Greece Before the Greeks Louis Benloew 1877

Greece before the Greeks - Louis Benloew 1877 by Louis Benloew Paris 1877 PREFACE Since long years I had believed to recognize in a certain number of names geographical and historical, or prehistoric, old Greece of the indices of a primitive population former to Hellènes. As I traversed one day the vocabulary, very-incomplete besides, that Xylander added to its Albanian grammar, my presumptions acquired, in my eyes, a certain degree of probability, not to say more. Albanian seemed to give an account of some proper names, otherwise unexplainable, such as Malée, Pylos, Andanie, Olympe. Unfortunately to light me more, I had apart from Xylander only the treaty on Albanian of Bopp, my famous Master, of which it had made me present in 1859 when I had gone voira it Berlin for the last time. This treaty could be to me of no immediate utility, but it apFEB 24 “8 223639 IV my attention peeled on the work conscientious, masterly, of Hahn, where one finds joined together all that one knows of passed and of the present of the Albanians, plus complete a enough grammar for certain parts, and a lexicon made with good more care than that of Xylander. I live the work of Hahn for the first time in 1873 with the library of Cassel (Hesse Electorale). I made it come since, as well as the beautiful work of Mr. Miklosich on Albanian, which all the spirit of sagacious criticism chaired which honours our century. I realized soon that the track that I believed to have discovered, had been already followed by others that me. Fortunately it had not been followed well far. One had left me seek and find. I be in a hurry to make known with the Masters of science some of the results obtained. Mr. Egger, that I maintained the first it, was of the opinion that it could be useful to subject them to the judgement of the Academy. He did not refuse me his councils, at the same time as he opened to me the treasures of his rich person library. Invaluable indications were provided to me, moreover, by Misters de Longpérier, Derembourg and Ernest Desjardins. The two readings which I was authorized to make with the Academy, drew the attention of the albano- philes of Italy. A great lady whose name is known honourably in our literary records, and whose Albanian origin estdes more famous, denies made the honor enter in correspondence with to lend me, me the lights of its scholarship, and to announce me work of its compatriots domiciled in Italy on the matters which interested me. - The Councils, information, publications philological and historical, booklets of any kind, Dora of Istria me forwarded them with a rare kindness and the most delicate satisfying. I pus to take note thus grammatologia alba- nese of Demetrio Camarda, grammar of Split, the writings of Vincenzo Dorsa. I test the need to publicly thank here gracious Principessa and his collaborator scientists for their so pleasant contest and if hastened. By traversing the following pages, they will realize, I hope, that I read their works and that I knew your to make profitable. By beginning my work, I believed to simply treat a question of linguistics and ethnography; I am to have touched with one VI

alive question, palpitating even, with a question of nationality. And what a nationality! Oldest of our continent with that of the Basques. Europe by its large diplomatic bases seems to want to constitute today like a permanent court of international justice. It is the moment for disinherited history, for forgotten of the European big family, to make known their objections, to put forward their titles with the interest, the gratitude even of the civilized people. In spite of the heroic resistance of Skanderbeg, the crescent made a deep breach in the Albanian clans. A great number of them are Musulmans today. However admire the force of the blood which triumphs even over religious hatreds and sign the tolerance with all the members of the same race: You link Chrétiens and Mahométans, claim freedom Then, when the Othoman is outside, made your Easter or celebrate it |baïram (1). These Albanian poor which spread purest of their blood for the stamping from Greece and which would have agreed of large heart to (1) Has Dora gli Albanesi, last song p. 121-124, Livorno 1870. to be Greek, if it had been allowed to them! That them at least the hope is left! All that in their country has heart and intelligence pushes back the Turkish conqueror. Dijon, on March 19, 1877. Louis BENLŒW. FOREWORD N is proven today that at one unmemorable time, Greece was not inhabited by the Greeks: when the latter penetrated in the country which they were to illustrate of their name, this country was not any more one desert. With which race thus did belong its first inhabitants? Customs did not found what we would call a state, they did not even form a nation, they did not have literature and they did not know to establish durable traditions; finally, no document, no inscription returns testimony of their last existence. There are however many traces, on the ground of Greece, of a civilization former to that of the Greeks. Flints, tools and axes of a very primitive form that one finds there in great number, prove that Greece, like all the countries of Europe, apassépar the age of the stone and bronze. It is necessary to add the walls, cyclopean constructions which meet everywhere, from Epire in theMinor one. Account should be held finally place names, mountains, rivers, legendary characters who are not explained by Greek etymologies, and which seem to belong to the vocabulary of a foreign idiom. Does this idiom exist still today? Was it preserved rather intact, to be able to be useful to us in our research? It is there a question which we will have to elucidate. Mr. Guillaume de Humboldt after having studied the Basque language on which he wrote, in the fourth volume of Mithridate, of the remarkable pages, had started to examine the proper names that the old geography of Spain presents. The majority of these names had Latin or Latinized forms; the Roman conquest had put its print on the whole country. There was undoubtedly in midday of the colonies phenicians, Carthaginians, which had preserved their Semitic denominations. Rather many

cities, whose names finish in briga, showed the invasion of the Celts. N remained however a considerable group of cities, whose names were not Latin, and who however resisted the analysis of the Arabists and the celtisles. They was apparently names of places having belonged to Ibères, inhabitants primitive of Spain. The Basque returned account without effort of their significance first. Humboldt believed capacity to conclude from it that the Basques were precisely the descendants of old Ibères; that, withdrawn in about inaccessible mountains, I XI they had known to preserve their independence and the language of their ancestors. The attentive study of the high Greek antiquity, of the names of its older cities, mountains and populations, of some of its divinities, seems to lead to a similar result. Phéniciens established many stations on the Aegean Islands, and they tried to colonize some points of the dry land. By deducting the few Semitic proper names that the geography of the Hellade antique presents to us, we remain opposite a greater number whose origin is undoubtedly not Greek, and must go back to a few centuries higher than the Hellenic traditions most remote. Several of these cities, one says to us expressly that they belonged to Pélasges, Lélcges, in Caucones, in Dardaniens. Only one language until now appeared able to give an account of the names of these places: it is Albanian. Thus the author of the work which one will read was brought to support the thesis which the Albanians nowadays are the descendants of the populations which covered, before the arrival of the Greeks, the ground of the countries which extend since the Adriatic Sea until Halys. H had to start by subjecting to an attentive examination the opinions of the Greek writers, who for the majority were not unaware of that their compatriots had not always occupied the country to which they gave them name; that the latter had not always formed like a vast national federation, and that they bore the names of Greeks successively, Pélasges, Achaens, before adopting that of Hellènes. Before entering the content of the question which worries us, we will have to fix the respective value of these different names. The direction of that which passes for oldest from all, Pélasges, is particularly litigious, and he admits several explanations. Are Pélasges Greeks thoroughbred? Not, Hérodote answers. Yes, Auguste Bœckh answers. One will find in the following pages the opinion in which we believed to have to stop us ourself. GREECE BEFORE THE GREEKS DELIVER FIRST PELASGES & LELÈGES § 1. - Greeks, V The memories of the history go up higher at the nations of Western Europe, than one is usually not been willing to believe it. The name of the Greeks seems to us to provide an obvious proof of it. This name was transmitted to us by the Romans, who made it adopt by all the people, except by that they indicated thus, and which itself is called Hellènes. This name, however, the Romans did not invent it. It was carried by the inhabitants of the town of Dodone and the close cantons in Epire, at one time undoubtedly extremely old and which it is necessary to place beyond the invasion of Doriens and perhaps,

