Great White Shark

Great white shark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Great white shark From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a large lamniform shark found in coastal surface waters in all major oceans. It is known for its size, with the largest individuals known to have approached or exceeded 6 m (20 ft) in length,[3] and 2,268 kg (5,000 lb) in weight.[4] This shark reaches maturity at around 15 years of age and can have a life span of over 30 years.

Great white shark Temporal range: 16–0 Ma[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J Miocene to Recent

K Pg N

The great white shark is arguably the world's largest known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals. It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals, including fish and seabirds. It is the only known surviving species of its genus, Carcharodon, and is ranked first in a list of number of recorded attacks on humans.[5][6][7] The IUCN treats the great white shark as vulnerable,[2] while it is included in Appendix II of CITES.[8] The best selling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent blockbuster film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a "ferocious man eater". In reality, humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark.[9]

Conservation status

Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[2]

Contents ■ 1 Etymology ■ 1.1 Ancestry and fossil record ■ 2 Distribution and habitat ■ 3 Anatomy and appearance ■ 3.1 Size ■ 3.2 Adaptations ■ 3.3 Bite force ■ 4 Ecology and behavior ■ 4.1 Diet ■ 4.2 Reproduction ■ 4.3 Natural threats ■ 4.4 Breaching behaviour ■ 5 Relationship with humans ■ 5.1 Shark attacks ■ 5.2 Attacks on boats ■ 5.3 Great white sharks in captivity ■ 5.4 Shark tourism ■ 5.5 Conservation status ■ 6 See also ■ 7 Footnotes ■ 8 References ■ 9 External links ■ 9.1 News and articles ■ 9.2 Photographic depictions and tagging activities ■ 9.3 Videos

Scientific classification Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Class:

Chondrichthyes

Subclass:

Elasmobranchii

Order:

Lamniformes

Family:

Lamnidae

Genus:

Carcharodon A. Smith, 1838

Species:

C. carcharias Binomial name

Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)

Global range highlighted in blue

Etymology Carolus Linnaeus gave the great white shark its first scientific name, Squalus carcharias, in 1758. Sir Andrew Smith gave it the generic name Carcharodon in 1833, and in 1873, the generic name was identified with Linnaeus' specific name and the current scientific name Carcharodon carcharias was finalised. Carcharodon comes from the Greek words karcharos, which means sharp or jagged, and odous, which means tooth.[10]

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Ancestry and fossil record The great white shark came into existence during the mid-Miocene epoch.[11] The earliest known fossils are about 16 million years old.[1] However, the phylogeny of the great white is still in dispute. [11] The original hypothesis for the great white's origins is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark, C. megalodon. Similarities among the physical remains and the extreme size Left: Megalodon tooth with two great white shark teeth and a U.S. of both the great white and C. megalodon led quarter (diameter 24 mm) for size comparison many scientists to believe these sharks were Right: A 4-cm-tall fossil C. carcharias tooth from Miocene sediments in closely related, and the name Carcharodon the Atacama Desert of Chile megalodon was applied to the latter.[11] However, a new hypothesis proposes C. megalodon and the great white are distant relatives (albeit sharing the family Lamnidae), and the great white is more closely related to an ancient mako shark, Isurus hastalis, than to C. megalodon.[11] In addition, the new hypothesis assigns C. megalodon to the Carcharocles genus, which also comprises other megatoothed sharks, and Otodus obliquus is the ancient representative of the extinct Carcharocles lineage.

Distribution and habitat Great white sharks live in almost all coastal and offshore waters which have water temperature between 12 and 24 °C (54 and 75 °F), with greater concentrations in the United States (Atlantic Northeast and California), South Africa, Japan, Australia (especially New South Wales and South Australia), New Zealand, Chile, and the Mediterranean.[12] One of the densest known populations is found around Dyer Island, South Africa, where much shark research is conducted. It is an epipelagic fish, observed mostly in the presence of rich game, such as fur seals, sea lions, cetaceans, other sharks, and large, bony fish species. In the open ocean, it has been recorded at depths as great as 4,000 ft (1,200 m).[13] These findings challenge the traditional notion about the great white as being a coastal species.[13]

Great white shark off Guadalupe Island, Mexico

According to a recent study, California great whites have migrated to an area between Baja California and Hawaii known as White Shark Café to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja. On the journey out, they swim slowly and dive down to around 900 m (3,000 ft). After they arrive, they change behavior and do short dives to about 300 m (1,000 ft) for up to 10 minutes. Another white shark tagged off the South African coast swam to the southern coast of Australia and back within the year. This refuted traditional theories that white sharks are coastal territorial predators and opens up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to be discrete. Why they migrate and what they do at their destination is still unknown. Possibilities include seasonal feeding or mating.[14] A similar study tracked a great white shark from South Africa swimming to Australia's northwestern coast and back, a journey of 20,000 km (12,000 mi; 11,000 nmi) in under 9 months.[15]

Anatomy and appearance The great white shark has a robust, large, conical snout. The upper and lower lobes on the tail fin are approximately the same size (like some mackerel sharks). A great white displays countershading, having a white underside and a grey dorsal area (sometimes in a brown or blue shade) that gives an overall mottled appearance. The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark's outline when seen from the side. From above, the darker shade blends with the sea and from below it exposes a minimal silhouette against the sunlight.

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A great white shark in profile, from Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, published in 1838

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Great white sharks, like many other sharks, have rows of serrated teeth behind the main ones, ready to replace any that break off. When the shark bites, it shakes its head side-to-side, helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh.

