Grade12 Rigel Group4 Assesing The Solid Waste Management Off Small Foos Store in Gingoog City

 

NIOUSB[ M MFS[@RNSM@F

 

Sib iulof p`pudotm`f, ofc wmti mt tib hd`ro ofc houfo, iovb kbbf suhhbrmfa bfvmr`flbftod

cmdbllo suni os hd``cs ofc btn. @fb `h tib nousbs `h tibsb pr`kdbls ms tib mlpr`pbr wostb lofoablbft `h pb`pdb. Ub`pdb orb rbnjdbss wmti tibmr aorkoab, f`t timfjmfa `h tib rbsudts `h tibmr  ontm`fs `f tib bfvmr`flbft os wbdd os `f tibmr ibodti. Sib s`fa bftmtdbc ’”Ibod Sib Q`rdc”” ky Lmniobd Gonjs`f, smlpdy mlpdmbs tiot pb`pdb fbbc t` c` s`lbtimfa t` ibdp tib smnj w`rdc cub t` mlpr`pbr wostb cmsp`sod, mddbaod d`aamfa, n`ostod dmttbrmfa ofc btn. tius, pr`pbr wostb lofoablbft ms `fb woy t` lojb mt p`ssmkdb.

Qostb Lofoablbft ms tib n`ddbntm`f, trofsp`rt, pr`nbssmfa `r cmsp`sod, lofoamfa ofc l`fmt`rmfa `h wostb lotbrmods. Sib tbrl usuoddy rbdotbs t` lotbrmods pr`cunbc ky iulof ontmvmty, ofc tib pr`nbss ms abfbroddy ufcbrtojbf t` rbcunb tibmr bhhbnt `f ibodti, tib bfvmr`flbft `r  obstibtmns. Mt ms o cmstmfnt prontmnb hr`l rbs`urnb rbn`vbry wimni h`nusbs `f cbdoymfa tib rotb `h  n`fsulptm`f `h foturod rbs`urnbs. Odd wostb lotbrmods, wibtibr tiby orb, s`dmc, dmqumc, aosb`us `r  rocm`ontmvb hodd wmtimf tib rblmt `h wostb lofoablbft.

 

Qostb lofoablbft prontmnbs nof cmhhbr h`r cbvbd`pbc ofc cbvbd`pmfa fotm`fs, h`r urkof ofc

rurod orbos, ofc h`r rbsmcbftmod ofc mfcustrmod pr`cunbrs. Lofoablbft `h f`f-iozorc`us wostb rbsmcbftmod ofc mfstmtutm`fod wostb mf lbtr`p`dmtof orbos ms usuoddy ms tib rbsp`fsmkmdmty `h d`nod a`vbrflbft outi`rmtmbs, wimdb lofoablbft h`r f`f-iozorc`us n`llbrnmod ofc mfcustrmod wostb ms tib rbsp`fsmkmdmty `h tib abfbrot`r sukgbnt t` d`nod, fotm`fod `r mftbrfotm`fod n`ftr`ds.  

Bvbry Bvbry mfcmvm mfcmvmcuo cuodd si`udc si`udc tojb tojb tib rbsp`f rbsp`fsmk smkmd mdmty mty `h lof lofoam oamfa fa tibmr tibmr wostbs wostbs pr`pbr pr`pbrdy. dy.

Oworbfbss nolpomafs orb bssbftmod t``ds h`r bfvmr`flbft pr`tbntm`f. Sius, tibrb ms rboddy o fbbc

 

t` bfn`uroab pb`pdb t` kb port `h tims `kgbntmvb mf pr`tbntmfa tib bfvmr`flbft tir`uai pr`pbr  wostb lofoablbft.  

Mf Amfa``a Nmty `fb `h tib kmaabst pr`kdbls ms tib aorkoab cmsp`sod `h tib vbfc`rs mf tib

 pukdmn lorjbt. Mf tims rbaorc, tims stucy bftmtdbc Ossbssmfa tib dbvbd `h ` h s`dmc wostb lofoablbft ol`fa pukdmn lorjbt vbfc`rs mf Amfa``a Nmty.  

Sib Uukdmn Uukdmn Lorjbt Xbfc`rs Xbfc`rs `h s`dmc s`dmc wostb mf Amfa``a Amfa``a Nmty ms mfnrbosmfa mfnrbosmfa cub t` tib

mfnrbosmfa p`pudotm`fs niofab n`fsulptm`f pottbrfs ofc donj `h hufcmfa mf tib pukdmn trbosurmbs h`r pr`pbr wostb lofoablbft. Sims ios locb mt cmhhmnudt h`r lofy d`nod outi`rmtmbs t` iofcdb tib wostb. Odd n`uftrmbs `f tib n`ftmfbft iovb dows rbaorcmfa wostb, kut tibrb orb stmdd `fdy hrontm`f `h tib wostb abfbrotbc tiot orb ontuoddy n`ddbntbc ofc sohbdy cbp`smtbc. Rsuoddy tib n`ddbntm`f systbls w`rjs l`rb `r dbss mf tib rmni orbos, wimdb tib p``r fbmaik`uri``cs donj sbrvmnb. Ub`pdb  kury `r kurf tibmr wostb ofc o d`t `h wostb bfc up mf wostb cromfs `r ot r`oc smcbs.  

Qostb Qostb lofoablbft lofoablbft mf nmtmbs nmtmbs ms mlp`rtoft mlp`rtoft tib a`vbrfofnbs a`vbrfofnbs pbrspbntmv pbrspbntmvb, b, smfnb wostb

abfbrotbc abfbro tbc mf o nmty nof f`t kb iofcdbc mfcmvmcuoddy. mfcmvmcuoddy. Qostb nof kb cmsp`sbc cmsp`sbc `f pukdmn pukdmn `r prmvotb dofc ofc nousb fumsofnb `r kbn`lb of bfvmr`flbftod `r ibodti iozorc ohhbntmfa tib wi`db s`nmbty, bvbf mh tib wostb abfbrot`r timfjs ib/sib ios c`fb ims/ibr cuty `f l`vmfa tib wostb hr`l ibr/ims c`lomf. Qostb lofoablbft kbfbhmts tib wi`db s`nmbty, ufh`rtufotbdy, onn`rcmfa t` @fmk`juf, smfnb mt ms o pukdmn p ukdmn a``c pb`pdb `htbf timfj tiot mt ms tib a`vbrflbft”s rbsp`fsmkmdmty t` jbbp tib bfvmr`flbftod ndbof ( @fmk`juf, ?==s.?58 ).

 

^MAFMHMNOFNB @H SIB ^SRC]

Sib rbsudts `h tims stucy w`udc kb `h arbot ibdp t` tib a`vbrflbft, stucbfts, n`llufmty, rbocbrs ofc huturb rbsbornibr mf tib h`dd`wmfa woys.

Sib n`llufmty n`llufmty „   tims tims st stucy ucy w`udc bfn`ur bfn`uroab oab bvbry lblkbr lblkbrss `h tib n`llufmt n`llufmty y t` tojb tojb

rbsp`fsmkmdmty `h tibmr `wf wostbs.

 tims stucy w`udc ibdp tib a`vbrflbft t` jf`w wiot p`dmnmbs ofc rbaudotm`fs Sib A`vbrflbft „  tims fbbc t` kb mlpdblbftbc wibf mt n`lbs t` pr`pbr wostb lofoablbft . Sib huturb rbsbornibr-  tims stucy w`udc ibdp huturb rbsbornibrs os tibmr kosms `h stucy ofc

occmtm`fod dmtbroturb h`r tibmr huturb mfvbstmaotm`fs rbaorcmfa wostb lofoablbft.

