Grabado en Expansion 2017

 

 

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Crbfbmh kj kxpbjsnñj Okmnhs dnstñrnahs y jukvbs pkrspkatnvbs

Gubj Obrtïjkz Ohrh [jnvkrsnmbm mk Abjtbfrnb

Aboph kxpbjmnmh, h kxtkjmnmh

Ki ahjakpth mk kxpbjsnñj tnkjk mksmk enjbiks mki sncih pbsbmh ujb prkskjanb arkankjtk kj ki snstkob brtïstnah. Ahj îi sk qunkrk mkenjnr bqukiibs prhpukstbs quk, kj abmb ujb mk ibs mnekrkjtks mnsanpinjbs y okmnhs brtïstnahs, pkrsncukj supkrbr ibs ahjvkjanhjks dnstñrnabs y ibs mnokjsnhjks ensnabs mk bpinabanñj, njtkrvkjanñj y prkskjtbanñj, bsï ahoh su bmbptbanñj bi ahjtkxth kj quk sk objnenkstb. Njnanbiokjtk ib nmkb mk kxpbjsnñj kstuvh bshanbmb kj ihs bòhs sktkjtb y hadkjtb mki pbsbmh sncih b ib ksauiturb, pbrb kxtrbphibrsk phstkrnhrokjtk b ib pnjturb. Kstk trbfbgh prktkjmk mkenjnr ib prkskjanb mk ujb abrbatkrïstnab kxpbjsnvb mki crbfbmh y mk ibs brtks crâenabs kj ckjkrbi, jh shih mksmk ki dhrnzhjtk mk ib prâatnab y ibs jkaksnmbmks kstîtnabs ahjtkophrâjkbs, snjh tbofnîj bjbinzbjmh su snjcuibr trbsehjmh dnstñrnah. Euk ib dnsthrnbmhrb y arïtnab mki brtk Vhsbinjm Lrbuss qunkj kj su njeiuykjtk tkxth mk 2>3> ’Ib ksauiturb kj ki aboph kxpbjmnmh‟, kstbfikaïb bicujhs mk ihs jukvhs pbrâoktrhs arkbtnvhs kspkaïenahs mk ib phsohmkrjnmbm. Bujquk Lrbuss sk fbsbfb kj mhs iïjkbs mk trbfbgh ahktâjkbs bi brtk php, ahoh krbj ki ibjm-brt y ki onjnobinsoh, ki kekath kxpbjsnvh quk prkskjtbfbj ibs jukvbs arkbanhjks brtïstnabs kj tîronjhs ckjkrbiks kstbfbj kopkzbjmh b supkrbr sus oârckjks trbmnanhjbiks y aiâsnahs, ahoh krbj ki mki pkmkstbi y ib jhanñj mk ufnabanñj h iucbr pbrb ib ksauiturb< h ihs ahjenjks mki obrah, mk ib pbrkm ahoh shphrtk h mk ib vkrtnabinmbm crbvntbanhjbi pbrb ib pnjturb. Kstbs njîmntbs prhpukstbs y batntumks brtïstnabs kstbfbj mkenjnkjmh bsnonsoh ujb

 

 

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sntbanñj kxphrtbfik bi ahjgujth mk ibs brtks, ahoh ks ki absh quk bquï jhs haupb. Puks, mk dkadh, sk pukmkj kjahjtrbr snonintumks y pbrbikinsohs kjtrk ki prhpnh onjnobinsoh y ujb nmkb eukrtk mk brtk o÷itnpik, quk ks ib prhpnb mk ibs brtks mk rkprhmuaanñj crâenab, objnekstbmh phr ib kxnstkjanb mk ujb ujnmbm ohmuibr kj rkvhiuanñj ouitnpinabmb, ahoh ks ki pbrbmncoâtnah absh mki prnsob a÷fnah kopikbmh phr Qhi Ikwntt. B kstk rkspkath, ib brtnstb y kjsbynstb Quzn Cbfinl db skòbibmh quk ihs brtnstbs onjnobinstbs, ahjgucbjmh ki aufh bi njenjnth, ahjsncunkrhj ujnenabr mhs aukstnhjks kj prnjanpnh bjtntîtnabs, ahoh krb ib noprksnñj mk uj kquninfrnh rkcuibr pkrekath snj quk kiih supusnkrb pkrmkr kxprksnñj ehrobi kj tîronjhs mk bmbptbanñj piâstnab bi kspbanh.

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 Ib pibstnanmbm onjnobinstb, bsï puks,

skjaniibokjtk sk trbsibmbfb mksmk ib buthahjtkjanñj mki hfgkth ksauitñrnah trbmnanhjbi, dbanb ki prhfikob mk su mksbrrhiih kj ki kspbanh h ki tkrrkjh. Phr kiih, oâs biiâ mk ih quk b snopik vnstb pumnkrb pbrkakr uj brtk finjmbmh phr eîrrkhs mnatbmhs mk ib rbzñj, jhs kjahjtrbohs bjtk ujb tkjmkjanb kstîtnab auyb prnjanpbi prkhaupbanñj rbmnab kj ib njtkrvkjanñj kekatnvb shfrk ihs puishs y rntohs vntbiks quk ahophjkj abmb bofnkjtk eïsnah ahjarkth. Ib bsï iibobmb «pîrmnmb mki akjtrh¼ mk ib ksauiturb onjnobinstb, h ki abofnh mk ujb ehabinmbm akjtrïpktb mk ib hfrb phr ujb akjtrïeucb, kxpbjsnvb h kxtkjmnmb, njtrhmugh ujb phtkjanbinmbm piâstnab kj ki âofnth mk ib mnsanpinjb ksauitñrnab, quk pbsbfb b fbsbrsk prnokrh kj su rkvhiuanñj ohmuibmb kj ki kspbanh y, kj skcujmh iucbr, kj ib bmbptbfninmbm njdkrkjtk mk mnadb kstruaturb ohmuibr b abmb jukvh y snjcuibr kspbanh. B kstb nmkb mk kxpbjsnñj sk pukmkj suobr htrhs ahjakpths quk, b÷j prhakmkjtks mk htrhs âofnths kpnstkohiñcnahs, byumbj b mkenjnr ki mkvkjnr ekjhokjhiñcnah kj quk db nmh mkrnvbjmh ib objkrb kj quk sk kjtnkjmk y objnenkstb dhy ib hfrb brtïstnab. Ks ki absh mki ahjakpth mk ’okjtk kxtkjmnmb‟ tkhrnzbmh phr ihs eniñshehs Bjmy Aibrl y Mbvnm Adbiokrs. Kj 2>>4 ksths buthrks pufinabfbj ki brtïauih «Ib okjtk kxtkjmnmb¼, quk ahokjzbfb ahj ki sncunkjtk

njtkrrhcbjtk7 «¸Mñjmk tkronjb ib okjtk y ahonkjzb ki rksth mki oujmh8¼. Pbrb 2

 Quzn Cbfinl, ’Onjnobinsoh‟, kj Jnlhs Qtbjchs, Ahjakpths mk brtk ohmkrjh, Obmrnm, Binbjzb, 2>45, p. 606.

 

 

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Aibrl y Adbiokrs ib rkbinmbm ahcjntnvb kstâ ehrobmb phr trks ebathrks kstrkadbokjtk bahpibmhs7 ki prnokrh y prnjanpbi ks ki snstkob jkrvnhsh akjtrbi, bi quk dby quk suobr mhs kikokjths kxtrbjkurhjbiks, ahoh shj ki aukrph kj su ahjgujth y ihs hfgkths obtkrnbiks quk mkenjkj «ki pbpki batnvh mki kjthrjh kj ib kgkauanñj mk ihs prhakshs ahcjntnvhs¼. 6  Ib okjtk, phr tbjth, jh kjaukjtrb sus iïontks kj ibs erhjtkrbs mk ib pnki h mki arâjkh, snjh quk ibs dkrrbonkjtbs, ÷tniks, hfgkths y prhmuaths obtkrnbiks mkfkj skr kjtkjmnmhs ahoh pbrtks ahjstntutnvhs b thmhs ihs kekaths mk ihs prhakshs okjtbiks. Mk bicujb objkrb skokgbjtk nmkb sufybak tbofnîj kj ib ikaturb quk mk ihs jukvhs okmnhs y tkajhihcïbs mk ib ahoujnabanñj sk vnkjk dbankjmh, kj aubjth quk shj ahjakfnmbs ahoh kxtkjsnhjks njtkcrbmbs kj ki aukrph, b trbvîs mk nopibjtks, hrthpkmnbs, prñtksns, krchjhoïbs, njtkrebaks tâatniks, ktaîtkrb. Ki prnokr buthr kj kjtkjmkr jh shih ihs okmnhs mk ahoujnabanñj prhpnbokjtk mnadhs, snjh tbofnîj ouadhs mk ihs hfgkths oâs prhsbnahs mk ib auiturb obtkrnbi ohmkrjb kj abinmbm mk kxtkjsnhjks kekatnvbs mki skr duobjh h okmnhs «pbrb¼ ib ahoujnabanñj, tbi y ahoh pukmkj skr ib rhpb, ib vnvnkjmb, ki mnjkrh, ib noprkjtb, ihs rkihgks, ib rukmb, ki brobokjth…, euk Obrsdbii ObaIudbj kj su infrh Ahoprkjmkr ihs okmnhs mk ahoujnabanñj. Ibs kxtkjsnhjks mki skr duobjh (2>5=). 

Kj mkenjntnvb, ib nmkb mk bopinbanñj ’kxtkjsnvb‟ mk ihs prhakshs okjtbiks y mk ihs prhakshs mk ahoujnabanñj, rksuitb kqunpbrbfik b ibs objnekstbanhjks ’kxpbjmnmbs‟ mki brtk ahjtkophrâjkh, kj ib okmnmb kj quk ki dkadh brtïstnah (ks mkanr ki prhmuath auiturbi duobjh phr kxakikjanb) jh sk ahjehrob ahj erhjtkrb bicujb, snjh quk ehrob pbrtk mk ujb kxpkrnkjanb eiunmb y mniunmb kj tîronjhs mk kspbanh y tnkoph. ]hmb prkskjtbanñj eâatnab mk ib hfrb fbsbmb kj uj snstkob mk prhmuaanñj

y ahjencurbanñj o÷itnpik prkskjtb ujb njîmntb y pkauinbr absuïstnab. Ks kvnmkjtk Bjmy Aibrl y Mbvnm Adbiokrs, Ib okjtk kxtkjmnmb, Hvnkmh, LVL, 6022, p.752. Pbrb ksths buthrks ib ]khrïb mk ib Okjtk Kxtkjmnmb sk mkenkjmk mksmk ujb iñcnab mk ihs prhakshs ahcjntnvhs bahpibmhs, phr ih quk sn mk ib trïbmb prhpukstb eukrb kinonjbmh ki ahophjkjtk kxtkrjh, ks mkanr ihs hfgkths, ÷tniks y prhmuaths obtkrnbiks, «\…_ ib ahopktkjanb ahjmuatubi mki snstkob sk rkskjtnrâ, ih onsoh quk sn kinonjârbohs pbrtk mk su akrkfrh¼ (Nfnm., p. 5;-55).   6

 

 

 

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quk erkjtk b ib trbmnanhjbi hfrb kj snjcuibr, ib ahophsnanñj okmnbjtk kikokjths njmkpkjmnkjtks y ckjkrbiokjtk dktkrhcîjkhs sk pibjtkb ahoh ujb tbrkb y uj rkth prnohrmnbi pbrb ki brtnstb ahjtkophrâjkh, puks sk trbtb, jn oâs jn okjhs, quk mk ib obtkrnbinzbanñj y ahjencurbanñj enjbi, kxphsnanñj h njstbibanñj mk su nmkb, tksns h prhykath. Kiih nopinab njkiumnfikokjtk ki kstbfikanonkjth mk ujb hrcbjnzbanñj u hrmkj (h mk uj mkshrmkj, añoh jh), kj ki ahjgujth mk kikokjths quk ahjehrobj ib hfrb, ih quk phjk mk objnenksth kj ÷itnob njstbjanb uj jnvki njerbkstruaturbi mk jbturbikzb ahcjntnvb y snofñinab. Fbgh ksths supuksths mksmk ihs bòhs hadkjtb ib njstbibanñj sk ahjvnrtnñ kj uj cîjkrh brtïstnah mk rkekrkjanb bshanbmh kstrkadbokjtk b ksths ahjakpths, arkbjmh uj snstkob njtkrrkibanhjbi quk mkfïb cbrbjtnzbr quk thmh ki obtkrnbi haupbrb su prkansh iucbr kj ib hfrb, bahohmâjmhsk hpkrbanhjbiokjtk b uj ohtnvh h phstuibmh aho÷j kj phs mk uj nmkbi mk ahdkrkjanb njtkrjb.