Size Males reach maturity at 3.5–4.0 m (11–13 ft) and females at 4.5–5.0 m (15– 16 ft). Adults on average are 4–5.2 m (13–17.1 ft) long and have a mass of 680–1,100 kg (1,500–2,400 lb). Females are generally larger than males. The great white shark can reach 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) in weight.[3] The maximum size is subject to debate because some reports are rough estimations or speculations performed under questionable circumstances.[17] A number of very large great white shark specimens have been recorded.[18] For decades, many ichthyological works, as well as the Guinness Book of World Records, listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals: A Great white shark allegedly 6.4 m (21 ft) 10.9 m (36 ft) great white captured in Southern Australian waters near Port long and weighing 3,175 kg (7,000 lb)[16] Fairy, in the 1870s, and a 11.3 m (37 ft) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick, Canada, in the 1930s. Some researchers question these measurements' reliability, noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting. The New Brunswick shark may have been a misidentified basking shark, as the two have similar body shapes. The question of the Port Fairy shark was settled in the 1970s when J. E. Randall examined the shark's jaws and "found that the Port Fairy shark was of the order of 5 m (17 ft) in length and suggested that a mistake had been made in the original record, in 1870, of the shark's length".[19] According to J. E. Randall, the largest white shark reliably measured was a 6.0 m (19.7 ft) individual reported from Ledge Point, Western Australia, in 1987.[19] Another great white specimen of similar size has been verified by the Canadian Shark Research Center: A female caught by David McKendrick of Alberton, Prince Edward Island, in August 1988 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off Prince Edward Island. This female great white was 6.1 m (20 ft) long.[3] However, a larger great white shark specimen was verified by T. C. Tricas and J. E. McCosker in 1984. This specimen was 6.4 m (21 ft) long and had a body mass of about 3,324 kg (7,330 lb).[20] Several great white sharks caught in modern times have been estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long,[21] but these claims have received some criticism.[17][21] However, J. E. Randall believed that great white shark may have exceeded 6.1 m (20 ft) in length.[19] A great white shark was captured near Kangaroo Island in Australia on April 1, 1987. This shark was estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long by Peter Resiley,[19][22] and has been designated as KANGA.[21] Another great white shark was caught in Malta by Alfredo Cutajar on April 16, 1987. This shark was also estimated to be around 7.13 m (23.4 ft) long by John Abela and has been designated as MALTA.[21] However, Cappo drew criticism because he used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the Great white shark caught off Hualien KANGA specimen was 5.8–6.4 m (19–21 ft) long.[21] In the similar fashion, I. K. County, Taiwan on May 14, 1997: It Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to was reportedly almost 7 m (23 ft) in suggest that the MALTA specimen was 5.3–5.7 m (17–19 ft) long.[21] However, length with a mass of 2,500 kg photographic evidence suggested that these specimens were larger than the size (5,500 lb).[18] estimations yielded through Randall's methods.[21] Thus, a team of scientists, H. F. Mollet, G. M. Cailliet, A. P. Klimley, D. A. Ebert, A. D. Testi, and L. J. V. Compagno, reviewed the cases of the KANGA and MALTA specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and cannot be ruled out.[21] One contender in size is the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier. While tiger sharks (which are typically both a few feet smaller and have a leaner, less heavy body structure than Great Whites) have been confirmed to reach at least 5.5 metres (18 ft) in the length, an unverified specimen was reported to have measured 7.4 metres (24 ft) in length and weighed 3,110 kilograms (6,900 lb).[23][24] Some other macropredatory sharks such as the Greenland Shark, Somniosus microcephalus, and the Pacific sleeper shark, Somniosus pacificus, are also reported to rival these sharks in length (but probably weigh a bit less since they more slender in build

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Great white shark's skeleton.

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than a Great White) in exceptional cases.[25][26] The question of maximum weight is complicated by the unresolved question of whether or not to include the shark's stomach contents when weighing the shark. With a single bite a great white can take in up to 14 kg (31 lb) of flesh, and can consume several hundred kilograms of food. The largest great white recognized by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) is one landed by Alf Dean in south Australian waters in 1959, weighing 1,208 kg (2,660 lb).[17] Several larger great whites caught by anglers have since been verified, but were later disallowed from formal recognition by IGFA monitors for rules violations.

Adaptations Great white sharks, like all other sharks, have an extra sense given by the Ampullae of Lorenzini which enables them to detect the electromagnetic field emitted by the movement of living animals. Every time a living creature moves, it generates an electrical field and great whites are so sensitive they can detect half a billionth of a volt. Even heart beats emit a very faint electrical pulse. If it is close enough, the shark can detect even that faint electrical pulse. Most fish have a lessdeveloped but similar sense using their body's lateral line. To more successfully hunt fast and agile prey such as sea lions, the great white has adapted to maintain a body temperature warmer than the surrounding water. One of these adaptations is a "rete mirabile" (Latin for "wonderful net"). This close web-like structure of veins and arteries, located along each lateral side of the shark, conserves heat by warming the cooler arterial blood with the venous blood that has been warmed by the working muscles. This keeps certain parts of the body (particularly the stomach) at temperatures up to 14 °C (25 °F)[27] above that of the surrounding water, while the heart and gills remain at sea temperature. When conserving energy the core body temperature can drop to match the surroundings. A great white shark's success in raising its core temperature is an example of gigantothermy. Therefore, the great white shark can be considered an endothermic poikilotherm because its body temperature is not constant but is internally regulated.