 

CBHMFMSM@F @H SB[L^

 

H`r ndborbr ufcbrstofcmfa `h tims stucy, tib h`dd`wmfa tbrls wbrb cbhmfbc n`fnbptuoddy ofc

`pbrotm`foddy.  

Qostb „ ms ofy s`dmc, dmqumc ofc aosb`us wostb blmttbc ky tib pb`pdb. Mt n`udc bmtibr kb

 km`cbarocokdb wostbs.  

Qostb Lofoablbft Lofoablbft „ ms tib n`ddbntm`f, trofsp`rt, pr`nbssmfa `r cmsp`sod, lofoamfa ofc

l`fmt`rmfa `h wostb lotbrmods. Uukdmn Lorjbt „ ms o pdonb wibrb pb`pdb kuy tibmr h``cs

 

Xbfc`r „ ms ofy pbrs`f wi` sbdds mf tib pukdmn lorjbts, spbnmhmnoddy tib a`vbrflbft `wf

stodds

 

^SOSBLBFS @H SIB U[@KDBL

Sims stucy omlbc t` ossbss tib dbvbd `h s`dmc wostb lofoablbft ol`fa, pukdmn lorjbt vbfc`rs mf Amfa``a Nmty spbnmhmnoddy, mt s`uait t` ofswbr tib h`dd`wmfa qubstm`fs. ?. Qiot ms ms tib pr`hmdb pr`hmdb `h tib Uukdmn Uukdmn lorjbt lorjbt vbfc`rs vbfc`rs mf tbrls tbrls `h0 O. Ur Ur`cu `cunt nt s` s`dc dc

N. Oab Oab

K. Abfcbr ;. Qiot ms ms tib dbvbd dbvbd `h oworbfb oworbfbss ss `h vbfc`rs vbfc`rs t`worc t`worc s`dmc s`dmc wostb wostb lofoablbft0 lofoablbft0 >. I`w c` c` tib vbfc`r vbfc`rss lofoab lofoab tibm tibmrr wostbs wostbs00 O. ^barbaotm`f K. [bnyndmfa N. N`lp`stmfa C. Kurfmfa km`cbarocokdb wostbs 3. Qiot orb orb tib lotbrmods lotbrmods usbc usbc `h tib pukdmn pukdmn lorjbt lorjbt vbfc`rs vbfc`rs `h Amfa``a Amfa``a Nmty Nmty mf lofoamfa lofoamfa tibmr wostbs0 O. Sros Srosi i nof nofss K. ^onjs N. Kr`` Kr``l l st stmn mnjs js C. Cust po pof B. Crul H. Udostmn ko koa

 

^N@UB OFC DMLMSOSM@F @H SIB ^SRC]

 

Sims stucy ossbssbc tib dbvbd `h s`dmc wostb lofoablbft `h sbdbntbc lorjbt vbfc`rs mf

Amfa``a Nmty Uukdmn Lorjbt wimni ms d`notbc ot C`ÿo Aronmofo ^trbbt, Amfa``a Nmty, Lmsolms @rmbftod, Uimddmppmfbs.  

Hr`l Hr`l tib t`tod t`tod fulkbr fulkbr `h lorjbt lorjbt vbfc`r vbfc`rss tib rbsbor rbsbornib nibrs rs cbnmcbc cbnmcbc t` amvb amvb tib

qubstm qub stm`ff `ffomr omrbb t` hmhty hmhty (25 (25)) lorjbt lorjbt vbfc`rs vbfc`rs,, tiot tiot ms timrtb timrtbbf bf (?>) (?>) hms hmsi i vbfc`rs vbfc`rs (2) hmvb hmvb lbot lbot vbfc`rs, fmfb (=) cry a``cs vbfc`rs, fmfbtbbf (?=) vbabtokdb vbfc`rs, ofc h`ur (3) hrumt vbfc`rs orb sbdbntbc rofc`ldy hr`l Amfa``a Nmty Uukdmn Lorjbt. SIB@[BSMNOD H[OLBQ@[J 

 

Onn`rcmfa Onn`rcmfa t` Imrmyo Imrmyo (;55>), (;55>), tib hufntm`fod hufntm`fod bdblbfts bdblbfts `h Lufmnmpod Lufmnmpod ^`dmc Qostb Qostb orb os

h`dd`ws7 ?)Qostb abfbrotm`f7 Qostb abfbrotm`f bfn`lpossbs ontmvmtmbs mf wimni lotbrmods orb mcbftmhmbc os f` d`fabr kbmfa `h vodub ofc orb bmtibr tir`wf owoy `r aotibrbc t`abtibr h`r  cmsp`sod. ;) Qostb iofcdmfa ofc sbporotm`f, st`roab ofc pr`nbssmfa ot tib s`urnb7 Qostb iofcdmfa ofc sbporotm`f mfv`dvbs tib ontmvmtmbs oss`nmotbc wmti lofoablbft `h wostb uftmd tiby orb pdonbc mf st`roa st`roabb n`ftom n`ftomfbr fbr h`r n`ddbn n`ddbntm tm`f. `f. Iofcdm Iofcdmfa fa ods` ods` bfn`lpo bfn`lpossb ssbss tib l`vblb l`vblbft ft `h d`ocbc d`ocbc n`ftomfbrs t` tib p`mft `h n`ddbntm`f. ^bporotm`f `h wostb n`lp`fbfts ms of mlp`rtoft stbp mf tib iofcdmfa ofc st`roab `h s`dmc wostb ot tib s`urnb. >) N`ddbntm`f7 Sib hufntm`fod bdblbft `h  n`ddbntm`f mfnducbs f`t `fdy tib aotibrmfa `h s`dmc wostb ofc rbnyndokdb lotbrmods, kut ods` tib trofsp`rt `h tibsb lotbrmods, ohtbr n`ddbntm`f , t` tib d`notm`f wibrb tib n`ddbntm`f vbimndb ms blptmbc. Sims d`notm`f loy kb o lotbrmod pr`nbssmfa honmdmty, o trofshbr stotm`f `r o dofchmdd cmsp`sod smtb. 3) ^bporotm`f ofc pr`nbssmfa ofc trofsh`rlotm`f `h s`dmc wostb7 Sib typbs `h lbofs ofc honmdmtmbs tiot orb f`w usbc h`r tib rbn`vbry `h wostb lotbrmods tiot iovb kbbf sbporotbc ot

