Graficos de Control

 

]WK NMQ\BFK LM AJ@BLJL

9797-:

NYJDBAFQ LM AFK\YF@ AFK\YF@ Zuâ ms uk nrêdbaf l m afktrf` ]kj lm `js cmrrjhbmktjs lm  lm jkê`bsbs y sf`uabñk lm prfi`mhjs  ms `j nrêdbaj lm afktrf`. Ms uk lbjnrjhj qum humstrj `fs vj`frms prfluatf lm `j hmlbabñk lm ukj ajrjatmrèstbaj lm aj`bljl, uibajlfs mk ukj smrbm arfkf`ñnbaj. Mk â` mstji`mamhfs ukj `èkmj amktrj` f vj`fr kfhbkj`, qum sum`m smr m` fiemtbvf lm` prfamsf f m` prfhmlbf cbstñrbaf, euktf j ukf f hês `èhbtms lm afktrf`, tjktf supmrbfr afhf bkdmrbfr, usjlfs pjrj lmtmrhbkjr auêklf ms kmamsjrbf jkj`bzjr ukj mvmktuj`bljl.

Wjrtms Wj rtms lm uk nr jdbaf lm afktrf` ¶Zuâ `fnrjhfs afk mstf6 Bhjnbkj qum mrms uk prfluatfr lm tfrkb``fs y qum ajlj tfrkb``f qum cjams lmim hmlbr mktrm 1,== ah y 1,47 ah. Hmkfs lm 1,== ah f hês lm 1,47 ah sm afksblmrjk tfrkb``fs lmdmatufsfs. Wfr mklm, mstji`mams tu `èhbtm lm afktrf` supmrbfr mk 1,47 ah y tu `èhbtm bkdmrbfr mk 1,== ah. Jkftjs `js hmlbljs lm `fs tfrkb``fs qum prfluams j lbdmrmktms cfrjs lm` lèj. ]k lèj vms qum mk m` nrêdbaf lm afktrf`, cjy > tfrkb``fs prfluablfs j `js 1 lm `j tjrlm qum mstêk pfr dumrj lm `fs `èhbtms, ¶quâ pjsf jcè6 @j rmspumstj j` prbhmr bktmrrfnjktm ms5 Jlqubmrms afktrf` lm` prfamsf. Qbnubmklf m` memhp`f lm `fs tfrkb``fs, m` pjsf sbnubmktm ms lmtmrhbkjr pfrquâ faurrbñ msj vjrbjabñk mk m` prfamsf. ¶Jajsf dum ukj ajusj j`mjtfrbj6 ¶Zubzês dum ukj ajusj jsbnkji`m6 Tmjhfs j`nukfs târhbkfs jktms lm afkfamr quâ tbpfs lm nrêdbajs cjy.  

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Ajusj jsbnkji`m5 Qb afksbnums cj``jr ukj ajusj afkarmtj f qum fajsbfkj ukj vjrbjabñk mxamsbvj y fimlmam j ukj sbtujabñk mspmabdbaj, cji`jhfs lm ajusj jsbnkji`m. Ms m` tbpf lm ajusj qum lmimhfs afrrmnbr. Wfr memhp`f `j lmdbabmktm ajpjabtjabñk lm` trjijejlfr f `j dj`tj lm jeustm lm ukj hêqubkj. Ajusj j`mjtfrbj5 Aujklf kf afksbnums cj``jr ukj mxp`bajabñk afkarmtj j ukj vjrbjabñk, f sb `j vjrbjabñk dum

fajsbfkjlj pfr uk mvmktf sbk bhpfrtjkabj qum kf sm vf`vmrê j rmpmtbr, cji`jhfs lm ajusj j`mjtfrbj. \jhibâk sm `m sum`mk ``jhjr vjrbjabfkms kjturj`ms f ajusjs kjturj`ms. Ms m` tbpf lm ajusj qum mstj prmsmktm mk `j vblj hbshj, dfrtubtj. Memhp`fs sfk `j aurvj lm jprmklbzjem lm` trjijejlfr y m` abmrrm bkmspmrjlf lm` sfdtwjrm.