]rbsehjmh kxpkrnokjtbi mki crbfbmh

[j ebathr aibvk pbrb kjtkjmkr ki mksbrrhiih y ib kvhiuanñj mki crbfbmh b ih ibrch mk ib dnsthrnb ks ki kjhrok phtkjanbi kxpkrnokjtbi quk herkak, kj ib okmnmb kj quk ki okmnh sk prkskjtb b prnhrn ahoh uj ahjtnjuh dbjmnabp b supkrbr pbrb aubiqunkr brtnstb quk sk bakrquk b îi. Ksth jh ks sñih bich quk dbyb bphrtbmh ib dnsthrnb oâs rkankjtk mk kstk brtk mksmk ibs vbjcubrmnbs mki sncih TT, hfvnbokjtk njokrsbs kj ujb njtkjsb mnjâonab kxpkrnokjtbi, snjh quk

sk pukmk nmkjtnenabr yb kj ki prhpnh jbanonkjth mk kstk okmnh. Qkrïb bsï puks phsnfik trbzbr ujb ibrcb dnsthrnb mki crbfbmh ahopukstb prnjanpbiokjtk phr buthrks y ksaukibs quk kj uj ohokjth mbmh rhopkj ahj ib trbmnanñj h njjhvbj jukvbs shiuanhjks tîajnabs y kxprksnvbs. ]bi pkrspkatnvb skòbib uj mkvkjnr ckjkrbi kj ki quk sk vbj njahrphrbjmh snj shiuanñj mk ahjtnjunmbm jukvbs phsnfninmbmks bi prhfikob ckjkrbi mk pbrtnmb, ahoh ks ki mk ib rkprhmuaanñj o÷itnpik mk ujb nobckj shfrk pbpki. Kj uj prnjanpnh euk ki crbfbmh kj obmkrb b enfrb, ahj su bspkath thsah, mk

 

 

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kxprksnvbs iïjkbs qukfrbmbs y kj bith ahjtrbstk, mhjmk ib nobckj krb purh y ahjtujmkjtk nahjh h sïofhih. Ahj ki nopuish rkjbakjtnstb bpbrkanñ ib tbiib mki oktbi quk pkrontnñ ki mktbiik, ib crbmbanñj thjbi y ki rkbinsoh mksarnptnvh kj ibs noâckjks. [jb vkz njnanbmb ib abiahcrbeïb, bpbrkankrhj suaksnvbokjtk ibs mnstnjtbs tîajnabs quk phsnfnintbrhj crbfbr bi âanmh ib iïjkb, ib objadb, ib tkxturb, ki ainadî ehthcrâenah, ki rkinkvk…, thmh ih aubi vkjïb b njtrhmuanr crbmubiobjtk jukvhs rkaurshs pbrb uj okghr y oâs bopinh rkcnstrh mk ibs aubinmbmks jbturbinstbs mk ib nobckj. Njaiush b÷j kj jukstrhs mïbs sk sncukj kjahjtrbjmh k njahrphrbjmh bi rkpkrthrnh abiahcrâenah jukvbs shiuanhjks tbjth pbrb ki prhfikob quk suphjk ib rkprhmuaanñj o÷itnpik mk ib nobckj shfrk pbpki, ahoh b ib oâs ckjkrbi mk trbjsekrnr ujb nobckj mk uj shphrtk b htrh. [jb dnsthrnb mki crbfbmh y ib kstbopbanñj fbsbmb kj ib njjhvbanñj kstbrïb ehrobmb phr pujths mk njeikxnñj kj ib quk mkstbabj ibs crbjmks njvkjanhjks, ahoh ib mki okzzhtnjth, btrnfunmb b Iumwnc vhj Qnkckj< ib mki bcubtnjtb, b Gkbj Fbptnstk Ik Prnjak< ib mk ib inthcrbeïb mk Bihns Qkjkekimkr< ib xnihcrbeïb b ahjtrbenfrb mk ]dhobs Fkwnal< ib mki ahiibcrbpd, b Vhie Jksad, Cikj Bips y htrhs< y bsï uj ibrcïsnoh ktaîtkrb. B kiih abfrïb suobr htrhs dkadhs oâs mnsarkths, bujquk jh phr kiih okjhs prheujmhs jn njeiuykjtks, rkibanhjbmhs ahj ih quk pukmk skr tkjmkjanbs pkrshjbiks b ib mncrksnñj rkspkath mk ibs jhrobs, ahoh shj ibs bphrtbanhjks y vbrnbanhjks b mnstnjths kekaths mk brtnstbs ahoh Cnhvbjjn F. Abstncinhjk y su tkoprbjb kxpihrbanñj mki ohjhtnph< Dkrauiks

Qkcdkrs y su bmkibjtbmb njtkrprktbanñj y trbjsphsnanñj mki bcubeukrtk noprksh shfrk ki inkjzh< Sniinbo Fiblk y ib buthkmnanñj mk infrhs< Ghdj Obrtnj y ib ahjsbcrbanñj kstîtnab mki okzzhtnjth< Gboks Oa. Sdnstikr y ib vbrnbanñj snj iïontks  b trbvîs mki kjtrbpbmh< kjtrbpbmh< Kmcbr Mkcbs y ki ohjhtnph noprksnhjnstb< Obx Linjckr y ib nmkb mk prhykath kmnthrnbi< Kmvbrm Oujad y ib kxpkrnokjtbanñj arhoâtnab< Pbui Cbucunj y ki crbfbmh mk fbgh rkaursh tîajnah< Obx Krjst y ki erhttbck y ki ahiibck obtrnanbi< Bjmy Sbrdhi y ib vkrsbtninmbm mki ikjcubgk skrncrâenah< Gbspkr Ghdjs y ib kxpihrbanñj mki ebathr tkophrbi kj ki bcubeukrtk< Onooh Pbiibmnjh y ki ush kaiîatnah mk ibs tîajnabs< y bsï b÷j uj oâs ibrch ktaîtkrb.

 

 

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Kj thmb kstb ibrcb, vbrnbmb y ahopikgb dnsthrnb mk ib njjhvbanñj crâenab, ib njkranb dbanb ib kxpbjsnñj mk ib hfrb, quk mk dkadh hstkjtb phr su prhpnb jbturbikzb mnvuicbtnvb ki crbfbmh y ib crâenab, ks uj ebathr phtkjanbi mk kxpkrnokjtbinmbm quk, mksmk ihs bòhs hadkjtb mki sncih pbsbmh, vnkjk mnrncnkjmh ki njtkrîs mki brtk ahjtkophrâjkh, dbfnîjmhsk njarkokjtbmh sus ehrobs y vbrnbjtks kj ihs ÷itnohs tnkophs.

Bjtkakmkjtks kxpbjsnvhs kj crbfbmh

Kj ih quk ahjankrjk bi crbfbmh phmkohs, b kekaths mk su njanpnkjtk kxpkrnokjtbinmbm kxpbjsnvb, rktrhtrbkrjhs b ankrtbs phsnanhjks mk okmnbmhs mki sncih TNT, aubjmh ahokjzbfb ib pîrmnmb pbranbi y prhcrksnvb mk ib purb enjbinmbm kmnthrnbi y mki prheksnhjbinsoh, b ahjskaukjanb mk ib nopinabanñj obyhr mk brtnstbs jh prheksnhjbiks mki crbfbmh kj kstk okmnh b trbvîs mk ibs Qhankmbmks mk Bcubeukrtnstbs, Bcubeukrtnstbs, prnjanpbiokjtk kj Erbjanb, ih quk iikvñ b bmhptbr ujb njnanbtnvb ckjkrbinzbmb dbanb ib kxpkrnokjtbanñj k njvkstncbanñj ahikatnvb y pkrshjbi. Ki enj ÷itnoh mk kstbs Qhankmbmks mk Bcubeukrtnstbs krb mksbrrhiibr

pikjbokjtk ib nmkb mk "ki brtk phr ki brtk". Kj kiih sk mkgb vkr ib njeiukjanb tkñrnab mk ]dîhpdnik Cbutnkr, Adbriks Fbumkibnrk h Pdninppk Furty, bpbrkankjmh prhjth ujb prnokrb pufinabanñj mk rknvnjmnabanñj y rkjhvbanñj mki okmnh, ki ]rbntî mk ib crbvurk à i½kbu-ehrtk   (2455) mk Oâxnok Ibibjjk, auyb prnjanpbi

tksns vnjauib mnrkatbokjtk ib rkbinzbanñj tîajnab b ib pkrshjbinmbm mki brtnstbpnjthr bobtkur , kj mktrnokjth mki brtnstb-crbfbmhr prheksnhjbi mk sncihs prkakmkjtks.1  Ib ahjskauanñj kekatnvb mk mnadb phsnanñj euk kskjanbiokjtk phsnfik crbanbs b ib bskqunfninmbm, infkrtbm kj ki trbfbgh y phsnfninmbmks mk njjhvbanñj quk ik pkrtkjkakj bi bcubeukrtk mk ehrob njdkrkjtk, erkjtk b htrbs tîajnabs oâs babmîonabs y prheksnhjbinzbmbs ahoh ki furni, h oâs vnjauibmbs b ib njmustrnb kmnthrnbi ahoh ki ehthcrbfbmh.

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 Aer. Gksusb Ukcb, "Ib kstbopb auitb kj ki sncih TNT" kj, Ki Crbfbmh kj Kspbòb (sncihs TNT-  TT), Obmrnm, Kspbsb Abipk, 2>44, pp. 605-60>.

 

 

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Iumhvna-Jbphikhj Iîpna, Ki ibch mk Jkon, 2430. Bcubeukrtk vkrsâtni h oñvni

Ki prnokr y oâs rbmnabi bahjtkanonkjth euk ib bpbrnanñj mki ahjakpth mk hfrb ÷jnab b trbvîs mki ohjhtnph, bsï ahoh ib njtkrprktbanñj snj iïontks mk ib obtrnz kj ki ohokjth mk su kstbopbanñj, okmnbjtk ib tîajnab mki kjtrbpbmh, ih quk kstbfb kstrkadbokjtk rkibanhjbmh ahj ki nmkbrnh noprksnhjnstb. Ki bcubeukrtnstb bobtkur Iumhvna Jbphikhj Iîpna, njtrhmuathr mk Kmcbr Mkcbs kj kstk okmnh y kj ib prâatnab mki ohjhtnph, bauòñ ki ahjakpth mk "bcubeukrtk vkrsâtni" ("kbu-ehrtk ohfnik ") ") kj su ksarnth Ahookjt gk mkvnjs crbvkur à i½kbu-  ehrtk   (2435). Kstk ahjakpth rkahjhaïb y mkekjmïb ki kstbtus brtïstnah mk abmb prukfb kj aubjth hfrb mnstnjtb y ÷jnab, ahj ih quk, ih quk sk dbfïb ahjhanmh dbstb kjthjaks ahoh "prukfb rbrb", pbsñ b iibobrsk fkiik îprkuvk =.

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Gubj Abrrktk y Gksusb Ukcb, Crbfbmh y arkbanñj crâenab, Obmrnm, Aubmkrjhs mk Dnsthrnb mki Brtk j· =4, Dnsthrnb 25, p. 16.