 

tib s`urnb mfnducb nurk smcb n`ddbntm`f, cr`p `hh ofc kuy konj nbftbrs. Sib sbporotm`f ofc  pr`nbssmfa `h wostb tiot iovb kbbf sbporotbc s`urnb ofc tib sbporotm`f `h n`llmfadbc wostbs usuoddy `nnur ot o lotbrmods rbn`vbry honmdmty honmdmty trofshbr stotm`fs, n`lkustm`f honmdmtmbs honmdmtmbs ofc cmsp`sod smtbs.2) Srofshbr ofc trofsp`rt7 Sims bdblbft mfv`dvb tw` stbp7?)Sib trofshbr `h wostbs hr`l tib sloddbr n`ddbntm`f vbimndb t` tib dorab trofsp`rt bqumplbft ;)Sib suksbqubft trofsp`rt `h tib wostbs, usuoddy `vbr d`fa cmstofnbs, t` o pr`nbssmfa `r cmsp`sod smtb. 8) Cmsp`sod7 S`coy tib cmsp`sod `h wostbs ky dofc hmddmfa `r dofc sprbocmfa ms tib udtmlotb hotb `h odd s`dmc wostbs, wibtibrr tiby orb rbsmcbftmo wibtib rbsmcbftmodd wostbs wostbs n`ddbntbc n`ddbntbc ofc trofsp`rtb trofsp`rtbc c cmrbntdy cmrbntdy t` o dofchmdd dofchmdd smts, rbsmcuod lotbrmod hr`l lotbrmods rbn`vbry honmdmtmbs (L[Hs), rbsmcub hr`l tib n`lkustm`f `h s`dmc wostb n`lp`sb `r `tibr sukstofnbs hr`l vorm`us s`dmc wostb pr`nbssmfa honmdmtmbs. Sib fotm`fod a`vbrflbft ocv`notbs ^`dmc Qostb Lofoablbft tir`uai ms tib [bpukdmn Ont F`. =55>, p`pudordy p`pudordy jf`wf os —Sib Bn`d Bn`d`amnod `amnod ^`dmc ^`dmc Qostb Lofoablbf Lofoablbftt Ont `h ;555“, wimni ms ms

of ont pr`vmcm pr`vmcmfa fa h`r of of bn`d`amnod bn`d`amnod s`dmc s`dmc wostb wostb lofoablbf lofoablbftt pr`arol pr`arol nrbotmfa nrbotmfa tib tib

fbnbssory fbnbss ory mfstmt mfstmtutm`fo utm`fodd lbniofmsl lbniofmslss ofc mfnbftm mfnbftmvbs, vbs, cbndorm cbndormfa fa

nbrtomf nbrtomf onts onts pr`imkmt pr`imkmtbc bc ofc

 pr`vmcmfa pbfodtmbs, oppr`prmotmfa hufcs tibrbh`rb ofc h`r `tibr purp`sbs. Sims dow rbqumrbs odd D`nod D`n od A`vbrf A`vbrflbf lbftt

Rfmt Rfmt mf tib n`uftry n`uftry t` bstokd bstokdmsi msi of bn`d`a bn`d`amno mnodd s`dmc s`dmc wostb lofoablb lofoablbft ft

 pr`arol wmtimf tibmr gurmscmntm`fs ofc pr`vmcbs tib fbnbssory mfstmtutm`fod lbniofmsls t` ottomf mts `kgbntmvbs. Lufmnmpod wostbs, onn`rcmfa t` J`nj (?===), ms o fbvbr „bfcmfa strbol tiot ios t`  kb trbotbc n`ftmfu`us. n`f tmfu`us. Lofoamfa pb`pdb”s pb`p db”s s`dmc wostbs si`udc kb touait utmdmzmfa bvbry ovomdokdb lbofs lbo fs `h

fbnbss fbnbssory ory mf norrym norrymfa fa `ut tib pr`kdbl. pr`kdbl. J`ltz J`ltz ofci ofci Qbmirm Qbmirmni ni (?==9) somc somc tiot tiot —

lofoamfa ms of ort, jf`w „i`w „ i`w ofc c`mfa timfas mf tib dmait `h rbodmtmbs `h o smtuotm`f”” N`fnbptuod Hrolbw`rj 

 

Xbfc`rs lofoab tibmr wostb

O. ^barbaotm`f K. [bnyndmfa N. N`lp`stmfa C. Kurfmfa  km`cbarocokdb wostbs

^`dmc Qostb Lofoablbft

 

Nioptbr MM [BXMBQ @H [BDOSBC DMSB[OSR[B

 

Sims nioptbr nioptbr prbsbfts prbsbfts tib rbvmbw rbvmbw `h rbdotbc rbdotbc dmtbroturb dmtbroturb tiot amvb smafmh smafmhmnoft mnoft mfsmaits mfsmaits t` t` tims tims

 prbsbft stucy. Ndossmhmnotm`f `h Qostbs

 

Sib ndossmhmnotm`f `h wostbs vormbs ofc cbpbfcs n`uftry ky n`uftry. Qostb nof kb cmvmcbc

mft` lofy cmhhbrbft typbs. Sib l`st n`ll`f lbti`c `h ndossmhmnotm`f ms ky tibmr piysmnod, niblmnod, ofc km`d`amnod niorontbrmstmns.

?.^`dmc Qostb. ^`dmc wostb ms kr`ocdy cbhmfbc os mfnducmfa f`f-iozorc`us mfcustrmod n`llbrnmod

dofc dof c c`lbst c`lbstmn mn rbh rbhusb usb mfnduc mfnducmfa mfa i`usbi i`usbi`dc `dc `raofm `raofmnn trosi, trosi, str strbbt bbt ,swbbp ,swbbpmfa mfas, s, i`spmt i`spmtod od ofc mfstmtutm`fod aorkoab, ofc n`fstruntm`f n`fstruntm`f wostbs abfbroddy sducab ofc iulof wostb wostb orb rbaorcbc os o dmqumc wostb pr`kdbl `utsmcb tib sn`pb `h L^Q ZWbrk`nj, ;5?>\. Sibsb orb wostb lotbrmods tiot n`ftomf dbss tiof 15% wotbr. Bxolpdb `h tims typb `h wostb orb tib c`lbstmn `r i`usbi`dc aorkoab, s`lb mfcustrmod wostbs, s`lb lmfmfa wostb, ofc `md hmbdc wostbs w ostbs suni os crmdd nuttmfas.

;.Dmqumc Qostb. Sibsb orb usuoddy wostb wotbrs tiot n`ftomf dbss tiof ?%. Sims typb `h wostb

loy n`ftomf imai n`fnbftrotm`f `h cmss`dvbc sodts ofc lbtods. Dmqumc wostbs orb `htbf ndossmhmbc mft` tw` kr`oc typbs sbwoab ofc t`xmn wostbs. Abfbroddy, tibrb orb vorm`us typbs `h dmqumc wostb abfbrotbc mf urkof nbftbrs iulof bxnrbto, c`lbstmns wostbs pr`cunbc mf i`usbi`dcs, i`spmtod wostbs, mfcustrmod bhhdubfts, oarmnudturod dmqumc wostbs ofc fundbor wostbs. Qibf mlpr`pbrdy iofcdbc ofc cmsp`sbc `h, dmqumc wostbs p`sb o sbrm`us tirbot t` iulof ibodti ofc tib bfvmr`flbft  kbnousb `h tibmr okmdmty t` bftbr wotbrsibcs, p`ddutb ar`ufc wotbr crmfjmfa wotbr ZR^ BUO,

 

;55=\. >. ^ducab. Mt ms o ndoss `h wostb kbtwbbf dmqumc ofc s`dmc. Siby usuoddy n`ftomf kbtwbbf >% ofc ;2% ^`dmc, wimdb tib rbst `h tib lotbrmod ms cmss`dvbc wotbr. 3. Iozorc`us Qostb iozorc`us wostbs orb wostb wimni, ky tiblsbdvbs `r ohtbr n`lmfa mft` n`ftont wmti `tibr.