Bkn· Ajr`fs Qjjvmlrj @ñpmz

ajr`fs.sjjvmlrjGupk.pm  ajr`fs.sjjvmlrjGupk.pm 

22>27:>12

 

]WK NMQ\BFK LM AJ@BLJL 9797-: supmrbfr lm afk trf` 5 Ms m` vj`fr hês nrjklm jamptjlf mk m` prfamsf. Mk mspjúf` @QA, mk bkn`âs ]A@   @èhbtm supmrbfr (]ppmr afktrf` `bhbt).   @bhbtm bkdmrbfr lm afktrf` 5 M` fpumstf j` supmrbfr, ms lmabr, m` vj`fr hês pmqumúf. @BA mk mspjúf`, @A@ mk bkn`âs (@fwmr afktrf` `bhbt).   @èhbtm amktrj` lm afktrf` 5 Afk sbn`js @AA, ms `j `èkmj amktrj` lm` nrêdbaf. Mktrm hês amraj mstêk `fs puktfs j `j `èkmj, hjs mstji`m ms m` prfamsf. •

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Imkmdbabfs 5 ¶W ¶Wjrj jrj quâ m mktf ktfkams kams uk nrêdba nrêdbaf f lm afktrf`6 afktrf `6 ¶Wjrj quâ sbrvm uk lbjnrjhj lm afktrf` mktfkams6

Afk `f qum cmhfs lmtj``jlf cjstj m` hfhmktf yj tmkmhfs vjrbfs imkmdbabfs lmdbkblfs.  

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Jkê`bsbs lm prfamsf5 Wumlm qum kukaj sm cjyj cmacf uk afktrf` mstjlèstbaf lm prfamsf. ]k jkê`bsbs afk nrêdbaf lm afktrf` lfklm mstji`mams `fs `èhbtms lm afktrf`, tm pmrhbtbrê jkj`bzjr msm prfamsf y lmtmrhbkjr quâ ms `f kfrhj` mk â`, aujklf j`nf kf mstê ibmk, f sb cj hmefrjlf f mhpmfrjlf j trjvâs lm` tbmhpf. ]k prfamsf jkj`bzjlf afk mstj cmrrjhbmktj, ms uk prfamsf afktrf`jlf, qum ms prmabsjhmktm m` smnuklf imkmdbabf. Afktrf` lm prfamsf5 Afkfams m` afhpfrtjhbmktf lm` prfamsf. ¶Ms mstji`m6, ¶sm ¶sm hjktbmkm6 hjktbmkm6 ¶quâ tjk drmaumktm sm sj`m lm afktrf`6 Mstf tm pmrhbtm bktmrvmkbr sfirm m` prfamsf pjrj hmefrjr`f. Mstm, j afktbkujabñk ms m` tmramr imkmdbabf. Hmefrjhbmktf lm` prfamsf5 Kf ijstj jkj`bzjr y afktrf`jr uk prfamsf. Ms kmamsjrbf hmefrjr`f. hmefrjr`f. Afk m` lbjnrjhj lm Qcmwcjrt blmktbdbajhfs lñklm sm nmkmrjrfk `js dj``js y tmkmhfs ljtfs lm mktrjlj pjrj cjamr jkê`bsbs lm ajusjs mk jrjs lm p`jktmjr sf`uabfkms j `js dj``js.

 

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\bpfs lm nrêdbafs nrêdbafs lm afktr f` @j ajrjatmrèstbaj lm aj`bljl j hmlbr lmtmrhbkj m` tbpf lm lbjnrjhj lm afktrf`. Bkbabj`hmktm mkafktrjhfs lfs a`jsbdbajabfkms5

Nrêdbaj lm afktrf afktrf`` pfr v vjrbji`ms jrbji`ms @j ajrjatmrèstbaj lm aj`bljl qum sm hblm ms ukj  ukj vjrbji`m afktbkõj (pmsf, pu`njljs, tmhpmrjturj, mta). Qb msm ms m` ajsf, pflmhf pflmhfs s mkafkt mkafktrjr rjr nrêdbafs nrêdbafs ijsjlfs ijsjlfs mk `j `j tmklmkabj tmklmkabj a amktrj` mktrj` ( ) y mk m` rjknf.  

