GPM 3ème Edition 3ème
September 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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V O[ -QWMQMY
Keos uo imotlxtl mò j‒boslrtbmo keos jl dmokl kl j‒ldpjmb lst klvloul kl pjus lo pjus kbffbibjl, gleuimup kl peys mot mptâ pmur uo systîdl âkuietbf smjbkl mò j‒ j‒epprloeot pertbibpl á je imostruitbmo kls sevmbrs qub jub plrdlttrmot kl debtrbslr smo lovbrmooldlot lo febseot feil á kls sbtuetbmos kl vbl râljjls, imdpjlxls lt kbvlrsbfbâls, uol âimjl botâ`râl, smuiblusl ku kâvljmppldlot kuregjl, lt prloeot lo imdptl jls iujturls lt jls râqubsbts jmieux á je pjeil k‒ k ‒uol âimjl imupâl kl je smibâtâ. smibâtâ. I‒lst ebosb qul kîs 715;, jl Iedlrmuo e ldgmbtâ jl pes á k‒eutrls peys efrbiebos lt e muvlrt sls pmrtls á j‒EQI qub imdpjîtlre prm`rlssbvldlot j‒EQM cusqu‒lo ijessl kl tlrdboejl lo 7171. Qmur jl `muvlroldlot, i‒lst uo mutbj declur pmur ettlbokrl j‒âdlr`loil lo 719< inepbtrls ku prmclt debs eussb pmur jls irbtbquls imostruitbvls qub mot plrdbs k‒mptbdbslr je quejbtâ kls imurs prmkubts. Je plrflitbmo plrflitbmo âteot utmpbqul, omus evmos j‒botbdl imovbitbmo lt jl flrdl lspmbr qul jls âvlotuljjls imqubjjls qul pmurrebt imotlobr uo kmiudlot kl ilttl imjjlitbmo rloimotrlrmot j‒bokuj`lotl imdprânlosbmo kls utbjbsetlurs. [mutlfmbs, tmutls âvlotuljjls su``lstbmos mu irbtbquls imostruitbvls pluvlot ãtrl lovmyâ jlmpmumhedA`debj.imd mu mu `hpplkrmAyenmm.fr , vbe j‒ j‒uol kls ekrlssls debjs subveotls 3 3 jlmpmumhedA`debj.imd [mus jls loslb`oeots mu pessbmooâs kl detnâdetbquls kâsbreot febrl pertbl kl je fedbjjl « @QD ¸ lt kbspmobgjls á pertbibplr eux futurs prmclts ku `rmupl pluvlot âirbrl vbe wnetsepp á j‒uo kls ekdbobstretlurs ib-klssmus omddâs3 D. @ \L J E H E DK L D Qb Qbl lrr l (620 ;09 2 112 657), D. QM\MH E D O@ \L @ \B D J âmpmjk Juiblo (626 121 796/6 167 252
FL\KCBM CLEO CEIU\LY [EINE@M PEGM PBJFWBLK
626 6;2 >>;
IMMWKMOOLLY K‒\O VLI[L\W D\J[BQJBIE[BMO K‒\O VLI[L\W
QEW \O WLLJ LU\E[BMOY KL KWMB[L NMDM[NL[BLY YLI[BMO K‒\OL QRWEDBKL M\ K‒\O IMOL
EOKLWYMO [INM\OEO@ OEOE LDLWLOIL HEJ PEDB KEPE YLW@LY [EINE@M PEGM PBJFWBLK EOKLWYMO lt HM\OE OKMOM EWILOLY
622 ;2; 605 6 Lirbturl k‒uol âquetbmo iertâsblool k‒uol krmbtl krmbtl ...................................................................................... ......................................................... ............................. 5 lt 97, pubs lo kâkubrl jlur Q@IK 7) Lfflitulr je kbvbsbmo luijbkblool kl lt 97 lst
OG 3 jl Q@IK kl klux lotblrs oeturljs lst jl prmkubt kls feitlurs imdduos á ils klux omdgrls.
7)
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJÎDL Jl pîrl k‒E`oîs âjîvl kl je ijessl kl trmbsbîdl e jl prmclt kl ierrljlr jl smj kl smo sejmo kl
kbdlosbmos á j‒ebkl kls ierrleux. Bj ol vmukrebt pes kls imupls kl ierrleux, ob k‒lspeils lotrl k‒lspeils lotrl klux ierrleux imosâiutbfs pmsâs eu smj. Bj febt epplj á se fbjjl E`oîs pmur kâtlrdbolr jl omdgrl kl ierrleux ierrleux dbobdud oâilssebrl oâilssebrl pmur je râejbsetbmo kl il prmclt. Ebklr E`oîs á kâtlrdbolr il omdgrl kl ierrleu.
EI[BVB[Â K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L 5) Kâtlrdbolr jl jl Q@IK kl ;67 lt 7
Jlàmo 3 Omdgrls retbmooljs
Jls pubsseoils.
Je dujtbpjbietbmo lt je kbvbsbmo.
J‒ekkbtbmo J‒ek kbtbmo lt je smustreitbmo.
L^LWIBILY K‒EQQJBIE[BM K‒EQQJBIE[BMO O
Iejiujlr jls omdgrls brrâkuitbgjl.
subveots lt kmoolr jl râsujtet smus fmrdl kl freitbmo
8
8
8
8
8
.
Ymjut Ymjut bmo kl j‒lxlribil k‒eppjbietbmo
Iejiujmos jls omdgrls subveots.
. /
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Omdgrls retbmooljs
Kmoejk [E@OB. © Qe`l 52 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 3 Omdgrls retbmooljs
EI[BVB[L K‒BO[L@WE[BMO K‒BO[L@WE[BMO
derineokbsl jl detbo lt jl 7/9 kl il qu'bj jub j ub rlstebt 5) \o derineok e vloku ;7
INEQB[WL 9
JLY OMDGWLY WLLJY BO[LWL[ Jls omdgrls râljs mot pmur botârãt kl imdgjlr jl deoqul jebssâ jebssâ per j‒losldgjl kls omdgrls retbmooljs keos je râsmjutbmo kl ilrtebols sbtuetbmos.
DM[BVE[BMO Kls omdgrlux prmgjîdls kl je vbl smot dmkâjbsâs `rçil á je imooebsseoil qu‒mo e sur jls omdgrls râljs, râljs, sur jls reibols ierrâ ierrâls ls lt kls botlrvejjls. Mo jls utbjbsl pmur kâtlrd kâtlrdbolr bolr jls vejlurs lxeitls kls kbdlosbmos kls mgclts, kls dlugjls, pmur imdduobqulr jls bofmrdetbmos.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 OMDGWLY WLLJY
KCMHM Wmkrb`ul © Qe`l 75 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 5 3 Weibols ierrâls
JLÀMO 5
Weibols ierrâls K ur urâ âl 3 7
Jlàmo 5 3 Weibols ierrâls
Ebkl GM@OM á trmuvlr jl imtâ kl ineiuo kls ierrâs kl se plboturl.
EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L Mo imosbkîrl je plboturl kl GM@OM rlprâslotâl r lprâslotâl ib-klssus ib-klssus..
5) Iejiujl j‒ebrl kl ineiuo kls kl s ierrâs 7) Uuljs smot jls ierrâs pmur jlsquljs bj lst feibjl kl kâtlrdbolr je dlsurl ku imtâ = Qmurqumb = Kmool je dlsurl ku imtâ pmur ils ierrâs.
9)
Imostrubs uo ierrâ kl iûtâ 5id lt dlsurl jl pjus prâibsâdlot pmssbgjl je kbe`moejl
kl il ierrâ. E qumb kmbt ãtrl â`ej á
Iejiujl k· evli je vejlur dlsurâl. Uul imostetls-tu = (je vejlur lxeitl kl
reibol ierrâl kl 7). Imdpjîtl jls â`ejbtâs subveotls 3
(∓ )) (∓ ))
s‒eppljjl je
[rmuvl ejmrs jls jmo`ulurs lxeitls kls iûtâs kls ierrâs mreo`l lt ceuol.
K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L WLYMJ\[BMO KL J‒EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L
(∓ )) (∓ )) ∓ ∓ ∓ (∓ ) 5) Ierrâ gjlu 3 ebrl
8 Ierrâ mreo`l 3
Ierrâ ceuol 3
Ierrâ vlrt 3
7) Ierrâ gjlu 3
8 Ierrâ vlrt 3
9)
K‒eprîs je prmprbâtâ kl Qytne`mrl, Q ytne`mrl,
Mo imostetl qul
lst esslz prminl
kl .
Ejmrs jl iûtâ lxeitl ku ierrâ mreo`l lst
lt iljub ku ierrâ ceuol lst
.
WLY\DL
Mo eppljjl reibol ierrâl k‒uo omdgrl pmsbtbf , jl omdgrl pmsbtbf omtâ
kmot jl ierrâ kmot
lst â`ej á Qmur tmut
Qmur tmut
∓ ∓
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 OMDGWLY WLLJY
KCMHM Wmkrb`ul © Qe`l 79 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 5 3 Weibols ierrâls
∓
Keos j‒âirbturl
jl sydgmjl jl
∓
∓ ∓
s‒eppljjl jl rekbiej lt jl omdgrl
ierrâl kl Jls omdgrls qub pluvlot s‒âirbrl smus je fmrdl
sl jbt reibol
smot kls omdgrls
brretbmooljs, bjs pluvlot evmbr uol pertbl kâibdejl lst bjjbdbtâl.
Qmur tmut
∓ ∓
OG 3 Je reibol ierrâl k‒uo omdgrl oâ`etbf o‒lxbstl pes. (Keos j‒losldgjl kls omdgrls râljs).
Lxldpjl
∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓∓ ∓ ∓ ∓
K‒EQQJBIE[BMO L^LWIBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BMO 5) Iejiujlr 3
7) Iejiujl je jmo`ulur kl je kbe`moejl k‒uo ierrâ kl iûtâ 9id. Kmool se dlsurl lo id errmokbl eu kbxbîdl.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 OMDGWLY WLLJY
KCMHM Wmkrb`ul © Qe`l 7; sur 5>7
JLÀMO 7
Mpâretbmos sur jls reibols ierrâls K ur urâ âl 3 7
Jlàmo 9 3 Losldgjl kls omdgrls râljs
9) ekdlttre eu dmbos uol smjutbmo. Bj s‒e`bt kl j‒losldgjl kls omdgrls râljs W. Ebosb âqubveut á
∓ ∓
WLY\DL ℓ
ℓ
Losldgjl kls
Losldgjl kls
Losldgjl kls
Losldgjl kls
omdgrls lotblrs
omdgrls lotblrs
omdgrls
omdgrls retbmooljs
oeturljs
rljetbfs 3
kâibdeux
(qub imotblot tmus
rljetbfs
jls omdgrls
(omdgrls á
pmuveot s‒âirbrl s‒âirbrl
kâibdejls
smus je fmrdl mò
| } }
jbdbtâls)
}
Lotblrs pmsbtbfs 3
Kâibdeux pmsbtbfs 3
Freitbmo 3 uol âirbturl ku omdgrl
lst
Lotblrs oâ`etbfs
oâ`etbfs 3
Freitbmo
Kâibdeux
âqubvejlotls 3
sb`obfbl qul sb`obfbl
ℓℓ ℓ Lxldpjl 3 8 1,;
;
Bj lxbstl kls omdgrls qub ol smot pes retbmooljs 3 Ils omdgrls smot eppljâs kls omdgrls
brretbmooljs. Je râuobmo kl j‒losldgjl kls omdgrls retbmooljs lt j‒losldgjl kls omdgrls brretbmooljs lst omtâ
jbrl losldgjl kls omdgrls râljs.
Jls omdgrls qub imotbloolot jl sydgmjl brretbmooljs
∓
eppljâ rekbiej smot kls omdgrls
lst uo omdgrl brretbmoolj.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 OMDGWLY WLLJY
KCMHM Wmkrb`ul © Qe`l 72 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 9 3 Losldgjl kls omdgrls râljs
ℓ
.
