration process. It features the latest innovative trends in building products, architecture, engineering and construction as initiated by the industry's best and brightest minds.

As more building owners learn the effects of climate change and the advantages of green buildings, market players are enthusiastic in participating in the greening of the construction sector through green building and certification. Greener buildings are:

BERDE GREEN BUILDING RATING SCHEMES 1. BERDE FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION- Is a green building rating scheme designed to sustainability of new buildings and structures that are currently undergoing the design process, or are under construction in the Philippines 2. BERDE FOR RETROFITS AND RENOVATIONS - Is a green building rating scheme designed to measure the sustainability of buildings and structures that have undergone or are undergoing retrofitting, renovation, and refurbishment, in part and in whole 3. BERDE FOR OPERATIONS - Is a green building rating scheme designed to measure the sustainable operational performance of existing buildings and structures.

 energy and water efficient  cheaper to operate and maintain  reduced negative impacts to the environment  creates healthy environment for the users  has improved productivity of users  and improves the quality of life. BERDE FRAMEWORK  Management

 Indoor Quality

 Land Use and Ecology

 Materials

 Water

 Emissions

 Energy

 Waste

 Transportation

 Conservation Heritage

Environment

Innovation

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CASE STUDY: LOCAL GREEN ARCHITECTURE ARYA RESIDENCES BONIFACIO GLOBAL CITY (BGC) Arya Residences is located in the quieter, residential side of Bonifacio Global City (BGC) which is along McKinley Parkway corner Rizal Drive and 8th Avenue. A luxury ecologically enlightened, it redefines the concept of green. Arya Residences conceived a new concept for a truly modern age. It is a concept of unmistakable luxury, seamlessly integrated with an eco-conscious harmony with nature. Rising headlong to completion at the McKinley Parkway, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, Arya Residences is the fusion of architectural refinement, and environmentally sensitive design. Arya Residences is the FIRST GREEN BUILDING in the Philippines to be registered under the US Green Building Council for LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.) Perspective view of Arya Residences

LEED is a globally recognized green building certification system, providing third-party verification that a property is built to optimize resource utilization and promote ecological stewardship. LEED is developed and spearheaded by the USGBC (U.S. Green Building Council).

By using less energy, LEED-certified buildings save money for residents; reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and contribute to a healthier environment for the community. There are both environmental and financial benefits to earning LEED certification. LEED-certified buildings are designed to:    

Lower operating costs and increase asset value, higher rental yields for LEED benefits. CONSERVE ENERGY AND WATER, thus lower association dues than most developments. Be healthier and safer for occupants. Demonstrate an owner’s commitment to environmental stewardship and social responsibility.

Location Plan of Arya Residences • With a park right across the site at McKinley Parkway side • Accessible via the public transport system of Bonifacio Global City • Minutes away from urban necessities such as the commercial establishments in Bonifacio High Street and Market! Market!, premier schools like the British School and Japanese School, and institutions including St. Luke’s Hospital

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GREEN FEATURES

require minimal maintenance • Convenient dining options at The Plaza

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INNOVATION IN DESIGN ENERGY AND ATMOSPHERE Arya Residences brings a ground-breaking concept of luxury that seamlessly integrates holistic eco-friendly technologies and strategies. The result – design that’s distinctly defined, sustainable and world-class.

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Within each living unit, air quality, natural daylight and walls that are noise proof are present, all providing a welcoming and peaceful home setting. • Low VOC (Volatile Organic Content) paint • Right-sized, operable, windows that allow better air circulation. • Layouts designed to allow abundant natural light in.