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Nrêdbaj 5 Zuâ tjktf sm mstêk j`mejklf `js hmlbabfkms lm `j tmklmkabj amktrj`, qum mk mstm ajsf ms `j hmlbj f prfhmlbf. Wfr memhp`f uk kumvf trjijejlfr f kumvfs bkstruhmktfs lm trjijef cjrêk qum `js hmlbabfkms sm j`memk hês lm `èkmj amktrj`. Nrêdbaj Y5 Zuâ tjktj njkjkabj f pârlblj lm ukbdfrhbljl cjy mk `j lbspmrsbñk lm uk prfamsf lmktrf lm ukj humstrj. Mk ftrjs pj`jirjs, m` rjknf ms `j rmstj lm` vj`fr hês nrjklm afk m` vj`fr hês pmqumúf lm ukj humstrj, `f qum kfs pmrhbtm lmtmrhbkjr `j vjrbjib`bljl. M` vj`fr rmsu`tjktm ms p`jshjlf mk uk nrêdbaf lm afktrf` pjrj smr afhpjrjlf afk m` rjknf lm ftrj smrbm lm humstrjs. Afk mstf `fnrjhfs vmr sb cjy prmsmkabj lm ukbdfrhbljl mk `fs puktfs uibajlfs f sb kf, pjrj bktmrvmkbr. Nrêdbaj -Y5 ]tb`bzjhfs jhifs tbpfs lm nrêdbajs aujklf sm s m hblmk `j rm`jabñk lm `js mspmabdbajabfkms lm aj`bljl afk `j tmklmkabj amktrj` y `j lbspmrsbñk. Mk mstm smktblf, uibajhfs ukj nrêdbaj `bnmrjhmktm mkabhj lm

`j ftrj y jkj`bzjhfs m` afhpfrtjhbmktf lm ajlj puktf.

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Nrêdbaj Nrê dbaj lm afktrf` pfr jtrbiutfs Wbmksj mk ukj ajrjatmrèstbaj lm aj`bljl ijsjlj mk jtrbiutfs afhf m` auhp`bhbmktf afk rmspmatf rmspmat f j ukj mspmabdbajabñk. @f cjamhfs afk  afk vjrbji`ms lbsarmtjs . Lm jquè sm lmrbvjk aujtrf tbpfs lm nrêdbafs5   Nrêdbaf p 5 Mk â` hmlbhfs m` pframktjem lm lmdmatfs lmdmat fs pfr humstrj. Wfr memhp`f sb tmkmhfs ukj humstrj lm :77 prfluatfs y :7 lm m``fs tbmkmk j` hmkfs uk lmdmatf, cjy ukj drjaabñk lmdmatufsj lm 7,:. Mstm vj`fr sm uibaj mk m` nrêdbaf sfirm m` mem y.   Nrêdbaf kp 5 J lbdmrmkabj lm p, mstm vj`fr kf ms ukj drjaabñk. Ms m` kõhmrf lm ukbljlms lmdmatufsjs mk ukj humstrj. Qb ms ukj humstrj lm :77 prfluatfs, :7 lm m``fs tbmkmk j` hmkfs uk lmdmatf, :7 smrê m` vj`fr j uibajr mk m` nrêdbaf sfirm m` mem y.   Nrêdbaf a 5 Ms m` kõhmrf lm lmdmatfs pfr ukbljl lm prfluaabñk lurjktm uk pmrèflf lm humstrmf. Mk mstm ajsf, `fs lmdmatfs pfr prfluatf sm aumktjk, y mstji`mamhfs uk vj`fr pjrj lmdbkbr j pjrtbr lm auêktfs lmdmatfs ukj ukbljl ms lmdmatufsj. Wfr memhp`f, m` kõhmrf lm zfkjs lmsnjstjljs qum tmknj ukj acjqumtj lm aumrf, sb `j acjqumtj tbmkm hês lm = zfkjs lmsnjstjljs, sm afksblmrj ukj ukbljl kf afkdfrhm.   Nrêdbaf u 5 Qbhb`jr j p pmrf pjrtm lm` nrêdbaf a. Mk â` hmlbhfs m` pframktjem lm lmdmatfs mk ukj ukbljl lurjktm uk pmrèflf lm humstrmf. •