L^LW IBIL IBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BM K‒EQQJBIE[BMO O 5) \tbjbsl je iejiujetrbil lt kmool je trmoieturl kls omdgrls subveots á trmbs kâibdejls 3
∓ ∓
7) [rmuvl keos ineiuo kls ies subveots 3
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 OMDGWLY WLLJY
KCMHM Wmkrb`ul © Qe`l 91 sur 5>7
JLÀMO ;
Imdperebsmos kls omdgrls râljs lt prboibpls k‒ loiekrldlots K ur urâ âl 3 511 db db outl outlss
DM[BVE[BMO Keos je vbl qumtbkblool, mo utbjbsl utbjb sl jls imdperebsmos lt jls loiekrldlots keos jls sbtuetbmos kl vbl pmur prâvmbr jls kâplosls keos jls mpâretbmos k‒einets. k‒einets.
MGCLI[BFY QLKE@M@BU\LY
Imdperlr klux omdgrls râljs Loiekrlr uo omdgrl per klux omdgrls kâibdeux kl dãdl kâibdejl Loiekrlr uol smddl kl klux omdgrls, uol kbffârloil kl klux omdgrls per klux omdgrls kâibdeux kl dãdl kâibdejl Loiekrlr uo prmkubt kl klux om omdgrls, dgrls, uo qumtblot kl klux omdgrls omdgrls per klux klux
omdgrls kâibdeux kl dãdl kâibdejl QWLWLU\BY
5) Ibtl jls lotblrs rljetbfs imdprbs lotrl Wâpmosl 3 7) Imdperl
Wâpmosl Wâpmosl 3 3
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJLDL Eu derinâ kl Heb-Heb, jl hbjm`reddl kl vbeokl kl dmutmo verbl lotrl 7911FIFE lt 707
Jlàmo ; 3 Imdperebsmos kls omdgrls râljs lt prboibpls k‒loiekrldlots
∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ Yb Yb
Yb Yb
ejmrs ejmrs ejmrs lt I uo omdgrl râlj ejmrs lt I uo omdgrl râlj pmsbtbf ejmrs
Yb Yb
lt I uo omdgrl râlj oâ`etbf ejmrs ejmrs
Lxldpjl 3
kâsb`olot kls omdgrls râljs pmsbtbf tljs qul 3 mo e jls loiekrldlots 3
Je smddl J‒mppmsâ Je kbffârloil J‒bovlrsl
Jl prmkubt Jl qumtblot
Lxldpjl Lxldpjl 3 3
L^LWIBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BMO K‒EQQJBIE[BMO Mo kmool
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 OMDGWLY WLLJY
Loiekrl
KCMHM Wmkrb`ul © Qe`l 99 sur 5>7
JLÀMO <
Botlrvejjls, botlrslitbmos lt râuobmos kl klux botlrvejjls K ur urâ âl 3 511 db db outl outlss
DM[BVE[BMO Keos je vbl qumtbkblool, kls smjutbmos á ilrtebos prmgjîdls kl je vbl smot dmkâjbsâs `rçil á je imooebsseoil imooebsseo il qu‒mo e kls botlrvejjls botlrvejjls 3 kmoolr uol vejlur epprminâl kl je jmo`ulur k‒uo seut lo neutlur lt imdduobqulr kls bofmrdetbmos.
MGCLI[BFY QLKE@M@BU\LY
Wlimooebtrl uo botlrvejjl. [rekubrl uo botlrvejjl smus fmrdl k‒boâ`ejbtâ lt râibprmquldlot. râibprmquldlot. Kâtlrdbolr je râuobmo lt j‒botlrslitbmo j‒b otlrslitbmo kl klux botlrvejjls. botlrvejjls.
QWLWLU\BY 5) Uu‒lst Uu‒lst--il qu‒uol gmrol = gmrol = 7) Uu‒lst Uu‒lst--il qu‒uo botlrvejjl = botlrvejjl = kmool uo lxldpjl. Wâpmosl 3 Gmrol lst uol derqul kl sâperetbmo. \o botlrvejjl lst uo losldgjl kls omdgrls imdprbs lotrl klux omdgrls. Lxldpjl botlrvejjl kl 7 á 51.
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJLDL Keos uol rugrbqul « bosmjbtl lt lxpjmbts ¸ jl jbvrl kls rlimrks 5221 omus epprlok qu‒lo 52>5, Mo e febt seutlr á 97,79kd jl gmuinmo k‒uol gmutlbjjl kl inedpe`ol. inedpe`ol. Weppmrts kls cu`ls. \o lovmyâ spâibej sur pjeil kâvmbjl pmur omus jls reppmrts âirbts kls cu`ls E lt G qub mot
dlsurâ sâperâdlot je jmo`ulur ku seut.
Cu`l E 3 Cu`l G 3
GM@OM lst uo omuvleu âjîvl kl 9ldl.Bj sl kldeokl keos qulj jeo`e`l ineiuo kls cu`ls e febt smo reppmrt lt jlqulj kls cu`ls e âtâ jl pjus prâibs = Ebkl-jl. @QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 OMDGWLY WLLJY
KCMHM Wmkrb`ul © Qe`l 9; sur 5>7
Jlàmo < 3 Botlrvejjls, botlrslitbmos lt râuobmos kl klux botlrvejjls
EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L
[reil uol krmbtl
5) Derqul sur 7) Derqul sur
`rekuâl kl rlpîrl
.
lo rmu`l L 3 j‒losldgjl kls pmbots kmot j‒egsibssl sl trmuvl lotrl
lo gjlu F 3 j‒losldgjl kls pmbots kmot j‒egsibssl lst supârblur mu â`ej á
9) Qlux- tu trekubrl per uol boâ`ejbtâ boâ`ejbtâ j‒losldgjl kls pmbots kmot j‒egsibssl vârbfbl L lt F á je fmbs. ;) [rekubs per per uol boâ`e boâ`ejbtâ jbtâ j‒losldgjl kkls ls pmbots kmot j‒egsibssl vârbfbl L mu F. F. sur 5>7
Jlàmo 5 3 Lxprlssbmo jbttârejl
e. Kâtlrdbomos j‒ebrl tmtejl 3
Mo sebt qul
g. Mo eppljjl jls lxprlssbmos
lt
9) Iejiuj kl je vejlur oudârbqul kl j‒ebrl tmtejl
jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls
pmur 4 9
Mo sebt qul
Kâtlrdbomos lo fmoitbmo kl j‒ebrl kl je surfeil ku sejmo á ierrljlr Mo sebt qul je surfeil kl Je kmuinl lst 3 K‒mò je @reokl Gesl
, je Qltbtl Gesl
lt se neutlur
K‒eprîs je fmrdujl mo e 3
Iejiujl je suplrfbibl kl je kmuinl kl Dmosblur Omen sb 4 9
Je suplrfbibl kl je kmuinl kl Dmosblur Omen lst kl
WLY\DL KLFBOB[BMO \ol lxprlssbmo jbttârejl lst uol lxprlssbmo qub imotblot uol mu pjusblurs jlttrls lt perfmbs kls omdgrls. Ils jlttrls smot eppljâls Verbegjls L xldpjl xldpjlss
lst uol lxprlssbmo jbttârejl kl verbegjl .
lst uol lxprlssbmo jbttlrejl kl verbegjls .
JE VEJL\W O\DLWBU\L K‒\OL L^QWLYYBMO JB[[LWEJL I‒lst je vejlur mgtloul jmrsqu‒mo rldpjeil tmutls sls verbegjls (jlttrls) per kls omdgrls kmooâs L xldpjl xldpjl
Iejiujl je vejlur oudârbqul kls lxprlssbmos subveotls @QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l 92 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 5 3 Lxprlssbmo jbttârejl
’
Ymjut Ym jutbmo bmo
Iejiujl kl je vejlur oudârbqul kl pmur 4 9
Iejiujl vejlur oudârbqul kl pmur 4 7< lt 4 2
K‒EQQJBIE[BMO O L^LWIBILY K‒EQQJBIE[BM Mo imosbkîrl jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls subveotls 3
Iejiujl je vejlur oudârbqul kl
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
pmur
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l ;1 sur 5>7
JLÀMO 7
Mpâretbmos sur jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls K ur urâ âl 3 lst imdpmsâ kl > uo inbffrl
7) Wepplj kl je rî`jl kl kbstrbgutbvbtâ J e rrî î`jl `j l k kl lk kbb strb strbg gutbvb utbvbtâ tâ
9) Imddlot reo`lr jls omdgrls subveot j‒mrkrl kldeokâ
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJLDL Ejebo vlut fegrbqulr uol tegjl trbeo`ujebrl EGI imddl j‒bokbqul je fb`url ib-klssmus. ib-klssmus. Ol kbspmseot pes kl dîtrl rugeo, bj sl slrt kl 9 dmrileux kl gmbs kl kbdlosbmos rlsplitbvls
51
,>
6
. Qubs k‒uo jeilt kl jmo`ulur boimooul 8 Eprls jls dlsurls, bj trmuvl 3
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l ;5 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 7 3 Mpâretbmos sur jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls
Ymo fbjs qub jub essbstl kbt 3 « Uulj qul smbt je jmo`ulur ku jeilt, jl trbeo`jl
¸ Qrmuvl qul j‒effbrdetbmo kl smo fbjs lst tmucmurs vrebl sb 4 51
lst rliteo`jl.
K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L EI[BVB[Â K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@
Jl rliteo`jl ib-imotrl e kls kbdlosbmos ebosb bokbquâls. lst uo omdgrl pmsbtbf. Jls iûtls
lt
smot rlprâslotâs rlsplitbvldlot per kls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls subveotls je jer`lur lt je jmo`ulur
5) Ibtl jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls qub imostbtulot
Imddlot plut-mo loimrl eppljlr ils lxprlssbmos =
Kmool uo omd á j‒lxprlssbmo j‒lxprlssbmo kl je jmo`ulur J lt kl je jer`lur j
7) Iejiujl jl kldb- pârbdîtrl pârbdîtrl kl il rliteo`jl rliteo`jl lt mrkmool j‒lxprlssbmo ku kl kldb db- pârbdîtrl subveot subveot j‒mrkrl irmbsseot kl je verbegjl râljjl râljjl Kâkubs jl kl`râ kl j‒lxprlssbmo ku kldb-pârbdîtrl. kldb -pârbdîtrl. 9) Qlux râpmokrl á je qulstbmo kl je sbtuetbmo
prmgjîdl = Wâsmjutbmo kl j‒eitbvbtâ j‒eitbvbtâ k‒epprlotbsse`l k‒epprlotbsse`l 3
5) Ibtmos jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls qub imostbtulot 3
J‒lxprlssbmo
J‒lxprlssbmo
lst imostbtuâl kl
lst imostbtuâl kl
Mo eppljjl jls lxprlssbmos
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
kls dmoûdls.
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l ;7 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 7 3 Mpâretbmos sur jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls
Jls lxprlssbmos kl je jmo`ulur lt kl je jer`lur s‒eppljjlot jls pmjyoûdls pmjyoûdls
7) Iejiujl ku kldb-pârbdîtrl kl il rliteo`jl 8
Mo sebt qul KQ4 +
3
- Mrkmoomos j‒lxprlssbmo ku kldbkldb- pârbdîtrl pârbdîtrl subveot j‒mrkrl irmbsseot kl je verbegjl râljjl
Kâkuitbmo 3 jl kl`râ kl j‒lxprlssbmo ku kldb-pârbdîtrl. kldb -pârbdîtrl. I ‒lst ‒lst 7 7
9) Qrmuvmos qul j‒effbrdetbmo kl smo fbjs lst tmucmurs vrebl. Omus klvmos dmotrlr qul jl ierrâ ku pjus jmo` imtâ lst â`ej á je smddl kls ierrâs kls klux eutrls imtâs
Mo e 3
Kmoi 3
, i‒lst-á-kbrl i‒lst-á-kbrl qul jl trbeo`jl
e tmucmurs uol fmrdl
trbeo`ujebrl rliteo`jl. rliteo`jl. K‒mò j‒effbrdetbmo kl smo fbjs lst tmucmurs vrebl
WLY\DL KLFBOB[BMO 5
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l ;9 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 7 3 Mpâretbmos sur jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls
\o dmoûdl 3 uo dmoûdl kl je verbegjl x lst uol lxprlssbmo jbttârejl kl je fmrdl
, mò
lst uo omdgrl imlffbiblot mu imosteoil, lst eppljâ boimooul lt lst uo lotblr oeturlj eppljâ kl`râ ku dmoûdl. L xldpjl xldpjlss
lst uo dmoûdl kl imlffbiblot , kl verbegjl lt kl kl`râ > lst uo dmo dmoûdl ûdl kl imlffbiblot >, kl verbegjl x lt kl kl`râ 1.