O Trojan War. Italiotes of these moved back times especially had relationship with the part of Greece from which they were brought closer, and from which the strait of Otranto alone separated them. On another side, the inhabitants of Dodone did not cease remaining in relation to their compatriots of Pélopo- nèse and Hellade itself. If the Romans had known the Greeks only after the foundation of large Amphictyonies and the regular establishment of the Olympic Games, they would undoubtedly have applied the name to them, by which consequently the Greeks indicated themselves; they would have called them Hellènes. One can push this reasoning; one can say that before with the anlOOO, there existed in Greece already famous and rather powerful dynasties, like those of the EP lopides, of Eacides, and that, placed at the head of a great confederation, they had reigned in the Aegean Sea, makes the war on the coasts of Anatolia and conquered Troy. These important facts were sung by the aèdes in all the cities of the motherland; they were not to be been unaware of in Epire. The men who had achieved them were called neither Greek, nor Hellènes either. Homère knows them only under the name of Aa.va.oi, Ax “io< Danaens, Achaens. Cannot about it one conclude that the name of Greeks was fixed in the memory of Italiotes - one should speak about the Romans, who still did not exist in a time, when no news of the great changes which have occurred in the East of Greece had not reached them yet, and where they were unaware of until the name of the Homeric songs? At all events, the name of the Greeks is very old; it is Aristote (L) which ensures us that it had been carried formerly by the population of Dodone and the residents of the Aitch loos. Before him Hésiode (2) in worms well-known had sung that Pandore, girl of Deucalion ancestor of the Greek nation, had given birth to intrepid Grœcus with the combat, Hftex&ç/juiit. The direction of this proper name appears to us clearer. Though one lately brought it closer to IWi (And. Magn.) and translated: the savage ones, the independent ones, we think that it is necessary to understand by ffa/xo/the old ones. T^cùnes were called also the wind inhabitants of Parion according to Stephan de Byzance; it is the name which Sophocle and Alcrnan had given to the mothers of Hellènes: Yçttïa. finally (old city) was the name of a place located in laBéotie on the coast between Oropos and TANAGRA. The tradition of the Genesis and that of the Greeks are of agreement to make of Dodone (in hébr. Dodanim) the oldest center of Hellenic civilization. It is curious, that one meets in the area where this city was located, all the names by which the Greeks indicated themselves since their arrival in the country where they were to remain fixed. We have just spoken about that from Tpctinoi. Homère names (Iliade XVI, 234) venerated Jupiter with Dodone Jupiter peeled gic - and we will see presently that Pélasges were often regarded as the ancestors of the Greeks. As for the name of the Achaens, if widespread later, we still find it in Ithaque (Odyss. I, 394), but not in Epire. On the other hand, this country is crossed by (1) Météorol. I, 14. (2) Fragm, 29, Gcettlinfç edict. Heuves of Achelous and Achéron; and the first syllable of these names, is the same one as that which the name of the Achaens contains. The direction of this last it bordering of a root “t^i Latin aq-ua? It is true that X “icfdans the dialect of Lacédémone meant creditable, and that the linguists attach this word as well as the name of the Achaens to the kha root, (share. was. not. khjèya or khjàya}, to praise and does not separate 'aya^ôs from it (1). The question would be to decide if Lacédémoniens of the lower classes would not have allotted lesensde good Cx, cu°n with the word “Axa. - bone, precisely because this name pointed out the good old day to them, last for them for a

long time; factitious etymology, which would point out for example that Ajax provides of its own name in Sophocle, and so much of others. Finally the name of Hellade and Hellènes meets in the kids trimmings with those of the Greeks, of Pélas- ges and perhaps Achaens. It is this que.nous will prove in the following chapter. § 2. - Of Hellènes. As soon as the Greeks had the feeling of their nationality, they were called Hellènes. This name appears inseparable from great solemnities of Olympie and about ascending exerted on the spirits, college speaks about the priests of Delphes; but he becomes general only at the beginning and east adopts universally only at the end of VIIe century. For , 1) Benfey. Wurzellexicon. II. p. 64. Homère, Hellènes form yet only one canton of Thessalie placed under the sceptre of Achilles. When the poet speaks about the Greeks brought together under the walls of Troy, it names them Achaens, Danaens. Strabon notices already according to Thucydide, that Homère does not know barbarians themselves, precisely because for him the Greeks are not yet of Hellènes. It mentions admittedly Cariens getf j8 “there 4o Let us examine the way followed by the names of 'em< “and 'emw before they were essential on whole Greece. Let us start with the observation that the passage of Iliade where it is question of Ua.vi \ \ m “(all brought together Greeks) was regarded as apocryphal book déjàdansl' antiquity (d). In the Odyssey we meet the expression **} 'F, hhâ. S'& r.xl fj.iAeî or “Zewoi (3). Dodone itself was located in a region called Hellopia or Alas. When Thessaliens left Epire to invade Hémonie, on which they imposed their name, they transplanted in their new fatherland the names of Deuca- lion and Alas. The last of both will be attached from now on to the septentrional part of Phthiotide occupied by Thessaliens. 11) Hiade, II. v. 530. (2) Odyss., 1, v. 344: IV. v 726. ; fty Cpr. words \ a.t, “XW”, 'LAWB. It is-there, said one, which Deucalion had reigned; later, one made the king of Thessalie of it whole. The legendary account of the flood of Dodone, was applied in the same way to the boxed small valleys of this lately occupied country. One supported that Deucalion had approached on the heights of Othrys; later, it was not any more Othrys, it was the crowned top of the Parnassus where it was claimed that its boat had stopped. It occurred about it that, non-seulement Locriens d' Oponte claimed to go down from the hero who only had escaped with the large flood, but still the noble families from Delphes, guardians of the new oracle which started to make forget that of Dodone. It is from this time that Deucalion was regarded as the grandfather of the very whole Greek race; that one sought to attach to this name the origin of all the tribes, and already towards 800, the priests of

Delphes could order in Lycurgue come to consult them on the means of consolidating the new constitution of Sparte, to set up a temple with Zeus Hellanios and Athéné Hellania (1). (1) Duncker, Geschichte of Alterthums, T. III, p. 380,556. § 3. - Achaens, Ax For the Greeks of historical times, the name of these Achaens who had guerroyé in theMinor one, and who had made the head office of Troy answered only one rather short time, that apparently of the power and the size of the house of Pélopides. It designated the Greeks of the Peloponnese, alive under the sceptre of this dynasty, as well as the inhabitants of Argos pelasgic in Thessalie, called by Homère also Myrmidons and Hellènes, and whose Achille was the famous chief (1). The inhabitants del' Argolide bore also the name of Aac&o/, of Danaos wire of Bélus and founder of Argos (2). But this name, as that of the Achaens is applied by Homère indifferently to all the confederated Greeks, because it stuck to the populations then dominating of Argos and Phthia, and to Agamemnon which ordered them. The Achaen name however appears to be more generally adopted. Homère names some in Ithaque (see higher), and in Crete (3); we suspected the existence in Epire of it; and the circumstance which they are quoted beside Hellènes, on which Achille reign according to the famous passage of Iliade, still confirms our sup(1) Iliade, II, v. 684. (2) Sometimes Danaos is translated the old one, as if the word were identical to £~nvciios. Now one prefers the translation desiccated because of the arid ground of Argolide. In Albanian Danatsi wants to say Men-liked. According to Etymologicon Magnum deaths also have name Acivctoi. (3) Odyss. XIX, v. 175. position. Later, the name of Achaïe and the Achaens remained with the not very fertile canton which extends, in the north of the Peloponnese since Sicyon, along the gulf of Corinth; it is there that had taken refuge the part of the former Achaean population which had wanted neither to submit itself to Doriens, nor to leave the ground of the fatherland. But this name was also preserved by the old tribes of Thessalie confined in Phthiotide, established in Jolcos, Phéré, Ptéléon and Halos, which in IIIe century still had remained faithful to their primitive worships, the life and the simple armour of Homeric times (1). The name of the EP lasges only exceeded by its seniority that of the Achaens; Pélasgos, said one, had formerly reigned in Thessalie; his/her Hémon son, had given to the country his old name, Hémonie; beside Hémon, one names two others wire of Pélasgos: Acheeos and Phthios and a Larissa girl. It is seen clearly that the proper names of these people are only the symbols of the countries and the people which they indicate. The name of Pélasgiotide is also affected with the canton of Thessalie which borders the lake Bœ- béen (2). Indeed, according to an very-old tradition, before Trojan times, the inhabitants of Greece would have been called Pélasges. Euripide itself quoted by good Stra-, affirms that leaving the name of Pélasges they would have taken that of Aai' aoï. Pélasges would not have been other than Greeks only designated by one older name. (1) Xenoph. Hellen., VI. 1. 9. (2) Duncker, III. p. 19. $ 4. - Is it Necessary to understand by the name of Pélasges that of the oldest Greeks?