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Bkn· Ajr`fs Qjjvmlrj @ñpmz

ajr`fs.sjjvmlrjGupk.pm  ajr`fs.sjjvmlrjGupk.pm 

22>27:>12

 

]WK NMQ\BFK LM AJ@BLJL

9797-:

Añhf cjamr uk nrêdbaf l m afk afktrf` trf` 5 Wj Wjsf sf j pjsf Cjy lbvmrsbljl lm sfdtwjrms qum tbmkmk dukabfkms pjrj cjamr hfktfkms lm afsjs afk ajrtjs lm afktrf`. Bka`usf, mk mhprmsjs lm prfluaabñk, cjy hjqubkjrbjs qum m`jifrjk j hmlblj qum prfluamk `js ajrtjs lm afktrf` smnõk `j afkdbnurjabñk jsbnkjlj. Wmrf afhf mstm kf ms m` ajsf y lm `f qu qum m cji`jhfs mk Bknmkbf Mhprmsj ms lm jprmklbzjem, vjhfs j mxp`bajr añhf cjamr uk nrêdbaf lm afktrf` .  Jõk aujklf ms uk pjsf j pjsf, sb ms bhpfrtjktm qum afhp`mhmktms `f jprmklblf jquè afk ftrjs dumktms, pums m` lbjnrjhj lm afktrf` y mk nmkmrj` m` afktrf` mstjlèstbaf lm prfamsfs ms uk tmhj huacf hês nrjklm, qum bka`uym lbstrbiuabfkms lm prfijib`bljl, dñrhu`js, kbvm`ms lm sbnhj, mta. Mk tflf ajsf, m` afktrf` mstjlèstbaf lm prfamsfs ms uk tmhj prñxbhf j lmsjrrf``jr mk lmtj``m mk Bknmkbf Mhprmsj.  

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Wjsf :. Jktms qum kjlj, lmtmrhbkj auê` ms m` prfamsf j trjijejr y auê` ms `j ajrjatmrèstbaj lm aj`bljl qum vjs j hmlbr. ¶Jajsf ms pmsf, `fknbtul, kõhmrf lm lmdmatfs f vf`uhmk6 Wjsf 95 Jcfrj qum tbmkms m` tbpf lm ljtfs j rmaf`matjr, lmdbkm m` tbpf lm nrêdbaf lm afktrf` j usjr ijsêklftm mk `f mxp`bajlf jktmrbfrhmktm, y kf tm qumlms sf`f afk msf, bkvmstbnj hês. Wjsf 15 Lmtmrhbkj m` tbmhpf mk m` qum mstjrês ajpturjklf `fs ljtfs y lmdbkm afk ijsm mk m` tbpf lm nrêdbaf qum vjs j trjzjr, aumstbfkms afhf `j ajktbljl lm humstrjs j afksblmrjr (afksblmrj j` hmkfs 97) y m` tjhjúf lm ajlj ukj. Wjsf 5 Jkj`bzj m` rmsu`tjlf. Bktmrprmtj m` nrêdbaf.

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Bktmrprmtjabñk Bktm rprmtjabñk lm uk nr êdbaf lm afktrf` R mstm jpjrtjlf ms õkbajhmktm pjrj m` pjsf >, pums jquè rjlbaj `j vmrljlmrj utb`bljl lm ukj ajrtj lm afktrf`. Mxbstmk afhpfrtjhbmktfs y pjtrfkms mk `fs ljtfs rmprmsmktjlfs, qum kfs ljrêk uk bklbabf lm qum cjy ukj vjrbjib`bljl kf j`mjtfrbj qum lmim bkvmstbnjrsm.    