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SUSTAINABLE SITES

• A location within walking distance of commercial and business areas • Located in an island block at the highest point of Bonifacio Global City bounded by three major roads that provide accessibility to destinations of importance for the residents • Use of local vegetation that

AtArya, energy-efficient design and construction, and the choice of low energy consumption appliances and systems help lower energy bills. • Energy-efficient, multi-split Samsung DVM Inverter airconditioners allow up to 25% energy savings • Custom-sized, double-glazed windows with Low-E glass prevent excessive heat from entering the living units, while allowing more natural light and gentle winds inside • Up to 14% energy savings in a home that is naturally cooler and receives more healthy sunlight

MATERIALS AND RESOURCES A refinement of choice in the selection of materials exhibits both a sophisticated sensibility and a consciousness sensitive to ecology. Sustainably grown, harvested, produced and transported materials foster waste reduction, reuse and recycling. • Building and interior materials sourced locally or regionally • Use of high-quality, eco-friendly sustainable materials • High grade, sturdier fixtures that require less maintenance GROUP 5

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WATER EFFICIENCY

fresco, any season of the year.

Water consumption at Arya Residences is marked by intelligent, effective usage. These are accomplished by employing water-efficient fittings and fixtures. Water-conscious landscape design that beautifies the surroundings helps the environment as well.

The carefully designed landscaping is intended to absorb the sun’s direct heat, thus cooling the area naturally. A different kind of green where everything is considered – not only for comfort and discriminating lifestyle but also the impact it will make to the environment.

REDUCED NEED FOR AIR-CONDITIONING AND DAYTIME ELECTRIC LIGHTING - The orientation allows less direct exposure to the sun’s heat and better ventilation. - The design of the balcony and ledge minimizes heat exposure. - Heat resistant double glazed windows with Low-E glass. - Operable windows with insect screens open up the units to fresh air. - The use of energy efficient multi-split Samsung DVM Inverter Air-conditioning systems (with EER 12) will reduce air-conditioning, electricity consumption by as much as 25%. - Generous, custom-sized windows provide abundant natural light - The unit’s layout are carefully designed to allow most areas to receive natural light. - Light wells illuminate selected common areas like The Plaza. LANDSCAPE DESIGN OF THE PLAZA AND TERRACE AMENITIES The Plaza is an elevated enclave featuring destination dining restaurants where residents and their guests may enjoy feasting and entertaining al

The Terrace is a private oasis for the Arya residents. Designed to allow a healthy lifestyle and elevated experience, this will feature various amenities such as a 25-meter lap pool, a leisure pool, a kiddie pool, indoor children’s play area with adjacent outdoor playground, open garden with seating and function rooms with outdoor spill over.

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FLOORPLANS

prepare your meals from your open and smartly-planned kitchen. The Master Bedroom, with its en-suite bathroom and private balcony offers a peaceful retreat at the end of a busy day.

2 BEDROOM GRAND

3 BEDROOM GRAND A place where a picturesque view will greet the users through panoramic windows as they enter the 2 Bedroom Grand unit. With its curvilinear layout, abundant natural light freely enters the home, even up to the dining area and kitchen. Carefully laid out spaces extend to the outdoors through two balconies accessible from the living area and the Master bedroom. A unit truly grand, it's ideal for individuals who thrive in both the active and easy lifestyles. 2 BEDROOM PREMIER Built for those who want to have a perfect balance of personal and social spaces at home, the 2 Bedroom Premier's intelligent layout allows for a graceful flow from the living room, to the dining space, even up to the balcony letting engaging conversations happen, even as you

Live grand in your generously spaced 3 Bedroom Grand unit. Its expansive interior makes for a perfect home-with intelligent design that creates a pleasant sunlit space, welcoming the cool breeze that freely flows. Stunning vistas frame the backdrop of your living room with floor-to-ceiling windows. Each area is designed for ease and comfort: from the spacious fore room, to the bedrooms, smartly placed and fitted kitchen, to the louvered utility area. Perfect for families that deserve only a lifestyle that's grand and sustainable.