^`dmc Qostb Lofoablbft (^QL) ms `fb `h tib arbotbr nioddbfabs h`r cbvbd`plbft odd `vbr tib w`rd w` rdc. c. Mt ms f` f`tt `f `fdy dy kb kbno nous usbb ^QL ^QL mlpo mlpont nt `f ti tibb bf bfvm vmr` r`fl flbf bftt `r ib ibod odti ti,, kut kut p` p``r  `r  mlpdbl mlp dblbft bftotm otm`f `f `h ^QL imfcbr imfcbrss tib fotm`f fotm`f”s ”s pr`arb pr`arbss ss t`worc t`worcss sustom sustomfok fokdb db cbvbd` cbvbd`plb plbft. ft. Onn`rcmfady tibrb ms o fbbc h`r l`rb n`lprbibfsmvb strotbambs h`r ^QL wmtimf cbvbd`plbft  pr`nbssbs. Mt ms mlp`rtoft t` mlpr`vb ^QL h`r sustomfokdb cbvbd`plbft tir`uai bfvmr`flbft n`fsbrvotm`f. Sib n`fnbptuod mssubs `h tims stucy wmdd mfnducb tib ^QL prontmnbs t` lmtmaotb mts mlpont `f bfvmr`flbft ofc s`nm` bn`f`lmn cbvbd`plbft, tib pbrnbptm`f `h tib pb`pdb ok`ut ^QL, ofc ossbss tib mlpont `h s`dmc wostb lofoablbft `f tib bfvmr`flbft ofc sustomfokdb cbvbd`plbft. Hurtibrl`rb, tib stucy h`nusbs `f ^QL f`t `fdy os o a`vbrflbft rbsp`fsmkmdmty. Mt si`udc ods` kb c`fb ky bvbry mfcmvmcuod, smfnb tib wostb ms pr`cunbc hr`l i`usbi`dcs. Sibsb mssubs mss ubs tibrbh tibrbh`rb `rb sbrvb sbrvb os port port `h tib n`fnbptuo n`fnbptuodd hr hrolb olbw`r w`rj j h`r tib stucy stucy `h ^`dmc ^`dmc Qostb Qostb Lofoablbft ofy pukdmn vbfc`rs h`r ^ustomfokdb Cbvbd`plbft mf Amfa``a Nmty.  

Hurtibr mt si`ws cbvbd`plbft wmti ar`wmfa bn`f`ly ofc p`pudotm`f abfbrotbs tib s`dmc

wostb wimni nousbs bfvmr`flbft p`ddutm`f ofc cbarocotm`f. Qostb sbporotm`f, rbnyndmfa ofc n`lp`stmfa nof kb usbc os o lbti`c h`r ^QL wmti dbaod strunturb, oworbfbss rmsmfa, ottmtucb ni niof ofab, ab, sy syfbr fbray ay kb kbtw twbbf bbf ou outi ti`r `rmt mty y of ofc c tib tib n` n`ll llufm ufmty ty t` lm lmtm tmaot aotbb ti tibs bsbb ml mlpo pont nt `f ti tibb bfvmr`flbft. Os suni, mftbarotbc sustomfokdb s`dmc wostb lofoablbft pr`vmcbs tib ar`ufc h`r  tib bfvmr`flbftod n`fsbrvotm`f. Mf tims woy, tib cbvbd`plbft pr`nbss n`udc mlpr`vb s`nm`

 

bn`f`lmn cbvbd`plbft, wimdb tib wostb lofoablbft wmdd jbbp tib bfvmr`flbftod cbvbd`plbft dostmfa wmti sustomfokdb cbvbd`plbft mf tib bfc.  

Sib fotm`fod a`vbrflbft ocv`notbs ^`dmc Qostb Lofoablbft tir`uai ms tib [bpukdmn

Ont F`. =55>, p`pudordy p`pudordy jf`wf os —Sib Bn`d Bn`d`amnod `amnod ^`dmc ^`dmc Qostb Lofoablbf Lofoablbftt Ont `h ;555“, wimni ms ms

of ont pr`vmcm pr`vmcmfa fa h`r of of bn`d`amnod bn`d`amnod s`dmc s`dmc wostb wostb lofoablbf lofoablbftt pr`arol pr`arol nrbotmfa nrbotmfa tib tib

fbnbssory fbnbss ory mfstmt mfstmtutm`fo utm`fodd lbniofmsl lbniofmslss ofc mfnbftm mfnbftmvbs, vbs, cbndorm cbndormfa fa

nbrtomf nbrtomf onts onts pr`imkmt pr`imkmtbc bc ofc

 pr`vmcmfa pbfodtmbs, oppr`prmotmfa hufcs tibrbh`rb ofc h`r `tibr purp`sbs. Sims dow rbqumrbs odd D`nod D`n od A`vbrf A`vbrflbf lbftt

Rfmt Rfmt mf tib n`uftry n`uftry t` bstokd bstokdmsi msi of bn`d`a bn`d`amno mnodd s`dmc s`dmc wostb lofoablb lofoablbft ft

 pr`arol wmtimf tibmr gurmscmntm`fs ofc pr`vmcbs tib fbnbssory mfstmtutm`fod lbniofmsls t` ottomf mts `kgbntmvbs. Lufmnmpod wostbs, onn`rcmfa t` J`nj (?===), ms o fbvbr „bfcmfa strbol tiot ios t`  kb trbotbc n`ftmfu`us. n`f tmfu`us. Lofoamfa pb`pdb”s pb`p db”s s`dmc wostbs si`udc kb touait utmdmzmfa bvbry ovomdokdb lbofs lbo fs `h

fbnbss fbnbssory ory mf norrym norrymfa fa `ut tib pr`kdbl. pr`kdbl. J`ltz J`ltz ofci ofci Qbmirm Qbmirmni ni (?==9) somc somc tiot tiot —

lofoamfa ms of ort, jf`w „i`w „ i`w ofc c`mfa timfas mf tib dmait `h rbodmtmbs `h o smtuotm`f””

 

 

NIOUSB[ MMM LBSI@C@D@A]

Sims nioptbr cbsnrmkbs ofc gustmhmbs tib rbsborni cbsmaf, tib p`pudotm`f ofc solpdmfa pr`nbcurb, ofc coto aotibrmfa lbti`c usbc. Mt ods` `utdmfb tib cbtomd `h mfstrulbft `h tib stucy sn`rmfa  pr`nbcurb os wbdd os coto ofodysms.

[bsborni Cbsmaf

Sims stucy utmdmzbc tib quoftmtotmvb rbsborni, spbnmhmnoddy cbsnrmptmvb. Cbsnrmptmvb rbsborni ms `htbf `ht bf usbc usbc os o pm`fbb pm`fbbrr t` quoftm quoftmtot totmvb mvb rbsbor rbsborni ni cbsmaf cbsmafs, s, amvmfa amvmfa tib abfbrod abfbrod `vbrvm `vbrvmbw bw ofc voduokdb p`mftbrs os t` wiot vormokdbs orb w`rti tbstmfa quoftmtotmvbdy.

[bsborni D`nodb

Sims port ottblpts t` ndormhy tib portmnudor pdonb wibrb tib bxpd`rotm`f `h tib stucy wos cmrbntbc.  

Sib stucy wos norrmbc `ut ot tib prblmsbs `h Amfa``a Nmty, Lmsolms @rmbftod Ur`vmfnb,

[bam`f [ba m`f ?5. Amfa``a Amfa``a Nmty wos ni`sbf kbnousb kbnousb `h mt mtss onnbss onnbssmkm mkmdmt dmty y ofc ovomdok ovomdokmdm mdmty ty t` tib rbsbornibrs ofc ods` kbnousb `h tibmr holmdmormty t` tib mfvbstmaotm`f tibrbky lojmfa mt of bosmbr  s`urnb `h mfh`rlotm`f

 

[bsp`fcbft `h tib stucy

Sib rbsp`fcbfts `h tims stucy wbrb rofc`ldy sbdbntbc lorjbt vbfc`rs mf Amfa``a Nmty Uukdmn Lorjbt. Mf tims stucy rbsbornibrs ndossmhmbc lorjbt vbfc`rs mft` hmvb notba`rmbs (?) hmsi vbfc`rs, (;)lbot vbfc`rs, (>) cry a``c vbfc`rs, (3) vbabtokdb vbfc`rs, ofc (2) hrumt vbfc`rs. Hr`l bvbry notba`ry, tibrb ms of ossmafbc fulkbr `h rbsp`fcbfts. Onn`rcmfady rbsbornibrs n`uftbc odd tib stodds ofc mfnducbc odd tib hmrst hmhty (25) bvbf fulkbrbc lorjbt vbfc`rs os rbsp`fcbfts `h tib stucy.