 

 

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Ib aîikfrk skrnk mk pnjturbs mkmnabmb b ib Abtkmrbi mk Vhukj rkbinzbmbs kjtrk 24>6 y 24>= phr ki pnjthr erbjaîs Aibumk Ohjkt, njtrhmugh kj ki snstkob brtïstnah ckjkrbi ujb jhanñj y ujb prâatnab mk brtk o÷itnpik njîmntb dbstb ib ekadb. Qk trbtbfb mk ib ahjskaukjanb mnrkatb mk ib kstîtnab noprksnhjnstb kj ki bofnkjtk mk enj mk sncih. Pkrh Ohjkt ih quk tbofnîj njtrhmuak b kekaths hpkrbtnvhs ks trbsibmbr b ib prâatnab brtïstnab ih quk ks phr bjthjhobsnb uj ohmkih mk kxpkrnokjtbanñj ankjtïenah7 ki pbrbmncob mki mnskòh kxpkrnokjtbi quk ehrobj ujb ahjstbjtk7 ki pujth mk vnstb engh k njbitkrbfik kj ki quk sk snt÷b Ohjkt< y ujb skrnk mk vbrnbfiks quk shj rkcnstrbmbs phr ki brtnstb-njvkstncbmhr7 ibs mnstnjtbs y suaksnvbs ahjmnanhjks bofnkjtbiks kj tîronjhs mk abofnhs btohseîrnahs, yb skbj mnbrnhs h kstbanhjbiks, quk skrâj kxprksbmhs kj tîronjhs arhoâtnahs y mk tkxturb. Ks mkanr, Ohjkt arkb uj ahjgujth mk hfrbs njîmnth pbrb ib Dnsthrnb mki brtk, quk mkfkrïb skr rkskòbmh phr su bshanbanñj

ahj ujb ehrob mk pkjsbonkjth kstrnatbokjtk kxpkrnokjtbi, bi okjhs b phah quk sk ahjtkopik thmb ib skrnk ehrobjmh uj ahjgujth ohmuibmh y, kj mkenjntnvb, kxpbjmnmh. Jh hfstbjtk, kxpkrnkjanbs skokgbjtks bi aîikfrk absh mk Ohjkt dbfïbj snmh yb iikvbmbs b ib prâatnab kekatnvb bi okjhs trknjtb bòhs bjtks, bujquk ahj ouadb okjhs jhthrnkmbm p÷finab. Puks kstbs ahjmnanhjks kxpkrnokjtbiks kxpihtbmbs phr Ohjkt jh shj htrbs quk ibs quk, phr su prhpnb jbturbikzb, sk mbj kj ki ahjtkxth mki crbfbmh y mk ibs brtks crâenabs mk rkprhmuaanñj kj ckjkrbi, kj vnrtum mk ib mnstbjanb eïsnab y eujanhjbi quk kxnstk kjtrk ki shphrtk tkophrbi mk ib nobckj, quk ks ujb obtrnz kjtnjtbmb, y ki shphrtk enjbi quk ks ki pbpki noprksh b pbrtnr mk bqukiib, ksth ks, ib kstbopb. Kstb skpbrbanñj kspbanh-tkophrbi quk pkrontk ib njtkrprktbanñj phtkjanbiokjtk snj iïontks mk ib nobckj obtrnanbi, mnh pnk b okmnbmhs mki sncih TNT b quk, kj uj ahjtkxth dktkrhmhxh y bobtkur ahoh krb ki mksbrrhiibmh phr ibs Qhankmbmks mk Bcubeukrtnstbs, surcnkrbj ahjakpths y prâatnabs bitkrjbtnvbs, njaiush kjerkjtbmbs b ibs mkekjmnmbs phr ihs crbfbmhrks ahjvkjanhjbiks, prheksnhjbiks y babmîonahs. Qkrâj, bsï puks, kiihs qunkjks prhoukvbj ibs vnrtumks mki kjtrbpbmh, ahoh tîajnab mk infrk njtkrprktbanñj b pbrtnr mk ujb pbrtnturb

 

 

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abiahcrâenab engb, prhphjnkjmh njaiush ujb jukvb jhokjaibturb, ahoh skrïb ib mk "kbu-ehrtk ohfnik" (’bcubeukrtk vkrsâtni‟).

Kmvbrm Oujad, Fbònstb, s. m.

]hmh kiih ks ahjskaukjanb mki butîjtnah ohmkih kxpkrnokjtbi sufybakjtk kj ki ahjmnanhjbonkjth tîajnah y okthmhiñcnah fbsbmh kj ki kgkrananh mk prukfb-krrhr ahj ki quk dbj hpkrbmh dnstñrnabokjtk, mksmk sus onsohs ahonkjzhs rkjbakjtnstbs, ibs brtks crâenabs mk rkprhmuaanñj. Qustbjanbmh kj ih quk sk ahjhak ahoh ibs suaksnvbs ’prukfbs mk kstbmh‟ y mk noprksnñj, yb skb mk rkcnstrh y bgustk, mk kjtnjtbmh, mk ahihr, ktaîtkrb< dbstb iikcbr b ib prukfb

 

 

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mkenjntnvb h fhj à tnrkr. ]bi ks ki kgkopih quk jhs herkak tbofnîj Erntz Knadkjfkrc kj su objubi ]dk Brt he tdk Prnjt  (2>35),   (2>35), ahj ibs prukfbs mk tbiikr rkbinzbmbs phr Kmvbrm Oujad pbrb bicujhs mk sus trbfbghs tr bfbghs xnihcrâenahs quk dbj snmh ahjskrvbmbs. ]bj sñih dbfïb quk sbfkr vkr y sbabr pbrtnmh mksmk ujb jukvb ñptnab bi nopbatbjtk phmkr prkskjanbi mk mnadh prnjanpnh mk ouitnpinabanñj kxpbjsnvh, yb eukrb ahj ki ohtnvh mk herkakr ib pikjntum piâstnab mk uj bradnvh vnsubi, ahoh kj ki absh mki tâjmko Knadkjfkrc-Oujad, h fnkj, ahoh bpbrkakrâ

b pbrtnr mk ib skcujmb ontbm mki sncih TT, b trbvîs mk jukvbs prhpukstbs ehrobiks bmhptbmbs phr ki brtk ahjtkophrâjkh.

Kxpbjsnñj obsnvb 

Ksth ÷itnoh, tbi y ahoh tbofnîj mktkatbrïb Vhsbinjm Lrbuss, iikcñ, bjtks quk ahj ki onjnobinsoh, ahj ki brtk php. Ahj ib bpbrnanñj kstk ohvnonkjth kjtrbj mk iikjh kj ki oujmh mki brtk ihs pbrâoktrhs oâs rkmujmbjtks mk ib auiturb ohmkrjb. Kiih trbgh ahjsnch uj o÷itnpik abonjh kxpihrbthrnh quk tuvh ahoh prnjanpbi pujth mk onrb ihs okmnhs mk prhmuaanñj njmustrnbi y mk ahoujnabanñj mk obsbs. Bsï, ki fnjhonh rkpktnanñj-vbrnbanñj sk ahjvkrtnrâ kj ujb mnbiîatnab ckjkrbtnvb shfrk ib quk sk ikvbjtbrâ fukjb pbrtk mk ib prhmuaanñj brtïstnab b pbrtnr mk ihs bòhs skskjtb dbstb jukstrhs mïbs. [jb mnbiîatnab quk kstâ ahjstrunmb b pbrtnr mk ib nmkb mk ib ahjtnjub rknjtkrprktbanñj y mkahjstruaanñj mk ihs tkxths k noâckjks dnstñrnahs, b ihs quk njkiumnfikokjtk kstâj shoktnmhs ihs baanmkjtks mk ib okohrnb y mki hivnmh. Ki oâs rkaurrkjtk y ahjhanmh kgkopih ih kjahjtrbohs kj ib hfrb mk Bjmy Sbrdhi. Kj kiib ib mhfik dîinak ckjkrbtnvb mk kstk tnph mk njtkrvkjanñj brtïstnab kstâ urmnmb phr mhs dkfrbs pbrbikibs7 ib mk ib rkpktnanñj y ib mk ib vbrnbanñj . Ki shphrtk tîajnah utninzbmh phr Sbrdhi pbrb kiih skrâ ib skrncrbeïb, utninzbjmh ujb vkrsnñj bfnkrtb mki prhaksh mk noprksnñj quk pkrontk ibs ahjmnanhjks nmñjkbs

 

 

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pbrb ohvkrsk kjtrk ib engbanñj mk uj oñmuih h nahjh crâenah y su njtkrprktbanñj h bitkrbanñj oâs h okjhs bikbthrnb y/h bitkrbmb. Kj kstk skjtnmh abfk mkstbabr sus rktrbths mk pkrshjbgks dnstñrnahs k nahjhs mk obsbs, mkmnabmbs b Ikjjnj, Obrniyj, ibs ibtbs Abopfkii h ibs fhtkiibs mk Ahab-Ahib, kj ehrob mk skrnks mk trbjsehrobanhjks snj enj. Onadki ]brbjtnjh kj ki abtâihch pbrb ib kxphsnanñj

Vkpktnanñj-]rbjsehrobanñj akikfrbmb kj ki Akjtrh mk Brtk Vknjb Qheïb kj

2>>6, bi ahokjtbr kstbs hfrbs skrnbmbs njtkrprktb quk Sbrdhi, mksmk ujb ñptnab mk rkvnsnñj phsohmkrjb7 «…rkbinzb aubmrhs dnstñrnahs mk uj tnph ouy mnstnjth mk ihs quk rkbinzbrhj Mbvnm h Cîrnabuit. Ikghs mk enengbr gbr uj bahjtkanonkjth h uj pkrshjbgk kj ki tnkoph, engb ki tnkoph shfrk ki pkrshjbgk. Qus rktrbths mk Ikjjnj h Gbalnk Lkjjkmy shj njtkjths mk vkr añoh sk vk b kstbs encurbs¼;.

Bjmy Sbrdhi, Obrniyj Mnptyad, 2>56.

Phr htrb pbrtk, ib ehrob mk prkskjtbanñj y ahophsnanñj ahj quk Sbrdhi oukstrb absn snstkoâtnabokjtk su hfrb kj uj ehrobth mk hrcbjnzbanñj ;

 Onadki ]brbjtnjh, Vkpktnanñj/]rbjsehrobanñj, Obmrnm, Akjtrh mk Brtk Vknjb Qheïb, 2>>6, p. 63.