Bite force

A great white shark swimming

Great white shark biting into the fish head teaser bait next to a cage in False Bay, South Africa

A 2007 study from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, used CT scans of a shark's skull and computer models to measure maximum bite force. The study reveals the forces and behaviors its skull is adapted to handle and resolves competing theories about its feeding behavior.[28] In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Wroe conducted an experiment to determine the great white shark's jaw power and findings indicated that a specimen more than 6.1 m (20 ft) long could exert a bite force of over 18,000 newtons (4,000 lbf).[20]

Ecology and behavior This shark's behavior and social structure is not well understood. In South Africa, white sharks have a dominance hierarchy depending on size, sex and squatter's rights: Females dominate males, larger sharks dominate smaller sharks, and residents dominate newcomers. When hunting, great whites tend to separate and resolve conflicts with rituals and displays.[29] White sharks rarely resort to combat although some individuals have been found with bite marks that match those of other white sharks. This suggests that when another shark approaches too closely, great whites react with a warning bite. Another possibility is that white sharks bite to show dominance. The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as prey. This is known as spyhopping. This behavior has also been seen in at least one group of blacktip reef A great white shark turns onto its sharks, but this might be learned from interaction with humans (it is theorized that back while hunting tuna bait the shark may also be able to smell better this way because smell travels through air faster than through water). The white sharks are generally very curious animals, display intelligence and may also turn to socializing if the situation demands it.[29] At Seal Island, white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable "clans" of two to six individuals on a yearly basis. Whether clan members are related is unknown but they get along peacefully enough. In fact, the social structure of a clan is probably

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most aptly compared to that of a wolf pack in that each member has a clearly established rank and each clan has an alpha leader. When members of different clans meet, they establish social rank nonviolently through any of a fascinating variety of interactions.[29]

Diet Great white sharks are carnivorous and prey upon fish (e.g. tuna, rays,[29] other sharks[29]), cetaceans (i.e., dolphins, porpoises, whales), pinnipeds (e.g. seals, fur seals,[29] and sea lions), sea turtles,[29] sea otters, and seabirds.[30] Great whites have also been known to eat objects that they are unable to digest. Upon approaching a length of nearly 4 metres (13 ft), great white sharks begin to target predominately marine mammals for food.[31] These sharks prefer prey with a high content of energy-rich fat. Shark expert Peter Klimley used a rod-and-reel rig and trolled carcasses of a seal, a pig, and a sheep from his boat in the South Farallons. The sharks attacked all three baits but rejected the sheep carcass.[32] Great white sharks' reputation as ferocious predators is well-earned, yet they are not (as was once believed) indiscriminate "eating machines". They are ambush hunters, taking prey by surprise from below. Near Seal Island, in South Africa's False Bay, shark attacks most often occur in the morning, within 2 hours after sunrise, when visibility is poor. Their success rate is 55% in the first 2 hours, falling to 40% in late morning after which hunting stops.[29] Hunting techniques vary by prey species. Off Seal Island the shark ambush brown fur seals from below at high speeds, hitting the seal mid-body. They go so fast that they can completely leave the water. The peak burst speed of these sharks is largely accepted in the scientific community to be above 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph). However further precision is still speculative.[33] They have also been observed chasing prey after a missed attack. Prey is usually attacked at the surface.[34] Off California, sharks immobilize northern elephant seals with a large bite to the hindquarters (which is the main source of the seal's mobility) and wait for the seal to bleed to death. This technique is especially used on adult male elephant seals which can be as large or larger than the hunter and are potentially dangerous adversaries. Prey is normally attacked sub-surface. Harbour seals are simply grabbed from the surface and pulled down until they stop struggling. They are then eaten near the bottom. California sea lions are ambushed from below and struck mid-body before being dragged and eaten.[35] White sharks attack dolphins and porpoises from above, behind or below to avoid being detected by their echolocation. Targeted species include dusky dolphins,[21] Risso's dolphins,[21] bottlenose dolphins,[21][36] Humpback dolphins,[36] harbour porpoises,[21] and Dall's porpoises.[21] Close encounters between dolphins and predatory sharks often result in evasive responses by the dolphins.[36] However, in rare cases, a group of dolphins may chase a single predatory shark away in an act of defense.[36] White shark predation on other species of small cetacean has also been observed. In August 1989, a 1.8 m (6 ft) juvenile male pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps, stranded in central California with a bite mark on its caudal peduncle from a great white shark.[37] In addition, white sharks also attack and prey upon beaked whales.[21] [36]

Even though the great whites are known to generally avoid conflicts with each other, the phenomenon of cannibalism is not alien to this species. Large individuals may aggressively interact intraspecifically with small individuals. A 3 m (9.8 ft) long great white shark was nearly bitten into two by a reportedly 6 m (20 ft) long great white shark in Stradbroke Island, near Brisbane in Australia.[38] White sharks also scavenge on whale carcasses. In one such documented incident, white sharks were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside tiger sharks. [39]

Reproduction

A beachcomber looking at bite marks on a beached whale from a great white shark

Little is known about great white shark behavior in the way of mating habits. Birth has never been observed, but pregnant females have been examined. Great white sharks are ovoviviparous (eggs develop and hatch in the uterus and continue to develop until birth).[40] The great white has an 11-month gestation period. The shark pup's powerful jaws begin to develop in the first month. The unborn sharks participate in intrauterine cannibalism; stronger pups consume their weaker womb-mates[citation needed]. Delivery is in spring and summer[citation needed]. Almost nothing is known about mating behavior. Some evidence points to the near-soporific effect of a large feast (such as a whale carcass) possibly inducing mating.[41] Great white sharks reach sexual maturity at around 15 years of age.[42] Maximum life span is believed to be more than 30

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years (see references).

Natural threats Although the great white is typically regarded as an apex predator in the wild, it is in rare cases preyed upon by the larger orca (also known as a killer whale). Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap.[36] An incident was documented on October 4, 1997, in the Farallon Islands off California. An estimated 4.7–5.3-metre (15–17 ft) female orca immobilized an estimated 3–4metre (9.8–13 ft) great white shark.[43] The orca held the shark upside down to induce the tonic immobility and kept the shark still for fifteen minutes, causing it to suffocate and then proceeded to eat the dead shark's liver.[36][43][44] Another similar attack apparently occurred there in 2000, but its outcome is not clear.[45] After both attacks, the local population of about 100 great whites vanished.[44][45] Following the 2000 incident, a great white with a satellite tag was found to have immediately submerged to depth of 500 m and swam to Hawaii.[45] During prehistoric times, other large toothed cetaceans, such as Squalodon and Dorudon may have also preyed on great white sharks.[citation needed] These whales, in turn, were likely preyed on by the much larger lamnid shark C. megalodon.