Let us say first of all that it is the supported opinion there, since Bœckh, by the majority of the philologists of Beyond the rhine. Dupuy, a French scientist, had imagined to make come Pélasgesde the Indian Ocean; certain Herbert Marsh in his Horœ pélasgicœ, had made some simply of Thraces. If they were really Greeks, it would be necessary to assign to them like primitive fatherland Uttarakuru of Aryàs, as with the other populations indoeuropéennes. It is certain that the Greeks attach in the name of Pélasges the oldest memories of their history. For Homère, as we have just seen it, the principal god of Dodone is Jupiter pelasgic. Asios of Sam bone, quoted by Pausanias, said that the black cotton soil gave birth to, on the top of the mounts, Pélasgos similar to the gods, in order to give rise to the race of the human ones. In a fragment of Hésiode (1), Pélasgos is named wire of the ground and grandfather of Pélasges. Since to the eyes of the Greeks the men left the centre the ground, their mother, it should not be astonished that Pélasges are for them has \ itochih.onesynyevsrs. Eschyle in its Begging traces us the chart of a great empire pelasgic: Argosenest the center; to north it extends until Dodone, until Strymon; it is limited there by it) Hesiod., fragm. 135. édid. (îœttling. populate of Perrhèbes. It is that there was really of Pélasges in Macedonia and Thrace (1). The king of this empire is Pélasgos, wire of Palaechthon (old woman ground) and descendant of Pélasgos, autochthone. Hérodote acknowledges that all the country called of its Hellas time, had borne formerly the name of Pélasgie (~le \ u.vyia.}. Thesprotes of Epire with their Dodone capital would have been of Pélasges as well as the inhabitants of the Attic and the country of Argos. Callimaque (in its Bath of Pallas) still remembers it, since he designates there the women of Ar giens by the name of Pélasgiennes (neya.jyiS' sf). For stronger reason is necessary it to see of Pélasges in lesEoliensetles Ar cadiens. The Ionian benches along the septentrional coast of the Peloponnese, would have been Pélasges themselves (2). According to Ephore, lenom of Pélasgia would have been affected formerly in the whole Peloponnese, and Strabon (3 especially sees in Pélasges a nation spread formerly in all Greece, but dominating in Thessalie etl' Arcadie. We saw indeed that in the first of these Homère countries a city called “Apy” S UeKa.fytx.av knew, and that even in relatively recent times one knew there a canton of the name of Pélasgiotide. According to that, Pélasges would have been the Greeks themselves in one of the first phases of their civilization. One finds their name where the worships of oldest (4) were preserved, where they were maintained (1) Bœckh, Course of Greek Antiquities, 1836. (2) Hérodote, I, 56; VIII, 44. (3) Strabon, p. 221. (4) Let us quote only that of Jupiter pelasgic. who makes fall the rain, and of Déméter* which sleeps with ground” with Dodone. Let us note it the oldest traditions, where agriculture made its first appearance, or there, where the pastoral life forever ceased reigning, as in Etolie, Acarna- denies and in particular in Arcadie. The Greeks went a long time behind their herds, following the example Aryâs of Pendshab; and of the cantons which later were famous for the fertility of their ground, such as Béotie and Eubée, show by the origin of their name, which in primitive times one had especially delivered there to the pupil of the cattle. Also bienque quelquesphilologists have prétendufaire to come the name from Pélasges de TêA “.! >

to approach, arrive (i.e. advence), or Ta^m to wander (i.e. vagrants), one agreed nowadays to see a word meaning there the old ones. There one believed to find the Greek T “has \ “, TêMos livid; Gray Toa/m, - Tta-Ka-i formerly, or Albanian T*jâ.K-ov, the old one, i.e. a member of the council of the commune. Hésychius translates the name of part of the people Macedonian N” I, a.y' wes by yéçovTSf, Ta.ha.io I, ynyeveïs. He adds Ylehtyà.ves have wS' ofyi, vaçâ. T 2, vpon oi X, ciï have 'Hveiârcti All éçovTcts x. § 5. - Don't Pélasges rather constitute a race distinct from that of the Greeks? Up to now all is well; unfortunately a fact of an undeniable authenticity reported by Hérodote, will compromise the results obtained. Driven out by Thessaliens, Pélasges of Pélasgiotide mingled with a troop with Minjens and Cadméens, had come to take refuge in the Attic. They was skilful diggers and manufacturers; famous for many strong castles built by them (Larisses], they strengthened the Western side, the weakest side of Cécropie and they closed by the nine doors, the road which went up there. This bastion always carried because of its origin, the name of Peeled gikon. One had yielded at the same time to the emigrants a stony field located at the foot of Hymette; they could transform it into arable land and fertile. But the Attic could not nourish a long time all those to which it had offered an asylum, without counting that the harmony ceased reigning between the Athenians and Pélasges. The latter having exerted violences on the young girls and the young boys of their hosts going to draw water “with the nine sources (1)” were expelled; they embarked, were established on the Chalcidique peninsula, and founded a series of not very considerable cities there. It is there that Hérodote knew them, in Creston or close to this city (2). It points out, that they spoke the same language as Pélasges living Plakia and Skylake on Hellespont, but which they were not understood by the other Greeks. Hérodote concludes from there that Greece having been inhabited formerly very whole by of Pélasges, had been a barbarian ground; it only later, after the invasion of Doriens, that, is civilized by Helsanctuary of Uéméter pelasgic with Argos and that of Junon EP lasgiqueà Jolcos (Apollo. Rhod., I, 14; III, 66). Moreover, Hérodote reports (II, v. 171) that the women of Pélasges were the pre mières^à to celebrate the thesmophories in the honor of Déméter. (1) Hérod. VI, 137-140. (2) The thing is not very-clear because of a passage of Thucydide (IV, 109 which seems to put Crestoniens exactly on the same line as Edones and Bisaltes. two cruel people. lenes, they would have adopted the language of their winners. - The things obviously did not occur as Hérodote thinks it: a long time before Hellènes did not make figure in the history, it flowered in the Peloponnese, Béotie, Thessalie a poetry and even a certain Greek civilization. Then, most powerful C the riens, and most valorous of Hellènes, were too very few to be able to so quickly impose their language on the populations which they had just subjected On another side, we cannot be done with the opinion which prevails still today on other side of the Rhine, daprès which all Pélasges whatever they were and °ù that they had lived, would have been of Greek race and origin. Bœckh granted at least, that those which built the Pélasgique bastion, were not Pélasges as well as the other inhabitants of the Attic. If the descendants of these Pélasges had spoken a Greek dialect, how to suppose that Hérodote had not included/understood them? Admittedly, a rather great difference separated the attic from the lacédémonien, and the crétoisde the Ionian one of theMinor one. However Hérodote knew all the dialects of the motherland and with the need the speech knew, with proof that, living dorienne city to him of Balicarnasse, its famous work in the néo-Ionian dialect composed. On another side, the Greek language was fixed in all its