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PENTHOUSE VILLA

PENTHOUSE MANSION

A splendidly sized bi-level fourbedroom unit, the Penthouse Villa will surely leave your guests in awe as they enter your living room with its impressive double volume ceiling height and floor-to-ceiling windows. A luxurious dining area and spacious kitchen are notable features as well. The first floor highlights the sprawling Master Suite. The second floor houses the Family Hall and the rest of the private spaces with their en-suite toilet and baths. It's a home where you can spend family time but with enough areas that let everyone indulge in their very own me time.

FLOOR AREA

FLOOR AREA

Approx. 591 sq m (6,361 sq.ft) The expansive bi-level makes for a grand, if not majestic, residence. Generously designed to accommodate four bedrooms, the Penthouse Mansion offers a myriad of options for relaxation and entertainment. Enjoy magnificent and unobstructed views from the floor-to-ceiling windows of your grand living room. Create wonderful memories with your family in leisure zones fit for a playground and a courtyard. Spend your days worry-free knowing that staff and utility spaces are more than adequately sized and within easy reach. The Penthouse Mansion is delivered bare to allow you to customize your beautiful home to suit your discriminating taste and unparalleled style.

Approx. 382 - 384 sq m (4,111 4,133 sq.ft)

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CASE STUDY: FOREIGN GREEN ARCHITECTURE TONGVA PARK SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA Tongva Park‘s site was previously an unused dirt lot that broke the connection between City Hall and the Santa Monica Pier. The new park is a beautiful, nature-filled space the bridges this gap and serves as the new heart and lungs of the city. James Corner Field Operations turned the flat dirt lot into a dynamic park with undulating hills, water features and fun play areas. Four main areas: Garden Hill, Discovery Hill, Observation Hill and Gathering Hill, each provide a different experience for children, residents, and visitors. Taking inspiration from the Southern California landscape, the park is filled with native and adapted plants. Original plants on the lot were preserved, and over 300 trees and thousands of plants were added to flush out the landscape.

Irrigation water is provided by the Santa Monica Urban Runoff Recycling Facility (SMURRF) water reclamation facility, while storm water is processed on-site with the help of bio swales and retention areas.

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Water features are potable, so children can play in them, and they only loose water from evaporation.

LED lighting reduces energy use, and materials were carefully selected to focus on nontropical hardwoods that have been sustainably forested, local aggregates and stone, recycled content materials, low-VOC paints, sealants, and adhesives, and soy-based anti-graffiti coatings. James Corner describes the project as “creating a new heart for Santa Monica—a new destination and gathering place of great social, ecological, and symbolic value.” He says, “We have sculpted a dramatic topography of hills and hollows that incorporate, and incorporated a very large number of native plant species to create a spectacular horticultural garden, replete with generous furnishing, water fountains, play elements, and activity areas. It has been an absolute pleasure to work with the people of Santa Monica to create a place together that feels so fresh and dynamic.” GROUP 5

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CASE STUDY: FOREIGN GREEN ARCHITECTURE

They needed —and wanted— to be sustainable in practice while simultaneously building a relationship between the land and the community.

BARDESSONO: NAPA VALLEY'S NEWEST ECO RESORT

(LEED Platinum Certified) 6526 YOUNT ST, YOUNTVILLE, CA, UNITED STATES

The hotel's design, construction and operation followed guidelines of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System, the nationally accepted benchmark for high performance green buildings. LEED promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in six key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, indoor environmental quality, and innovation in design. 4.9 ACRE-SITE 62 GUESTROOMS 5,895 SQUARE-FOOT SPA

The Bardessono eco-resort is Napa Valley’s newest luxury hotel. The inn and spa took care not to disrupt the area’s natural habitat while including a host of green building strategies including rammed earth walls, grey and black water treatment systems, and solar and geothermal energy, completed by ecodeveloper Phil Sherburne and architect Ron Mitchell.