Breaching behaviour A breach is the result of a high speed approach to the surface with the resulting momentum taking the shark partially or completely clear of the water. This is a hunting technique employed by great white sharks whilst hunting seals. This behavior often takes place on cape fur seals at Seal Island in False Bay, South Africa but due to the randomness of the location of a sharks breach it was very hard to document. It was first photographed by Chris Fallows and Rob Lawrence who developed the technique of towing a slow moving seal decoy to trick the sharks to breach.[46] Here, in the region of 600 natural predatory events are recorded annually between April and September each year. The seals swim on the surface and the great white sharks launch their predatory attack from the deeper Seal Island, South Africa water below. They can reach speeds of up to 40 miles per hour and can at times launch themselves more than 10 feet in the air. Data recorded shows that the sharks are successful in just under 50% of all these natural predatory events.[47] In 2011, a 3-metre long shark jumped onto a 7-person research vessel off Seal Island in Mossel Bay. The crew were undertaking a population study using sardines as bait, and the incident was judged to be an accident.[48]

Relationship with humans Shark attacks Main article: Shark attack More than any documented attack, Peter Benchley's best selling novel Jaws and the subsequent 1975 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg provided the great white shark with the image of a "man eater" in the public mind.[49] While great white sharks have killed humans, they typically do not target them: for example, in the Mediterranean Sea there have been 31 confirmed attacks against humans in the last two centuries, most non-fatal. Many incidents seem to be "testbites". Great white sharks also test-bite buoys, flotsam, and other unfamiliar objects, and might grab a human or a surfboard to identify it. Other incidents seem to be cases of mistaken identity, in which a shark ambushes a bather or surfer from below, believing the silhouette is from a seal. Many attacks occur in waters with low visibility or other situations which impair the shark's senses. The species appears to not like the taste of humans, or at least finds the taste unfamiliar. Further research shows that they can tell in one bite whether or not the object is worth attacking. Humans, for the most part, are too bony for their liking. They much prefer a fat, protein-rich seal.[50] However, some researchers have hypothesized that the reason the proportion of fatalities is low is not because sharks do not like human flesh, but because humans are often able to escape after the first bite. In the 1980s John McCosker noted that divers who dove solo and were attacked by great whites were generally at least partially consumed, while divers who followed the buddy system were generally

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rescued by their buddy. Tricas and McCosker suggest that a standard pattern for great whites is to make an initial devastating attack, and then wait for the prey to weaken before consuming the wounded animal. Humans' ability to move out of reach with the help of others, thus foiling the attack, is unusual for a great white's prey.[51] Humans, in any case, are not appropriate prey because the shark's digestion is too slow to cope with a human's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat. Accordingly, in most recorded attacks, great whites broke off contact after the first bite. Fatalities are usually caused by blood loss from the initial bite rather than from critical organ loss or from whole consumption. Since 1990 there have been a total of 139 unprovoked great white shark attacks, 29 of them fatal.[52] The great white shark is one of only four kinds of sharks that have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans

A shark conservationist, Jimmy Hall, reported and documented his personal encounter with a very large great white shark, nicknamed Schatzi, in December, 2005, in waters off Hawaii. This encounter received worldwide attention as it remained entirely peaceful. J. Hall was first cautious but later on swam with this shark without cage protection and touched it repeatedly while filming it

simultaneously.[53]

Attacks on boats Great white sharks infrequently attack and sometimes even sink boats. Only 5 of the 108 authenticated unprovoked shark attacks reported from the Pacific Coast during the 20th century involved kayakers.[54] In a few cases they have attacked boats up to 10 metres (33 ft) in length. They have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually attacking the boat from the stern. In one case in 1936, a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat Lucky Jim, knocking a crewman into the sea. Tricas and McCosker's underwater observations suggest that sharks are attracted to boats due to the electrical fields they generate.[55]

Great white shark between a cage and a boat

Great white sharks in captivity Prior to August, 1981, no great white shark in captivity lived longer than 11 days. In August, 1981, a shark survived for 16 days at SeaWorld San Diego before being released.[56] The idea of containing a live great white at SeaWorld Orlando was used in the 1983 film Jaws 3-D. In 1984, shortly before its opening day, the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Monterey, California, housed its first great white shark which died after 10 days. In July 2003, Monterey researchers captured a small female and kept it in a large netted pen near Malibu for five days. They had the rare success of getting the shark to Great white shark in the Monterey feed in captivity before its release.[57] Not until September, 2004, was the Bay Aquarium in September 2006 aquarium able to place a great white on long-term exhibit. A young female, which was caught off the coast of Ventura, was kept in the aquarium's massive 3,800,000 -litre (1,000,000 US gal) Outer Bay exhibit for 198 days before she was released in March, 2005. She was tracked for 30 days after release.[58] On the evening of August 31, 2006, the aquarium introduced a juvenile male caught outside Santa Monica Bay[59] His first meal as a captive was a large salmon steak on September 8, 2006, and as of that date, he was estimated to be 1.72 metres (68 in) in length and to weigh approximately 47 kilograms (100 lb). He was released on January 16, 2007, after 137 days in captivity. In addition, Monterey Bay Aquarium housed a third great white, a juvenile male, for 162 days between August 27, 2007, and February 5, 2008. On arrival, he was 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) long and weighed 30.6 kilograms (67 lb). He grew to 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) and 64 kilograms (140 lb) before release. A juvenile female came to the Outer Bay Exhibit on August 27, 2008. While she swam well, the shark fed only one time during her stay and was tagged and released on September 7. Another juvenile female was captured near Malibu on August 12, 2009, introduced to the Outer Bay exhibit on August 26, and successfully released to the wild on November 4, 2009.[60] Monterey Bay Aquarium recently added a four foot, seven inch male into their redesigned "Open Sea" exhibit on August 31, 2011. The animal was harvested in the waters off of Malibu.