essential parts at the time of the Trojan War, as the poems of Homère prove it. Therefore, if Pélasgiotes had spoken Greek, when the invasion of Thessaliens had driven out them of their pavs, one does not see too much why they would have désappris the Greek to exchange it against a barbarian idiom. § 6. - Continuation of the same subject. The Tyrrhenian ones. Another fact reported by Hérodote comes to corroborate the doubts that we maintain about the identity of the races Greek and pelagic. LesMinyens d' Iolcos etd' Gold chomenos, as well as Cadméens, after having left the Attic which had been used to them as asylum, and having occupied the islands of Imbros, deLemnos and of Samothrace, where they found establishments and worships phenicians, were called them also, Pélasges, by the other Greeks. However, those which lived Lemnos, to draw revenge on the Athenians which had expelled them, charmed one day the women and the girls of the latter, while they in Brauron the festival of Artémis, and they celebrated made their concubines of them. The children that they had some did not condescend to interfere themselves with the legitimate children pelasgic origin; they forced those to yield the step everywhere to them, and they ended up causing a deaf hostility of abor.d, which leads to long to the massacre of the women and the children attics (hû [jLvia. êçya.}. As Hérodote tells, that these children had learned from their mothers the language attic (1), one can suppose that this language differed deeply from that of Pélasges. Also Mr. Hahn that thinks the EP (1) Tkwaf&v Ts Tmc “PiTrmw x.tù Tpâvovs Tw” lasges by fleeing chey. Sintiens, apparently first inhabitants of Lemnos, wanted to go near a congeneric population of race. However, cesPélasges of Lemnos is also called Tyrrhéniens and in And 1/5 mologicon magnum one reads sub voce 2icT” ï T “V '“xj>oTÔM=a>f ^eïyJ>. Indeed, these Pélasgestyrrhéniens were dreaded a long time as cruel pirates who sold their prisoners like slaves. Names rippu, rvçaif, tvf' fmti one brought closer for the direction the Etruscan: Lar the Master, then the old proper name Larissa. It is the name which at least nine cities inhabited by the EP lasges carried oldest, and which one with the practice to explain using the substantive ms, tâp stone. Larissa would be consequently: cutting off, wall of stone. One could not deny that with the eyes of the Greeks of the close connections did not link the Tyrrhenian ones and Pélasges Itaho- your. They went until calling Tyrrhéniens all the nation of the Etruscans. Ottfried Muller thought that the latter were originating in Tyrrha, city of the Lydie, because Hérodote had made emigrate in Etrurie one Tvfiewef êi' fHT*/Wto rav Jvppnvav Twc $mita/neù Â part of the Lydians under the control of their king Tyrrhénos. But, unfortunately, the town of Tyrrha was not located on the sea, and however the Tyrrhenian ones were. .marins and pirates. One also spoke in the Lydie about Torrhebos, wire of Attys. But Xanthos which wrote with such an amount of authority on the Lydians, its compatriots, does not admit these adventurous assertions. Two things however appear undeniable: the names of a great number of cities of Large Greece and Sicily on a side and Albania of the other are about identical (1); then the words Tyrrhenian, Tyrant, are very-known, very-widespread in Albania. Alexandre of Floret regarded as Tyrrhéniens Pélasges de Fleuron (2), and still today it exists in the Albania two cities, called Tyrannia or Tyranna, largest located between Duraxzo and Alessio, the other in the vicinity of Kroja (3). Finally to finish some

with this particularly obscure part of our research, let us recall that southernmost Albania is called still today ~Tos-x.epice., in dialect guégeois losnena. The relationship of this word with the Latin words, fuscws, tuscia and modern Toscana appears manifest. (1) Hahn. Albanische Studien, p. 33l). i2) Schol. in Iliad. II, v. 233. /3i Hahn. ibid. 233. § 7. - Continuation: Pélasges, Tyrrhenian, Lyciens, Sicilians. Lélèges, Tuscan, Darted niens. Tyrrhenian and Pélasges are recognized with the turns and the citadels that they built. Let us not separate from them these bands from Lyciens which rented their arms to surround the towns of strong walls; they were called '.vn^a-ref. X “p “> “wTep “. Last nines of these Lyciens passed to have built the cyclopean walls of Tirynthe. 11 is to be noticed that until our days the Albanians provide to whole Greece wandering masons, who preserved appear-it, the primitive method of construction cyclo péenne (1). It is here that the great question arises for the first time. These Albanians be-they not descendants of the old Tyrrhenian and pelagic populations which covered old Greece of the their rissesetde their turns (rîifureif), which appear initially in Acarnanie and which are called Sicules by Pau sanias (2)? According to Pline and Ptolémée, there was of Siciliotes (I “wm “T “H) as well in Illyrie as in Italy (3). Let us acknowledge that Pélasges from which we come to speak lastly and of which Tyrrhéniens, Lyciens and Sicules (1) This method consists in establishing two series of flagstones, between which one poses to éjUT^exToir it. V. Hahn, p. 234. (2) Pausanias, I, 2, § 28. (3) Dieffenbach, Europœœ Origins, p. 94-95, then 118-120. The name of Sicani, Siculi points out the Albanian verb: ffintiy, I watch for, I explore. perhaps did not form that particular tribes do not present the same character as the Greeks of the motherland, though the latter were affublés sometimes, them also, of the name of Pélasges. Besides one announces of them on Ionian islands, such as Lesbos, Chios, Samos, in Eubée, Crete. It is there that the place the Odyssey '!). 11 has there better. Since the edges of Kaïkos to the mouth of Kaystre, there was a series of establishments pélasgiq " ues; there was a Larissa very close to Ilion, and nque Homère m step to arrange these Pélasges among the enemies of the Greeks and the allies of Troïens (2). It would be possible that the worms which milked in these Pélasges and which belong to the catalogue, as well as the worms of the Odyssey referred to above, had been later inserted in the text. It is not a reason to support, as one did, than Pélasges of Asia-Minor are the descendants of those which one day had taken refuge in the Attic. Why Pélasges have-they which not been able to be established on the Aegean Islands and in Anatolia before the invasion of Thessaliens and Doriens? Weren't there also along the same coast the small towns of Lélèges, which one saw the tombs still later and the turrets in ruins (M*.ejsïa) I And nothing however prove, that these Lélèges that one sees thus that Pélasges, widespread in whole Greece, emigrated of the continent of Europe to fix itself in Asia Mineure. Let us add that we find another little (1) Odyssey, I, v. 177.