1 lst uo dmo dmoûdl ûdl kl
imlffbiblot 1, kl verbegjl x lt kl kl`râ 1. \o pmjyoûdl lst uol smddl ej`âgrbqul kl pjusblurs dmoûdls kl dãdl verbegjl. Je verbegjl plut ãtrl o‒bdpmrtl quljjl jlttrl kl j‒ejpneglt. j‒ejpneglt. Jl kl`râ k‒u k‒uoo pmjyoûdl lst iljub iljub kl smo dmoûdl kl pjus neut kl`râ. L xldpjl xldpjl
lst uo pmjyoûdl kl verbegjl t lt kl kl`râ 7. Mo omtl 3
KLFBOB[BMO 7
Kâvljmpplr uo pmjyoûdl mu uol lxprlssbmo i‒lst j‒âirbrl seos perlotnîsl, i‒lst-ái‒lst-á-kbrl kbrl j‒âirbrl smus je fmrdl k‒uol smddl ej`âgrbqul k‒eutrls lxprlssbmos pjus sbdpjls (dmoûdls). L xldpjl xldpjl
Kâvljmppl jls lxprlssbmos subveotls 3
Ymjutbb mo Ymjut
Kâvljmppmoss jls lxprlssbmos subveotls Kâvljmppmo
Qmur kâvljmpplr uol lxprlssbmo jbttârejl, mo plut utbjbslr 3
je prmprbâtâ kl kbstrbgutbvbtâ kl je dujtbpjbietbmo sur j‒ekkbtbmo lt je smustreitbmo smustreitbmo
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l ;; sur 5>7
Jlàmo 7 3 Mpâretbmos sur jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls
L xldpjl xldpjl
Kâvljmppl jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls subveotls
e.
’
g. i.
k.
Jls bklotbtâs rlderquegjls 3
L xldpjl xldpjl
Kâvljmppl jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls subveotls
Wâkubrl uol lxprlssbmo jbttârejl, i‒lst j‒âirbrl evli evl i dmbos kl tlrdls. Qmur ilje, mo rl`rmupl jls tlrdls sldgjegjls efbo k‒lfflitulr jls mpâretbmos epprmprbâls vbseot á râkubrl jls kbffârlotls lxprlssbmos. L xldpjl xldpjl
Wâkubs j‒lxprlssbmo subveotl 3 Ymjut jutbb mo Ym
Wâkubsmos j‒lxpr lssbmo lssbmo
subveotl
Mrkmoolr uo pmjyoûdl rlvblot á jl reo`lr ku dmoûdl jl pjus neut kl`râ á iljub ku pjus pltbt kl`râ (subveot jls pubsseoils kâirmbsseotls) kâirmbsseotls) mu ejmrs ku dmoûdl eu pjus pltbt kl`râ á iljub eu pjus neut kl`râ (subveot jls pubsseo pubsseoils ils irmbsseo irmbsseotls). tls). W lderqul 5
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l ;< sur 5>7
Jlàmo 7 3 Mpâretbmos sur jls lxprlssbmos jbttârejls
Uueok mo e uo (+) klveot je perlotnîsl, mo supprbdl jls perlotnîsls seos rblo febrl k‒eutrl. Uueok mo e uo (-) klveot je perlotnîsl, mo supprbdl jls perlotnîsls debs lo ineo`leot tmus jls sb`ols kls dmoûdls qub sl trmuvlot tr muvlot á j‒botârblur kls perlotnîsls lo jlur mppmsâ. L xldpjl xldpjl
W lderqul 7
Keos uo kâvljmppldlot k‒uol lxprlssbmo jbttârejl, j‒mrkrl kl prbmrbtâ lst jl subveot 3
J‒âjâvetbmo á uol pubsseoil 8 8
Jls mpâretbmos lotrl perlotnîsls 8
Je dujtbpjbietbmo mu je kbvbsbmo 8
J‒ekkbtbmo mu je smustreitbmo.
L^LWIBILY K‒EQQJBIE[BM K‒EQQJBIE[BMO O Ymbt j‒lxprlssbmo jbttârejl
5. Kâvljmppl, râkubs lt mrkmool 7. Kmool jl kl`râ kl
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
subveot je j e pubsseoil kâirmbsseotl kl
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l ;6 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 9 3 [eo`lotl k‒uo eo`jl keos uo trbeo`jl
JLÀMO 9
Feitmrbsetbmo K ur urâ âl 3 7
Jlàmo 9 3 [eo`lotl k‒uo eo`jl keos uo trbeo`jl
Mo imosbkîrl je fb`url ib-klssmus mò EGIK lst uo ierrâ kl iûtâ lt LF@N jl pltbt ierrâ kl iûtâ iûtâ
.
e) Lirbrl j‒ebrl g) Mo omtl
kl EGIK lt j‒ebrl
kl LF@N lo fmoitbmo kl .
j‒ebrl kl je pertbl neinurâl lt mo omtl
. Lirbs
smus fmrdl
kl prmkubts kl feitlurs prldblrs i) Qlux-tu eppmrtlr jls âjâdlots kl râpmosl á je sbtuetbmo prmgjîdl = Wâsmjutbmo kl j‒eitbvbtâ j‒eitbvbtâ k‒epprlotbsse`l k‒epprlotbsse`l
e) Lirbvmos j‒ebrl
kl EGIK lt kl j‒ebrl
4 ( ∗ )( ∗ ) 4 ·∗
8
g) Lirbvmos j‒ebrl
kl LF@N lo fmoitbmo kl
+
kl prmkubt kl feitlur prldblr
4 Ð 4 ·
4
∗
4 ·∗
4 · ∗ ·8
i) Vârbfbmos sb Freoàmbs lt j‒einltlur mot rebsmo rebsmo
( ) ’ ’
’ ’ )) 4
(7x
K‒mò jls klux mot rebsmo. rebsmo.
WLY\DL KLFBOB[BMO Feitmrbslr uol lxprlssbmo i‒lst j‒âirbrl smus je fmrdl k‒uo k‒uo prmkubt prmkubt kl feitlurs. g) Dâtnmkls kl feitmrbsetbmo Mo e3
\tbjbsetbmo kls bklotbtâs rlderquegjls.
’
L xldpjl xldpjl
Feitmrbslr jls lxprlssbmos subveotls 3
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Iejiuj jbttârej
Reooboih OMEN. © Qe`l ;> sur 5>7
Jlàmo 9 3 [eo`lotl k‒uo eo`jl keos uo trbeo`jl
Ymjut Ym jutbmo bmo
Feitmrbsmos jls lxprlssbmos subveotls
E 4 · + ; + ;
4 · ∗ 6 + 2
4 ( )· + 7( )(7) + (7)·
4 ( )· ∗ 7( )(9) + (9)·
E 4 (x + 7)· E 4 ( + )( + )
G 4 (x (x ’ ’ 9)· 9)· G4 ( ∗ )( ∗ )
I4 ( ∗
)( +
)
K4 ( ∗ 5 ∗
71
Imostrubsmos jl kbe`reddl á jb`ol grbsâls essmibâ á ilttl sârbl stetbstbqul.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Ytetbstbquls
K@M\D[YMQ [BOKM [âjlspnmrl. © Qe`l 29 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 7 3 Kbe`reddls
L^LWIBILY K‒EQQJBIE[BM K‒EQQJBIE[BMO O
Ymbt je sârbl subveotl pmrteot sur j‒ç`l kls âjîvls kl je trmbsbîdl lspe`omjl5 ku jyiâl kl Heheterl-Dermue 3 Ç`ls
57
59
5;
5<
56
50
[mtej
Lfflitbfs
9
6
59
2
9
5
9<
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Ytetbstbquls
K@M\D[YMQ [BOKM [âjlspnmrl. © Qe`l 2; sur 5>7
Jlàmo 7 3 Kbe`reddls
[ r eve vebb j á febr febrl l
Febtls je rlprâslotetbmo `repnbqul lo geokl, ibriujebrl, sldb-ibriujebrl, á gçtmos lt á jb`ols grbsâls.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Ytetbstbquls
K@M\D[YMQ [BOKM [âjlspnmrl. © Qe`l 2< sur 5>7
Dmkujl 5<
IMOFB@\WE[BMOY L[ [WEOYFMWDE[BMOY LJLDLO[EBWLY K\ QJEO
INEQB[WL 2
EO@JLY BOYIWB[Y L[ QMJR@MOLY WL@\JBLWY
JLÀMO 5
Eo`jls bosirbts K ur urâ âl 3 1±.
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJLDL CLEO lt QE\J smot rlsplitbvldlot klux cmulurs
lt
k‒uol dãdl âqubpl kl fmmtgejj.
Jmrs k‒uol sâeoil k‒lotreïoldlot k‒lotreïoldlot kl tbrs eu gut, CLEO, QE\J lt jls pblks kl pmtleux E lt G smot sur uo dãdl ilrijl imddl jl dmotrl je fb`url ib-klssmus.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
YMQ[B Vmjtebrl. © Qe`l 2> sur 5>7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
Jlàmo 5 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
J‒lotreïolur vmukrebt sevmbr sb CLEO lt QE\J mot jls dãdls ineoils kl derqulr uo gut. Ebkl-jl á râpmokrl á se prâmiiupetbmo.
EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L Ymbt uo ilrijl kl ilotrl lt kl reymo
( ) ( ) ) () ( ) () () ( ( ) ( )( ( ) ) ) (
5) Imostrubrl trbeo`jl
.
lt pjeilr pjeilr jl jlss pmbots , lt sur
tlj qul jl ilotrl
smbt keos jl
.
7) Kâdmotrlr qul jls trbeo`jls
,
smot tmus bsmiîjls. b smiîjls.
9) e) Kmoolr Kmoolr uol rljetbmo lotrl g) Kmoolr je rljetbmo lotrl
i) Kmoolr uol rljetbmo lotrl
lt
lt ,
.
.
.
lt
k) Kmoolr uol rljetbmo lotrl , lt ;) Lo utbjbseot je qulstbmo 9), kmoolr uol rljetbmo lotrl
lt
.
.
WLY\DL KLFBOB[BMOY-VMIEG\JEBWL 3 Eo`jl bosirbt Kâfbobtbmo 5 3 Keos uo ilrijl, uo eo`jl bosirbt lst uo eo`jl kmot jl smddlt eppertblot eu ilrijl lt kmot jls imtâs imuplot jl ilrijl lo klux pmbots kbstboits.
Lxldpjl 5 3 -
Vmbib quljquls lxldpjls k'eo`jls bosirbts 3
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
YMQ[B Vmjtebrl. © Qe`l 22 sur 5>7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
(5) 3 J'eo`jl (7) 3 J'eo`jl (9) 3 J'eo`jl -
lst uo eo`jl bosirbt qub botlrilptl j'eri kl ilrijl lst uo eo`jl bosirbt qub botlrilptl j'eri kl ilrijl lst uo eo`jl bosirbt qub botlrilptl j'eri kl ilrijl
Keos j‒eitbvbtâ botrmkuitbvl, jls eo`jls
,
lt
Jlàmo 5 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
. . .
smot kls eo`jls bosirbts.