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Probably the most famous captive was a 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) female named Sandy, which in August 1980 became the only great white to be housed at the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California. She was released because she would not eat and constantly bumped against the walls.[61]

Shark tourism Their infamous reputation gives sharks great appeal for tourists. While it is safe to dive near sharks of most species, diving with great whites requires great care. One common approach is for divers to stay within a steel cage. Cage diving is most common off the coasts of South Australia, South Africa, and Guadalupe Island off the coast of Baja, California, where great whites frequent. Cage diving and swimming with sharks is a focus for a booming tourist industry due to its popularity.[62][63] A common practice is to chum the water with pieces of fish to attract sharks. These practices may make sharks more accustomed to people in their environment and to associate human activity with food – a potentially dangerous situation. By drawing bait on a wire towards the cage, tour operators lure the shark to the cage, possibly striking it, exacerbating this problem. Other operators draw the bait away from the cage, causing the shark to swim past the divers.

Putting chum in the water

At present, hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalupe and reputable dive operators do not use them. Operators in South Africa and Australia continue to use hang baits and pinniped decoys. Companies object to being blamed for shark attacks, pointing out that lightning tends to strike humans more often than sharks bite humans.[64] Their position is that further research needs to be done before banning practices such as chumming, which may alter natural behavior.[65] One compromise is to only use chum in areas where whites actively patrol anyway, well away from human leisure areas. Also, responsible dive operators do not feed sharks. Only sharks that are willing to scavenge follow the chum trail and if they find no food at the end then the shark soon swims off and does not associate chum with a meal. It has been suggested that government licensing strategies may help enforce these suggested advisories.

A great white shark approaches divers in a cage off Dyer Island, Western Cape, South Africa

The shark tourist industry has some financial leverage in conserving this animal. A single set of great white jaws can fetch a one-time price of up to £20,000. However, that is a fraction of the tourism value of a live shark, a more sustainable economic activity. For example, the dive industry in Gansbaai, South Africa, consists of six boat operators with each boat guiding 30 people each day. With fees between £50 to £150 per person, a single live shark that visits each boat can create anywhere between £9,000 and £27,000 of revenue daily.

Conservation status

A great white shark approaches a cage

It is unclear how much a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from the 1970s to the present. No accurate population numbers are available, but the great white shark is now considered vulnerable. Sharks taken during the long interval between birth and sexual maturity never reproduce, preventing population recovery. The IUCN notes that very little is known about the actual status of the great white shark, but as it appears uncommon compared to other widely distributed species, it is considered vulnerable.[2] It is included in Appendix II of CITES,[8] meaning that international trade in the species requires a permit.[66] As of March 2010, it has also been included in Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks MoU, which strives for increased international understanding and coordination for the protection of certain migratory sharks.[67] Fishermen target many sharks for their jaws, teeth, and fins, and as game fish in general. The great white shark, however, is rarely an object of commercial fishing, although its flesh is considered valuable. If casually captured (it happens for example in some tonnare in the Mediterranean), it is misleadingly sold as smooth-hound shark. As of April, 2007, great white sharks were fully protected within 370 kilometres (200 nmi) of New Zealand and additionally from fishing by New Zealand-flagged boats outside this range. The maximum penalty is a $250,000 fine and up to six months in prison.[68]

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See also ■ Outline of sharks