Some of the primary sustainable practices that qualified the hotel for LEED Platinum certification are: o

Heating And Cooling Heat Retention, Geothermal

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Mechanical Lighting And Electrical Generation Solar Power, Lighting

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Reuse Of Material

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Indoor Air Quality

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Low Water Use Low Water Use, Water Recycling

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Creek side Protection

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Construction Waste

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HEATING AND COOLING One of the most pressing environmental needs is to reduce the demand for energy. The goal for the Bardessono project is to reduce the demand for external energy supplies electricity, gas or oil by at least half of what a typical hotel consumes. Heating and cooling are the main sources of energy demand in a hotel. All the buildings are designed with overhangs to reduce the heat gain from the summer sun, yet allow the winter sun's rays to enter and warm the rooms. Each room has 200 square feet of glass to allow for natural lighting. The rooms have doors and windows opening onto private patios for natural ventilation. The glass used is all low-e which reduces the temperature transfer through the glass. When sensors detect that guests are not in their room, the automatically controlled thermostats allow the temperature to raise or lower a few degrees and reduce excess energy demand. When cooling is required, the first stage of intervention is for motor controlled exterior venetian blinds to lower to reduce the heat gain from the sun. Another method for reducing heat gain in the buildings is the use of reflective materials on the roofs that minimize heat absorption.

MECHANICAL LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL GENERATION The large amount of glass used in each building reduces the daytime requirement for electrical lighting. LED, halogen or fluorescent bulbs are used in light fixtures throughout the property. These lights use much less energy, generate less heat and last much longer than incandescent bulbs. The

amount of exterior up-lighting is minimized to limit light pollution. The same system that senses occupancy and adjusts thermostats in the guest rooms also turns off the lights when the rooms are unoccupied. At the hotel, the use of solar energy is maximized by covering roofs with the most efficient solar panels available. This 200-kilowatt solar energy system provides approximately one-half the total electrical energy requirement of the property. The solar panels lie flat on the rooftops, invisible to surrounding properties.

REUSE OF MATERIAL The stone featured on both the exterior and interior of the building was recycled from the stone blocks of an old wine cellar on the property -The stone is a local limestone called Tufa. The large blocks of the Tufa stone have been sliced into tiles and used on both the exterior and interior of public spaces. Salvaged Monterey Cypress has been milled into siding used on the exterior of several buildings. These are trees that otherwise would have been ground up or burned. Walnut trees have been milled into the hotel's flooring, rather than being burned. Veneers of the Walnut grace the entry doors into the guest GROUP 5

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rooms and to several public rooms. Redwood recycled from wine casks has been used on the ceilings of some of the public spaces within the hotel, and on several public room doors. Salvaged California Bay trees have become cut slabs for the desks in the guest rooms. The large tables in the public areas and dining room tables have all come from salvaged trees. The concrete used on the property has significant recycled fly ash content and the steel has a high recycled content. Many of the materials are sourced from within 500 miles of the project site to reduce the environmental impacts of deliveries. Landscaped features and permanent signage structures are made from rammed earth, celebrating the soils of Napa Valley.

landscaping in order to minimize water demand. In turn, the drip irrigation system is also designed for maximum efficiency, minimizing water waste. All grey and black water is treated and recycled for irrigation use by the Town of Yountville.

CREEKSIDE PROTECTION Development is held back from the creek a minimum of 35 feet and the area in between is landscaped with native riparian plants. The goal is to create a healthy vegetative environment for native animals and fish, as well as minimize any silting of the creek through runoff.

INDOOR AIR QUALITY All glues, adhesives, finishes, paints, carpets and fabrics used at Bardessono are required to meet low volatile organic compounds (VOC) standards to vastly improve indoor air quality. Prior to putting furniture into the rooms, the rooms were ventilated with fans for several hours to remove residual construction odours. The fabrics used on interior furnishings are green certified. The use of plastic is minimized. Carpeting is certified "Green Label." Porcelain and concrete tiles are made of natural materials that can be recycled. The glass tiles have high recycled glass content. The linens and terry used in the guest rooms are all made from organic fibres. Carpeting and draperies, which often harbour dust mites and odours, are not used in the guest rooms.