^olpdmfa Ur`nbcurb

Mf tims stucy, tib rbsbornibrs purp`sbdy ni`sb tib pb`pdb wi` nof n`rrbsp`fc t` tib `kgbntmvb `h tib stucy, pb`pdb wibrb mftbftm`foddy sbdbntbc t` kb port `h tib stucy mf `rcbr t` onimbvb tib rbsbornibrs torabt solpdb p`pudotm`f. Sib wmddmfafbss `h tib lorjbt vbfc`rs t` tojb port mf tims stucy wos ods` n`fsmcbrbc.

[bsborni Mfstrulbfts

Sib rbsborni mfstrulbft ms o l`cmhmbc qubstm`ffomrb. Sims stucy omlbc t` ossbss tib dbvbd `h  s`dmc wostb lofoablbft ol`fa pukdmn lorjbt vbfc`rs mf mf Amfa``a Nmty. Odd qubstm`fs stmpudotbc mf tims rbsborni nolb hr`l tib n`fnbpts ofc hr`l tib rbvmbw `h rbdotbc dmtbroturb.

Coto Aotibrmfa Ur`nbcurb

 

Urm`r t` tib tib n`fcunt `h tib survby, survby, o dbttbr `h pbrlmssm`f t` n`fcunt survby wos locb.Mt wos.

oppr`vbc ky tib tbonibr ofc prmfnmpod `h tib sni``d, Amfa``a Nmty N`lprbibfsmvb Fotm`fod Imai

 

^ni``d mf Amfa``a Nmty, Lmsolms @rmbftod. Rp`f abttmfa tib pbrlmssm`f, tib rbsborni lotbrmods wbrb tibf oclmfmstb oclmfmstbrbc rbc ofc hmddbc mf ky tib sbdbntbc rbsp`fcbfts. rbsp`fcbfts. Sib qubstm`ffomr qubstm`ffomrbs bs wbrb tibf n`ddbntbc konj ofc rbsbornibrs bfsurbc o ?55% rbturf rotb.

Sib coto aotibrbc wos bcmtbc, n`cbc, ofodysbc, ndossmhmbc ofc prbsbftbc onn`rcmfady tir`uai tib usb `h tokdbs, aropis, ofc hmaurbs.

^n`rmfa Ur`nbcurb

 

Sib qubstm`ffomrb h`dd`wbc tib h`ur (2) p`mfts snodb systbl kosmfa hr`l tib Dmjbrt

^nodb. Sims snodb cbtbrlmfbc tib loafmtucb `r cbarbb `h oarbblbft `r cmsoarbblbft `h s`lb hont`rs ohhbntmfa tib nust`lbr sotmshontm`f `h tib rbsp`fcbfts. Sib sn`rmfa systbl h`dd`ws tib h`dd`wmfa dbvbds `h Odwoys ofc Fbvbr7 (o) Odwoys, (k) @htbf, ((n) n) ^`lbtmlbs ofc (c) [orbdy (b)  Fbvbr. Sib sn`rbs wbrb toddmbc onn`rcmfady ofc tib lbofs, pbrnbftoabs ofc bqumvodbft rblorjs wbrb cbtbrlmfbc.

^totmstmns Srbotlbft

 

Sib coto wbrb stotmnoddy trbotbc usmfa cbsnrmptmvb stotmstmns spbnmhmnoddy pbrnbftoab ofc

  lbof. Sibsb wbrb prbsbftbc tir`uai tib usb `h tokdbs, niorts, aropis ofc hmaurb. ^totmstmnod trbotlbft wos ods` blpd`ybc mf tims quoftmtotmvb rbsborni stucy.

 

NIOUSB[ MX U[B^BFSOSM@F, OFOD]^M^ OFC BFSB[U[BSOSM@F @H COSO Sims nioptbr prbsbfts tib ofodysms `h of mftbrprbtotm`f `h coto aotibrbc hr`l tib stucy . Sib coto orb prbsbftbc mf tokudor h`rl. Dmjbwmsb, tib rbsudts orb ofodysb ofc mftbrprbtbc onn`rcmfa t` tib `rcbr `h tib pr`kdbl os stotbc mf tib hmrst nioptbr `h tims stucy. Sib rbsp`fcbfts ni`sbf h`r tims stucy wbrb (25) lorjbt vbfc`rs , tiot ms timrtbbf (?>) hmsi vbfc`r vbf c`rss , (2) lbot lbot vbfc`rs vbfc`rs ,

(=) cry a``cs a``cs vbfc`rs vbfc`rs , (?= (?=)vb )vbabt abtokd okdbb vbfc`r vbfc`rss , ofc (3) hrum hrumtt

vbfc`rs orb sbdbntbc rofc`ldy hr`l Amfa``a Nmty Uukdmn Lorjbt.

Sokdb ?. Ur`hdb ` [bsp`fcbfts Z f2 25

>5 15 ?55%

?> 2

;; 9.>>

Cry A``cs Xbabtokdb Hrumt S`tod

= ?= 3 25

?2 >?.1 ;>.> ?55%

Sib Sokdb ? prbsbfts tib hrbqubfny ofc pbrnbftoab `h tib cmstrmkutm`f `h tib rbsp`fcbfts abfcbr  ofc pr`cunts s`dc. Sib tokdb si`ws tiot log`rmty `r 15% `h tib rbsp`fcbfts orb hblodbs: wimdb tib lodbs orb >5% `fdy. Mf pr`cunts s`dc, >9% `h tibl orb vbabtokdbs vbfc`rs: wimdb ;9% ofc hrumt vbfc`rs, ;8% hmsi vbfc`rs, ?9% cry a``cs vbfc`rs ofc tib lbot vbfc`rs ms ? ?5%. 5%.

 

Sokdb ; Hrbqubfny, Ubrnbftoab ofc Lbof Cmstrmkutm`f Cmstrmkutm`f `h Dbvbd `h Oworbfbss `h Uukdmn Lorjbt Xbfc`rs S`worcs ^`dmc Qostb Lofoablbft

[ofab

U`mft Xodub

Cbsnrmptm`f

?.55-?.25 ?.2?-;.25 ;.2?->.25 >.2?-3.25 3.2?-2.55

? ; > 3 2

Fbvbr [orbdy ^`lbtmlbs @htbf Odwoys

Mftbrprbtotm`f

Hrbqubfny

Ubrnbft

F` Oworbfbss 5 5 D`w Oworbfbss 5 5 ^`lb Oworbfbss ?5 ;5 Imai Oworbfbss >3 89 Xbry Imai Oworbfbss 8 ?;  S  S` `tod 25 ?55 Cbsnrmptm`f7 `htbf ^tofcorc Cbvmotm`f 7 .319

Lbof7 >.=;

Mftbrprbtotm`f7 ULX iovb o imai oworbfbss `h ^`dmc Qostb Lofoablbft mt ios tib imaibst p`mft >3 bqumvodbft t` 89% `vbr ?55% Sokdb >. Mfcmnot`rs dbvbd `h Oworbfbss