Footnotes 1. ^ a b Gottfried M.D., Fordyce R.E. (2001). "An associated specimen of Carcharodon angustidens (Chondrichthyes, Lamnidae) from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand, with comments on Carcharodon interrelationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (4): 730–739. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0730:AASOCA]2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1671%2F0272 -4634%282001%29021%5B0730%3AAASOCA%5D2.0.CO%3B2) . ISSN 0272-4634 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634) . 2. ^ a b c Fergusson, I., Compagno, L.; Marks, M. (2000). "Carcharodon carcharias in IUCN 2009" (http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/3855/0/full) . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Vers. 2009.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/3855/0/full. Retrieved October 28, 2009. (Database entry includes justification for why this species is vulnerable) 3. ^ a b c Viegas, Jennifer. "Largest Great White Shark Don't Outweigh Whales, but They Hold Their Own" (http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/largest-great-white-shark.html) . Discovery Channel. http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/largest-great-white-shark.html. Retrieved 2010-01-19. 4. ^ "Great White Shark" (http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/great-white-shark.html) . National Geographic. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/great-white-shark.html. Retrieved 2010-07-24. 5. ^ Knickle, Craig. "Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department" (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Tigershark/tigershark.htm) . www.flmnh.ufl.edu. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Tigershark/tigershark.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-02. 6. ^ "ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark" (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/Statistics/species2.htm) . Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/Statistics/species2.htm. Retrieved 200805-04. 7. ^ Daley, Audrey (1994). Shark. Hodder & Stroughton. ISBN 0-340-61654-7. 8. ^ a b UNEP-WCMC (2010). Carcharodon carcharias. (http://www.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-speciesresult.cfm?Genus=Carcharodon&Species=carcharias&source=animals) UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species On the World Wide Web. Retrieved 2010-04-08. 9. ^ Hile, Jennifer (January 23, 2004). "Great White Shark Attacks: Defanging the Myths" (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0123_040123_tvgreatwhiteshark.html) . Marine Biology. National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0123_040123_tvgreatwhiteshark.html. Retrieved May 2, 2010. 10. ^ "The Great White Shark" (http://web.archive.org/web/20090613042406/http://sacoast.uwc.ac.za/education/resources/envirofacts/greatwhite.htm) . "The Enviro Facts Project". http://web.archive.org/web/20090613042406/http://sacoast.uwc.ac.za/education/resources/envirofacts/greatwhite.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-09. 11. ^ a b c d Kevin G.N, Charles N.C, Gregory A.W (2006) (PDF). [Archive copy (http://web.archive.org/*/http://www.biology.duke.edu/wraylab/papers/Nyberg&al_2006.pdf) at the Wayback Machine Tracing the ancestry of the great white shark]. Archive copy (http://web.archive.org/*/http://www.biology.duke.edu/wraylab/papers/Nyberg&al_2006.pdf) at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-12-25. 12. ^ "Areal Distribution of the White Shark" (http://web.ncf.ca/bz050/wsdistro.html) . Web.ncf.ca. http://web.ncf.ca/bz050/wsdistro.html. Retrieved 2010-10-16. 13. ^ a b Thomas, Pete (April 5, 2010). "Great white shark amazes scientists with 4000-foot dive into abyss" (http://www.grindtv.com/outdoor/blog/16855/great+white+shark+amazes+scientists+with+4000foot+dive+into+abyss/) . GrindTV. http://www.grindtv.com/outdoor/blog/16855/great+white+shark+amazes+scientists+with+4000-foot+dive+into+abyss/. 14. ^ Thomas, Pete (2006-09-29). "The Great White Way" (http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/29/sports/sp-outdoors29) . "Los Angeles Times". http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/29/sports/sp-outdoors29. Retrieved 2006-10-01. 15. ^ "South Africa – Australia – South Africa" (http://www.whitesharktrust.org/migration/main.html) . "White Shark Trust". http://www.whitesharktrust.org/migration/main.html. 16. ^ A Shark to Remember: The Story of a Great White Caught in 1945 (http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Cc/A_Shark_to_Remember.htm) . Home Page of Henry F. Mollet, Research Affiliate, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. 17. ^ a b c Ellis, Richard and John E. McCosker. 1995. Great White Shark. Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-2529-2 18. ^ a b Mollet, H.F. 2008. White Shark Summary Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) (http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Cc/Cc_list.html) . Home Page of Henry F. Mollet, Research Affiliate, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. 19. ^ a b c d "Size and age of the white pointer shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus)" (http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Cc/Mike_Cappo.html) . http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Cc/Mike_Cappo.html. Retrieved 2006-09-27. 20. ^ a b Wroe, S.; Huber, D. R. ; Lowry, M. ; McHenry, C. ; Moreno, K. ; Clausen, P. ; Ferrara, T. L. ; Cunningham, E. ; Dean, M. N. ; Summers, A. P. (2008). "Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white

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21. 22. 23. 24.

25. 26. 27.

28. 29.

30.

31.

32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

37. 38.

39.

40. 41. 42. 43.

44.