(2) Iliade, II. v. iO. plade ancient, which disappears early: Caucons established at the same time in Bitthynie, on the border of Paphlagonie, and in Elides along an affluent of Teuthéas, and which carried, him also, the name of Caucon (I). Thus we meet the name of famous Dardaniens of Troade, with one will très-gra ide distance from Asia-Minor, in a tribe of Illyrie. Dardanus, according to the legend, wire of Jupiter and Elec- will tra, would have left Arcadie, according to the ones, Crete according to the others, would have been fixed initially in the island of Its mothrace, and later in Mysie, where it would have founded Dardania (2). § 8. - The solution of the problem. It has resulted from all that precedes, that there was for one unmemorable time a population calls Pélas- ges by the Greeks, established with them on the same ground, and which was more or less foreign for them. Pélasges whose existence goes back to the die of Troiens times, are not less in one good number of passages of the authors old, identified, or about, with the Greeks them (1) The name of Caucons can be close to the Albanian words Ki (2) Hahn makes derive Dardaniens from fcitâg. pear, and it quotes the names of other people, drawing their origin from the name of a tree; witnesses Mysiens of - toffô*- '£ '' “. the hornbeam, etc We will add Dryopes and Asci-burg, Asc-anius, of the anc. garlic. askr ash. 11 has there still today dins Albania a village of the name of F) arde, the pear. same. How to explain this apparent contradiction? We will propose a solution, who, if we are not mistaken, will not have only the very natural one: The great migration of the Greeks towards the Occident, was done neither in only one day, nor, so to speak, of only one thorough. It was prolonged undoubtedly, through a series of generations; it could take place sometimes by the invasion of whole hordes, sometimes by a slow infiltration in countries occupied already by other tribes. It is known that the Greeks of Dodone were surrounded from time immemorial of cruel tribes; such were Chaones, Athamanes, Sylliones, Cassiopiens and others. As for Acarnaneset in Etoliens, they appear, of the consent of the Greeks themselves, a blood extremely mixed (1). No doubt indeed that the newcomers are not often in many comparable place the antique population of the country. Probably this one hardly resisted to them, as later we see Sicules, Italiotes, Africans to move back in front of the Hellenic colonists and to merge partly with them. The assimilation appears to have been supplements especially in the Peloponnese. In Hellade itself and Thessalie, the old population must have formed some independent groups for a long time. As for montueuse Epire, one knows that the Greeks never succeeded with the dénationaliser. One can also suppose that the first immigrants melted themselves rather quickly with the aboriginals of Thessalie and that plain with them they constituted what one could call the EP (1) Polybe XVH. 5: a.vTKt>ykf AiTy ovx. eisiv " EM.wes have lasges of Larisses (there was of it a dozen in all, including three in only Thessalie). It is proven today that these aboriginals had arrived in a state of relative civilization. They could clear the grounds and make them fertile, and the oldest agrarian worships are allotted to them. The phallic processions, that Hérodote makes come from Pélasges, do not have anything Greek good, this seems to us. Latone, Apollo, Artémis are .des divinities which Aryâs of India did not maintain us, and which the Greeks had to meet in their new fatherland. The celebrated festivals hyacinthiniennes with Sparte, point out the religious designs of Phénicie and Syria; Venus and Hercules are, if one

can speak thus, originating in Ascalon and Tyr. Pallas Athéné, in spite of its entirely Hellenic aspect meets in some of its features, in Lindos, Corinthe and, even in the very Athenian legend of Amazones, with Semitic Astarté. The Greeks while arriving in their new fatherland were thus placed opposite a population which had crossed the first degrees of the wild life and which was civilized in contact with the colonies and of the Asian influences. They mingled with this population, and as after all they appear to have been higher to him by the physical force and by the language, perhaps by some more raised religious ideas, they dominated it and absorbed it where it was not presented in too compact masses. - The ascending one exerted by the Greeks on the other races of the sphere, was considerable from time immemorial. It became irresistible after the conquest of Alexandre, and one sees immense territories then adopting arts, manners, and especially the idiom of Grecs.Ce movement continued under the Roman domination; but to tell the truth there always existed, and Thucydide maintains us barbarians who of its time spoke at the same time their own language and the Greek language (1). Only this movement had to meet during the first centuries of the establishment of the Greeks of the serious obstacles. A long time colonies Palestinian, Syrian, and especially of small kingdoms pelasgic had to be maintained on the ground of primitive Greece. That of Péiasgiotes appears to have been one of these kingdoms; that of Andania, capital of Lélèges in Messénie, was undoubtedly another. In Larisses appears to have lived during several generations a mixed population of aboriginals and Greeks. The construction of these strengthened enclosures was due undoubtedly to the former inhabitants of the country; but nothing proves that the Greeks were not determined there of considerable number. - The only fact of the construction of Larisses shows that their inhabitants, Pélasges of Pennate and of Amyros feared .déjà the incursions of Doriens and Perrhèbes camped on the southernmost slopes of Olympe, as of Magnètes which traversed Ossa and Pélion (21. Pélasges, mixes rear borigenes and of Aryâs, but where the aboriginals appear to have dominated by the number, were overcome and crushed a little later by the i.ivasion of Thessaliens, followed (1) Thucyd., IV. 109, F (2) Duncker, III, p. 20. about that of Doriens, hard mountain dwellers, true North- mans of antiquity, attracted as later the latter speak fertile grounds and the rich cities about midday. One will now understand without difficulty that the Greeks of the Hellenic confederation, which was founded following the conquest dorienne, designated by the name of Pélasges the primitive Greeks of the Peloponnese, the Attic and other regions still, since these Greeks had carried out the life of the aboriginals with which they had mixed, adopted partly their worships, and had been defended with them behind the kids walls (I). But with stronger reason Hellènes were to call Pélasges the descendants of the aboriginals, since they had héritédulangage and of manners so much is not very cruel their ancestors, as well as theirs handles to build strong castles. The aboriginals thus appear to be absorbed slowly by the Greek immigrants, as we see the Albanians nowadays, after being themselves widespread to leave especially XIVe century in all the areas of modern Greece, désapprendre until their native idiom and to come Greek in their turn. In Argos, about dry bed of the river formerly separated the Albanian district from that of Hellènes; before the war of independence, no Albanian of Argos, says one, could not speak Greek. One tells as many Albanian Athens of it. The campaigns and the cantons of the Attic, Eubée Southerner, Mégare, Argos, Corinth are today (1) Let us not forget that there was close to Argos, in Pélopo- nèse, another Larissa with a Jupiter temple.

entirely inhabited of Albanian. The population of the cities only is or absolutely Greek as in Carysto, Nauplie, Corinthe, in Pirée; or the Greek element is dominating there as in Athens, Argos and Mégare (1). In the islands of Hydra, of Spezzia, of Poros, deSalamine it had there before the war against the Turks hardly of women able to speak or only to include/understand Greek; it is this war which involved the Albanians and which cemented the union between the two races. Botzari and Za- calved were Souliotes, Wasso Montenegrin, Chadshi Cristo Serbe (2). On the fleet one spoke then, one speaks still today generally Albanian. But from now on the Albanian wants to be called Helene; he to point out its old nationality, it is in its eyes, to treat it of barbarian. In a little considerable places of At tick the Albanian women speak Greek in the streets, when they are believed observed foreigners; even danë the islands of Hydra, Spezzia, of Salamine, all youth knows the Greek. Everywhere today the descendant of Skipétars recognizes the superiority of the language, the genius and the Hellenic letters; and it undergoes readily the ascending one of a civilization which seems to ennoblir those which adopt it. This fact is of an major importance and it makes take a considerable step with our research. Indeed, just as the Albanian nowadays behind the Greek, wouldn't it is dissimulated have been already let absorb by him in former times? Will not be necessary it to recognize in Alba(1) Hahn, p. 223. (2) Hahn. p. 258. be born the downward one from the antique race of Pélasges? Hahn thinks it, but as it concentrated its studies especially on Albania itself, the evidence pled by him in favour of its thesis do not appear sufficient. We will try in the following pages to discover others and to thus contribute of them to supplement its beautiful work. § 9. - The solution of Sémitistes. - Pélasges. Pelishtiin, Why Greece enjoying a so beautiful climate, of a generally fertile ground would have been a desert before the immigration of the Greeks? Hérodote says expressly that she was inhabited by barbarians: its demonstration is significant, if it is not conclusive. Thucydide does not decide also clearly, but it seems to abound in the same direction; Pausanias and especially Strabon provide curious evidence .à l'appui de the thesis supported by Hérodote. Only Pélasges not being Greek, could be other thing that of Orien - rate, that a population similar to that of these Phéniciens, of these Cariens whose vessels penetrated in all bays, in all the gulfs of the peninsula, establishing stations in all the favorable places, trafficker, plundering, working the money mines, seeking the famous shell which provides the color crimson. It sometimes was thought and Rœth did not hesitate to identify neAtwjc/et Peleshti fi';. T of this word, says it, is not radical, it belongs to the ending in peleshet. The topic is pallash the emigrant, expression which was preserved in Ethiopic falasi. Then he adds: that the Greeks replaced the Semitic shin by the ay groups, ffx is known. and ^x- Indeed, Hahn reports (2) that the Jews living the East, whatever the idiom of which they are useful, Greek, Wallachian, Turkish or Arab, designate the Albanians by the name of Pelishtim i.e. Philistins. But this fact, if as well is as it proves something, does not prove nothing for the etymology Rœth. The Jews called the Greeks by their older name: Yavan. The traditions of highest antiquity remained long-lived on their premises as at the majority of the people of Raising; but cestraditions always do not rest on scientifically established facts. Thus the Jews call still today Germany Ashkenas, name of a descendant To gum, and people that Jérémie seems to place not far from Arménie. (Cpr. Ascanius, etc) There is nothing impossible so that, sailing on the vessels of Phéniciens and Cariens, they met in X' 1 century in the