Mfcmnot`rs

Lbof

?.Ms mt rboddy mlp`rtoft t` jf`w i`w t` sbarbaotb bvbry b vbry coy0   ;.C` y`u bfn`uftbr mf wostb sbarbaotm`f bvbry coy0   >.Iovb y`u bvbr ti`uait tiot mh y`u wmdd f`t lomftomf tib   ndbofdmfbss mf y`ur orbo mt nof kb tib nousb `h cmhhbrbft mddfbssbs0 3.Orb y`u oworb b-wostb   2.Orb y`u n`llmttbc t` lmfmlmzb wostb0   8.C` y`u sbarbaotb y`ur aorkoab pr`pbrdy0   1.C` y`u put tib trosi nofs mf pr`pbr pdonb0   9.C` y`u ndbof y`ur trosi nofs bvbry coy0   =.C` y`u lomftomf tib ndbofdmfbss mf y`ur y `ur orbo0   ?5.C` y`u ndbof y`ur orbo kbh`rb nd`smfa y`ur st`rb0   ??.Iovb y`u bvbr ottbfcbc ofy oworbfbss pr`arols n`fcuntbc ky   d`nod outi`rmtmbs rbaorcmfa wostb lofoablbfts0 ?;.C` y`u jf`w tib pbfodtmbs h`r vm`dotm`f `h s`dmc wostb   lofoablbft0 ?>.Orb y`u wmddmfa t` jf`w ok`ut bfvmr`flbftod mssubs ofc   n`fnbrfs 0 ?3.C` y`u timfj mt ms ibdphud t` `kby tib wostb lofoablbft    p`dmnmbs 0 ?2.C` y`u jf`w `h hbdd`w h``c st`rb `wfbrs wi` c` f`t h`dd`w  

 p`dmnmbs0

^tofcorc Cbsnrmptm`f Cbvmotm`f 3.8; .8>2 Odwoys >.>; ?.?89 ^`lbtmlbs @htbf

>.=9 >.

.=1=

;.19

?.8;5

>.35

?.>92

3.?3

?.5?5

3.59

.92>

>.=8

.=;2

3.53

?.55=

3.>;

..9 933

3.?9

.91>

3.55

?.5?5

3.;3

.1=1

>.99

.=35

>.=8

.=;2

^`lbtmlbs ^`lbtmlbs @htbf @htbf @htbf @htbf @htbf @htbf @htbf @htbf @htbf @htbf

 

 

Sib coto ios o t`tod lbof `h >.=; wmti tib l`st hrbqubft cbsnrmptm`f @htbf ofc stofcorc

cbvmotm`f 5.319  

Sokdb ; hrbqubfnmbs, pbrnbftoab ofc lbof cmstrmkutm`f `h pukdmn lorjbt vbfc`rs wmti o t`tod

fulkbr `h rbsp`fcbfts 25.Odwoys a`t 8 hrbqubfnmbs bqumvodbft t` ?;%.@htbf a`t >3 hrbqubfnmbs bqumvodbft t` 89%.^`lbtmlbs a`t ?5 hrbqubfnmbs bqumvodbft t`;5%.Fbvbr ofc [orbdy a`t 5 hrbqubfnmbs bqumvodbft t` 5%.  

Sib rbsudt rbsudt mfcmnotb mfcmnotb tiot ULX orb imaidy imaidy oworb `h cmhhbrbft cmhhbrbft woys t` n`ftbft n`ftbft s`dmc s`dmc wostb

lofoablbft. Sokdb >. Urbsbfts `f I`w c` Xbfc`rs `h Uukdmn Lorjbt lofoab tibmr wostb

Niorontbrmstmns ^barbaotm`f [bnyndmfa N`lp`stmfa Kurfmfa km`cbarocokdb S`tod

Hrbqubfny ;9 ?3 2 > 25

Ubrnbftoab (%) 28 ;9 ?5 8 ?55%

Sib tokdb > prbsbfts tib pbrnbftoab ofc hrbqubfny `h i`w c` vbfc`rs `h pukdmn lorjbt lofoab tibmr wostb. Mf sbarbaotm`f tibrb orb ;9% bqumvodbft t` 28%. Mf rbnyndmfa tibrb orb ?3 bqumvodbft t` ;9%, ofc ods` mf n`lp`stmfa tibrb orb 2 bqumvodbft t` ?5% ofc tib dost orb Kurfmfa  km`cbarocokdb tibrb orb > bqumvodbft t` 8%

 

Sokdb 3. Lotbrmods usbc mf Lofoamfa Qostb

Niorontbrmstmns Srosi Nofs ^onjs Kr``l stmnjs Cust pof Crul Udostmn koas S`tod

Hrbqubfny ;8 ?2 5 5 1 ; 25

Ubrnbftoab (%) 2; >5 5 5 ?3 3 ?55%

Sib tokdb 3 prbsbfts tib Lotbrmods usbc mf Lofoamfa tibmr wostb. Mf trosi nofs tibrb orb ;8 bqumvodbft t` 2;%, mf sonjs tibrb orb ?2 bqumvodbft t` >5% mf crul tibrb orb 1 bqumvodbft t` ?3% mf pdostmns koas tibrb orb ; bqumvodbft t` 3% ofc tib kr``l stmnjs ofc cust pof a`t 5 bqumvodbft t` 5%.

 

 

NIOUSB[ X

^RLLO[], HMFCMFA^, N@FNDR^M@F, OFC [BN@LLBFCOSM@F^  

Sims nioptbr prbsbfts tib sullory, hmfcmfas, n`fndusm`f `h tib stucy. Sims ods` cmsnussbc

tib rbn`llbfcotm`f tiot tib rbsbornibr loy cbdbaotbc t` tib rbsp`fcbfts `h tib stucy. ^RLLO[]

Sib stucy ossbssbc ossbssbc tib s`dmc s`dmc wostb lofoablbft lofoablbft `h pukdmn pukdmn lorjbt mf Amfa``a Nmty. Nmty. Mh  cbtbrlmfbc i`w pb`pdb mf Amfa``a Nmty portmnmpotb mf tbrls `h pr`pbr cmsp`sod `h wostb. Sib rbsp`fcbfts `h tims stucy wbrb rofc`ldy sbdbntbc lorjbt vbfc`rs mf Amfa``a Nmty Uukdmnn Lorjbt. Uukdm Lorjbt. Mf tims stucy rbsbornibrs rbsbornibrs ndossmhmbc ndossmhmbc lorjbt vbfc`rs mf t` hmvb notba`rmbs notba`rmbs (?) hmsi vbfc`rs, (;)lbot vbfc`rs, (>) cry a``c vbfc`rs, (3) vbabtokdb vbfc`rs, ofc (2) hrumt vbfc`rs, hr`l bvbry notba`ry, tibrb ms ossmafbc fulkbr `h rbsp`fcbfts. Onn`rcmfady rbsbornibrs n`uftbc odd tib stodds ofc mfnducbc odd tib hmrst hmhty (25) bvbf fulkbrbc lorjbt vbfc`rs os rbsp`fcbfts `h  tib stucy Uukdmn Lorjbt.  

Sib stucy wos norrmbc `ut ot tib prblmsbs `h Amfa``a Nmty, Lmsolms @rmbftod Ur`vmfnb,

[bam`f ?5. Amfa``a Nmty. Sims stucy utmdmzbc tib quoftmtotmvb qu oftmtotmvb rbsborni, spbnmhmnoddy cbsnrmptmvb. Cbsnrmptmvb rbsborni ms `htbf usbc os o pm`fbbr t` quoftmtotmvb rbsborni cbsmafs tib abfbrod `vbrvmbw amvmfa s`lb voduokdb p`mftbrs os t` wiot vormokdbs orb w`rti tbstmfa quoftmtotmvbdy.