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bite?". Journal of Zoology 276 (4): 336–342. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.14697998.2008.00494.x) . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Klimley, Peter; Ainley, David (1996). Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. Academic Press. pp. 91–108. ISBN 0-12-415031-4. ^ "Huge 'White Pointer' Encounter" (http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Cc/Ken_Jury.html) . http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Cc/Ken_Jury.html. Retrieved 2010-01-20. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. ^ "Summary of Large Tiger Sharks Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & LeSueur, 1822)" (http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Gc/Gc_large.html) . http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Gc/Gc_large.html. Retrieved May 3, 2010. ^ "GREENLAND SHARK" (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/GreenlandShark/GreenlandShark.html) . http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/GreenlandShark/GreenlandShark.html. ^ "Pacific Sleeper Shark" (http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/deepsea-pacific_sleeper.htm) . http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/deepsea-pacific_sleeper.htm. ^ "Body Temperature of the Great white and Other Lamnoid Sharks" (http://www.elasmoresearch.org/education/white_shark/p_body_temp.htm) . Elasmo-research.org. http://www.elasmoresearch.org/education/white_shark/p_body_temp.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16. ^ "Measuring the great white's bite" (http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1499) . Cosmos Magazine. 27 July 2007. http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1499. ^ a b c d e f g h "R. Aidan Martin and Anne Martin". "Sociable Killers" (http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/picks-from-thepast/201391/sociable-killers) . "Natural History Magazine, Inc". http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/picks-from-thepast/201391/sociable-killers. Retrieved 2006-09-30. ^ Johnson, R. L.; A. Venter, M.N. Bester, and W.H. Oosthuizen (2006). "Seabird predation by white shark Carcharodon Carcharias and Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at Dyer Island" (http://www.oceansresearch.com/media/publications/SeabirdPublishedManuscript.pdf) . South African Journal of Wildlife Research (South Africa) 36 (1): 23–32. http://www.oceans-research.com/media/publications/SeabirdPublishedManuscript.pdf. ^ Estrada, J. A.; Aaron N. Rice, Lisa J. Natanson, and Gregory B. Skomal (2006). "Use of isotopic analysis of vertebrae in reconstructing ontogenetic feeding ecology in white sharks" (http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658%282006% 2987%5B829%3AUOIAOV%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=ecol) . Ecology (USA) 87 (4): 829–834. doi:10.1890/0012-9658 (2006)87[829:UOIAOV]2.0.CO;2 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1890%2F0012-9658%282006%2987%5B829%3AUOIAOV% 5D2.0.CO%3B2) . ISSN 0012-9658 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9658) . PMID 16676526 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16676526) . http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658%282006%2987% 5B829%3AUOIAOV%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=ecol. ^ "Catch as Catch Can" (http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/b_catch.htm) . Elasmo-research.org. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/b_catch.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16. ^ "How Fast Can a Shark Swim?" (http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_shark_speed.htm) . Elasmoresearch.org. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_shark_speed.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16. ^ "White Shark Predatory Behavior at Seal Island" (http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/predation.htm) . Elasmo-research.org. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/predation.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16. ^ "Predatory Behavior of Pacific Coast White Sharks" (http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/predation.htm) . Sharkresearchcommittee.com. http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/predation.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16. ^ a b c d e f g Heithaus, Michael (2001). "Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review" (http://www.science.fau.edu/sharklab/courses/elasmobiology/readings/heithaus.pdf) . Journal of Zoology (London: Cambridge University Press) 253: 53–68. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000061 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017% 2FS0952836901000061) . http://www.science.fau.edu/sharklab/courses/elasmobiology/readings/heithaus.pdf. Retrieved 201002-26. ^ Long, Douglas (1991). "Apparent Predation by a White Shark Carcharodon carcharias on a Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps". Fishery Bulletin 89: 538–540 ^ "Monster shark bites great white in half" (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/monster-shark-bites-great-white-inhalf/story-e6freuy9-1225791557651) . The Daily Telegraph (Australia). 27 October 2009. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/monster-shark-bites-great-white-in-half/story-e6freuy9-1225791557651. ^ Dudley, Sheldon F. J.; Michael D. Anderson-Reade, Greg S. Thompson, and Paul B. McMullen (2000). "Concurrent scavenging off a whale carcass by great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, and tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier" (http://fishbull.noaa.gov/983/13.pdf) (PDF). Marine Biology. Fishery Bulletin. http://fishbull.noaa.gov/983/13.pdf. Retrieved 4 May 2010. ^ "Carcharodon carcharias, Great White Sharks" (http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=38) . marinebio.org. http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=38. ^ "Great White Shark Feeding On Whale Carcass" (http://wn.com/Great_white_shark_feeding_on_whale_carcass) . wn.com. http://wn.com/Great_white_shark_feeding_on_whale_carcass. ^ "Natural History of the White Shark" (http://www.prbo.org/cms/176) . May 2, 2010. http://www.prbo.org/cms/176. ^ a b Pyle, Peter; Mary Jane Schramm, Carol Keiper, Scot D. Anderson (26 August 2006). "PREDATION ON A WHITE SHARK (CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS) BY A KILLER WHALE (ORCINUS ORCA) AND A POSSIBLE CASE OF COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENT" (http://www.prbo.org/cms/docs/marine/MMS.pdf) . Society of marine mammalogy (USA: Marine Mammal Science) 15 (2): 563–568. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00822.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.17487692.1999.tb00822.x) . http://www.prbo.org/cms/docs/marine/MMS.pdf. Retrieved 8 May 2010. ^ a b "Nature Shock Series Premiere: The Whale That Ate the Great White" (http://www.tvthrong.co.uk/nature-shock/natureshock-series-premiere-whale-ate-great-white) . Tvthrong.co.uk. 1997-10-04. http://www.tvthrong.co.uk/nature-shock/natureshock-series-premiere-whale-ate-great-white. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

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45. ^ a b c Turner, Pamela S. (Oct/Nov 2004). "Showdown at Sea: What happens when great white sharks go fin-to-fin with killer whales?" (http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueid=70&articleid=991) . National Wildlife (National Wildlife Federation) 42 (6). http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueid=70&articleid=991. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 46. ^ R. Aidan Martin. "White Shark Breaching" (http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/breaching.htm) . ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/breaching.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2012. 47. ^ Martin, R. A.; Hammerschlag, N.; Collier, R. S.; Fallows, C. (2005). "Predatory behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Seal Island, South Africa". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 85 (5): 1121. doi:10.1017/S002531540501218X (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS002531540501218X) . 48. ^ Rice, Xan (2011-07-19). "Great white shark jumps from sea into research boat" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/19/great-white-shark-jumps-boat) . The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/19/great-white-shark-jumps-boat. Retrieved 2011-07-20. "Marine researchers in South Africa had a narrow escape after a three-metre-long great white shark breached the surface of the sea and leapt into their boat, becoming trapped on deck for more than an hour. [...] Enrico Gennari, an expert on great white sharks, [...] said it was almost certainly an accident rather than an attack on the boat." 49. ^ Benchley, Peter (April 2000). "Great white sharks". National Geographic: 12. ISSN 00279358. "considering the knowledge accumulated about sharks in the last 25 years, I couldn't possibly write Jaws today ... not in good conscience anyway ... back then, it was OK to demonize an animal." 50. ^ McCabe, Meghan. "Sharks: Killing Machines?" (http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web1/mccabe.html) . http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web1/mccabe.html 51. ^ Tricas, T.C.; John McCosker (1984). "Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences". Predatory behavior of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, and notes on its biology 43 (14): 221–238. 52. ^ "ISAF Statistics for Worldwide Unprovoked White Shark Attacks Since 1990" (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/White/whitesharkdecade.html) . February 10, 2011. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/White/whitesharkdecade.html. Retrieved 2011-08-19. 53. ^ "A Great White Named Schatzi" (http://www.hawaiisharkencounters.com/great_white.asp) . December 28, 2005. http://www.hawaiisharkencounters.com/great_white.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-19. 54. ^ "Unprovoked White Shark Attacks on Kayakers" (http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/unprovoked_kayaker.htm) . Shark Research Committee. http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/unprovoked_kayaker.htm. Retrieved 14 September 2008. 55. ^ Tricas and McCosker. Predatory Behaviour of the White Shark. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sci. 43(14):22138, 1984. 56. ^ "Great white shark sets record at California aquarium" (http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/2004-10-02-greatwhite_x.htm) . USA Today. 2004-10-02. http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/2004-10-02-great-white_x.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-27. 57. ^ Gathright, Alan (2004-09-16). "Great white shark puts jaws on display in aquarium tank" (http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/09/16/BAGCM8PN3E1.DTL) . San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi? f=/c/a/2004/09/16/BAGCM8PN3E1.DTL. Retrieved 2006-09-27. 58. ^ "White Shark Research Project" (http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/whiteshark.asp) . Monterey Bay Aquarium. http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/whiteshark.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-27. 59. ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (2003-09-01). "Great white shark introduced at Monterey Bay Aquarium" (http://sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/01/MNG1IKTP904.DTL) . San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi? f=/c/a/2006/09/01/MNG1IKTP904.DTL. Retrieved 2006-09-27. 60. ^ "Learn All About Our New White Shark" (http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_whiteshark/whiteshark_ours.aspx) . "Monterey Bay Aquarium". http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_whiteshark/whiteshark_ours.aspx. Retrieved 2009-0828. 61. ^ "Electroreception" (http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/electroreception.htm) . Elasmo-research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/electroreception.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-27. 62. ^ "Swimming With Sharks" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/256863.stm) . BBC. 199901-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/256863.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-21. 63. ^ "Swimming With Sharks" (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/06/60minutes/main1099368.shtml) . 60 Minutes. 200512-11. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/06/60minutes/main1099368.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-22. 64. ^ "Shark Attacks Compared to Lightning" (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/attacks/relarisklightning.htm) . Florida Museum of Natural History. 2003-07-18. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/attacks/relarisklightning.htm. Retrieved 2006-11 -07. 65. ^ Hamilton, Richard (2004-04-15). "SA shark attacks blamed on tourism" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3716093.stm) . BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3716093.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-24. 66. ^ CITES (1973). Text of the Convention: Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II (http://web.archive.org/web/20110717182355/http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/text.shtml#IV) . Retrieved 2010-04-08. 67. ^ http://www.cms.int/species/sharks/MoU/Migratory_Shark_MoU_Eng.pdf 68. ^ "Great white sharks to be protected" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10413182) . New Zealand Herald. 2006-11-30. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10413182. Retrieved 2006-11-30.