3 Eo`jl eu ilotrl Kâfbobtbmo 7 3
Keos uo ilrijl, uo eo`jl eu ilotrl lst uo eo`jl kmot jl sm smddlt ddlt lst jl ilotrl k‒uo ilrijl. ilrijl.
Lxldpjl 7 3 -
vmbib quljquls lxldpjls k'eo`jls eu ilotrl 3
(5) 3 J'eo`jl (7) 3 J'eo`jl (9) 3 J'eo`jl -
lst uo eo`jl eu ilotrl qub botlrilptl j'eri kl ilrijl
.
lst uo eo`jl eu ilotrl qub botlrilptl j'eri kl ilrijl
.
lst uo eo`jl bosirbt qub botlrilptl j'eri kl ilrijl
Keos j‒eitbvbtâ botrmkuitbvl, jls eo`jls
Vmiegujebrl 3
kâsb`ol uo ilrijl kl ilotrl . ,
. j'eo`jl
j'eo`jl eu ilotrl
lst
,
smot kls eo`jls eu ilotrl
lt smot pmbots kbstboits ku ilrijl
uo eo`jl bosirbt keos jl ilrijl
.
lt
.
qub botlrilptl jl dãdl eri
lst j'eo`jl eu ilotrl essmibâ á j‒eo`jl bosirbt bosirbt
Mo kbt qul j'eo`jl
tlj qul
.
qul
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
YMQ[B Vmjtebrl. © Qe`l 511 sur 5>7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
Jlàmo 5 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
QWMQWBL[LY K‒EO@JLY BOYIWB[Y Qrmprbâtâ 5 3 Keos uo ilrijl, sb uo eo`jl bosirbt botlrilptl jl dãdl eri (pltbt eri) qu‒uo eo`jl eu ilotrl, ejmrs je dlsurl kl j‒eo`jl bosirbt lst je dmbtbâ kl iljjl kl j‒eo`jl eu ilotrl. ilotrl.
Lxldpjl 9 3 Keos j‒eitbvbtâ botrmkuitbvl, Qrmprbâtâ 7 3
Keos uo ilrijl, sb uo eo`jl bosirbt botlrilptl jl `reok eri ejmrs smo eo`jl eu ilotrl essmibâ lst uo eo`jl rlotreot lt mo e je rljetbmo 3
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
YMQ[B Vmjtebrl. © Qe`l 515 sur 5>7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
Jlàmo 5 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
̊
mu loimrl
Qrmprbâtâ 9 3 Keos uo ilrijl, sb klux eo`jls bosirbts botlrilptlot jl dãdl eri, ejmrs bjs mot je dãdl dlsurl.
Qrmprbâtâ ; 3 3 Ymbt uo kbedîtrl ku ilrijl lt uo pmbot kl il uo
ilrijl kbstboit kls pmbots lt . Ejmrs jl trbeo`jl lst rliteo`jl lo .
L^LWIBILY K‒EQQJBIE[BM K‒EQQJBIE[BMO O B-
Keos je fb`url ib-klssmus, jls pmbots E, G lt I smot sur jl ilrijl kl ilotrl B .
5) Wlprmkubrl je fb`url. 7) e) Imjmrlr lo rmu`l j‒eri kl ilrijl botlrilptâ per j‒eo`jl bosirbt
.
g) Derqulr lo gjlu j‒eo`jl eu ilotrl qub botlrilptl jl dãdl eri kl ilrijl ilrijl qul j‒eo`jl bosirbt
9) Yeineot qul
.
, kâtlrdbolr kâtlrdbolr lloo custbfbeot, je dlsurl kl j‒eo`jl
.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
YMQ[B Vmjtebrl. © Qe`l 517 sur 5>7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
BB-
Jlàmo 5 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
Keos je fb`url ib-klssmus, jls pmbots , , lt eppertbloolot eu ilrijl kl ilotrl
tlj qul
.
5) Kâtlrdbolr lo custbfbeot, je dlsurl kl
j‒eo`jl
.
7) Kâtlrdbolr lo custbfbeot, je dlsurl kl j‒eo`jl
5) pubs kâkubrl iljjl iljjl ku ierrâ LF@N.
.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
YMQ[B Vmjtebrl. © Qe`l 519 sur 5>7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
JLÀMO 7
Qmjy`mols râ`ujblrs K ur urâ âl 3 7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
Jlàmo 7 3 Qmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJLDL Keos jl iekrl kl je sldebol kls sibloils, Mjbvblr vlut kâtlrdbolr jl omdgrl kl imtâs lt jl pârbdîtrl k‒uo
pmjy`mol râ`ujblr keos je imur errbîrl kl j'âimjl. [mus jls sl`dlots kâcá treiâs dlsurlot 7 d lt fmrdlot uo eo`jl kl 5
Mitm`mol râ`ujblr
2
Looâe`mol râ`ujblr
51
Kâie`mol râ`ujblr
QWMQWBL[LY 3 Qrmprbâtâ 5 3 Yb uo pmjy`mol lst râ`ujblr râ`ujblr,, ejmrs bj lst bosirbptbgjl keos uo ilrijl. Jl ilotrl kl il ilrijl lst eppljâ ilotrl ku pmjy`mol râ`ujblr. râ`ujblr.
Lxldpjl 93 -
\o mitm`mol râ`ujblr lst bosirbptbgjl keos uo ilrijl.
- Keos j‒eitbvbtâ botrmkuitbvl, jl plote`mol râ`ujblr ilotrl
lst bosirbptbgjl keos uo ilrijl.
Qrmprbâtâ 7 3 -
kl
Yb uo pmjy`mol râ`ujblr e iûtâs, ejmrs j'eo`jl eu ilotrl qub botlrilptl inequl iûtâ
dlsurl
-
Yb uo pmjy`mol râ`ujblr e iûtâs, ejmrs j'eo`jl fmrdâ per klux iûtâs imosâiutbfs lst
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
YMQ[B Vmjtebrl. © Qe`l 516 sur 5>7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
Jlàmo 7 3 Qmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
.
k‒eppjbietbmo Lxlribil k‒eppjbietbmo 5
e Imostrubrl uo nlxe`mol râ`ujblr
.
g Lo kâkubrl rliteo`jls lt jmseo`ls. 7
e Imostrubrl uo kâie`mol râ`ujblr
.
g Lo kâkubrl plote`mols râ`ujblrs.
i Lo vmus slrveot kl je qulstbmo e râejbslz uol âtmbjl.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Eo`jls bosirbts
YMQ[B Vmjtebrl. © Qe`l 510 sur 5>7
lt pmjy`mols râ`ujblrs
INEQB[WL 51
[NEJLY KEOY JL [WBEO@JL BO[LWL[ J‒botârãt kl il imurs râsbkl sur jl febt qul omus pmuvmos ãtrl eppljâ á iejiujlr ilrtebols jmo`ulurs mu kbsteoils keos uo trbeo`jl, kâdmotrlr á pertbr kls vejlurs oudârbquls jl perejjâjbsdl kl klux krmbtls.
DM[BVE[BMO DM[BVE[BMO Keos omtrl vbl kl tmus jls cmurs, omus febsmos feil á kls prmgjîdls imddl j‒ j ‒boijboebsmo ku tmbt kl omtrl futurl debsmo, j‒ j ‒bostegbjbtâ k‒ k‒uol tegjl á rlpesslr mu loimrl sur imddlot kâtlrdbolr ilrtebols jmo`ulurs tljjls qul 3 je neutlur k‒ k ‒uo dur, je neutlur k‒ k‒uo dçt kl krepleu. Ilttl jlàmo kmool kls kls mutbjs plrdltteot kl râpmokrl r âpmokrl á ils prâmiiupetbmos.
JLÀMO 5
Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [NEJLY K ur urâ âl 3 511 db db outl outlss
MGCLI[BFY QLKE@M@BU\LY Wlimooeïtrl uol imofb`uretbmo kl [nejîs lt utbjbslr je prmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [nejîs pmur iejiujlr kls jmo`ulurs.
QWLWLU\BY 5) Kâtlrdbol je jmo`ulur ku sl`dlot seineot qul 3 e)
EG
9
0
>
k) `)
g)
IK 5<
7
@N
<
DO < 9
0
l) ;,7 >
7) [reil uol krmbtl
n)
i)
9,6
MQ 7 7>
f) 9
9 LF ;
56
><
;,7
BC
9
57
perejjîjl á
HJ
50
9
pesseot per E
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJLDL Jls fb`urls ib-imotrl rlprâslotlot r lprâslotlot rlsplitbvldlott je debsmo kl D. Ejb lt jl pjeo rlsplitbvldlo kl je inerplotl kl ilttl debsmo. Il klroblr vlut sl ressurlr sb jls tlinobiblos mot rlsplitâ jl pjeo kl je inerplotl. Dejnlurlusl Dejnlurlusldlot dlot pmur jub uol kls dlsurls e âtâ lffeiâl per uol teinl. Wltrmuvlr ilttl dlsurl per iejiuj
K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ Je fb`url ib-klssmus ib-klssmus rlprâslotl jl pjeo kl inerplotl k‒uol debsmo. EG47M d, ED4>d lt EI457
râibprmqul kl [NEJLY
Jlàmo 5 3 Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [NEJLY
I
O
E
D
G
5) Lo imosbkâr eot eot qul jls krmbtls (DO) lt (GI) smot perejjîjls lt qu‒mo e j‒â`ejbtâ
iejiujlr je kbsteoil EO.
7) Uuljjl lst je vejlur kl je dlsurl lffeiâl sur je inerplotl kl D.Ejb = YMJ\[BMO YMJ\[BMO 5)
il qub lotre lotreïol ïol qul kmoi kmoi EO46
7) Je dlsurl lffeiâl lffeiâl sur je ine inerplotl rplotl kl D.Ejb lst kl 6 id
WLY\DL Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [nejîs 3
Ymbt EGI uo trbeo`jl, D lst uo pmbot kl je krmbtl (EG) lt O lst uo pmbot kl je krmbtl (EI) tlj qul E, D lt G smblot ejb`oâs keos keos jl dãdl mrkrl qul E, O lt I 8 sb jls krmbtls (DO) lt (GI) smot perejjîjls ejmrs mo mo e 3
OG 3 - Ilttl prm prmprbâtâ prbâtâ plrdlt plrdlt kl iejiujlr jls jmo`ulur jmo`ulurss - Jls fb`urls ib-klssus smot eppljâls imofb`uretbmos kl [nejîs
Lxldpjl
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl lt
[nblrry O@EDEOB. © Qe`l 551 sur 5>7
râibprmqul kl [NEJLY
Jlàmo 5 3 Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [NEJLY
Lxedbol jls fb`urls. (LF)//(GI) lt (DO)//(QU)
5) Mo kmool EG46, EL47, EI42. Kâtlrdbol EF 7) Mo kmool MU4;, MO47, MD49. Kâtlrdbol MQ Ymjutbmo
5) (LF)//(GI) kmoi k‒eprîs je prmprbâtâ kl [nejîs
EO 3
kmoi EF49
mo e kmoi
7) (DO)//(QU) kmoi k‒eprîs je prmprbâtâ kl [nejîs EO 3
kmoi MQ46
mo e
kmoi
L^LWIBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BMO Yur je fb`url ib-imotrl EGIK lst uo rliteo`jl 8 jls krmbtls (NF) lt (L@) smot perejjîjls. Mo kmool E@40, KL49 8 EK4; lt EN47
e) Dmotrlr qul EL4<
Lxlribil râsmju 3 Qjeilr Qj eilr uo pmbot imooebsseot uo reppmrt kl kbsteoils [reilr uo sl`dlot XELT kl 59 id kl jmo`ulur. 5. Imostrubrl jl pmbot F kl il sl`dlot qub lst tlj qul
7. Lxpjbqulr vmtrl imostruitbmo (prm`reddl kl imostruitbmo) 9. Custbfblr vmtrl imostruitbmo á j‒ebkl kl je prmprbâtâ kl [nejîs. (Qmurqumb jl pmbot F qul vmus evlz imostrubt lst-bj gblo iljub ettloku =)
Ymjutbmo
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl lt
[nblrry O@EDEOB. © Qe`l 555 sur 5>7
râibprmqul kl [NEJLY
Jlàmo 5 3 Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [NEJLY
Qrm`reddl kl imostruitbmo 3 Ltepl 5 3 mo treil uo sl`dlot XELT kl jmo`ulur 59 id Ltepl 7 3 mo treil uol kldb-krmbtl XEx) kbstboitl kl XEL) Ltepl 9 3 lt á j‒ebkl k‒uo imdpes (mu k‒uol rî`jl) mo derqul sur XEx) jls pmbots B lt C tljs qul EB47
râibprmqul kl [NEJLY
JLÀMO 7
Wâibprmqul kl prmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [NEJLY K ur urâ âl 3 511 db db outl outlss
MGCLI[BF QLKE@M@BU\L \tbjbslr je prmprbâtâ râibprmqul kl [nejîs pmur custbfblr jl perejjâjbsdl kl klux krmbtls.