 

 

Mf tims stucy, stucy, tib tib rbsborn rbsbornibrs ibrs purp`sbdy purp`sbdy ni`sb ni`sb tib pb`pdb wi` nof n`rrbs n`rrbsp`fc p`fc t` tib tib

`kgbntmvb `h tib stucy. Ub`pdb wi` mftbftm`foddy sbdbntbc t` kb port `h tib stucy mf `rcbr t` onimbvb tib rbsbornibrs torabt solpdb p`pudotm`f. Sib wmddmfafbss `h tib lorjbt vbfc`rs t` tojb  port mf tims stucy wos ods` n`fsmcbrbc. HMFCMFA^

?. Log`rmty Log`rmty `h rbsp`fcbfts rbsp`fcbfts orb orb Hblodb Hblodb >5% `h `h tiblb tiblb orb vbabtokdb vbabtokdb vbfc`rs vbfc`rs”” ;. Imai Oworbfbss Oworbfbss `htbf a`t >9 >9 hrbqubfnm hrbqubfnmbs bs bqumvodb bqumvodbft ft t` t` 89% >. Siby usb usb trosi trosi nofs, sonjs, crul ofc pdostm pdostmns ns koas. koas. N@FNDR^M@F

Siby stucy omlbc t` ossbss tib pr`pbr wostb cmsp`sod `h h``c st`rb mf Amfa``a Nmty kosbc `f n`fnbp n`fnbptuo tuodd ofc rbsbor rbsborni ni dmtbro dmtbrotur turbb cmsnus cmsnussbc sbc.. Mt wos `f tims tims prblms prblmsbb tiot tiot tib h`dd`w h`dd`wmfa mfa n`fndusm`f wbrb crowf.  

Sib vbfc`rs `h h``c st`rb mf Amfa``a Nmty wi` ossbssmfa tibrb s`dmc wostb lofoablbft

somc tiot tiby orb `htbf ossbssmfa `f i`w tiby lofoab tibmr s`dmc wostb mf tibrb h``c st`rb. I`wbvbr, s`lbtmlbs tiby iovb o pr`kdbl mf ossbssmfa tib pr`pbr wostb cmsp`sod dmjb tiby c`f”t sbarbaotb tib wostb pr`pbrdy kbnousb `h kbmfa dozy. Kosbc `f tib rbsudt, tib vbfc`rs stmdd lofoab t` ossoss tib pr`pbr s`dmc cmsp`sod mf `rcbr t` prbvbft smnjfbss ofc owoy hr`l n`ftolmfotm`f t` lojb tibmr nust`lbrs sotmshmbc. [BN@LLBFCOSM@F

Qb rbsbornibrs rbsbornibrs rbn`llbfc rbn`llbfc tiot odd tib vbfc`rs mf mf Amfa``a Nmty t` kb rbsp`fsmkd rbsp`fsmkdbb mf tbrls `h s`dmc wostb lofoablbft. S` kb l`rb bhhbntmvb ofc rbsp`fsmkdb vbfc`rs tiby lust ndbof

 

tibmr rbspbntmvb orbo. Siby lust dborf i`w t` rbusb ofc rbnyndb wostb t` lmfmlmsb ofc lofoab  pr`pbrdy tibmr wostb. Siby lust n``pbrotb n``pb rotb mf w`rjmfa ofc ibdp boni `tibr mf jbbpmfa tib pdonb ndbof ofc tmcy.

 

H`r `ur huturb rbsbornibr, wb kbdmbvb tiot mt w`udc kb mftbrbstmfa t` bxp`ufc `ur rbsborni

ok`ut ossmstmfa tib s`dmc wostb lofoablbft mf Amfa``a Nmty wibtibr mt”s a``c `r koc. H`r o a`vbrflbft wb orb i`pmfa tiot tiby stmludotb hmrls t` bfiofnb rbnyndmfa `h s`urnb  ky o hbb `f wostb rbcuntm`f pr`nbss, `f rbnyndmfa, `f mfput cblofc, lotbrmod sovmfa bhh`rt, fulkbr `h hmrls ofc `f tib ol`uft `h wostb cmsp`sod.

 

 

— O^^B^MFA SIB ^@DMC QO^SB LOFOABLBFS @H H@@C ^S@[B MF AMFA@@A NMS]“

OK^S[ONS   Sims stucy omlbc t` ossbss tib dbvbd `h s`dmc wostb lofoablbft ol`fa, pukdmn lorjbt vbfc`rs mf Amfa``a Nmty. Sib vbfc`rs `h h``c st`rb mf Amfa``a Nmty wi` ossbssmfa tibrb s`dmc wostb

lofoablbft somc tiots`lbtmlbs tiby orb `htbf ossbssmfa `f i`w tiby lofoab tibmr s`dmc wostb mf tibrb h``c st`rb. I`wbvbr, tiby iovb o pr`kdbl mf ossbssmfa tib pr`pbr wostb cmsp`sod dmjb tiby c`f”t sbarbaotb sbarbaotb tib wostb pr`pbrdy pr`pbrdy kbnousb kbnousb `h kbmfa dozy. Kosbc `f tib rbsudt, tib vbfc`rs stmdd lofoab t` ossoss tib pr`pbr s`dmc cmsp`sod mf `rcbr t` prbvbft smnjfbss ofc owoy hr`l n`ftolmfotm`f t` lojb tibmr nust`lbrs sotmshmbc. A`vbrflbft wb orb i`pmfa tiot tiby stmludotb hmrls t` bfiofnb rbnyndmfa `h s`urnb ky o hbb `f wostb rbcuntm`f pr`nbss, `f rbnyndmfa, `f mfput cblofc, lotbrmod sovmfa bhh`rt, fulkbr `h hmrls ofc `f tib ol`uft `h wostb cmsp`sod. MFS@CRNSM@F   Bvbry mfcmvmcuod si`udc tojb tib rbsp`fsmkmdmty `h lofoamfa tibmr wostbs pr`pbrdy. Oworbfbss nolpomafs orb bssbftmod t``ds h`r bfvmr`flbft pr`tbntm`f. Sius, tibrb ms rboddy o fbbc t` bfn`uroab pb`pdb t` kb port `h tims `kgbntmvb mf pr`tbntmfa tib bfvmr`flbft tir`uai pr`pbr  wostb lofoablbft. Sib Uukdmn Lorjbt Xbfc`rs `h s`dmc wostb mf Amfa``a Nmty ms mfnrbosmfa cub t` tib mfnrbosmfa p`pudotm`fs niofab n`fsulptm`f pottbrfs ofc donj `h hufcmfa mf tib pukdmn trbosurmbs h`r pr`pbr wostb lofoablbft. Sims ios locb mt cmhhmnudt h`r lofy d`nod outi`rmtmbs t` iofcdb tib wostb. Odd n`uftrmbs `f tib n`ftmfbft iovb dows rbaorcmfa wostb, kut tibrb orb stmdd `fdy hrontm`f `h tib wostb abfbrotbc tiot orb ontuoddy n`ddbntbc ofc sohbdy cbp`smtbc. Rsuoddy tib n`ddbntm`f systbls w`rjs l`rb `r dbss mf tib rmni orbos, wimdb tib p``r fbmaik`uri``cs donj  sbrvmnb. Ub`pdb kury `r kurf tibmr wostb ofc o d`t `h wostb bfc up mf wostb cromfs `r ot r`oc smcbs.   Xbfc`rs lofoab tibmr wostb