LOW WATER USE Indoors, bathroom fixtures with low water flow have been installed, along with dual flush toilets and waterless urinals. Outdoors, native and drought tolerant plants have been chosen for

CONSTRUCTION WASTE The general contractor set up a system to recycle project waste materials while the project was under construction. Amazingly they were able to recycle over 93 percent of construction waste generated during this time. All the subcontractors were similarly involved in recycling their waste.

COMPOST Bardessono has an effective recycling and composting program. All planted areas are managed organically; vegetable food waste is composted in an “Earth Tub” and reused as organic compost for maintaining landscaped areas.

By minimizing impacts of construction and design and integrating the most advanced environmental technologies, they charted an aggressive environmental course. GROUP 5

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SUMMARY 

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Green architecture is an essential component of sustainable design, incorporated into its surroundings and taking into consideration the natural environment, while sustainable architecture is a whole-systems approach that encompasses the notion of green building but also addresses broader social, ethical, and economic issues, as well as the community context of buildings.

The three categories that make up the concept of “green” are sustainable, ecological, and performance. Linked to each category are the essential components and values that further define and isolate them. These definitions assign meaning to a construct by specifying the activities or “operations” necessary to measure it.

CONCLUSION As more people have become concerned about the wise use of the planet's resources, the concept of green architecture has gained in both acceptability and interest. It is interesting to observe one of the trends that is currently developing in architecture “the green designs”. Although building ecofriendly edifices are expensive, it will save more in the long run. The money saved through the amount of rainfall collected and the amount of electricity usage reduced will even out the cost of building it in a short time. While the process of creating green architecture may be more difficult in some areas, there is no doubt that just about any structure can be altered or designed to be more environmentally friendly.

RECOMMENDATION Green Architecture does a lot of benefits to the environment, people, and community. Like in smaller buildings, wherein it is economically feasible, efficient, and requires low maintenance, it uses less material, need less energy, and produces less waste. Design should focus on small, yet functional and ecologically sensitive buildings by conserving space and preserving the environment. Also, focusing on using durable, low-maintenance, recyclable, and economical materials and technologies are recommended. Using abundant, local elements, with little to no transportation costs is preferable. Materials and technologies should consist of low-emission, no pollutant elements with low manufacturing impacts. Buildings should rely on sustainable resources, such as energy and water, focusing on supplying their own gray water and power. Planning should also consider the climatic conditions for their favor and benefit from them, such as sun, wind, and water. The buildings should be accessible to public transportation (and bicycle paths) to reduce private vehicle use, to save energy, and to reduce air pollution. By taking ecological issues into account, buildings should be designed and constructed in the right places and in the right way, for the benefit of both the occupants and the ecological resources. Implementation of global stewardship must take into consideration by acting locally and thinking globally. Use local resources as much as possible by reducing the embodied energy of the building products, and by considering global ecological consequences of their actions. The location and function of the building should contribute to the economic viability in the area by creating jobs, enhancing property values, and bringing GROUP 5

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other businesses into the area. The material and technological elements of the building should also be used in a way to reduce the environmental impact of the building such as absorbing sun rays and CO2 emission from the atmosphere.

REFERENCE

To sum up, buildings should be physically, functionally, and socially adaptable to the environment and perform according to environmental changes. Changes in climate, social patterns, or trends should not end the building life cycle but give birth for different uses for the building. The functional and environmental quality of the building should also be considered as the main design objective.

http://inhabitat.com/bardessono-napa-valleys-newest-eco-resort/ http://www.bardessono.com/LEED/ http://www.bardessono.com/overview/environmental_initiatives http://inhabitat.com/bardessono-hotel-awarded-leed-platinum-certification/ Green Architecture pdf by Osman Attaman http://aryaresidences.com.ph http://aryaresidencesbgc.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_5919944_green-architecture-advantagesdisadvantages.html#ixzz2klKUBPLh

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