QWL WLU\BY 5) Imostrubs uo trbeo`jl EGI. Qjeil jls pmbots D lt O dbjblux rlsplitbfs kls sl`dlots XEGT lt XEIT. XEIT. 7) Iejiujl lt imdperl jls reppmrts
lt
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJLDL Qeuj lst uo grbimjlur.Bj smunebtl sl fegrbqulr uol pjeoinl á rlpesslr lt vlut sl ressurlr qul je pjeoinl slre gblo perejjîjl eu Ymj.Bj dmotl se pbîil pbîil subveot jl dmkîjl dmkîjl ib-klssmus.Ebkl Qeuj á vârbfblr sb je pjeoinl lst perejjîjl eu smj.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl lt
[nblrry O@EDEOB. © Qe`l 559 sur 5>7
râibprmqul kl [NEJLY
Jlàmo 7 3 Wâibprmqul kl je prmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [NEJLY
EI[BVB[L K
‒
EQQWLO[BYYE@L
Mo imosbkîrl je fb`url ib-imotrl
lt 5-g) Imdperl lt 7) Uul plut-mo kbrl kls krmbtls (DO) lt (GI) = 5-e) Iejiujl
9) Je pjeoinl á rlpesslr kl Qeuj lst-ljjl perejjîjl eu smj = YMJ\[BMO YMJ\[BMO
lt 5-g) 5-e)
7) Lo vârbfbeot evli j‒âqulr rl rl mo effbrdl qul jls krmbtls (DO) lt (GI) smot perejjîjls ier ljjls ekdlttlot uol plrplokbiujebrl imdduol qub lst je krmbtl (OI) 9) Je pjeoinl á rlpesslr kl Qeuj lst perejjîjl eu smj.
WLY\DL
Ymbt EGI uo trbeo`jl lt O klux pmbots ku pjeo tljs qul
D á je krmbtl (EG) lt O á je krmbtl (EI) Jls pmbots E, D lt G smot ejb`oâs keos jl Jl dãdl mrkrl qul jls pmbots E, O lt I.
E D
G
Ejmrs jls krmbtls (DO) lt (GI) smot perejjîjls E O
G I
D
O I
D E
O
G
Wâibprmqul kl je Qrmprbâtâ kl [nejîs
L xldpjl xldpjl
Lxedbol jls fb`urls. fb`urls. Mo kmool EG46, EL47, EI42, EI42, EF49 MU4;, MO47, MD49 lt MQ4<
I
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Qrmprbâtâ kbrlitl lt
[nblrry O@EDEOB. © Qe`l 55; sur 5>7
râibprmqul kl [NEJLY
Jlàmo 7 3 Wâibprmqul kl je prmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [NEJLY
5) Dmotrlr qul (LF)//(GI) 7) Qlut-mo kbrl qul (DO)//(QU) = Ymjut Ym jutbmo bmo
lt kmoi 4 ebosb k‒eprîs je râibprmqul kl je prmprbâtâ kl [nejîs mo e (LF)//(GI) (LF)//(GI) 7) lt kmoi ebosb k‒eprîs je imotrepmsâl kl je prmprbâtâ kl
5)
perejjîjls.. [nejîs (DO) lt (QU) smot omo perejjîjls
K‒EQQJBIE[BMO L^LWIBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BMO Mo imgsbkîrl je fb`url ib-klssmus. EG4 id, DQ 4 51 id lt OQ 4 0 id. Qjeilr jl pmbot U ku sl`dlot XDOT tlj qul DU 4 9,7 id. Je perejjîjl á (OQ) pesseot per U imupl (DQ) lo W. 5. Iejiujlr DW. Lo kâkubrl QW. 7. Qjeilr jl pmbot Y ku sl`dlot XOQT tlj t lj qul QY 4 ;,7 id. 9. Dmotrlr qul jls krmbtls (WY) lt (DO) smot perejjîjls.
L^LWIBIL 7 Qmur imosmjbklr uo gçtbdlot, mo e imostrubt uo imotrlfmrt lo gmbs (klssbo ib-imotrl). Mo kmool3 GY46d8 GO45,>d8 ED45,2 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 5 3 Ybous k‒uo eo`jl keos uo trbeo`jl
e)
âqubveut á
8
g)
âqubveut á
âqubveut á
i) âqubveut á 9) \tbjbsetbmo kl je iejiujetrbil
âqubveut á
Bklotbfblr je tmuinl sbo, kl vmtrl iejiujetrbil Bklotbfblr je tmuinl snbf t lt eppuylr sur snbft lt sur je tmuinl Uu‒mgslrvlz--vmus á j‒âireo = Uu‒mgslrvlz j‒âireo = (Vmbr iejiujetrbil)
……. …….
;) Kmoolr quljquls lxldpjls k‒eo`jls k‒eo`jls eb`us (71± 8 91± 8 ;7,1 d Fb`url 5
E
Ebklr dmosblur Hed`e á rltrmuvlr je jmo`ulur ku imtâ
G
L
EI[BVB[Â K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L
Nypmtâousl
J‒uobtâ lst jl dîtrl Mo imosbkîrl jls klux trbeo`jls rliteo`jls LF@ lt EGN tlj qul 3
∓ ∓ LF 4 ; 8
8
lt dlsurl
5) Iejiujl jl reppmrt
Iûtâ mppmsâ á
.
7) E j‒ebkl kl te iejiujetrbil siblotbfbqul,
N
utbjbsl je tmuinl sbo pmur iejiujlr sbous kl 61±omtâ 3
@
F
sbo
lt imdperl evli je
qulstbmo 5).
E
9) Lo tl slrveot kl je fb`url, prmpmsl uol
sbo
kâfbobtbmo pmur ;) Uuljjl lst je jmo`ulur ku imtâ
keos jl trbeo`jl EGN =
>1 d
G
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 [rb`momdâtrbl
YBE@M Ybrmoolt. © Qe`l 552 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 5 3 Ybous k‒uo eo`jl keos uo trbeo`jl
Wâsmjutbmo kl j‒eitbvbtâ j‒eitbvbtâ k‒epprlotbsse`l k‒epprlotbsse`l
5) Iejiujl jl reppmrt
∓ ∓
. Wâpmosl 3
8 imdperebsmo 3 ∓ sbo sbo 9) Qrmpmsmos uol kâfbobtbmo pmur sbo 3 ;) Keos je periljjl ENG, sb o âqubveut á 7) Evli je iejiujetrbil 3
K‒mò
âqubveut á
.
WLY\DL Kâfbobtbmo
Keos uo trbeo`jl EGI rliteo`jl lo E , mo kâfbobt jl
sbous, kl j‒eo`jl eb`u
kl je deobîrl subveotl 3
W lderqul
â s m p p m â t û I
jl sbous, k‒uo eo`jl o‒e pes p es k‒uobtâ. k‒uobtâ. Qrmprbâtâs
I
E
Iûtâ mppmsâ á
Jl sbous k‒uo eo`jl eb`u lst strbitldlot pjus `reok qul 1 lt strbitldlot pjus pltbt qul 5
Jmrsqu‒mo imooebt jl sbous, k‒uo eo`jl, mo plut trmuvlr je dlsurl kl ilt eo`jl lo utbjbseot rlsplitbvldlot jls tmuinls snbft lt sbo pmur eitbvlr je tmuinl iejiujetrbil siblotbfbqul.
kl je
L xldpjl xldpjl 5
Mo kmool 3
sbo . Kâtlrdbol je dlsurl kl j‒eo`jl
lo kl`râ eu ilotbîdl (á 1,15) prîs.
Ymjut Ym jutbmo bmo
Ynbft
G
sbo (1,>) 4
L xldpjl xldpjl 7
Mo kmool 3
4
K‒mò dls
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 [rb`momdâtrbl
YBE@M Ybrmoolt. © Qe`l 571 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 5 3 Ybous k‒uo eo`jl keos uo trbeo`jl
sbo . Kâtlrdbol je dlsurl kl j‒eo`jl
eu kl`râ prîs.
Ymjut bmo Ymjutbmo
Ynbft
sbo (1,;) 4
4
K‒mò dls
L^LWIBILY K‒EQQJBIE[BM K‒EQQJBIE[BMO O L xlribil xlrib il 5 3 utbjb se setbmo tbmo k kl l je iie ejiuje jiujetrb trbil il
E j‒ebkl j‒ebkl je iejiujetrbil, iejiujl je vejlur errmokbl eu kl`râ kl je dlsurl kls eo`jls. sbous
1,;
1,97
1,2
Dlsurl kl j‒eo`jl j‒eo`jl L xl xlrr ibil 7 3 kâtlrdboetbmo k‒uo eo`jl keos jl trbeo`jl rliteo`jl
EGI lst uo trbeo`jl rliteo`jl lo E tlj qul 3 EG 4 < lt GI 4 0. Kâtlrdbolr je dlsurl kl j‒eo`jl
á 1,15 prîs.
L xl xlrr ibil 9 3 kâtlrdboetbmo k‒uol kbsteoil
J‒uobtâ lst jl ilotbdîtrl.
KLF lst uo trbeo`jl rliteo`jl lo K tlj qul dls sl`dlot
lt KF 4 8 ;,7
k‒uo vlitlur
Jlàmo 5 3 Iejiuj kls immrkmooâls k‒uo pmbot
WLY\DL Omtbmo kl vlitlurs
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐
Jl vlitlur lst jl vlitlur qu qubb e ppmur mur mrb`bol jl pmbot E, pmur lxtrâdbtâ jl pmbot G lt lst iereitârbsâ per 3 - Kbrlitbmo 3 iljjl kl je krmbtl (EG). - Ylos 3 kl E vlrs G. - Jmo`ulur 3 je jmo`ulur ku sl`dlot XEGT. Jl vlitlur mu lst jl vlitlur ouj, mo omtl . Klux vlitlurs smot mppmsâs s‒bjs mot je dãdl kbrlitbmo, dãdl jmo`ulur, debs kl slos kbffârlots 8 , mo jl omtl loimrl jl vlitlur lst j‒mppmsâ ku vlitlur Klux vlitlurs smot â`eux s‒bjs mot je dãdl je dãdl kbrlitbmo, jl dãdl slos, lt je dãdl jmo`ulur. Mo eppljjl rlpîrl ku pjeo, tmut trbpjlt (M 8 B 8 C) kl pmbots omo ejb`oâs. Jl pmbot M lst eppljâ mrb`bol ku rlpîrl 8 je krmbtl (MB) exl kls egsibssls lt je krmbtl (MC) exl kls mrkmooâls. Keos uo rlpîrl (M8 B8 C), pmur tmut pmbot D, bj lxbstl uo imupjl uobqul (x, y) kl omdgrls râljs tlj qul 4 x + y . Jl imupjl (x, y) lst eppljâ imupjl kl
⃐ ⃐
⃐
⃐ ⃐ ⃐
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐⃐
immrkmooâls kl D keos jl rlpîrl (M8 B8 C) lt mo omtl D (x 8 y) mu D . lst j‒egsibssl kl D lt D lt lst j‒mrkmooâl kl D. D. Keos uo rlpîrl (M8 B8 C)), pmur tmut t mut vlitlur , bj lxbstl uo imupjl uobqul kl râljs eppljâ immrkmooâls ku vlitlur tlj qul 4 + .