Archipelago and on Asia-Minor these frightening pirates, and having intended them to call N” \ afyoi, they inflicted to them, using a false etymology, the name of an also enemy and hated race. With the surplus Pélasges and Philistins had establishments in Crete (3), ilss' were there (1) Hahn. p. 258. (2.1 Hahn, p. 224. (3) One is not unaware of only the Bible made come the Philistines from Caph- tor. countries in which some historians would like to recognize undoubtedly often mixed, and could with the sometimes confused rigour being. But to find in these Pélasges antiques the Albanians of today, it should be admitted that they spoke, not Greek, but Albanian, or a language similar to Albanian. The equation Pélas- ges-Albanian would be established, but that of Pélasyes-Plish- tim would be isolated. One cannot stop with the thought that the funds of the primitive population of Greece was composed of Semites; there would have remained about it deeper traces in the legends, the history and the geography, and even in the language of Hellènes. The influence of Phéniciens on the Greeks would not know, undoubtedly, being disputed. It bursts in the transmission of the letters of the alphabet, many religious traditions, the names of a crowd of islands, small islands and places located on the edges of the sea and with the mouth of the rivers. But with the single exception of Thèbes near, they do not appear to have based serious colonies on the Hellenic continent; it was enough for them, generally, to have stations for their traffic and the fishing of the shell which provides the crimson. I would not like to however support sometimes that hordes of emigrants joined together had not tried to penetrate in the interior of the grounds and had not succeeded in at least mixing and merging with the indigenous population. Strabon in the famous passage where he teaches us that Greece was inhabited formerly by barbarians, quotes inter alia the tribes of Aoniens, Hyantes and Temmices (Ts/^ufxef) like having invaded Béotie. He adds that they were driven back by Cadmus, founder precisely of Thèbes, and that Hyantes rejected towards the E tolie and Phocide, founded Hyampolis. Let us not try to clear up the origin of Aoniens and Hyantes; the explanation which we could provide not presenting a sufficient character of certainty. Let us fix our attention on Temmices; Strabon says expressly, that they had come from the borough and the headland of Sunium. However, the Sunium words and Temmicesne could be explained using Greek roots; but Hebrew returns reason without effort from there. Sunium indeed appears to come from the verb jl^shounlreposerj^al^; (shouni) peaceful, estlenom of a son of Gad, T3 Z1 \ there (shounêm) two places of rest, that of a city in the tribe of Isashar. Sunium as Salamine would be thus: place of calm and peace, a place of refuge for the exhausted sailors, vessels damaged. - The letter T in Termes answers S (Z] Hebrew; thus *i] Xtzôr) fortress, made Idfof (Tyr) in Greek. Temmices derives obviously from a verb ~0¥ (Zamak) which is only one alternative of SQ^ (Zamê) to be faded, desiccated (CP. Zamaen Africa, properly: thirst). From there piaï dryed grapes, and cake where one makes some enter, still today in Italian: simmuki. Temmices are consequently the inhabitants of an arid canton, burned by the sun. However, with the southern point of the Attic precisely the dème of the 'AÇw was; -/, otherwise desiccated. - Does one Want another example of a trace of Semitic populations established on the ground of Greece? Pausanias calls the most former inhabitants of Béotie Hec- tenes; they would have lived there at the time of Ogyge. (CP. proper names of Gygès, Guèges and Okéanos). It is there all that one knows. The word does not appear Greek, but he is extremely well explained like Hiphil of the pop verb (ka- your) to be small; and he answers thus perfectly in the name of Minyens, whose direction is: the small ones, tribe living famous Jolcos and Orchomenos, cities also, the second especially, by the forwarding of Argonautes, which was organized by the Minyens chiefs; by their constructions, their trade and their richnesses which were accumulated there as of before the time of the Trojan War. As well as the inhabitants of Thèbes, Minyens were early in contact with Phéniciens, and there is no doubt that the latter did not mingle with them of rather great number.

Crete. But today one admits more readily than this name indicates the Eastern coast of Egypt, the North-East of the Delta where. Semites had been able to be maintained even after the expulsion of Hyp- S.O.S. One explains Have-Kaphtor by the Egyptian words Aa-Kaft. islands and coasts. These double names throw a gleam over obscure times of the legend and mythology Hellenic. Thus Hésychius teaches us that the name of Hector is a Phrygian word, that it has the same direction as Astfsîcf Persian and than it means careful (^ ' wifjnx}. One can about it bring closer Germanic Hœgni, hegen, hecken, aus- hecken. Let us recall while passing another Troïen: Paris also indicated by the Greek name of Alexandre. 10. - Etymology of the name of Pélasges It would be strong to wish that one could discover the double of the name of Pélasges in order to know the origin best of it and to include/understand the direction of them. This name indeed present the disadvantage of admitting a too great number of éty- mologies. If one could see in the last syllable of \ a.syi>s a shortened form of the ending - ysrof which we find in words such as Tnhvyeros, Ia.vysToi (word for word: if large:) , Pélasges could be simply 01 ytsyovoTif Tréh&s, i.e. the neighbors. This name would have been given to them by the Greek immigrants, who on all the points of the country settled beside them. Just as the form - ysjof answers the last participle of the scr. g' year to be born: g' quoted, that of yot would answer the form scr. shortened g' has which has the same direction and meets at the end of the compounds. One can be astonished that this etymology was still proposed by nobody; perhaps spider monkey the disadvantage to appear too simple. It is admitted with difficulty, that of. very old words did not undergo in the course of the centuries of the deep changes and sometimes of true deformations. One could also suppose that the word ~le \ a.a.pS (1). § 13. - New conjecture about the name of the town of Athens. Our intention could not be, to raise the proper names so many phenicians in all the parts of Greece. However we do not resist temptation to try to give name of Athens an explanation drawn from a Semitic idiom. The coasts of the Attic were attended of very-good hour by Phéniciens and Cariens; they established colonies there; the legend of Amazones proves that a Semitic goddess, Astarté de Sidon, was adored in Athens even. Why Athens wouldn't it have been a station phenician as well as Thèbes? Curtius will not persuade anybody by giving of the Greek 'Aàmw the Florentia translation, though the city is called today 'Arô/Vsa by the Albanians. Undoubtedly the campaigns of the Attic never were well flowered. If Athens of i' Attique were oldest of all Athens which existed, one could make come the name from the famous town of nJNJ ") (TênahJ, (1) See besides with the fifth delivers the long list of the names of Basts, rivers and mountains of Epire, which are repeated, with light modifications in the southernmost part of Italy and Sicily. fig tree, preceded by the Semitic article. Athens would have the same direction Q \ i' îpiveis fig tree wild, name by which are indicated several places of old Greece and Troade, and in particular one of the boroughs located at the foot of Pinde and inhabited by Doriens before their invasion in the Peloponnese. One is not unaware of that the figs were abundant in the Attic, and that the inhabitants of the canton made a traffic of export of it.