 

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hrthchjbi, rkaukrmb b añoh Erntz Knadkjfkrc dbaïb, mksmk ujb ikaturb mhauokjtbinstb, ih prhpnh ahj ibs prukfbs mk ahihr y rkcnstrh trbfbgbmbs phr

Oujad. Kj tîronjhs kstruaturbiks sk trbtb mk ih onsoh7 uj snstkob kj mbokrh mk bfsansbs y hrmkjbmbs, y, kj mkenjntnvb, uj snstkob mk njtkrvkjanñj kxpbjsnvh shfrk ki kspbanh mk kxphsnanñj snj shiuanñj mk ahjtnjunmbm, ebanintbmh phr ib kjhrok abpbanmbm rkprhmuatnvb quk hstkjtbj ibs tîajnabs mk crbfbmh y rkprhmuaanñj mk ib nobckj. Ki mksbrrhiih auionjbjtk h dnpkrtrhenbmh mk kstk prhaksh kxpbjsnvh, ik iikvbrïb b Sbrdhi b kopbpkibr thmbs ibs pbrkmks mki kspbanh mk kxphsnanñj, ahj rhiihs mk pbpki pnjtbmh shfrk ihs quk skrncrbeïb sus noâckjks, ahoh kj ib aîikfrk njstbibanñj Ahw  mk  mk 2>55. Kj thmhs ihs abshs sk trbtb mk ahophsnanhjks rkmujmbjtks b pbrtnr mk ujb ujnmbm tkoâtnab, kj tbjth sïofhihs prkehrobmhs mk ib shankmbm mk ahjsuoh y mk ib auiturb mk obsbs. Bfbjmhjbmb ib nmkjtnmbm mk ih ÷jnah y hrncnjbi, sk pbsb b ib nmkjtnmbm mkoharâtnab mk ib nobckj ouitnpinabmb. Kj Mhsankjtbs mnkz fhtkiibs mk Ahab-Ahib  (2>56),  (2>56), h kj ibs skrnks shfrk Obrniyj ahoh Obrniyj x 200   y Obrniyj Mnptyad   mki onsoh bòh, ki brtnstb db njstruokjtbinzbmh ib nobckj ahoh ujnmbm-obtrnz (b ib vkz quk erbcokjth) pbrb ib ahjskauanñj mk uj thmh sncjnenabjtk quk jhs iikvk b pkranfnr ki oktb-sncjnenabmh auiturbi mk ib hfrb. Ahoh db bpujtbmh Onadki Okiht, kj ksths kgkrananhs mk rkntkrbanñj ib kstbopb ahjvkjanhjbi qukmb prkskjtbmb kj «…skrnks mk noâckjks b ib vkz obtkrnbiokjtk njmkpkjmnkjtks k njtkikatubiokjtk incbmbs, ahj mnstnjtbs 5

phsnfninmbmks mk bauouibanñj, rkpktnanñj k njtkrvkjanñj¼ . B ih quk Cniiks Mkikuzk bòbmk quk7 «…abmb brtk tnkjk sus tîajnabs mk rkpktnanñj nofrnabmbs, auyh phmkr arïtnah y rkvhiuanhjbrnh pukmk biabjzbr ki oâs bith pujth, pbrb ahjmuanrjhs mk ibs ikrmbs rkpktnanhjks mk abmb mïb b ibs rkpktnanhjks prheujmbs mk ib okohrnb¼3. Qnj kofbrch, kstbs shiuanhjks tkatñjnabs b pbrtnr mk ujb ujnmbm ohmuibr, sk pukmkj kjahjtrbr ouadh bjtks kj ankrths crbfbmhs rkincnhshs mk ib tkoprbjb dnsthrnb mk ib noprksnñj shfrk pbpki. Ks ki absh mk ibs aîikfrks kstbopbs fumnstbs mki sncih UNNN kj ibs quk sk oukstrbj noprksbs, ahj arntkrnhs 5 3

 Onadki Okiht, Ki Crbfbmh, Fbrakihjb, Abrrhccnh, 2>4=, p. 15.  Cniiks Mkikuzk, Mnekrkjanb y rkpktnanñj , Obmrnm, 2>44, p. =52.

 

 

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ahophsntnvhs skokgbjtks b ihs bjtkrnhrks, y ujb gujth b htrb, ankjths mk noâckjks kxbatbokjtk ncubiks mk Fumb, rkbinzbmbs b pbrtnr mk ujb mnonjutb pibjadb mk obmkrb. Erkjtk b ib akrrbmb mnsphsnanñj akmuibr mki brtnstb jhrtkbokrnabjh, fkjkenanbmh phr ib kxbatntum mk ihs rkcnstrhs y okmnhs mk kstbopbanñj ohmkrjhs, ki noprksh fumnstb ahjjhtb ki prhaksh objubi mk noprksnñj ahj quk db snmh rkbinzbmh, bopinbjmh ahj kiih ib mnokjsnñj tkophrbi mk su cîjksns kj tîronjhs mk tnkoph dnstñrnah y ahikatnvh.4 Kstbs mhs hfrbs, quk bpbrkakj tkjmnmbs kj ihs kxtrkohs mk ib dnsthrnb mki crbfbmh, rkbinzbmbs phr ohtnvhs bgkjhs y kj ahjtkxths rbmnabiokjtk mnekrkjtks, prkskjtbj ib ahjsbcrbanñj mk skjmhs rntubiks7 ki mki rkantbtnvh anrauibr mk ib oïstnab rkincnhsb y ki mk ib ebsanjbjtk auiturb mk ahjsuoh ohmkrjb. Qnj kofbrch, y mk bicujb objkrb, bofbs dbakj ush mk uj skokgbjtk rkaursh dnpjñtnah y snofñinah.

Kxpbjsnhjks tkophrbiks

Ki phtkjanbi kxpbjsnvh quk hstkjtb ki crbfbmh y ihs okmnhs mk rkprhmuaanñj crâenab jh sñih biumk b kstrbtkcnbs obsnvbs mk njtkrvkjanhj shfrk ki kspbanh, ahoh kj ki absh bjtkrnhr, snjh quk tbofnîj pukmk skr ahjsnmkrbmh kj rkibanñj b ekjñokjhs, prhakshs y dkadhs rkibanhjbmhs ahj htrbs mnokjsnhjks, ahoh ks ahjarktbokjtk ki rkeikgh mki tnkoph vnvnmh, h mk ib prhpnb tkophrbinmbm mk ib batnvnmbm brtïstnab. Ki absh oâs kvnmkjtk ih herkakj fukjb pbrtk mk ib hfrb crâenab mk Gbspkr Ghdjs, ahoh ks ib skrnk ]dk Qkbshjs, quk ki brtnstb mksbrrhiiñ kjtrk 2>43 y 2>>2. Kstk abrâatkr tkophrbi qukmb kxpinantbmh kj ki tïtuih, b ih dby quk bòbmnr quk sk trbtb mk ujb hfrb mk prheujmb nopinabanñj buthfnhcrâenab, skòbibmb phr ib prkskjanb ahjstbjtk mk ib sniuktb mki brtnstb, bsï ahoh mk hfgkths pkrshjbiks y mk rkekrkjanbs auiturbiks quk dbj 4

Qnj kofbrch, abfk rkahrmbr bquï quk Sbrdhi ahokjzñ utninzbjmh ujb ehrob mk noprksnñj

objubi pbrb sus ahophsnanhjks kj aubmrïauib, ahoh ibs mkmnabmbs b skiihs mk ahrrkh bîrkh, utninzbjmh tbophjks rkbinzbmhs ahj chob mk fhrrbr quk îi onsoh tbiibfb y ahj ihs quk kstbopbfb mnrkatbokjtk shfrk ki inkjzh. Qkrâ kj 2>56 aubjmh mksaufrb ibs crbjmks phsnfninmbmks quk kj tîronjhs mk kxbatb rkpktnanñj mk uj onsoh ohtnvh, bsï ahoh mk onjnonzbanñj mki thquk pkrshjbi mki brtnstb ik herkaïb ib skrncrbeïb, tîajnab quk yb jh bfbjmhjbrâ.

 

 

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njeiunmh kj su abrrkrb brtïstnab. Ghdjs sk rkarkb kj ki bspkath oâs i÷mnah quk pukmk tkjkr ki crbfbmh, dbankjmh mk ibs pibjadbs hfgkths snkoprk bfnkrths b ujb pkrobjkjtk objnpuibanñj kj aubjth b vbrnbanhjks mk kjtnjtbmh, ahofnjbanhjks ahj htrbs obtrnaks, bitkrbanhjks ahophsntnvbs shfrk ki pbpki, ktaîtkrb. Ki ahjgujth ’kj kxpbjsnñj‟ mk ib hfrb njnanbiokjtk ehrobmb phr aubtrh obtrnaks (ujb pbrb abmb kstbanñj) shj prkskjtbmbs mk ouy mnstnjtbs objkrbs7 ahoh crbfbmhs njmnvnmubiks, kstbopbmbs gujtbs kj uj onsoh pbpki ehrobjmh ujb skaukjanb injkbi, kj skaukjanb anrauibr h ahopukstbs kj ehrob mk aruz. ]hmh kiih ih dbak Ghdjs snj mkgbr mk ohvkrsk kj ki kspbanh-tnkoph skoâjtnah quk mktkronjb ki prhpnh tïtuih mk ib skrnk, mâjmhik pikjh skjtnmh bi onsoh. Bmkoâs, pbrb abmb obtrnz db rkbinzbmh uj crbj j÷okrh mk ’prukfbs mk kstbmh‟ ahj sncjnenabtnvbs vbrnbanhjks kj ib nobckj mk ujb b htrb, dbstb ki pujth quk kj bicujbs sk ahjtbfninzbj mnkanhadh mk kstbs prukfbs, pbsbjmh b ehrobr thmbs kiibs pbrtk mk ib hfrb enjbi.

G. Ghdjs, ]dk Qkbshjs  (2>43->2)  (2>43->2)

Kstk ush mki ahjgujth mk ’prukfbs mk kstbmh‟ ks ujb objkrb mk vbihrbr thmbs ibs "kmbmks" mki mksbrrhiih mk ib hfrb, bprkanbjmh kj abmb ujb mk kiibs

 

 

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uj rksuitbmh piâstnah kj ki quk okrkak ib pkjb mktkjkrsk. Ki bath arkbtnvh sk prhihjcb bsï kj ki tnkoph, qukmbjmh su shiuanñj enjbi mksmk ki prnokr ohokjth nj suspkjsh,  puks ib phsnfninmbm mk ujb jukvb njtkrprktbanñj, mk ujb jukvb

njtrhonsnñj mki ebathr tkophrbi, qukmb snkoprk bfnkrtb. Phr ÷itnoh, ki brtnstb sk db skrvnmh tbofnîj mk erbcokjths mk ibs pibjadbs pbrb rkbinzbr ahophsnanhjks uitkrnhrks, snrvnîjmhsk, kj mkenjntnvb, mk thmbs ibs ahofnjbanhjks kspbanhtkophrbiks mk ibs quk shj susakptnfiks ibs obtrnaks mk crbfbmh abiahcrâenah. B kstk rkspkath Gbspkr Ghdjs db benrobmh quk7 «Kj ki crbfbmh arkh quk skrïb pkrekatbokjtk rbzhjbfik jh mkstrunr jujab ibs noâckjks mk ibs pibjadbs h ibs pnkmrbs, pbrb phmkr mnsphjkr mk kiibs kj jukvbs hfrbs, jukvbs ahofnjbanhjks¼>. Qk trbtb, bsï puks, mk ujb o÷itnpik njtkrprktbanñj kj rbmnabi kxpbjsnñj mki tnkoph kstbanhjbi b ib pbr quk mki fnhcrâenah, thmh kiih ahjskcunmh kj vnrtum mki okmnh crâenah kopikbmh. Gujth b kstbs jhanhjks tkophrbiks, ibs brtks crâenabs y, oâs ahjarktbokjtk ki crbfbmh abiahcrâenah, hstkjtbj tbofnîj uj skjtnmh mki pbsh mki tnkoph sugkth b ujb nmkb mk trbjsehrobanñj, mkscbstk, mksahophsnanñj k, njaiush, mkstruaanñj mk ib hfrb. Mk dkadh, ki prhaksh tîajnah mki bcubeukrtk ahjsnstk kj ib krhsnñj mk ujb supkrenank vnrckj phr okmnhs kxtkrjhs, quk shj bckjtks quïonahs. Qk pukmk ahjsnmkrbr b ksths kekaths quk tîajnabokjtk dby ujb kqunvbikjanb kjtrk ihs okmnhs kopikbmhs kj ki tbiikr y ihs prhpnhs mk jbturbikzb, ahj ib sbivkmbm mk quk kj ki prnokrh sk ahjtrhib y prkanpntb b ahjvkjnkjanb ki ohrmnmh mk ib pibjadb. Kj kstk ÷itnoh absh ki pbsh mki tnkoph qukmb obtnzbmh kj ujb kxpihrbanñj prhaksubi mki mnsaurrnr arkbtnvh. Mksmk tbi ñptnab, ki crbfbmh kstâ kopbrkjtbmh ahj bqukiibs tkjmkjanbs mki brtk ahjtkophrâjkh quk sk njtkrksbj phr ki prhaksh phr ki quk btrbvnksbj tbjth ib obtkrnb ahoh ibs ehrobs kj ib cîjksns brtïstnab ”auyhs mhs kxtrkohs shj ib kaihsnñj y oukrtk mki hfgkth mk brtk”, ahoh haurrk ahj ki ahjakpth mk whrl nj prhcrkss, quk bquï sk phmrïb trbmuanr ahoh ’kxpbjsnñj tkophrbi‟ mk ihs prhakshs ckjkrbtnvhs njdkrkjtks bi bcubeukrtk. Ki brtnstb ]ho Pdninps db

objkgbmh mnadbs nmkbs kj ujh mk sus crbfbmhs oâs ahjhanmhs, ki quk iikvb >

Kj, Adrnstnbj Ckkidbbr, "Njtkrvnkw wntd Gbspkr Ghdjs" kj, Gbspkr Ghdjs7 Shrlnjc Prhhes, Fbsnikb, Lujtsouskuo Fbski, 2>3> (Abtâihch).