⃐ ⃐ ⃐
Mo omtl
mu
. lst j‒egsibssl kl
lt lst j‒mrkmooâl kl
.
Iejiuj kls immrkmooâls k‒uo vlitlur imooebsseot ilux kl sls lxtrâdbtâs lxtrâdbtâs Ymbt uo vlitlur kâfbob per jls pmbots E( 8 ) lt G( 8 )
J‒egsibssl ku vlitlur
imrrlspmok á je kbffârloil kls egsibssls kls pmbots G lt E.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Immrkmooâls
FL\KCBM CLDLJL. © Qe`l 59; sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur
Jlàmo 5 3 Iejiuj kls immrkmooâls k‒uo pmbot
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ . / ⃐ ⃐ () ( )
J‒mrkmooâl ku vlitlur imrrlspmok á je kbffârloil kls mrkmooâls kls pmbots G lt E. Mo kbre kmoi qul jl vlitlur lst jl vlitlur kl immrkmooâls ( ). 8 Mo omtlre
(
8
) mu
Jl pmbot B dbjblu ku sl`dlot
.
e pmur immrkmooâls B
Lxldpjl Lxldpjl Ymblot E (7 8 8 9) klux pmbots ku pjeo keos uo rlpîrl mrtnmomrdâ Iejiujlr jls immrkmooâls ku vlitlur
Iejiuj kls immrkmooâls k‒uo vlitlur imooebsseot jls immrkmooâl immrkmooâlss k‒uo pmbot lt iljub ku vlitlur Klux vlitlurs smot kbts â`eux mu bklotbquls jmrsqul jlurs immrkmooâls smot jls dãdls.
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ , ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐
Yb jls pmbots E( 8 ) G( 8 lt vlitlurs
) 8 I( 8 ejmrs
) lt K( 8
) plrdlttlot kl kâfbobr klux
sb lt sb lt slujl slujld dlot sb
Iejiuj kls immrkmooâls kl je smddl kl klux vlitlurs lt ku prmkubt k‒uo vlitlur per uo rllj Jl pjeo âteot duob k‒uo rlpîrl (M 8 B 8 C) Ymblot E, G, I lt K quetrl pmbots ku pjeo lt h uo omdgrl râlj. Yb e pmur immrkmooâls lt ejmrs jl vlitlur smddl e pmur immrkmooâls
Yb e pmur immrkmooâls Lxldpjl Lxldpjl
ejmrs jl vlitlur
e pmur iimmrkmooâls mmrkmooâls
.
lt lt Iejiujmos jls immrkmooâls kl 3 ⃐ ( ) ⃐ ( ) e) ⃐ ⃐4 ( ) () ( ) () g) ⃐ 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ⃐ 4 ⃐ (⃐ ) ( ) () ( ) () () i) ⃐
Jl pjeo âteot duob k‒uo rlpîrl (M8 B8 C) .Mo C) .Mo kmool
K‒EQQJBIE[BMO L^LWIBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BMO Jl pjeo âteot duob k‒uo rlpîrl (M 8 B 8 C) Ymblot E , G, I lt lt K quetrl pmbots ku pjeo tljs qul E 5) Iejiujlr jls immrkmooâls kls vlitlurs
⃐ ⃐
() () () ( ) ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ,
lt
G
I
lt K
.
7) Iejiujl jls immrkmooâls kls vlitlurs smddl 3 + 8 - lt 9) Lo suppmseot qul 4 , kâtlrdbolr jls immrkmooâls ku pmbot L
.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Immrkmooâls
FL\KCBM CLDLJL. © Qe`l 59< sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur
JLÀMO 7
Vlitlur imjboâebrls lt mrtnm`moeux K ur urâ âl 3 7
k‒uo vlitlur
Jlàmo 7 3 Vlitlurs imjboâebrls lt mrtnm`moeux
EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L Jl pjeo âteot duob k‒uo rlpîrl (M 8 B 8 C) Ymblot E ,G, I lt K quetrl pmbots ku ppjeo jeo tljs qul E
() () () ( ) ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ G
I
lt K
5) Iejiujlr jls immrkmooâls kls vlitlurs , , lt 7) Kmoolr uol rljetbmo lotrl jls vlitlurs lt 9) Uul plux-tu kbrl kls vlitlurs lt k‒uol pert lt kls vlitlurs lt k‒eutrl pert. ;) Jls rmutls rljbeot (derinâ-nûtlj) lt (nûpbtej-jyiâl) mot-ljjls je dãdl kbrlitbmo =
YMJ\[BMO YMJ\[BMO 5)
⃐ ( ) ( ) ⃐ () ( ) ⃐ () () ⃐ () () ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ (()) (()) () ( ) ⃐ () ( ) ⃐ ⃐ () ( ) ⃐ ⃐ ( ⃐) () ⃐ ⃐
7)
9) Jls vlitlurs lt smot imjboâebrls lt jls vlitlurs lt smot mrtnm`moeux. ;) Kâtlrdbomos jls immrkmooâls immrkmooâls kls pmbots D (derinâ), N (nûtlj), J( jyiâl) j yiâl) lt Q (nûpbtej) pubs vârbfblr qul jls vlitlurs lt ol smot pes imjboâebrls. 8 Q
D
8 N
lt J
. Mo e 3
Mo imostetl qu‒bj o‒lxbstl pes pe s kl rljetbmo pmuveot jbâl lt ol smot imjboâebrls. Ebosb, jls rmutls o‒mot pes je dãdl kbrlitbmo. kbrlitbmo.
lt
. Kmoi jls vlitlurs
WLY\DL VLI[L\WY IMJBOLEBWLY
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ( ) ( )
Jls vlitlurs lt smot kbts imjboâebrls jmrsqu‒bjs mot je dãdl kbrlitbmo kbrlitbmo mu loimrl jmrsqu‒bjs lxbstl uo râlj h omo ouj tlj qul .
⃐⃐ ‒ ‒ ⃐
Jl pjeo âteot duob kk‒uo ‒uo rlpîrl (M (M88 B8 C). Ymbt lt Jls vlitlurs lt smot kbts imjboâebrls sb lt slujldlot sb vlitlurs. OG 3 Jl vlitlur ouj lst imjboâebrl á tmus jls eutrls vlitlurs.
L xldpjl xldpjl
Jls vlitlurs 57+5741. W lderquls
lt
smot imjboâebrls ier
klux vlitlurs ku pjeo
mu loimrl loimrl peril qul 7(-6)- ;(-9)4 -
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Immrkmooâls
FL\KCBM CLDLJL. © Qe`l 590 sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur
Jlàmo 7 3 Vlitlurs imjboâebrls lt mrtnm`moeux
5. Mo plut utbjbslr je imjboâerbtâ pmur dmotrlr qul kls krmbtls smot perejjîjls lo utbjbseot je prmprbâtâ subveotl 3 jls vlitlurs lt smot imjboâebrls sb lt slujldlot sb jls krmbtls (EG) lt (IK) smot perejjîjls. 7. Mo plut utbjbslr je imjboâerbtâ pmur dmotrlr qul jls pmbots smot ejb`oâs lo utbjbseot je prmprbâtâ subveotl 3 E, G lt I smot ejb`oâs sb lt slujldlot sb jls vlitlurs lt smot imjboâebrls.
⃐ ⃐
VLI[L\WY MW[NM@MOE\^
⃐ ⃐
⃐ ⃐
Klux vlitlurs lt smot kbts mrtnm`moeux jmrsqul jlurs suppmrts smot kls krmbtls kr mbtls plrplokbiujebrls. plrplokbiuje brls.
⃐ ‒ ‒
Jl pjeo âteot duob k‒u k‒uoo rlpîrl (M 8 B 8 C). Ymbt lt klux vlitlurs ku pjeo Jls vlitlurs lt smot kbts mrtnm`moeux sb lt slujldlot sb W lder qul ulss 3
Mo plut utbjbslr j‒mrtnm`moejbtâ pmur dmotrlr qul kl klss kr krmb mbtl tlss smot p pl lr pl plokb okbiujeb iujebrr ls lo
utbjbjbse utb seot ot je prmp prmprr b âtâ sub subve veotl otl 3
⃐ ⃐
Jls vlitlurs lt plrplokbiujebrls.
smot mrtnm`moeux sb lt slujldlot sb jls krmbtls (EG) lt (IK) smot
K‒EQQJBIE[BMO L^LWIBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BMO
⃐
Jl pjeo lst reppmrtâ eu rlpîrl mrtnmomrdâ (M, B, C). Mo imosbkîrl jls vlitlurs lt mu d lst uo râlj Imddlot feut-bj inmbsbr pmur qul jls krmbtls kbrb`âls rlsplitbvldlot per lt per smblot 3 e) plrplokbiujebrls g) perejjîjls =
⃐
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Immrkmooâls
FL\KCBM CLDLJL. © Qe`l 59> sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur
JLÀMO 9
Omrdl k‒uo vlitlur lt kbsteoil lotrl klux pmbots K ur urâ âl 3 7
k‒uo vlitlur
Jlàmo 9 3 Omrdl k‒uo vlitlur lt kbsteoil lotrl klux pmbots
Klux vbjjls sur uol iertl `repnbqul keos uo rlpîrl smot rlprâslotâls per jls pmbots E lt G Imddl sur jl `repnbqul ib-klssus. ib-klssus. J‒uobtâ âtet jl hd, kâtlrdbolr je kbsteoil lotrl ils klux vbjjls.
EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L Mo kmool klux pmbots E (-9 8 9), G (< 8 5), I (-9 8 5) ku pjeo
∓ ∓
5- Iejiujlr je queotbtâ . 7- e) Qjeil jls pmbots E, G lt I keos jl rlpîrl (M 8 B 8 C) lt kmool je oeturl ku trbeo`jl EGI. g) Mo kmool lt . Iejiujl EI. i) Uul imostetl-tu = YMJ\[B YMJ \[B MO
5- 7- e) EGI lst uo trbeo`jl rliteo`jl lo I. g)
i) ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓
WLY\DL
OMWDL K‒\O VLI[L\W
⃐
Jls vlitlurs lt smot kbts imjboâebrls jmrsqu‒bjs mot je dãdl kbrlitbmo mu loimrl jmrsqu‒bj lxbstl uo râlj h omo ouj tlj qul . Jl pjeo âteot duob k‒uo Jl pjeo âteot duob k‒uo rlpîrl (M 8 B 8 C). Mo imosbkîrl jl jl vlitlur vlitlur qub e pmur immrkmooâls keos je gesl ( , ) ) ejmrs je omrdl ku vlitlur loimrl eppljâl jmo`ulur ku vlitlur lt omtâl lst â`ejl á .
⃐
⃐ ‖⃐‖
KBY[EOIL LO[WL KL\^ QMBO[Y K\ QJEO
⃐
⃐
Yb jls immrkmooâls kl klux pmbots klux pmbots k‒uo rlpîrl rlpîrl mrtnmomrdâ smot smot imoouls, eejmrs jmrs bj lst pmssbgjl kl iejiujlr je jmo`ulur ku sl`dlot qu‒bjs kâfbobsslot kâfbobsslot 8 lo k‒eutrls tlrdls mo plut iejiujlr je kbsteoil qub jls sâperl.
Yb jls immrkmooâls kls pmbots E( 8 ) lt G( 8 ) smot imoouls ejmrs je kbsteoil EG lotrl ils klux klux pmbots lst kmooâ kmooâll per je rljetbmo EG 4 .