But there is appearance that oldest Athens is not Athens of the Attic. There was in antiquity ten. places which bore this name (1); there were of them in the Decay, Acarnanie, Laconie, Eubée ('ASài/a/&ià.£es), etc, etc But, according to Strabon (2), followed by Pausanias (S), Cécrops would have founded at the time where it would have reigned on Béotie, close to the lake Copaïque, destroyed Athens and Eleusis both by the floods of the lake. The two cities were located on a small river of the name of Triton. The name of this river is inseparable from that of the Athéné goddess; it was believed that it had been born on its edges. Others placed its birth close to the Tritonis source, which one showed in Aliphera in Arcadie; others even close to the lake Triton, in Libya (see higher). Always it is that Tfirayériut was one of its most known nicknames; it indicated the déessesansqu' ily had need for ajouter' Aàncct or Na \ Aàr. The grammairiens claim that Tpnâ means the head in the language of Athamanes, thus explaining the legends of has (1) See the dictionary of Pope continued by Benseler. (2) Strabon, IX, 407. (3) Pausanias, IX, 24. close which Minerve would have left the Jupiter head. Always is it that Athéné was a divinity of fertilizing water. For this reason in a myth of naïque Cyré-, about which we will speak further, it could be presented like a girl of Neptune and Tritonis, nymph of the African lake of this name, located close to small Syrte. Triton itself according to Hésiode (1) would be wire of Neptune and Amphitrite. However, in Albanian T/jÉt wants to say to melt, will bora freù' Fe. bottom snows it. Doesn't Bora is it the Greek/? o/>p “? The participle rptrowe means molten, dissolved. Let us add that Tprrawf is the name of a city beyond Macedonia. Nothing astonishing that the names of the rivers and the mountains often show a higher antiquity than those of the cities. Athens, according to us, would be a colony of Phéniciens established on a ground inhabited by the primitive population which we know. In our eyes the word Athens would be other thing only the Hebrew word} >uy (âtin) which means place of pasture and rest for the cattle. Athéné Tritogeneia would be the goddess of the pastors of these trimmings, of these wet hollows. § 14. - Test to explain using Albanian some proper names people belonging to the mythical and heroic ages of Greece. 1. The name of the king of Lélèges “kyx.a.ïios with Samos appears a Greek word or at least a grecized word. ” (L) Hésiod. Théog., v. 931. corn to be attached to a substantive * “like Ava.yx.At Cs with àvàyM. “hyx.n is a form older than à.yx.0.^” ulna, arm. The direction appears to be: defender, strong guard. Compare the name of king Ancus. 2. The name of LP” “uj, king of Lélèges with Pédasos or priest with Lyrnessos appears to come from £pi-p horn. The horn in high antiquity was, as one knows, the symbol of the force; unless one should not see in the name of this character a derivative of 0/>éw I kill, £peje or $ps' uj= meaning murder, thirst for blood. 3. The name of king Altes in Pédasos could be explained by a word common to Lélèges and

Cariens: 0.^0 horse. Altes would be: provided with a horse, rider, knight. 4. The hero of Phasélites Kylabras could draw his name from Mvks turn, bastion and of (2/>< “I kill, or of fyiiy I corrode. 5. Wind of north, the north wind |2app ““or $/>pé&s appears to be other thing only Albanian $ôj>j>a. snow. 6. Who will provide us the etymology of the girl's name of Chiron and Chariclo, of the wife of Eaque, the mother of Peeled? She was called 'Evfriis dorien 'EcJVif. We will find it in Albanian, where svS' E-jn wants to say chalice of flower, oenanthe, saxifrage (of ivfe/jt. I flowered). 7. Who will explain us feel name of the famous soothsayer Mo-4 “wire of Apollo and Manto, which founded the oracle of Mallos, in Cilicie, in.liaison.with Amphilochos and overcame with the play of the Calchas enigmas, which died about it of sorrow? However, Mopsos is identified by some with Lapithe Mopsos, founder of the small town of Mop. Sion in Thessalie. The name of Calchas is attached obviously to tMKxiy or - reôiy in the idiom of Skipétars wants to say: I learn, I teach; nnsova.pt a scientist; [XTr9ovo.pa knowledge, scholarship. One is not unaware of that M “4 “ri* are one of the old names of the Attic, name which one makes usually come from the name of one of his former kings Mâ^oTo* or Mé.vj, , one wanted to see an onomatopoeia imitating the murmur of the waves. This darkness of origin is all the more strange as it does not exist for the other terms which indicate the sea: TÔctoj Tréhttyof, “À* pond, etc But, in Albanian râxew-C want to say the wave, the wave; renovated I agitate, I torment, I balance; ràxe/u I joke; A.Ktvfia concern, enthou-

“!) The words andamio, wind-row, seem to reproduce the Albanian ending - pej*. in viïevnptja. extended; rfeir^j \” dwelling, leisure. siasme. Let us add that into Serb also Catholic students, wants to say flood, and that Miklosich, which recognizes the Greek 5â.ha.ffffa pareillement there., wonders which of both idioms would have borrowed this word from the other. The word belongs obviously to the language where it is not insulated, where it belongs to a whole family of terms being explained the ones the others. Moreover the Albanians were familiarized with the sea head the Slavic ones. 3. - Among the words which Albanian would have drawn from the néo-Latin languages, same Miklosich makes appear your rea the tare, Serb will dara. Tare is explained in the dictionary of the French Academy: waste, reduction, either for the quantity, or for quality. Puisonytrouve: the merchants call tare the barrels, pots, cases, packing which contains the goods; and finally same goods, made deduction of the tare. Diez according to Freytag makes come the word from Arabic tarah distant, isolated; tarh the residue, the abandoned object. We make come Albanian tarehave with Hahn from will ndara division, separation (vS' â.iy I separate, divide, division). It is known that beside the Arabs, the Greeks acted in the Mediterranean from time immemorial as salesmen, and most of the inhabitants of Greece being made up of Albanian starting from XIVe century, an Albanian word could well slip into the spoken languages by the Mediterranean people. 4. - The word sopha is explained by Diez of agreement once again with Freytag by Arabic çoffah bench where one rests in front of the house. However, in albanaissophe-a (dialect of Guégeois) bench of grass means, and we find in the same language sepha-ja rest, joy. 11 is true that Hahn claims that sepha-ja is Turkish - is; but which of the two languages with borrowed the word from the other? 5. - The Germans usually make use of a word of which nobody still could provide the etymology, it is orange Apfelsine. The word nobler employee usually to indicate this fruit is Pomeranze. The first part of this last word is other thing only French apple, Italian poma; and he answers thus the first part of the word Apfelsine, since in German apfel means apple. On the second part of Pomeranze one can see the etymological dictionary of Diez: Naranza is the dialectal Venetian shape of Italian arancio: Saumaise made come this last, as well as orange French, of Latin aurantia gilded apple; word by which one would have replaced with the Middle Ages the word aurata. This last would have been said for aurea mala apple desHespérides. Made up Aurantia with in would have given inaurantia, naranza, etc, etc Diez likes to better see in naranza a Persan word, introduced in Europe by the Arabs. The orange into Persan says nâreng; Arab nârang. The French word is the awkward transformation due to a false etymology; the people wanted to bring it closer to Latin aurum, French: however. Latin of the Middle Ages (at the 13th century) transcribed this Eastern term: arangia. Fruit was imported in Germany at the same time by Provençaux which called it orange and the Venetian ones, which said naranza, poma naranza. But from where could veniraux Germanic populations the Apfelsine expression? The dictionary of Grimm is dumb on this point, and that of Kraft translated: Clouded-Apfel (apple of China), explanation to which one cannot stop seriously. There is in Albanian an ending - ffive (given mn) using which this language forms substantives appellatives and especially abstracted, for example lufthfs in addition to with wine