 

 

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phr tïtuih Fnrtd he Brt  (2>36).   (2>36). Kstb ahopukstb phr trks obtrnaks pbrb kstbranmh ahrrksphjmnkjtks b ibs iktrbs quk ahjehrobj ib pbibfrb BV], quk eukrhj kxpukstbs bi btbquk njmnsarnonjbmh mki âanmh kj mnkz habsnhjks suaksnvbs, kjtrk uj iujks y uj obrtks mk obyh mk 2>36. Mkspuîs mk abmb kxphsnanñj bi ohrmnkjtk ibs obtrnaks krbj kstbopbmbs ahjehrobjmh ib pbibfrb BV]. Abmb ujb mk kstbs noprksnhjks snofhinzb ihs mnstnjths ohokjths quk btrbvnksb ib mnbiîatnab arkbanñj-mkstruaanñj mk ib hfrb. Ahjhanmh, bsï puks, ki njkiumnfik prhaksh tîajnah quk db tkjnmh quk iikvbr b abfh Pdninps pbrb dbfibr oktbeñrnabokjtk mki jbanonkjth y oukrtk mki brtk, sk baakmk b uj oktbsncjnenabmh mk ib hfrb7 ib nmkb mk ib aïainab rkckjkrbanñj quk kxpkrnokjtb ki prhpnh brtk.

]ho Pdniinps, Fnrtd he Brt, 2>36/31

 

 

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Kxpbjsnñj okstnzb

[j tnph mk ohvnonkjth h phsnanñj kxpbjsnvb quk bmqunkrk ahjjhtbanhjks nmkhiñcnabs, ks ib mkekjsb mki okstnzbgk erkjtk b aubiqunkr kjabstniibonkjth kj ki kskjanbinsoh h ib hrthmhxnb babmîonab. Ki okstnzbgk ks, mk dkadh, ujh mk ihs sncjhs mk mkenjnanñj mki brtk ahjtkophrâjkh sustbjanbmh kj bopinhs nmkbrnhs mk njtkrmnsanpinjbrnkmbm, trbjsmnsanpinjbrnkmbm y trbjsvkrsbinmbm. Kj ib crâenab kstb tkjmkjanb dbfrïb snmh yb njnanbmb phr ihs onkofrhs mk ibs Qhankmbmks mk Bcubeukrtnstbs, h phr bicujhs brtnstbs mk ibs vbjcubrmnbs mk prnjanphs mki sncih TT, pkrh ks b pbrtnr mk okmnbmhs mki sncih TT aubjmh kxpihtbrïb kj ujb vbrnkmbm njtkronjbfik mk shiuanhjks. ^b jh sk prktkjmïb ib sugkanñj y enmkinmbm b ujb shib tîajnab h prhaksh, snjh quk thmhs kiihs krbj susakptnfiks mk skr utninzbmbs y ahofnjbmbs. Ks ki ohmkih jh yb mki vnrtuhsh h mki kspkanbinstb, snjh mki brtnstb phinvbikjtk y vkrsâtni quk objkgb uj bopinh rkpkrthrnh, ahoh ks ki absh mki brtnstb Onooh Pbiibmnjh h mk Erbjl Qtkiib. Mki onsoh ohmh, ib kstbopbanñj jh sk rkbinzb kxaiusnvbokjtk shfrk pbpki snjh quk pukmk skr iikvbmb b ouy mnvkrshs shphrtks, ahoh ib tkib pbrb skr prkskjtbmb ahoh, h ahofnjbmb ahj, ib pnjturb. Ki kgkopih oâs kvnmkjtk y phmkohs mkanr quk dnstñrnah ks ki mk Vhfkrt Vbusadkjfkrc, pkrh kj ib onsob iïjkb kjahjtrbohs b Bjskio Lnkekr, Pdninp ]bbeek, h Gbbp Lrhjkobj.

Erbjl Qtkiib, Vnbiibrh  (2>>;).  (2>>;).

Bjskio Lnkekr, Crbjk, 2>40-41

 

 

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Fbgh kstb onsob phsnanñj abfk mkstbabr, bsnonsoh, ib ujnvkrsbinzbanñj mki ahjakpth mk obtrnz, quk iikcbrâ phr mhs vïbs7 ib prnokrb b trbvîs mki surrkbinsoh ahj Obx Krjst y htrhs, quk utninzbfbj ib noprksnñj mnrkatb mk hfgkths ahj ib tîajnab mki erhttbcck < phr ki brtk mk baanñj ahoh kj ki absh mk Ghdj Abck y Vhfkrt Vbusadkjfkrc< h phr ki brt frut  ahj   ahj Gkbj Muffueekt b ib abfkzb, quk usbfb ahoh pibjadb aubiqunkr kikokjth ahtnmnbjh susakptnfik mk skr crbfbmh y kstbopbmh. Ib skcujmb iïjkb sk kstbfikak b pbrtnr mk ihs jukvhs obtkrnbiks y hfgkths ahtnmnbjhs quk herkak ib njmustrnb ohmkrjb, b ohmh mk hfgkat trhuvî, mk ib quk dbakj ush buthrks ahoh Adnrstnbj Obraiby h Sniink

Ahik.  Phr ÷itnoh, ki prhpnh shphrtk mk pbpki bfbjmhjb su dnstñrnah abrâatkr pbsnvh pbrb skr tbofnîj hfgkth mk kxpihrbanñj y mk kxpkrnokjtbanñj ahjstbjtk, shfrk thmh b pbrtnr mk njnanbtnvbs ahoh ibs mksbrrhiibmbs fbgh ib tutkib mk Lkjjktd ]yikr y su trbfbgh ahj ib hfrb mk brtnstbs ahoh Vhy Inadkjstknj, Kiiswhrtd Lkiiy, Mbvnm Dhaljky, Erbjl Qtkiib h Bjtdhjy Abrh.20 

G. Abck y V. Vbusadkjfkrc, Buthohvnik ]nrk Prnjt  (2>;2)  (2>;2)

Sniink Ahik, Mhokstna N.M., NU , 2>>6.

20

  Ks mk skòbibr quk jh phr absubinmbm ki abtâihch ckjkrbi mki aîikfrk tbiikr ]yikr Crbpdnas, pufinabmh kj 2>43, iikvb ki hphrtujh suftïtuih mk ’]dk kxtkjmkm nobck‟ .

 

 

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Ib crâenab jh kmntbfik y/h suprb-kmntbfik

Ki mksbrrhiih kxpkrnokjtbi k njvkstncbmhr quk suerk ib crâenab mksmk okmnbmhs mki sncih TT tnkjk ahoh htrb mk sus ahjskaukjanbs ib rupturb mk ihs ohmkihs kmnthrnbiks ahjvkjanhjbiks. Kstb frkadb sk bfrk tbjth phr bfbgh, ahj ib bpbrnanñj mk ib hfrb ÷jnab (mk ih quk yb sk db dbfibmh ahj ki ohjhtnph y ki kjtrbpbmh)< ahoh phr brrnfb, ahj ib bpbrnanñj mk kmnanhjks snj iïontk, skjaniibokjtk phtkjanbiks h kmnanhjks bfnkrtbs skc÷j mkobjmb. Ki ahjakpth mk kmnanñj ninontbmb (h bi okjhs absn ninontbmb) ks nmkjtnenabfik kj ki ush mk prhakshs okmnâtnahs njmustrnbiks fbsbmhs kj ib tîajnab heeskt, ahoh kj ki absh mk Eîinx Chjzâikz ]hrrks, auyb hfrb krb prkskjtbmb b prnjanpnhs mk ihs jhvkjtb kj crbjmks pnibs mk ahpnbs quk ki vnsntbjtk phmïb bprhpnbrsk y quk phstkrnhrokjtk krbj rkpukstbs snj iïontk bicujh.

Eîinx Chjzâikz-]hrrks. Qnj tntuih (Mkbtd fy Cuj),  2>>0

 

 

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Mbjmh ahjtnjunmbm b kstk ÷itnoh kgkopih, jh rksuitb mksabfkiibmh kjtkjmkr ib bpbrnanñj mk ibs jukvbs tkajhihcïbs ahoh ki ÷itnoh kpnshmnh kj ib prhpnb dnsthrnb mki crbfbmh y ib kstbopbanñj. Qu vnjauibanñj ahj ki oujmh kmnthrnbi, ks kqunpbrbfik ”phr supuksth sbivbjmh ibs pbrtnauibrnmbmks dnstñrnabs”, b ih quk pumh suphjkr ib xnihcrbeïb, ib abiahcrbeïb, h ib inthcrbeïb kj sus rkspkatnvhs ohokjths. Bmkoâs, ujbs y htrbs ahopbrtkj ebathrks ahjstntutnvhs kskjanbiks ahoh ks ib kxnstkjanb mk ujb obtrnz prkvnb, skb îstb mk abrâatkr obtkrnbi y pkrobjkjtk kj obmkrb y oktbi< quïonab y ibtkjtk shfrk ujb pnkmrb< h fnkj, ahoh ih ks bdhrb, mk jbturbikzb kikatrñjnab. Htrh prnjanpnh mk pbrkjtksah y pbrbikinsoh kjtrk ibs tîajnabs trbmnanhjbiks y ibs jukvbs tkajhihcïbs ks ib utninzbanñj mk pbpki ahoh shphrtk enjbi. Jbakj bsï ibs noprksnhjks mncntbiks shfrk pbpki quk skrâj susakptnfiks mk skr kstbopbmbs phstkrnhrokjtk ahj htrhs shphrtks, y, ahj kiih, thmb ujb skrnk mk njtkrahjkxnhjks kjtrk ihs okmnhs. Pkrh tbofnîj dby quk dbfibr mk uj ikjcubgk crâenah aho÷j oâs h okjhs ahmnenabmh y jhrobinzbmh (quk bjtks sk kxprksbfb kj trbobs y bdhrb ih dbak kj pïxkiks), k njaiush mk uj prhthahih mk trbfbgh

ahopbrtnmh, tbi y ahoh sucnkrk ki mkscihsk phr abpbs y pbshs suaksnvhs utninzbmh kj ibs bpinabanhjks njehroâtnabs. Kj kstk ÷itnoh skjtnmh, ib pkauinbrnmbm ahcjntnvb mki crbfbmhr, ks mkanr, su ehrob mk pkjsbr b ib dhrb mk pibjnenabr y iikvbr b abfh su trbfbgh rksuitb skr ouy akrabjb. Prhcrbobs ahoh Pdhthsdhp sk fbsbj kj uj prhakmnonkjth mk ehjmh, njaiush mk uj kstbmh okjtbi, crbtbokjtk eboninbr pbrb thmh crbfbmhr. Kj ahjarkth sk trbtb tr btb mki trbfbgh phr supkrphsnanñj mk abpbs quk kstbfikakj ibs bpinabanhjks njehroâtnabs y quk jh ks htrb ahsb quk ih quk vnkjkj dbankjmh dnstñrnabokjtk ihs crbfbmhrks y kstbopbmhrks b ib dhrb mk pibjtkbr phr supkrphsnanñj y/h yuxtbphsnanñj tbjth ujb hfrb arhoâtnab b vbrnbs pibjadbs, ahoh, yb mk ohmh oâs shenstnabmh, ib prhpnb tbiib mk ib obtrnz abiahcrâenab phr ohrmnmbs y kstbmhs. 22  ]hmh kiih mktkjtb kj sï uj bith phtkjanbi mk vkrsbtninmbm k njtkrvkjanñj shfrk ki ahjgujth mk obtrnaks h mk abpbs mk njehrobanñj quk ahopbrtkj bofhs oîthmhs. Mk htrh ohmh, tbofnîj ib ikcntnonmbm mki pbtrnohjnh nañjnah quk ihs crbfbmhrks bauouibj phr mkekath (tbi y ahoh rknvnjmnabfb Gbspkr Ghdjs), 22

 Aer. Mbjnki Abjhcbr, ’Dhrrhr vbaun‟, kj BB. UU., Qnophsnh Brtk crâenah y jukvbs tkajhihcïbs, Obmrnm, Eujmbanñj FFUB, 6001.