K‒EQQJBIE[BMO L^LWIBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BMO
Keos uo pjeo duob k‒uo rlpîrl mrtnmomrdâ (M 8 (M 8 B 8 C), j‒uobtâ âteot jl ilotbdîtrl Mo kmool jls pmbots E (7 8 9) , G (< 8 6) , I (0 8 ;) lltt K (; 8 5 ) lt 5 ’ Qjeilr Qjeilr jls pmbots E 8 G 8I lt K
⃐
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Immrkmooâls
FL\KCBM CLDLJL. © Qe`l 5;1 sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur
7- Iejiujlr je omrdl ku vlitlur
⃐ ⃐ ⃐
Jlàmo 9 3 Omrdl k‒uo vlitlur lt kbsteoil lotrl klux pmbots
9 ’ ’ Iejiujlr Iejiujlr jls immrkmooâls kls vlitlurs
lt
; ’ Iejiujl Iejiujl jls kbsteoils EG, EI lt GK
7
k‒uo vlitlur
INEQB[WL 59
D\J[BQJBIE[BMO K‒\O
VLI[L\W QEW \O WLLJ BO[LWL[ Jls vlitlurs, mgclt `âoârejbseot pjusblurs omtbmos prmvloeot kl je `âmdâtrbl, kl j‒ej`îgrl j‒ ej`îgrl mu kl je pnysbqul
DM[BVE[BMO
\tbjbslr jls prmprbâtâs sur jls vlitlurs pmur râsmukrl jls prmgjîdls kl vbl tlj qul je dmkâjbsetbmo kls `reoklurs imddl jls fmrils, uol vbtlssl mu loimrl uol queotbtâ kl dmuvldlot 8
Lfflitulr kls mpâretbmos k‒ekkbtbmo lt kl dujtbpjbietbmo dujtb pjbietbmo per per uo omdgrl. ..
Jlàmo 3 Dujtbpjbietbmo k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj
JLÀMO
Dujtbpjbietbmo k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj K ur urâ âl 3 511 db db outl outlss
MGCLI[BFY QÂKE@M@BU\LY Imostrubrl jl vlitlur
⃐
⃐
imooebsseot lt . \tbjbslr uol â`ejbtâ vlitmrbljjl pmur custbfblr j‒ejb`oldlot kl trmbs pmbots lt jl perejjâjbsdl kl klux krmbtls
QWÂWLU\BY Vârbfblr je omtbmo kl smddl, â`ejbtâ lt mppmsbtbmo kl vlitlur kls pmbots vu lo ;l
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJÎDL \o lotrebolur kl fmmtgejj vmukrebt rlirutlr uo kâfloslur ilotrej repbkl. [mo`m lt Lhmtm smot ieokbkets á il pmstl. Qmur jls kâperte`lr, j‒lotrebolur smunebtl qu‒bjs fesslot uol imursl kl vbtlssl lo dãdl tldps sur uo perimurs bklotbqul seos ãtrl imtl á imtl. Ebosb, [mo`m pertbre kl feàmo rlitbjb`ol ku pmbot kl imrolr E pmur j‒lxtrâdbtâ I kl je jb`ol dâkbeol. Lo utbjbseot jls pmbots kl je fb`url ib-eprîs, qulj perimurs sbdbjebrl pmurrebt ãtrl iljub k‒Lhmtm = Qmurqumb =
K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L EI[BVB[Â K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ 5) Lo mgslrveot je fb`url subveotl
imostrubs jls vlitlurs
⃐⃐⃐
⃐
,
7) [rmuvlr uo vlitlur â`ej á
⃐
9) Uul plux-tu su``lrlr á Lhmtm =
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Dujtbpjbietbmo
[EJE Ytâpneoil & [EINE@M. © Qe`l 5;9 sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj râlj
Jlàmo 3 Dujtbpjbietbmo k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj
Ymjut Ym jutbmo bmo
⃐
Jl vlitlur
⃐
lst â`ej eu vlitlur
.
Cl su``îrlreb á Lhmtm kl imurbr kl feàmo rlitbjb`ol ku pmbot G eu pmbot K.
WLY\DL OM[BMO KL VLI[L\W Kâfbobtbmo
\o vlitlur lst uo sl`dlot kl krmbtl mrblotâ eyeot uol mrb`bol lt uol lxtrâdbtâ lt iereitârbsâ per uol kbrlitbmo, kbrlitbmo, uo slos lt uol jmo`ulur.
⃐
Yb E lt G smot klux pmbots ku pjeo, jls iereitârbstbquls ku vlitlur
\ol kbrlitbmo 3 i‒lst je krmbtl (EG)
\o slos 3 kl E vlrs G
\ol jmo`ulur 3 je jmo`ulur ku sl`dlot
W lderquls
smot 3
⃐
Je treosjetbmo qub treosfmrdl E lo G lst eppljâl tr treosjetbmo eosjetbmo kl vlitlur
Jl vlitlur
⃐
lst j‒ j‒mppmsâ ku vlitlur
⃐
.
MQLWE[BMO Y\W JLY VLI[L\WY. Ymd Ym ddls kl klux vlitlurs
⃐
Jl imdpmsâ kl klux treosjetbmos kl vlitlurs lt lst uol treosjetbmo kl vlitlurs
⃐ ⃐ .
Keos je fb`url subveotl, mo treosfmrdl jl pmbot E lo uo pmbot G per je treosjetbmo kl vlitlur . Qubs, jl pmbot G lo uo pmbot I per je treosjetbmo kl vlitlur . Kmoi, jl pmbot I lst j‒bde`l ku
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Dujtbpjbietbmo
[EJE Ytâpneoil & [EINE@M. © Qe`l 5;; sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj râlj
⃐
pmbot E per je treosjetbmo treosjetbmo kl vlitlur
\ol Wljetbmo kl Inesjls lst
Jlàmo 3 Dujtbpjbietbmo k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj
.
⃐ ⃐ ⃐
.
Qrmkubt k‒uo vlitlur vlitlur per uo râlj râlj
⃐ ⃐
⃐
lst uo vlitlur lt uo râlj quljimoqul. Jl prmkubt ku vlitlur per jl râlj lst jl vlitlur
omtâ
lt kâfbob per 3
Yb Yb
ejmrs ejmrs jl vlitlur
Yb Yb
ejmrs mu
⃐⃐ ⃐⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ‖⃐⃐ ‖⃐ ‖⃐‖ ⃐ ‖⃐⃐ ‖ ⃐ ⃐ ‖⃐‖
⃐
e dãdl kbrlitbmo qul jl vlitlur .
mu , ejmrs jls vlitlurs lt
mot 3 dãdl kbrlitbmo, dãdl slos lt
, ejmrs jls vlitlurs lt
mot 3 dãdl kbrlitbmo, slos imotrebrls lt
Yb
mu
L xldpjl
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ‖⃐ ⃐⃐⃐‖⃐ ‖⃐⃐ ‖⃐ ‖⃐ ‖ ⃐‖⃐‖⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ‖⃐⃐‖ ⃐⃐ ⃐⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ lst uo vlitlur kmooâ. Jls pmbots E, G, I, K, L lt F smot tljs qul 3 .
smot kl slos imotrebrls.
mot dãdl kbrlitbmo ( iljjl kl ).
kmoi
kmoi
lt
Qrmprbâtâ
Uuljs qul smblot jls vlitlurs
8
8 8
mu
âqubveut e
lt jls rlljs lt 33
.
L xldpjl
.
âqubveut e âqubveut e .
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Dujtbpjbietbmo
[EJE Ytâpneoil & [EINE@M. © Qe`l 5;< sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj râlj
Jlàmo 3 Dujtbpjbietbmo k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj
VLI[L\WY IMJBOLEBWLY Mo imosbkîrl quetrl pmbots omo ejb`oâs E, G, I lt K.
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐
Klux vlitlurs
lt
Keos il ies, mo e 3 Jls vlitlurs
⃐ ⃐
smot imjboâebrls sb mo plut trmuvlr uo râlj tlj qul .
lt
.
smot imjboâebrls sb lt slujldlot sb jls pmbots E, G lt I smot ejb`oâs.
L xldpjl xldpjl
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ (⃐ ⃐) (⃐ ⃐) ⃐ ⃐
EGI lst uo trbeo`jl. D lt O smot tljs qul 3 krmbtls
lt
lt
smot perejjîjls.
K‒mò jls krmbtls
lt
smot perejjîjls. perejjîjls.
L^LWIBILY K‒EQQJBIE[BM K‒EQQJBIE[BMO O Keos je fb`url ib-imotrl 3
EGIK lst uo perejjâjm`reddl kl ilotrl B, G lst jl dbjblu ku sl`dlot XELT, @ lst jl ilotrl kl `revbtâ ku trbeo`jl EIL, lt
⃐ ⃐ ⃐
.
Kâtlrdbolr jls rljetbmos rljbeot , pubs Iejiujlr
lt
.
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ lt
,
lt
, pubs dmotrlr qul L, @ lt F smot
. Dmotrmos qul jls
ejb`ols.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Dujtbpjbietbmo
[EJE Ytâpneoil & [EINE@M. © Qe`l 5;6 sur 5>7
k‒uo vlitlur per uo râlj râlj
INEQB[WL 5;
ÂU\E[BMOY KL KWMB[L BO[ÂWÃ[ Jls âquetbmos kl krmbtl keos je vbl imureotl plrdlttlot kl râsmukrl jls prmgjîdls k‒ejb`oldlot, k‒boijboebsmo, …
DM[BVE[BMO Lo `âmdâtrbl effbol jls âquetbmos kl krmbtl plrdlttlot kl kâirbrl j‒losldgjl kls pmbots eppertloeot á uol krmbtl. Keos je vbl imureotl omus smddls eppljâs á utbjbslr jls krmbtls lt lo o‒lo imostrubrl. Ilib pmur plrdlttlot k‒ejb`olr jls pjeotls keos uo cerkbo, k‒ecustlr j‒boijboebsmo kls lsiejblrs k‒uo bddlugjl, jl pjeo boijboâ k‒uol rmutl, ... ... .
JLÀMO 5
Lquetbmos iertâsblools k‒uol krmbtl K ur urâ âl 3 511 db db outl outlss
MGCLI[BFY QÂKE@M@BU\LY
Kâfbobr uol krmbtl per smo âquetbmo.
Kâtlrdbolr jl vlitlur kbrlitlur k‒uol krmbtl kmooâl imooebsseot smo âquetbmo iertâsblool.
Kâtlrdbolr jl imlffbiblot kbrlitlur k‒uol krmbtl imooebsseo imooebsseott smo âquetbmo râkubtl. râkubtl.
DM[BVE[BMO Je oetbmo kl krmbtl ve s‒âtmfflr lo ku iekrl `âmdâtrbqul e uol iereitârbsetbmo ej`âgrbqul ej`âgrbqul 3 3 smo âquetbmo.
QWÂWLU\BY
Imosbkârmos j‒âquetbmo subveotl
mò lt smot kls boimoouls.
e) Kâtlrdbol je vejlur kl j‒boimooul j‒b oimooul pmur 4 1 lt pmur 4 9.
W .
g) Kâtlrdbol je vejlur kl j‒boimooul j‒b oimooul pmur 4 4 ’ ’ 5 lt pmur 4 1.
W 3 3
i) Mo kmool 3
jlsquljs kl ils pmbots smot
( )
smjutbmo kl (L) = custbfbl W 3 3
k) Qjeil keos uo rlpîrl mrtnmomrdâ jls pmbots kmot jls immrkmooâls smot smjutbmos kl (L).