References ■ "Carcharodon carcharias" (http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=159903) . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt? search_topic=TSN&search_value=159903. Retrieved 23 January 2006.

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■ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Carcharodon carcharias" (http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Carcharodon&speciesname=carcharias) in FishBase. 10 2005 version. ■ Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. (http://repositories.cdlib.org/sio/lib/3/) Gretchen Sibley editor; Jeffrey A. Siegel, Camm C. Swift assistant editors. Los Angeles: Southern California Academy of Sciences, 1985. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, volume 9. ■ Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias (http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=38) MarineBio (http://marinebio.org) " ■ Shark Research Committee (http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com)

External links News and articles ■ Ocean Portal: Great White Shark, "Cool Stuff," Life and Natural History, Science, Human Connections, and Educator Resources (http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life-ecosystems/great-white-shark/) by The Smithsonian Institution, 2010 ■ Great White Shark: Fact File (http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/great-white-shark.html) from National Geographic ■ Great White Sharks (http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/great-white-sharks/) from Discovery Channel ■ Most Complete Great White Fossil Yet (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090312-shark-jawpicture.html) by National Geographic ■ Great White Shark Filmed Breaching at Night (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/07/080725sharkville_2.html) by National Geographic ■ In-depth article: Shark's Super Senses from the PBS Ocean Adventures site (http://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/sharks/indepth-senses.html) ■ Are great whites descended from mega-sharks? (http://web.archive.org/web/20080708224234/http://www.livescience.com/animals/050426_great_white.html) from LiveScience ■ "Great White Sharks – The Truth" (http://www.underwater.com.au/article.php/id/7395/) by documentary maker Carly Maple – Australian focus ■ White Shark Biological Profile (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Whiteshark/whiteshark.html) from Florida Museum of Natural History ■ Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) – Legal Status (http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/species/sharks/greatwhite/index.html) ■ Leviathans may battle in remote depths (http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/07/local/la-me-shark7-2010mar07) from Los Angeles Times ■ Article on largest Great Whites Recorded (http://www.jawshark.com/great_white_recorded_sizes.html) ■ Huge great white cruises off busy beach (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/animals/news/article.cfm? c_id=500834&objectid=10701038#)

Photographic depictions and tagging activities ■ ARKive – Images and movies of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/fish/Carcharodon_carcharias/) ■ Photo Gallery: Great White Sharks (http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/photos/great-white-sharks/) from National Geographic ■ Pictures of great white sharks (http://www.elasmodiver.com/Great%20White%20Shark%20Pictures.htm) ■ Terrifying Great White Sharks (http://www.life.com/gallery/37292/terrifying-great-white-sharks#index/0) – slideshow by Life magazine ■ TOPP, Tagging of Pacific Predators (http://www.topp.org/species/white_shark/) , a research group that tags and studies the habits and migration of the white shark.

Videos ■ Nature's Perfect Predator – Great White Shark (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yp9YKEO9e1w) from Discovery Channel ■ White Shark Cage Dive in Gansbaai, South Africa (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHA2TAob5sk) on YouTube ■ Riding a Great White (http://www.yourdiscovery.com/video/great-white-shark-riding-a-great-white/?cc=PK) from Discovery Channel ■ Wild – The Whale That Ate Jaws (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xk0fc_FzUs) on YouTube (This video is about a documented interaction of an Orca with an inexperienced white shark)

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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_white_shark&oldid=502412274" Categories: IUCN Red List vulnerable species Fish of Japan Lamnidae Megafauna of Eurasia Megafauna of Africa Megafauna of North America Megafauna of South America Megafauna of Australia Ovoviviparous fish Scavengers ■ This page was last modified on 15 July 2012 at 12:50. ■ Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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