(of/““measurement for the liquids and goods), {secret JLnasqxrhe, sacrament; ^.jaytffive moisture; San/rivi dryness; ftpeurealve darkening of the sky; éyeptr' we wild beast, (of eypt wild) etc (1). Thus of soft a./j.ètïje, or et^e^js (one says as tu@*js) as the Albanians formed a H^t^jfîn substantive, whose direction is: sweetened dish, softnesses. We believe that it is the word even which German Apfelsine answers. - People of midday of Germany believed to recognize in Albanian ii^js the word Apfel, as Italians and French believed to find in Persan the nareng' Latin aurum. Examples of false éty- mologies inoculated thus with the language by the people are numerous in all the languages, even in German. (One has to only think of Kartoffel, Latwerge, Holzbock, etc) Remain to explain how the Germans could have to adopt an Albanian word indicating very vaguely a obj and for which Italian and the francaislor had provided names generally known and included/understood (2). (1) Camarda attaches with much probability this termination to the Greek termination - jvvn in ffKtypoavvn, Grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese, Prato 1866. (2) In Albanian the orange amêre is said as into Venetian the sweet orange TsotjjwÂs or TaoTOXÀA”, of the town of Oporto. To include/understand a as strange fact, it should be remembered as Venice belonged until these last days to Austria, that Germany still takes part by the wearing of Trieste in the trade which is done in the Mediterranean; that finally there existed not only in Sicily, but in the states of Habsbourg even, three Albanian colonies, one in laSirmy on the edges of Sawa going back to 1740; one second of 900 hearts in Erezzo which is only one suburb of Zara, capital of Dalmatie; a third of 210 hearts on the peninsula of Istrie with Péroé close to Pola. Albanian Péroé wants to say valley; the occupied territory by this last colony was granted in 1657 by the Republic of Venice to 60 Albanian families which had been withdrawn by the escape from the yoke of the Turks. As for Sicily, one knows that since the 13th century, it was a goal of emigration for the Albanians pertaining to the Greek religion. They live various points of the island and their number according to Bundelli can go up to 200,000 hearts (1). Albanians of Sicily and Dalmatie which praised with the Germans the oranges that they offered to them, indicated them under the name of softness à^s^jahe. The Germans believed to recognize the name there even fruit and adopted it (2). For an Albanian word which penetrated in the German language, that German words did not penetrate in (1) Hahn, p. 13. (2) To make more palpable the identity of Apfelsine and à///3 J I will point out that Xylander written 'soft i^ntxt. I softened. Albanian! Xylander quotes a certain number of it, - some can date from times when Goths occupied the country. There are even French words adopted and disfigured by the Germans, that the latter imported in Albanian. Such is the expression kaputt employed on any subject by people of Beyond the rhine, to say that a thing is lost, ruined; applied to the people, kaputt means tired, éreinté (garlic. abgeschla- geri). It would be believed that the Albanians not only adopted this word, but that they made of it a verb Mirain or MTrovf I picking, I tear off, I tear; then, I am tired, annoyed, éreinté (for example/* “Pt “all does not annoy me)? However, all the

people poured in this kind of questions know that German kaputt is other thing only French cap, and that this expression indicated in the beginning large and large coat which one threw on the shoulders and the head of an individual, who had very lost with certain plays. 6. - The Greek x.a. [MT, (has Latin camera are attached by Benfey (Griech Wurzellexicon.II, p. 283) to a kmar root to be twisted, arched. He brings back to it the form kamredhem, body tortuous of the snake; and Persan the kamar girdles. However, Albanian xjepîp' means in the same way girdles, then crosses to support a cob wall, then generation, race (so to speak layer of men), then carries arched. It appears probable that this word was borrowed by the Greeks from Pélasges and not reciprocally. We will add some strange coincidences of which the number could be increased further: 1. - The Italian words inganno fraud, îngannar to mislead, whose etymology remained obscure, are found in Albanian yeijîiy I mislead. 2. - A French word of most pleasant: a patapoufri' is not it identical to Albanian pittabof, explained thus by Split (1): grosso, E grassa corpo E faccia. It quotes in support of the female ending - off the adjective nkof which it translates into Latin: hebes. 3. Perhaps - If the first direction of the Greek xa.fi&os is that of a young being (one has only to compare Latin juvenca), it would have to be attached to Albanian parthina who means recently, then for slap the first, then with the Tetpflf Greek, - irtifct, etc 4. - Albanian has a strange word to say lie: ptp or pw. II points out Hebrew rimmah immediately to mislead. (1) Grammatica untied lingua albanese, p. 50. APPENDIX Of the caste of Teucriens and similar castes in high antiquity. The name of Teucriens was also given to the priests who served the Jupiter temple with Olbé, in Cilicie, founded according to the legend by Ajax, wire of Teucros (1). It is not there the only example of a name belonging at the same time to people and a sacerdotal caste. Hérodote teaches us (2) that the Low ones are the prophets of the oracle of Dionysos which was in the country of Satriens. Grimm compares them to the priests who according to Jornandès were called the piles (3). But the powerful tribe established later around oracle bore also the name of Besses (4). Let us quote the name of the 'EMo “or 2 more “AAio/de Dodone, which applies as well to the priests of Jupiter Pélasgique as to the whole population of the region; from there the name of Hellènes, which was to take a so great extension. Perhaps there (II Strabon, 573,44. (2) Hérod., VII, 111. (3) Grimm., Geschichte DER deutschen Sprache, p. 198.

(4) Hérod., ZUffffcs; Strab., Beffffo/; Hahn brings this word closer to Albanian $Sff') made 'OÇia.? * like young person of three wire of the Noah patriarch. T? R \ v*re' etia. Ar* the names change, but the funds even of our Ge FF U pr&tict. ''° tripartite nealogy remains in the antiques accounts of India. Those mention the country of Kashmire where the Genesis speaks about the Ararat mount; Japhet of the latter, for them, is Dyapati. This name, by its formation, reveals us an origin all arienne. It is necessary to draw aside the etymology suggested by Otfried Muller (lâveros of /crrra, to strike, spring, because of the part played in Greek mythology by Titan); it is necessary to also be wary of that which hébraïsants put in front of beautiful HS*, flourishing, because of the clear dye, coloured which characterizes the men of North, especially when one compares them to the inhabitants tropical countries, with wire of Cham to the dark dye (1). The homophony which strikes us in the Dyapati names, Japhet, 'Is^rêTÔj, could be under consideration like a result of the chance; but she repeats herself in that of Javan of the Bible, which is presented to us like the son of Japhet; (1) Hebrew Cham means heat; chemi black cotton soil. in the Ion of the Greeks and Yavanas quoted by the authors of the peninsula of Gange. The oldest shape of Ion at Hellènes is '1