 

 

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qukmb bdhrb tbjth ahjenrobmb ahoh supkrbmb kj ki ahjakpth mk bradnvh mncntbi. Phr htrb pbrtk, tîajnabs bshanbmbs ahoh ks ki ahiibck, quk mksmk prnjanpnhs mki sncih TT sk db ahjvkrtnmh kj ujb kstrbtkcnb aibvk mk arkbanñj, kj vnrtum mk ib aubi ib jhanñj mk pbtrnohjnh crâenah bmqunkrk pikjh sncjnenabmh, tbi y ahoh dbfïb mkohstrbmh Obx Krjst, db ahfrbmh kj ki ’ahrtb, ahpnb y pkcb‟ mncntbi su ÷itnob y oâs pkrekatb ahjsbcrbanñj pbrb ib ohmkrjnmbm. Phr ÷itnoh, ibs jukvbs tkajhihcïbs herkakj kj ki âofnth kmnthrnbi mhs mnrkaanhjks7 phr ujb pbrtk ih quk skrïb ib crâenab vnrtubi, ahoh hfrb pbrb skr ’obtkrnbinzbmb ñptnabokjtk‟ mk ehrob kxaiusnvb kj pbjtbiib (ih quk skrïb ki brtk kj Vkm y htrhs prhmuaths njtkrbatnvhs). Phr htrb, ib phsnfninmbm mk obtkrnbinzbr h mksabrcbr ib nobckj kj uj shphrtk eïsnah, quk ckjkrbiokjtk ks pbpki, b trbvîs mk noprkshrbs pkrshjbiks, crbjmks pihttkrs, ktaîtkrb, bujquk ki kqunph mk noprksnñj pbrb kiih kstî sntubmh b 1.000 lniñoktrhs mk ib eukjtk arkbmhrb. Kj

bofhs abshs kstbrïb nopiïantb ujb supkrbanñj mk ib nmkb mk okrabmh ahjvkjanhjbi, yb quk ib hfrb ks susakptnfik mk skr rkprhmuanmb bm njenjntuo   y, phr kiih, kjtrkcbmb mnrkatbokjtk h b ib abrtb bi p÷finah pbrb su ush y mnserutk. Ksth ÷itnoh skrïb, phr htrb pbrtk, ib ahjsuobanñj mki nmkbi utñpnah mki brtk pbrb ki pukfih, phr ki quk sk bfhcb prkansbokjtk mksmk ihs jhmhs oâs batnvnstbs mk ib Vkm. Ahjstbtbmh ahoh uj dkadh ckjkrbinzbmh ib njtrhmuaanñj mk ibs jukvbs tkajhihcïbs kj ki ikjcubgk y ib prâatnab brtïstnab mki sncih TTN, rksuitb bitbokjtk pkrtnjkjtk mksbrrhiibr iïjkbs mk njvkstncbanñj bahrmks ahj kstb jukvb sntubanñj, quk iikvkj b prheujmnzbr kj ihs ekjñokjhs quk haurrkj bquï y bdhrb. Obs b÷j kj ki absh mk ib arkbanñj crâenab, yb quk ihs prnjanpnhs quk rnckj kstb mnsanpinjb kstâj njskrths mk hrnckj kj ib prhpnb mnjâonab dnstñrnab y kj ki mksbrrhiih tkajhiñcnah mki quk dbj kokrcnmh mnadhs okmnhs, tbi y ahoh db mkohstrbmh Ikv Objhvnad. 26  Puks jh dbj snmh snjh ib okghr y obyhr mneusnñj mk ib njehrobanñj, ki ahjhanonkjth y ki mnserutk kstîtnah phr uj ibmh< y ki bfbrbtbonkjth mk ahstks, ib okghrb mk ib abinmbm mk rkcnstrh y ib prhmuatnvnmbm phr htrh, ihs ohthrks quk db dkadh kvhiuanhjbr ihs okmnhs mk rkprhmuaanñj mk ib nobckj. 26

 Ikv Objhvnad, Ki ikjcubgk mk ihs jukvhs okmnhs mk ahoujnabanñj, Fbrakihjb, Pbnmñs, 6022.

 

 

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Ib crâenab niustrbmb y cihfbinzbmb.

Ib obyhr trbsakjmkjanb auiturbi mki crbfbmh dnstñrnah y ib crâenab ahjtkophrâjkb rbmnab kj ankrths kpnekjñokjhs bshanbmhs, tbiks ahoh shj ib ahoujnabanñj, mneusnñj y mkoharbtnzbanñj mk ib njehrobanñj y ki ahjhanonkjth, y tbofnîj, añoh jh, mki prhpnh brtk. Kj ihs ÷itnohs sknsankjths bòhs mk auiturb haanmkjtbi sk db prhmuanmh uj arkanonkjth kxphjkjanbi kj ki pksh quk db bmqunrnmh ib nobckj mk rkprhmuaanñj crâenab, dbstb ki pujth mk quk nmkjtnenabohs jukstrh tnkoph ahoh ujb butîjtnab krb mk ib ahoujnabanñj, mk

ihs obss okmnb , h mki mhonjnh mk ib nobckj okmnâtnab. Ks prkansbokjtk kj rkibanñj b kstk vkathr mhjmk ib nobckj crâenab kstbfikak uj vïjauih dnstñrnah ahj ki ahjakpth mk niustrbanñj, yb skb okmnbjtk ki infrh noprksh h ib Skf. Ki ush mk uj ahjakpth mk niustrbanñj crâenab y su kikvbanñj b abtkchrïb cihfbi, sk pukmk gustnenabr dhy ahoh oktâehrb mk ujb jukvb skjsnfninmbm mk îphab, h mk ujb njtkjanhjbinmbm skauibrokjtk bfhabmb b ihs okmnhs mk ahoujnabanñj y rkprhmuaanñj mk ib nobckj quk, kj ki pbjhrbob ahjtkophrâjkh y kj vnrtum mk ibs jukvbs tkajhihcïbs, db ahfrbmh ujb rkikvbjanb bfshiutb kj ibs arkbanhjks mncntbiks. Ki shphrtk mncntbi db dkadh mk ib arkbanñj brtïstnab njehrobanñj vnsubinzbmb, ahj ib dbfntubi pbrtnanpbanñj snouitâjkb mk pbibfrb k nobckj. Pbrb kiih y pbrb dbakr prbatnabfik ki ahjakpth onsoh mk njtkrebz , sus vïjauihs njtkrahjkatnvhs h njtkrbatnvhs, kstâ utninzbjmh ujbs ehrobs mk prkskjtbanñj kj pbjtbiib thobmbs mk ib trbmnanñj niustrbmhrb kj ih quk db snmh ib pibsobanñj vnsubi mki pkjsbonkjth y ki ahjhanonkjth mksmk, bi okjhs, ki sncih TUNN, b trbvîs mk mnbcrbobs y ksqukobs, kofikobs, obpbs nmkhcrâenahs y abrthcrâenahs, gukchs vnsubiks, gkrhciïenahs, ktaîtkrb.21  Kjtrk ihs ouadhs tkrrnthrnhs kj ihs quk brtk y ahjhanonkjth sk kxprksbj dhy kj tîronjhs mk ujb niustrbanñj crâenab cihfbinzbmb, ib abrthcrbeïb obrab uj mhfik sbith mnekrkjanbi. Ib Skf db njtrhmuanmh kj jukstrh dhrnzhjtk vnsubi noâckjks thobmbs mk sbtîintks, b trbvîs mk bpinabanhjks ahoh shj Chhcik Obps y Chhcik Kbrtd ”bmkoâs mk htrhs skrvnmhrks oâs ihabiks”, quk dbj 21

Ib niustrbanñj ahoh abtkchrïb. [jb tkhrïb ujnenabmb shfrk brtk y   Aer. Gubj Obrtïjkz Ohrh, ahjhanonkjth, Cngñj, ]rkb, 600=.

 

 

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skrvnmh pbrb ahjstrunr y rkehrzbr ujb nmkb y ujb skjsbanñj mk pkrtkjkjanb cihfbi y shinmbrnb. Qk trbtb mk ujb butîjtnab rkvhiuanñj nahjhcrâenab, fbsbmb kj ib njtrhmuaanñj mk uj njîmnth ’pujth mk vnstb‟ pbrb thmbs ibs trbmnanhjks rkprkskjtbtnvbs prkvnbs7 uj pujth mk vnstb akjntbi kj tîronjhs mk bskqunfninmbm hrfntbi quk ohmnenab rbmnabiokjtk jukstrb pkrakpanñj mki pibjktb ]nkrrb, mk sus pbrâoktrhs y ekjñokjhs, tbjth eïsnahs ahoh duobjhs y auiturbiks. Kstk jukvh dhrnzhjtk vnsubi jhs iikvb b bmhptbr ki pbpki mk uj ’crbj dkrobjh‟ rksphjsbfik

y vncnibjtk mk thmh bahjtkakr ckh phiïtnah, shanbi, kstruaturbi, dnstñrnah h kstîtnah quk pukmb bahjtkakr phr abusb duobjb shfrk ib supkrenank mki pibjktb. Kstk ohmkih abrthcrâenah quk dnstñrnabokjtk dbfïb qukmbmh anraujsarnth bi oujmh mk ib niustrbanñj crâenab, mki infrh h mk ihs bjbqukiks onintbrks y kstrbtîcnahs, mk dkadh, dhy ehrob pbrtk mk bicujbs mk ibs iïjkbs mk njtkrvkjanñj brtïstnab oâs prhoktkmhrbs. ]hmh kiih kxprksbmh snj mumb kj purb aibvk crâenab, puks, ahjakptubiokjtk, ib abrthcrbeïb sk ehrobinzb ahoh ujb prhykaanñj bfbtnmb shfrk ki pibjh, quk ks bahrmk ahj ihs mnsarkths ksqukobs h nmkhcrbobs ojkohtîajnahs, tbj ujnvkrsbiks ahoh njjbths, mk ihs quk sk snrvk ki pkjsbonkjth duobjh pbrb ib rkprkskjtbanñj mk bich aibvk pbrb ib supkrvnvkjanb ahoh ks ki tkrrnthrnh (ahoh mkoukstrbj mksmk ihs rkcnstrhs ktjhcrâenahs dbstb ib piâstnab njebjtni). Kj ib okghr trbmnanñj mki ibjm-brt, kstb jukvb vnsnñj akjntbi herkak njtkrvkjanhjks ahoh ib mki ksauithr Bjmrkw Vhckrs, quk sncuk ib iïjkb njnanbmb phr Onadbki Dknzkr ahj sus Keency ]uouin Qauipturks  (2>41-2>4>),  (2>41-2>4>), kjtrhjabjmh phr supuksth, bofhs brtnstbs, ahj ibs btâvnabs, noprksnhjbjtks k njksarutbfiks iïjkbs mk Jbzab kj Pkr÷, quk b su vkz shj, snj mumb, ki bjtkakmkjtk ÷itnoh mk aubiqunkr kxprksnñj crâenab akjntbi. Vhckrs sk kjaukjtrb rkbinzbjmh mksmk 2>>4 uj prhykath birkmkmhr mki oujmh fbgh ki tïtuih Vdytdos he Inek, ahjsnstkjtk kj ib kibfhrbanñj mk crbjmks ehrobs ckhciïenabs kj mnvkrshs pbïsks, quk pukmkj skr ihabinzbmbs y ahjtkopibmbs kj Chhcik Kbrtd njtrhmuankjmh sus ahhrmkjbmbs rkspkatnvbs (ahoh bsnonsoh haurrk ahj ihs ckhcinehs Jbzab). Htrbs injkbs mk trbfbgh batubi dbakj bjâinsns k njtkrprktbanhjks kstîtnabs mk kstb jukvb rkbinmbm vnsubi akjntbi, ahoh ks ki absh mk ib hfrb mk Iu Tnjgnbj, quk snjtktnzb k njtkrprktb ibs vnstbs bîrkbs mk anumbmks kj aibvk mk kstruaturbs