O. ^barbaotm`f K. [bnyndmfa N. N`lp`stmfa

 

^@DMC QO^SB LOFOABLBFS

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LBSI@C@D]

Sims stucy utmdmzbc tib quoftmtotmvb rbsborni, spbnmhmnoddy cbsnrmptmvb. Cbsnrmptmvb rbsborni ms `htbf `ht bf usbc usbc os o pm`fbb pm`fbbrr t` quoftm quoftmtot totmvb mvb rbsbor rbsborni ni cbsmaf cbsmafs, s, amvmfa amvmfa tib abfbrod abfbrod `vbrvm `vbrvmbw bw ofc voduokd vod uokdbb p`mftb p`mftbrs rs os t` wiot wiot vormok vormokdbs dbs orb w`rti w`rti tbstmf tbstmfa a quoftm quoftmtot totmvb mvbdy. dy. Sib qubstm qubstm`ff `ffomr omrbb h`dd`wbc tib h`ur (2) p`mfts snodb systbl kosmfa hr`l tib Dmjbr ^nodb. ^no db.

 

[B^RDS^ Log`rmty `h rbsp`fcbfts orb Hblodb >5% `h tiblb orb vbabtokdb vbfc`rs”. Imai Oworbfbss `htbf a`t >9 hrbqubfnmbs bqumvodbft t` 89%. Siby usb trosi nofs, sonjs, cruls ofc pdostmns koas. N@FNDR^M@F Sib vbfc`rs `h h``c st`rb mf Amfa``a Nmty wi` ossbssmfa tibrb s`dmc wostb lofoablbft somc tiot tiby orb `htbf ossbssmfa `f i`w tiby lofoab tibmr s`dmc wostb mf tibrb h``c st`rb. I`wbvbr, s`lbtmlbs tiby iovb o pr`kdbl mf ossbssmfa tib pr`pbr wostb cmsp`sod dmjb tiby c`f”t sbarbaotb tib wostb pr`pbrdy kbnousb `h kbmfa dozy. Kosbc `f tib rbsudt, tib vbfc`rs stmdd lofoab t` ossoss tib pr`pbr s`dmc cmsp`sod mf `rcbr t` prbvbft smnjfbss ofc owoy hr`l n`ftolmfotm`f t` lojb tibmr  nust`lbrs sotmshmbc. [BHB[BFNB J`ddmj J`d dmjjot jotior ioro, o, F.: Hbfa, Hbfa, I: ^tbrf, ^tbrf, B.O. B.O. Uurvmb Uurvmbw w `h wostb wostb lofoab lofoablbft lbft bv`dutm bv`dutm`f7 `f7 ^pbnmo ^pbnmodd blpiosms `f R^O.Qostb Lofoa. ;55=, ;=, =13-=92. ZNr``s[bh\ ZUukLbc\

 

ONJF@QDBCABLBFS  

Qb w`udc dmjb t` bxprbss `ur spbnmod tiofjs `h arotmtucb t` `ur rbsborni pr`gbnt ofc

t` `ur prontmnod rbsborni tbonibr, Lrs. Dmzo Ovmdo h`r amvmfa us tib `pp`rtufmty t` n`fcunt `ur rbsborni sunnbsshuddy.  

S` `ur sni``d Urmfnmpod Urmfnmpod Cr. Mcmo C. ]cbr ofc ossmstmfa Urmfnmpod Urmfnmpod Cr.^usof Cr.^usof S.

Oporbg`, wb tiofj y`u h`r oppr`onimfa us t` n`fcunt `ur stucy mf Uukdmn Lorjbt mf

Amfa``a Nmty.  

S` tib sbdbnt sbdbnt pukdmn pukdmn vbfc`r vbfc`rss mf Amfa``a Amfa``a Nmty wb smfnbrb smfnbrbdy dy tiofj tiofj y`u h`r y`ur y`ur

n``pbrotm`f ofc i`fbsty mf ofswbrmfa tib qubstm`ffomrb os `ur rbsp`fcbfts `h tib stucy.  

S` tib hbdd`w rbsbornibrs, tiofj y`u h`r tib ufmty ofc hbdd`wsimp wb”rb siorbc hmfmsi

tims rbqumrblbft mf sunnbss.  

Ok`vb odd wb tiofj y`u ofc ad`rmhy `ur odlmaity A`c h`r amvmfa us tib jf`wdbc jf`wdbcab ab

ofc t` onimbvb tib trmulpi mf tims stucy. Sims stucy wmdd f`t onn`lpdmsibc wmti`ut iml S` A`c Kb Sib Ad`ry

 

OK^S[ONS

Sims stucy omlbc t` ossbss tib dbvbd `h s`dmc wostb lofoablbft ol`fa, pukdmn lorjbt vbfc`rs mf Amfa``a Nmty. Sib vbfc`rs `h h``c st`rb mf Amfa``a Nmty wi` ossbssmfa tibrb s`dmc wostb lofoablbft somc tiot tiby orb `htbf ossbssmfa `f i`w tiby lofoab tibmr s`dmc wostb mf tibrb h``c st`rb. I`wbvbr, s`lbtmlbs tiby iovb o pr`kdbl mf ossbssmfa tib pr`pbr wostb cmsp`sod dmjb tiby c`f”t sbarbaotb sbarbaotb tib wostb pr`pbrdy pr`pbrdy kbnousb kbnousb `h kbmfa dozy. Kosbc `f tib rbsudt, tib vbfc`rs stmdd lofoab t` ossoss tib pr`pbr s`dmc cmsp`sod mf `rcbr t` prbvbft smnjfbss ofc owoy hr`l n`ftolmfotm`f t` lojb tibmr nust`lbrs sotmshmbc. A`vbrflbft wb orb i`pmfa tiot tiby stmludotb hmrls t` bfiofnb rbnyndmfa `h s`urnb ky o hbb `f wostb rbcuntm`f pr`nbss, `f rbnyndmfa, `f mfput cblofc, lotbrmod sovmfa bhh`rt, fulkbr `h hmrls ofc `f tib ol`uft `h wostb cmsp`sod.

 

 

OUU[@XOD ^IBBS

  Sims rbsborni bftmtdbc —O^^B^^MFA SIB ^@DMC QO^SB LOFOABLBFS @H H@@C portmo tmodd hudhm hudhmddl ddlbft bft `h tib rbqumr rbqumrblb blbfts fts h`r tib sukgbn sukgbntt ^S@[ ^S @[B B MF AMFA AMFA@@ @@A A NMS] NMS]“, “, mf por Uron Ur ontm tmno nodd [bsb [bsbor orni ni MM, prbporbc ofc suklmttbc ky OU@DMFO[,LO[.G@OF, @DKMF @D KMFOC OC@,C @,CBF BFXB XB[, [, LOFC LOFCOI OIMF MF@A @A,A ,A[B [BD@ D@R, R, KMSO KMSOFA FAN@ N@[,D [,DB@ B@FO FOD] D]F, F, LOCB[OD,GRDMBLOB,ODRLM@^,LO[]A[ONB,^B[MFA,DBO, COA@DC COA @DC@D, @D,ODLO ODLOB, B, LOM^@,[ LOM^@,[@KB @KB[S [S GI@F, GI@F, io ioss kb kbbf bf bxolm bxolmfb fbc, c, on onnbp nbptb tbc c of ofc c rbn`llbfcbc h`r @rod Bxolmfotm`f.

L[^. HD@[OLMB N. ARW@F

 

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