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Wbstj :5 Aujklf cjy sf`f uk puktf dumrj lm afktrf`. Ms qubzê `j hês pmqumúj lm `js prfijib`bljlms. Wbstj 95 Aujklf cjy lfs lfs lm ajlj trms puktfs suamsbvfs uibajlfs j uk `jlf lm `j `èkmj amktrj` y h hês ês lm lfs lmsvbjabfkms mstêkljr (sbnhj) j`mejlfs lm mstj `èkmj. Wbstj 15 Aujklf cjy < lm ajlj = puktfs suamsbvfs uibajlfs j uk `jlf lm `j `èkmj amktrj` amktrj` y hês lm ukj lmsvbjabñk mstêkljr (sbnhj) j`mejlfs lm mstj `èkmj. Wbstj 5 Auj`qubmr pjtrñk rmaurrmktm qum mstâs fi fismrvjklf, smrvjklf, pumlm smr afksblmrjlf j`nf bkusuj`.

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Memhp`f Mem hp`f l m lbjnrjhj lm afkt rf` Tjhfs j bhjnbkjr ukj mhprmsj qum prfluam msarbtfrbfs, pfr memhp`f, Hmsdbr. M``fs qubmrmk hfkbtfrmjr m` kõhmrf lm lmdmatfs mk sus hmsjs bka`uymklf m` 22,>1% (trms lmsvbjabfkms mstêkljr) lm `j vjrbjabñk j`mjtfrbj lm` prfamsf, pfr `f qum rmvbsjk qum `j dfrhj lm `j hmsj, su mstjib`bljl y `j pbkturj mstâk mk ñptbhjs afklbabfkms. Wjsf :5 Qm vjk j afktjr m` kõhmrf lm lmdmatfs mkafktrjlfs mk `js hmsjs pfr `ftm. @fs `ftms pumlmk vjrbjr `mvmhmktm lm tjhjúf, ms lmabr, pumlm cjimr cj imr pmqumújs vjrbjabfkms mk m` kõhmrf kõ hmrf lm hmsjs qum afhpfkm uk `ftm lm prfluaabñk. Wjsf 95 Qm vjk j trjijejr `ftms qum pumlmk tmkmr lbdmrmktm tjhjúf, y sm vj j afktjr m` pframktjem lm lmdmatfs mkafktrjlfs pfr `ftm (m` `ftm ms `j humstrj), rjzñk pfr `j auj` vjhfs j trjijejr afk ukj nrêdbaj lm afktrf` pfr jtrbiutfs tbpf p. Wjsf 15 @fs ljtfs sm vjk j ajpturjr lurjktm :7 lèjs lm prfluaabñk. Qm vjk j afksblmrjr 97 humstrjs (97 `ftms), m` tjhjúf lm ajlj `ftm `f tbmkms mk m` pjsf 12

 

]WK NMQ\BFK LM AJ@BLJL

9797-:

Ljtfs rmafpb`jlfs pjrj m`jifrjr nrêdbaf lm afktrf` Wjsf =5 Tjhfs j lmtmrhbkjr `j `èkmj amktrj` y `fs `èhbtms lm afktrf` supmrbfr m bkdmrbfr. Tj`m `j pmkj ja`jrjr qum aujklf cbabhfs m` memhp`f, afksblmrjhfs tflfs `fs lmabhj`ms, lm abhj`ms, sbk mhijrnf mk `fs nrêdbafs y dñrhu`js qum hfstrjhfs j afktbkujabñk, sf`f afksblmrjhfs lfs abdrjs lmabhj`ms, pfr `f tjktf smnurjhmktm sb rmprfluams m` memhp`f afhf sm humstrj j afktbkujabñk, `fs rmsu`tjlfs vjk j vjrbjr `mvmhmktm. Wjrj tmkmr `j `èkmj amktrj` aj`au`jhfs p prfhmlbf5

Fismrvj `j õ`tbhj db`j lm` pjsf 12

 

]WK NMQ\BFK LM AJ@BLJL

9797-:

M` kõhmrf lm lmsvbjabfkms mstêkljr sm afkfam afhf z. Hmsdbr (`j mhprmsj) `bhbtj `fs vj`frms j 1 lmsvbjabfkms mstêkljr lm `j hmlbj, `f qum mqubvj`m j 22,>1%. Ms pfr msf qum mk m` aê`au`f lm `fs `èhbtms lm afktrf`, z ms bnuj` j 1. @fs ftrfs ljtfs yj `fs afkfams, dumrfk aj`au`jlfs jktmrbfrhmktm. ¶Wflmhfs tmkmr uk kõhmrf lm lmdmatfs kmnjtbvf6 Kf. Ms pfr msf qum m` `èhbtm amktrj` bkdmrbfr sm rmlfklmj j 7. Wjsf 45 Wrfamlmhfs j rmprmsmktjr `fs ljtfs mk ukj ajrtj lm afktrf`. Afk `fs aê`au`fs cmacfs, mstm ms m` rmsu`tjlf lm `j nrêdbaj lm afktrf` lm Hmsdbr.

Memhp`f lm nrêdbaj lm afktrf`5 Nrêdbaj p Wjsf >5 Jkj`bzjhfs m` rmsu`tjlf. @j bktmrprmtjabñk lm ukj nrêdbaj lm afktrf` tbmkm hês smktblf aujklf sm cjk cmacf vjrbfs memrababfs lm mstm tbpf, `f qum pmrhbtm lmtmrhbkjr quâ ms kfrhj` y quâ kf `f ms mk m` afhpfrtjhbmktf lm `j prfluaabñk. Qbk mhijrnf, y ijsêklfkfs mk `js pbstjs jktms hfstrjljs, pflmhfs vmr qum5  

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M` puktf :9 mstj dumrj lm afktrf`. Jukqum ms ukj prfijib`bljl pmqumúj, ibmk vj`m `j pmkj mktrjr j hbrjr pfrquâ faurrbñ mstf. Mvblmktmhmktm j`nf faurrbñ mk `fs `ftms < j 2. Dbej qum cjy uk juhmktf afkstjktm lmslm m` puktf < cjstj m` puktf 2, y jukqum sm vm afrrmnblf mk m` puktf :7, sm lmim lm rmvbsjr añhf sm trjijejrfk mstfs `ftms. ¶Zuâ faurrbñ mk `fs puktfs ::,:9 y :16 Cuif j`nõk suamsf qum jdmatñ sfirm tflf j` puktf :9 y lmspuâs dum afrrmnblf? ms `f hês prfiji`m.

W`jktb``j lm nrêdbaf afkqum trf` hm mk mxam` ]kj p`jktb``j huy õtb`,lm tjktf cm rmsbstblf lm cjamr ukj p`jktb``j p `jktb``j lm Bknmkbf Mhprmsj pfr af`fajr mstj. Ms  Jh mrb ajk Qfa bmt y d fr Zuj` bt y  (JQZ). dukabfkj`, jutfhêtbaj y lbkêhbaj. Qmksjabfkj`. Mstj lmsjrrf``jlj pfr `j  `j Jh \jhibâk pflrês mkafktrjr ftrjs p`jktb``js mk mxam` qum tm smrêk õtb`ms pjrj `j nmstbñk lm tu kmnfabf. \m rmafhbmklf `j vbsbtms.

Bkn· Ajr`fs Qjjvmlrj @ñpmz

ajr`fs.sjjvmlrjGupk.pm  ajr`fs.sjjvmlrjGupk.pm 

22>27:>12

 

]WK NMQ\BFK LM AJ@BLJL 9797-: @j p`jktb``j bka`usf tm humstrj afk ijsm mk < arbtmrbfs (pbstjs, afhpfrtjhbmktfs, pjtrfkms) uk af`fr lbdmrmktm pjrj jqum``fs puktfs qum sm mkaumktrjk dumrj lm afktrf`.        

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]k sf`f puktf pfr dumrj lm `fs `èhbtms lm afktrf` 9 lm 1 puktfs pfr dumrj lm lfs lmsvbjabfkms mstêkljr (lfs sbnhj) < lm = puktfs prf dumrj lm ukj ukj lmsvbjabñk mstêkljr (uk sbnhj) 3 puktfs afksmautbvfs pfr uk `jlf lm `j `èkmj amktrj`

Bkn· Ajr`fs Qjjvmlrj @ñpmz

ajr`fs.sjjvmlrjGupk.pm  ajr`fs.sjjvmlrjGupk.pm 

22>27:>12