 

 

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bfstrbatbs, b ohmh mk añmnchs ckjîtnahs urfbjhs< h ki mki ahikatnvh ’Hjehrobtnvk‟ ahj ki prhykath Chhcik Ebaks  (6021),   (6021), quk rkcnstrb pbnsbgks quk kvhabj abrbs duobjbs shfrk ib supkrenank mk ib ]nkrrb. Bofhs trbfbghs skòbibj ki dkadh mk quk Chhcik Kbrtd ks, kj mkenjntnvb, ujb fbsk mk mbths mnsarkths y bjbarñjnahs h, mksmk ki prkskjtk kjehquk, mk niustrbanhjks crâenabs, ahj ujb

prktkjsnñj mk rkbinsoh h vkrbanmbm cbrbjtnzbmb phr su bpbrnkjanb ehthcrâenab, pkrh kj ib quk tbofnîj shj oâs quk erkaukjtks ihs rkthquks, hauitbonkjths, pbrbmhgbs y krrhrks. Qhfrk ksth ÷itnoh kstâj trbfbgbjmh brtnstbs ahoh Aikokjt Ubiib kj Phst Abrms erho Chhcik Kbrtd  (6020),  (6020), quk gukcb ahj ibs inontbanhjks y mkskquninfrnhs vnsubiks mki ’ohmkih‟ Chhcik< Mbjnki Qadwbrz kj Guxtbphsk   (6026), quk rkeikxnhjb shfrk ib njebinfninmbm tkajhiñcnab mki onsoh< h Onsdlb Dkjjkr kj Mutad Ibjmsabpks  (6022),   (6022), quk dbak thobs mk pbjtbiib mk iucbrks kstrbtîcnahs akjsurbmhs phr ohtnvhs mk skcurnmbm.  skcurnmbm. 

Aikokjt Ubiib, mk ib skrnk Phstabrms erho Chhcik Kbrtd, 6020 

 

 

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Kj kstk ÷itnoh skjtnmh, sk bfrkj ouy mnvkrsbs iïjkbs mk trbfbgh, mkstbabjmh ibs phsnanhjks ahoprhoktnmbs y fkinckrbjtks, quk pukmkj skrvnr

pbrb mkjujanbr tbjth ib objkrb kj quk ihs phmkrks ebiskbj ib njehrobanñj, h thmh tnph mk mksobjks urfbjïstnahs y okmnhbofnkjtbiks. Ahoh tbofnîj y, ahjskaukjtkokjtk ahj kiih, pukmkj skr rkbinzbmbs prhpukstbs njtkrbatnvbs quk pkrontbj ohmnenabr b custh mk abmb brtnstb, batnvnstb h ahikatnvh, ib nobckj ckhkstrbtîcnab, urfbjïstnab y kstîtnab mk ib supkrenank tkrrkstrk.

Ki pinkcuk y su mksbrrhiih kxpbjsnvh (ujb bphrtbanñj pkrshjbi)

Kj ki ahjtkxth kspbòhi, sk prhmuak mksmk okmnbmhs mk ihs jhvkjtb ujb sntubanñj prheujmbokjtk vhiabmb dbanb ib kxpkrnokjtbanñj kj ihs pbrâoktrhs skòbibmhs y kj htrhs. Kj ankrtb okmnmb kstb sntubanñj euk prhpnanbmb tbjth phr njvkstncbanhjks kj ki ahjtkxth ujnvkrsntbrnh mk ibs ebauitbmks mk Fkiibs Brtks, ahoh phr ib njnanbtnvb njstntuanhjbi mk ib Abiahcrbeïb Jbanhjbi, okmnbjtk ki rkeukrzh mki Prkonh Jbanhjbi mk Crbfbmh, quk pbrb 600; sk ahjvkrtnrïb mkenjntnvbokjtk kj Prkonh Jbanhjbi mk Brtk Crâenah, h okmnbjtk ib arkbanñj mk uj ibfhrbthrnh mk Kstbopb Mncntbi enjbjanbmh okmnbjtk uj Prhykath N+M. Abfk bsï mkstbabr buthrks kspkanbiokjtk batnvhs ahoh Gks÷s Pbsthr quk ahj skrnks ahoh Njeikxnhjks rkbinzbmb b okmnbmhs mk ihs bòhs jhvkjtb ujb njmbcbanñj hjthiñcnab shfrk ibs rkibanhjks kjtrk dukiib kikatrhcrâenab y crbfbmh, sustbjanbmb kj su kxpbjsnñj kj ki kspbanh trnmnokjsnhjbi okmnbjtk obtkrnbiks jh ahjvkjanhjbiks ahoh ki oârohi y ki biuonjnh. Htrhs abshs mkstbabfiks shj ibs brtnstb Ahjadb Cbraïb y Bjb Qhikr quk, kj ujb eusnñj kjtrk crâenab y ksauiturb, rkbinzbj ikaturbs mk crbj skjsnfninmbm shfrk ihs kikokjths mki ikjcubgk crâenah y sus shphrtks. Kstb batnvnmbm njvkstncbmhrb kj thrjh bi crbfbmh y ki ikjcubgk crâenah tnkjk su ahjtnjunmbm dbstb dhy, ahj abshs mkstbabfiks ahoh ihs mk Gbvnkr Brak, quk rkbinzb ih quk mkjhonjb ’kstrugbmhs‟, crbjmks pbpkiks shfrk ihs quk rkprhmuak objubiokjtk ahoh sn eukrb uj

 

 

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butîjtnah prhaksh rkprhcrâenah nahjhs mk ib dnsthrnb mk ib pnjturb, iikvâjmhihs b ujb mnokjsnñj trnmnokjsnhjbi k njvbsnvb mki kspbanh, ahoh ks ki absh oâs sncjnenabtnvh mk Abpniib Qnxtnjb (vkrsnñj kstrugbmb), 6004. Kj ih quk bekatb b ih quk shj ehrobs mk ikjcubgk crâenah purh mkrnvbmbs mki ush mk ibs jukvbs tkajhihcïbs y su rkibanñj ahj okmnhs ahoh ki crbeentn, dby quk mkstbabr ki trbfbgh mk Gubj Iñpkz quk, okmnbjtk vnjnih buthbmdksnvhs pihtkbmhs, rkbinzb crbjmks njstbibanhjks pbrb njtkrnhr y kxtkrnhr okmnbjtk shiuanhjks quk biumkj bi añona y htrhs shphrtks mk ahoujnabanñj mk obsbs. [j bjtkakmkjtk ouy nophrtbjtk pbrb kjtkjmkr bicujbs mk kstbs bphrtbanhjks kxpbjsnvbs shfrk ki kspbanh mk ibs mnsanpinjbs crâenabs, ks ib mk ib brtnstb mk hrnckj brckjtnjh Ininbjb Phrtkr. ]bi y ahoh skòbib Qnivnb Mhinjlh, b enjbiks mk ihs bòhs skskjtb «…Phrtkr bpujtbfb b ujb njmbcbanñj shfrk ib hjthihcïb mk ib nobckj y ki shphrtk crâenah. B enjks mk 2>54, ib brtnstb dbfïb rkbinzbmh Brrucb, ujb suaksnñj mk mnkz kstbopbs ohjharhoâtnabs kj ib quk rkeikxnhjbfb shfrk ib aubinmbm mki dkadh crâenah, y eusnhjbfb shphrtk y hfgkth bi mksbrrhiibr ib nobckj mki prhaksh mk ahjvkrsnñj mk uj pbpki insh y kstnrbmh quk vb pbsbjmh phr mnstnjtbs thrsnhjks, brrucbonkjths, mkehrobanhjks, dbstb mkvkjnr kj ujb pkqukòb ehrob bfhiibmb…¼2= [jb mk ibs hfrbs oâs aîikfrks mk Phrtkr ks uj ’bofnkjtk crâenah‟ kj ki quk sk prhphjïb bi p÷finah njtkrbatubr ahj ib hfrb okmnbjtk ki brrucbmh mk erbcokjths mk pbpki mk ib prhpnb hfrb noprksb. B kstk rkspkath ib brtnstb baibrbfb kj ki tkxth pbrb ib kxphsnanñj akikfrbmb kj 2>5> kj ki Ouskh mk Brtk mk Abrbabs7 «Brrucbr7 ib baanñj quk phr okmnhs crâenahs pukmk iikvbr b njvbmnr uj bofnkjtk. ^b jh nophrtb ib nobckj. Nophrtb ib trbjsonsnñj mki vkrfh. Ib infkrtbm mki p÷finah pbrb brrucbr ki oujmh b su abprnadh. Ahoh qunkj vnvk, jh ahoh qunkj mkstruyk¼.2;  Runkj bquï ksarnfk pkrtkjkak b kstb onsob ckjkrbanñj mk crbfbmhrks kspbòhiks ahj eukrtk vhabanñj kxpbjsnvb mki okmnh. On pkrshjbi iïjkb mk njvkstncbanñj tuvh su brrbjquk kj uj prhykath mk kmnanñj iikvbmh b abfh kj ki Vutckrs Akjtkr ehr Njjhvbtnvk Prnjt bjm Pbpkr (VANPP) mk ib Vutckrs [jnvkrsnty (Jkw Gkrsky, [.Q.B.) kj ki bòh 2>>>. Mksmk bquki prnokr prhykath mk kmnanñj 2=

 Qnivnb Mhinjlh, Brtk piurbi. Ki crbfbmh kjtrk ib trbmnanñj y ib kxpkrnokjtbanñj, 2>;;-2>31, Fukjhs Bnrks, Kmdbsb, 6026< p. 1=>. 2;  Nfnm., p. 1;=.

 

 

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quk tuvh ahoh tïtuih 1 mhufikm ibjmsabpks. Kqunpokjt ehr b dncdibjmkr (enc. 23), dk mksbrrhiibmh mnvkrsbs kstrbtkcnbs mk pikcbmh mki pbpki ahoh okmnh

pbrb bphrtbr trnmnokjsnhjbinmbm y phinskonb b ib nobckj kj îi noprksb. Bmkoâs, mksmk ki bòh 6006, bi pikcbmh y ahrtbmh mk ibs kstbopbs, sk db ujnmh ib utninzbanñj mk ahpnbs nmîjtnabs mk ujb onsob nobckj pbrb ahjehrobr ki ahjgujth mk ib hfrb, mk objkrb quk ki enj mneushr mk ib nobckj prhpnh mk ibs tîajnabs mk rkprhmuaanñj pbsbfb b ahfrbr uj jukvh skjtnmh buth-rkekrkjanbi, tbi y ahoh pukmk vkrsk kj Obkistõro  (6006),  (6006), Ihaus okjtbi  (6006)  (6006) y Pinkcuk pbrb kofhsabmh NN   (600;). Bfbjmhjbmh ahj kiih ki enj prhpnbokjtk kmnthrnbi, sk

fusabfb kj ki phtkjanbi ouitnpinabmhr uj abonjh mk trbsakjmkjanb quk iikvbrb mk ib nobckj noprksb fnmnokjsnhjbi dbanb ki hfgkth-nobckj trnmnokjsnhjbi y phinsîonah. Ib rkprhmuaanñj, bsï puks, iikvb b ib nobckj pibjb b su prhykaanñj kj ki kspbanh eïsnah, ahj ih quk ki vkathr dnstñrnah quk ikvbjtb ki dkadh ouitnpinabtnvh qukmb ahj kiih rkmkenjnmh y rkjhvbmh.

Gubj O. Ohrh, Buthrrktrbth ahj pinkcuks, 6003

Phr ujb pbrtk kj kstbs hfrbs ki pinkcuk ks bsuonmh jh ahoh uj baanmkjtk kj ib supkrenank mki pbpki snjh, pbrbmñgnabokjtk, ahoh ib benrobanñj kj ki

 

 

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skjtnmh oâs eukrtk k nmnhsnjarâsnah mki pbpki ahoh shphrtk kspkaïenah mk ib crâenab, puks sñih îi ahophrtb ujb muatninmbm njtrïjskab quk db mkvkjnmh njaiush kj brtks kspkaïenahs ahoh ib pbpnrheikxnb y ki hrncbon . Qnj kofbrch, pksk b quk ib crâenab mk rkprhmuaanñj iikvb qunjnkjths bòhs mk noprksnñj ahjtnjubmb shfrk pbpki, murbjtk kstk ibrch tnkoph sk pukmk kjahjtrbr ahjtbmbs kxpkrnkjanbs quk dbybj njtkrvkjnmh kj ib kstbopb noprksb ahjvkjanhjbi y, kj ahjskaukjanb, kxpihtbmh su phtkjanbi ksauitñrnah. Njaiush kj ki brtk ahjtkophrâjkh jh kxnstkj mkobsnbmhs kgkopihs b kstk rkspkath, sn babsh kxpkrnkjanbs snjcuibrks ahoh ibs rkbinzbmbs kj ki tbiikr mk vhabanñj kxtkjmnmb h kxpbjsnvb mk Lkjjktd ]yikr, sufstbjanbmh prnjanpbiokjtk kj ib hfrb mk Bjtdhjy Abrh, h kgkopihs pujtubiks ahoh ihs mk Vhy Inadtkjstknj, Iksiky Mnii, h, kj jukstrh pbïs, Ekrjbjmh Fkiivkr. Ib ouitnpinabanñj mk ib nobckj ks uj ebathr vkrtkfrbi, uj vkathr mk dkadh, kj ib mkenjnanñj mk ih quk ks ki kspbanh crâenah. Phr kiih y bjtk ib njckjtk abpbanmbm kmnthrb quk herkak ki kjthrjh njehroâtnah, ib prkcujtb dhjrbmb quk abfk ehrouibrsk dhy uj brtnstb-crbfbmhr ks7 ¸dbstb mñjmk ib tnrbmb8, puks aibrbokjtk kstk bjtncuh rkqunsnth pnkrmk ib mkenjnanñj quk ih incbfb bi iïontk mki bchtbonkjth mk ib obtrnz, yb quk tbiks ahjmnanhjbjtks obtkrnbiks dbj pkrmnmh su kekath ahj ib kstbfninmbm y ihjckvnmbm quk herkak ki bradnvh mncntbi. Ks phr kiih quk jukstrb prhpukstb pkrshjbi sk db mnrncnmh b rkahjmuanr ki vkathr ouitnpinabmhr mk ib nobckj dbanb htrh hfgktnvh7 ki mk skrvnr pbrb ahjehrobr h ikvbjtbr ib prhpnb hfrb, ks oâs, uj jukvh tnph mk hfrb mk rkprhmuaanñj. Pkrh kiih jh ahj uj skjtnmh mneushr aubsn ninontbmh, tbi y ahoh krb ki trbfbgh ahokjtbmh mk Eîinx Chjzâikz-]hrrks, snjh btkjmnkjmh b uj prnjanpnh konjkjtkokjtk ahjstruatnvnstb rkbinzbmh b pbrtnr mk ibs mnvkrsbs ahpnbs quk ki prhpnh okmnh mk rkprhmuaanñj ckjkrb. Kj mkenjntnvb, ki vkathr ouitnpinabanñj ks trbtbmh ahoh uj ebathr mnjâonah quk kikvb b phtkjanb, h mnadh mk htrh ohmh, mksbrrhiib kj rkvhiuanñj mksmk su prhpnb mnjâonab ckjkrbtnvb, b ib prhpnb nobckj pbrb mhtbrib mk ujb sustbjanbinmbm trnmnokjsnhjbi Qk trbtb tbofnîj, jh sk pukmk jkcbr, mk ujb rkfkinñj ahjtrb ki babfbmh pkrekath, tkrsh, puinmh y frniibjtk abrbatkrïstnah mk ibs noprksnhjks mncntbiks mk

fbsk ehthcrâenab bi ush, ahsb quk b jukstrh kjtkjmkr rksuitb tbj pbranbi ahoh erustrbjtk kj sus tîronjhs piâstnahs. B trbvîs mki pinkcuk, ki ahrtk y mki ush

 

 

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ahjstruatnvnstb mk ibs ahpnbs, bpbrkak ujb jukvb mnokjsnñj skoâjtnab mk y pbrb ib nobckj, quk jh vnkjk mbmb yb phr ibs ikyks ñptnabs, quïonabs h mncntbiks, snjh quk abfk mksaufrnr kj abmb absh, bujquk shih trbs ib hfskrvbanñj rkeikxnvb y, shfrk thmh, b trbvîs mk ib objnpuibanñj eïsnab mki pbpki noprksh phr pbrtk mki prhpnh brtnstb. ]hmbs ibs noâckjks ahjtnkjkj vnrtubiks pujths mk njeikxnñj, rupturb, mhfikz y pikcbonkjth eïsnah, ki añoh y ki mñjmk mk ksths ks bich quk abmb brtnstb db mk sbfkr kjahjtrbr, puks ki btrnfuth mk pibstnanmbm njdkrkjtk b ib batnvnmbm brtïstnab jhs kvhab, bjtks quk ki trbfbgh ahj obtkrnbs y supkrenanks sbarbinzbmbs, kstbfiks y rïcnmbs, ujb abpbanmbm mk njkstbfninmbm k njtkrvkjanñj thtbi shfrk ki shphrtk quk ahjtnkjk ib nobckj. n obckj. Ahj kiih, snj mumb, sk trbk mk jukvh b ib prâatnab brtïstnab thmb ib ekaujmb dkrkjanb kxpkrnokjtbi mki sncih TT, quk jh tnkjk phrquî skr kjbgkjbmb u hivnmbmb kj ki rkjhvbmh kspbanh crâenah mki sncih TTN. Ib njtkrvkjanñj objubi shfrk ibs noâckjks noprksbs iikvb bsï bi obyhr mksbrrhiih y ahjsbcrbanñj mk ibs tîajnabs mki ahiibck , ki bsskofibck , ki mîahiibck , ktaîtkrb< phr htrb pbrtk thmbs kiibs nophrtbjtks hpkrbanhjks tbofnîj kj ibs bpinabanhjks njehroâtnabs bi ush, fbgh ib aho÷j eñrouib mki ’ahrtb, ahpnb y pkcb‟. Phr thmh kiih abfk dhy, kj mkenjntnvb, thobr ib hfrb noprksb shfrk pbpki, bmkoâs mk ahoh purb nobckj, ahoh butîjtnab ’obtkrnb prnob‟ kj uj rkjhvbmh snstkob h kspbanh vnsubi ehrobmh prnjanpbiokjtk phr prhmuaths crâenahs buthckjkrbmhs. buthckjkrbmhs. [j ÷itnoh pbsh kj kstk prhaksh jhs db iikvbmh dbanb htrh tnph mk shiuanhjks kxpbjsnvbs, ahj ib rkbinzbanñj mk crbjmks ehrobths quk rhopkj ihs obrahs ahjvkjanhjbiks mk prkskjtbanñj. Qk trbtb mk uj tnph mk hfrb-njstbibanñj (h phiïptnah) ehrobmb phr vbrnbs pnkzbs mk mnstnjth tbobòh y ehrobth kibfhrbmbs b pbrtnr mk ib supkrphsnanñj mk mhs h trks noâckjks nmîjtnabs. Ahoh kj ihs bjtkrnhrks trbfbghs, ib nmkb mk skrnbanñj snrvk pbrb trbsakjmkr ib

fnmnokjsnhjbinmbm mk ib hfrb crâenab ahjvkjanhjbi y ahjstrunr hfrbs trnmnokjsnhjbiks ehrobmbs phr mhs h oâs ahpnbs nmîjtnabs. Ihs pinkcuks y rbscbmhs, bsnonsoh, biumkj b ahjmnanhjks prhpnbs y kxaiusnvbs mk ib hfrb shfrk pbpki (b ib quk ki biuonjnh shfrk ki quk kstb bmdkrnmh pkrontk mbr ahjsnstkjanb y pkrmurbfninmbm), bsï ahoh mhtbj mk uj ohvnonkjth njqunktbjtk y

 

 

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ahjtnjckjtk b ib hfrb. Pbrbmñgnabokjtk kstbs hfrbs, bujquk kstâj ahjstrunmbs okmnbjtk ujb frkvk skrnbanñj, sñih pukmkj skr snjcuibrks y ÷jnabs.

Gubj O. Ohrh, Pbjñptnah NN, 6026

Jh hfstbjtk, jh ks ib jukstrb jn ahj ouadh ib prnokrb jn ib ÷jnab prhpukstb quk db mktkatbmh ib kxnstkjanb mk pinkcuks y eiunmbs kxpbjsnhjks kj ib rkbinmbm anraujmbjtk. ]biks ekjñokjhs dbj snmh jbrrbmhs bjtks phr buthrks ahoh Ikwns Abrrhii kj Binanb b trbvîs mki kspkgh < njaiush ib ikaanñj quk jhs iikcb mk pkrnhmhs tbj prhmncnhshs ahoh ki Fbrrhah pukmk ikkrsk kj tbjth kxbitbanñj mk ihs ahjakpths mk pinkcuk y kxpbjsnñj< y quî mkanr mk ib eïsnab auâjtnab y ib bstrheïsnab ahj sus bcugkrhs jkcrhs …

 

 

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Fnfinhcrbeïb.

BB. UU., N Ehrh mk Brtk O÷itnpik, Obmrnm, Kstbopb Brtk O÷itnpik, 6026. BB.UU., Batbs mki Ahjcrksh Jbanhjbi7 Ki Mnfugh mki enj mk Onikjnh , Crbjbmb, [jnvkrsnmbm mk Crbjbmb, 6000 BB. UU., Gbspkr Ghdjs7 Shrlnjc Prhhes, Fbsnikb, Lujtsouskuo Fbski, 2>3> BB. UU., Qnophsnh Brtk crâenah y jukvbs tkajhihcïbs, Obmrnm, Eujmbanñj FFUB, 6001 BB. UU., Vkpktnanñj / ]rbjsehrobanñj , Obmrnm, Akjtrh Vknjb Qheïb, 2>>6. BVOQ]VHJC, Kinzbfktd, kt. bit., ]yikr Crbpdnas. ]dk Kxtkjmkm Nobck, Onjjkbphins, 2>43 FKJGBONJ, S., Ib hfrb mk brtk kj ib îphab mk su rkprhmuatnvnmbm , Obmrnm, 2>31. FNALEHVM, G., Jkw Okmnb nj Prnjtoblnjc , Jkw ^hrl, 2>35. FHH]D-AINFFHVJ, Kmwbrm, ]dk Ibjcubck Crbpdnas , Ihjmhj, 2>40 ABIBE, V. (kt bit.), Ukr y ahoprkjmkr ki brtk mki sncih TT, Obmrnm, Qïjtksns, 6000 ABVVK]K, Gubj, Crbfbmh y arkbanñj crâenab , Aubmkrjhs mk Dnsthrnb mki Brtk, Dnsthrnb 25, j· =4. ABQ]KIOBJ,, Vnvb, ]kadjnas bjm Arkbtnvnty , Jkw ^hrl, 2>32. ABQ]KIOBJ ” Prnjts he tdk 60td Akjtury , Ihjmrks, ]dboks bjm Dumshj, 2>44 ADBOFKVIBNJ, S., Bcubeukrtk y crbfbmh , Obmrnm, 2>44. AIBVL, B., y ADBIOKVQ, M., Ib okjtk kxtkjmnmb, Hvnkmh, LVL, 6022 MKIK[WK, Cniiks, Mnekrkjanb y rkpktnanñj , Obmrnm, 2>44