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJÎDL Egkmu imostrubt uol inerplotl qubtteot k‒uo pmbot E á uo pmbot G, imddl j‒bokbqul je fb`url ib-imotrl. Wlpârlr evli lxeitbtukl jls immrkmooâls immrkmooâls kls pmbots E lt G smot 3 E (7 8 5), G (< 8 9). Yeineot qul keos je râ`bmo je omrdl lxb`l uol plotl bofârblurl mu â`ejl á ilttl inerplotl rlsplit-ljjl je omrdl =
G
E
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Lquetbmos kl
[INM\OEO@ OEOE Ldlrloil H. © Qe`l 5;> sur 5>7
krmbtl
Jlàmo 5 3 Lquetbmos iertâsblools k‒uol k‒uol krmbtl
EI[BVB[Â K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L Jl pjeo lst duob ku rlpîrl mrtnmomrdâ (M, B, C)
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ( ’ ))’ ’ ⃐ ⃐ ( ) ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ( ’ ) ) ’
Mo kmool 3 E (7 8 5), G (< 8 9) e) Iejiujl jls immrkmooâls ku vlitlur
g) Iejiujl jls immrkmooâls ku vlitlur
i)
lt
smot imjboâebrls âqubveut á 3
k) Iejiujl je plotl kl je inerplotl imostrubtl per Egkmu kâfbobt per 3
,.
l) Imdperlr je plotl á je plotl rlimddeokâl keos je râ`bmo f) Je inerplotl imostrubtl per Egkmu rlsplit-ljjl je omrdl = Ymjut jutbmo bmo Ym
e) g)
i)
Immrkmooâls ku vlitlur
3
Immrkmooâls ku vlitlur
3
lt
smot imjboâebrls âqubveut á 3
k) l) f)
Iejiujmos jl omdgrl 3 Je plotl kl je inerplotl k‒Egkmu lst Omus evmos 3
Je inerplotl imostrubtl per Egkmu ol rlsplitl pes je omrdl.
WÂY\DÂ Kâfbobtbmo
Mo eppljjl âquetbmo iertâsblool k‒uol krmbtl tmutl â`ejbtâ kl je fmrdl
g lt i smot kls râljs evli
(
mò e,
).
ÂU\E[BMO WLK\B[L K
mumu
\OL KWMB[L
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Lquetbmos kl
[INM\OEO@ OEOE Ldlrloil H. © Qe`l 5;2 sur 5>7
krmbtl
Jlàmo 5 3 Lquetbmos iertâsblools k‒uol k‒uol krmbtl
⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐ ⃐
Ymbt uol krmbtl Yb je krmbtl
lst omo perejjîjl á j‒exl kls mrkmooâls
plut sl dlttrl smus je fmrdl 3
kl
,, ejmrs uol âquetbmo iertâsblool
lst je fmrdl râkubtl mu âquetbmo râkubtl kl je krmbtl
Je fmrdl
\o vlitlur kbrlitlur kl
.
e pmur immrkmooâls ( 8p)
p lst jl imlffbiblot kbrlitlur mu plotl mu plotl kl je krmbtl q lst j‒mrkmooâl á j‒mrb`bol kl je krmbtl
.
.
L xldpjl xldpjl
Ymbt je krmbtl
k‒âquetbmo iertâsblool k‒âquetbmo
.
∗ 7
Ymo âquetbmo râkubtl 4 ∗
Jl imlffbiblot kbrlitlur kl je krmbtl
lst p 4 7
J‒mrkmooâl á j‒mrb`bol kl je krmbtl
lst q 4 9.
VLI[L\W KBWLI[L\W L[ IMLFFBIBLO[ KBWLI[L\W Ymbt uol krmbtl
\o vlitlur kbrlitlur
kl (K) e pmur immrkmooâls
.
L xldpjl xldpjl
Ymbt uol krmbtl
k‒âquetbmo iertâsblool k‒âquetbmo
Ymo vlitlur kbrlitlur
.
e pmur immrkmooâls
W lderquls
Je krmbtl
e pmur 3 vlitlur kbrlitlur lst
8 imlffbiblot kbrlitlur
lst 1 lt mrkmooâl á j‒mrb`bol lst 7
krmbtl
Jlàmo 7 3 Lirbturl k‒uol âquetbmo iertâsblool k‒uol krmbtl
JLÀMO ;
Qmsbtbmo rljetbvl kl klux krmbtls
K ur urâ âl 3 7
krmbtl
Jlàmo ; 3 Qmsbtbmo rljetbvl kl klux krmbtls
⃐ ⃐
;) Uul plux-tu kbrl kl
=
7
krmbtl
Jlàmo ; 3 Qmsbtbmo rljetbvl kl klux krmbtls
INEQB[WL 5<
NMDM[NL[BLY BO[LWL[
J‒nmdmtnâtbl e pmur botârãt kl imostrubrl uol bde`l á pertbr k‒uol eutrl.
DM[BVE[BMO
E`reokbr mu râkubrl j‒bde`l k‒uo mgclt kl kâimretbmo, k‒mroldlot…. k‒mroldlot….
Kâpjmylr uo rebsmooldlot detnâdetbqul pmur râsmukrl jls prmgjîdls rljetbfs á kls sbtuetbmos kl vbl febseot epplj eux nmdmtnâtbls.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Lquetbmos kl
[INM\OEO@ OEOE Ldlrloil H. © Qe`l 56> sur 5>7
krmbtl
JLÀMO
Nmdmtnâtbls K ur urâ âl 3 511 db db outl outlss
MGCLI[BFY QÂKE@M@BU\LY
Kâfbobr lt iereitârbslr uol nmdmtnâtbl
Imostrubrl j‒bde`l k‒uo pmbot, k‒uol fb`url per uol nmdmtnâtbl nmdmtnâtbl
Eppjbqulr jls prmprbâtâs sur jls nmdmtnâtbls
QWÂWLU\BY Lo rlotreot kl j‒âimjl, klux âjîvls kl trmbsbîdl s‒errãtlot klveot uo pmrtebj per iurbmsbtâ pmur mgslrvlr uo mroldlot imostbtuâ kl 7 trbeo`jls sl sldgjegjls dgjegjls imddl j‒bokbqul je fb`url ib ib-klssmus. J‒uo k‒lux effbrdl qu‒bj lxbstl uol rljetbmo `âmdâtrbqul lotrl ils klux trbeo`jls. EEt-bj rebsmo =
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJÎDL \o smoke`l tâjâpnmobqul lfflituâ euprîs kl 11 plrsmools e râvâjâ qul 7/< kls plrsmools prâfâreblot jl cmuroej. cmuroej. Je Qrlssl teo teokbs kbs qul ;;% kls plrsmools prâfâreblot prâfâreblot jl cmuroej kl Dmotrâej lt jl rlstl kl plrsmools prâfîrlot uo eutrl cmuroej Dmotrâej. Imdgblo kl plrsmools âteblot bokâibsls mu mot inmbsb uo eutrl cmuroej =
I‒ I‒
I G‒ G‒
E‒ E‒ G
E 1 EI[BVB[Â K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L
Yur je fb`url kl je sbtuetbmo prmgjîdl ib-klssus, mo ekdlt qul jls pmbots E, G lt I smot rlsplitbvldlott kls dbjblux kls sl`dlots XME‒ rlsplitbvldlo XME‒TT 8 XMG‒T XMG‒T lt XMI‒T. XMI‒T.
5) Lxprbdlr
ME
8
lt
MG
rlsplitbvldlott lo fmoitbmo kl rlsplitbvldlo
MI
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Nmdmtnâtbls
ME
8
MG lt MI
PEDB KEPE Ylr`ls. © Qe`l 562 sur 5>7
Jlàmo 3 Nmdmtnâtbls
7) Mo suppmsl qul (EI) // (E‒I‒) (E‒I‒) 8 (EG) // (E‒G‒) 8 (E‒G‒) 8 (GI) // (G‒I‒) lo utbjbseot je rî`jl E' I '
`rekuâl iejiujlr jls reppmrts
EI
E ' G '
8
EG
8
G ' I ' GI
9) Kmoolr je smjutbmo á je sbtuetbmo prmgjîdl lo prâibseot je rljetbmo `âmdâtrbqul lotrl jls trbeo`jls E‒G‒I‒ lt EGI. EGI. Ym Ymjut jutbb mo
5) Lxprbdmos ME' 4
7
ME
ME' 8 MG ' lt MI ' rlsplitbvldlot lo fmoitbmo kl ME 8 MG lt MI
8
MG ' 4
7
7) Iejiujmos jls reppmrts E' I '
; 4
EI
4
7
7
MG 8 MI ' 4 E ' I ' EI
E' G '
8
8
; 4
EG
4
7
7
E' G '
8
EG 7 8
MI
G ' I ' GI
G ' I '
;
4
GI
4
7
7
9) Ymjutbmo á je sbtuetbmo prmgjîdl 3 Jl [rbeo`jl E‒G‒I‒ lst j‒bde`l kl EGI per j‒nmdmtnâtbl kl ilotrl M lt reppmrt r eppmrt 7. 7.
WLY\DL KLFBOB[BMO L[ OM[E[BMO
Ymbt M uo pmbot ku pjeo lt uo omdgrl râlj omo ouj pmsbtbf, mo eppljjl nmdmtnâtbl n kl ilotrl
M lt kl reppmrt omtâl n (M 8 h) j‒eppjbietbmo ku pjeo keos jl pjeo qub á inequl pmbot D essmibl jl pmbot D‒ tlj qul
MD ' 4
h
MD .
Mo omtl n (M 8 h) (D)4 D‒lt mo jbt « « E‒ lst j‒bde`l kl E per j‒nmdmtnâtbl j‒nmdmtnâ tbl n kl ilotrl M lt reppmrt ¸ L xldpjl xldpjl
sb
ME' 4
7
ME
ejmrs E‒ lst j‒bde`l kl E per j‒nmdmtnâtbl j ‒nmdmtnâtbl kl ilotrl M lt kl reppmrt 7. 7.
W lder qul 3
\ol nmdmtnâtbl lst iereitârbsâl per smo ilotrl lt smo reppmrt h
J‒bde`l kl M M per per j‒nmdmtnâtbl kl ilotrl ilotrl M lst M (jub (jub-dãdl). -dãdl).
BDE@L K‒\O QMBO[ QEW \OL NMDM[NL[BL
Jlàmo 3 Nmdmtnâtbls
D lt M smot klux pmbots lt h uo omdgrl râlj omo ouj pmsbtbf. Qmur imostrubrl jl pmbot D‒, bde`l kl D per j‒nmdmtnâtbl kl ilotrl M lt kl reppmrt h, mo imostrubt jl pmbot D‒ D‒ tlj qul MD ' 4
h
MD
L xldpjl xldpjl5 5
Ymbt M lt Q klux pmbots ku pjeo. Imostrubs jl pmbot Q‒ bde`l kl Q per j‒nmdmtnâtbl kl ilotrl 1 5
lt kl reppmrt 9
L xldpjl xldpjl 7
Ymbt B lt F klux pmbots ku pjeo tlj qul BF4 7id. Imostrubs jl pm pmbot bot @ bde`l kl F per j‒nmdmtnâtbl kl ilotrl B lt kl reppmrt 7 7
BDE@L K‒\OL FB@\WL QEW \OL NMDM[NL[BL Qmur imostrubrl j‒bde`l k‒uol fb`url per uol nmdmtnâtbl, mo imostrubt j‒bde`l kl sls pmbots iereitârbstbquls. L xldpjl xldpjl
EGI lst uo trbeo`jl trbeo`jl âqubjetârej kl iûtâ ;id. Imostrubs jl trbeo`jl E‒G‒I‒ bde`l kl EGI per
j‒nmdmtnâtbl kl ilotrl ilotrl E lltt kl reppmrt reppmrt
5 7
OG 3
Yljmo je vejlur ku reppmrt h (r râlj pmsbtbf) , j‒bde`l k‒uol fb`url per uol nmdmtnâtbl s‒e`reokbt mu sl râkubt 3 râkubt 3
Yb h ?5, bj y‒e e`reokbssldlot
Yb h :5, bj y‒e râkuitbmo
QWMQWBL[L Ymbt E‒G‒I‒ j‒bde`l k‒uol fb`url EGI per j‒nmdmtnâtbl kl reppmrt h, mo e 3 e 3
E‒G‒4 h EG
EbrlE‒G‒I‒4 h 7 EbrlEGI
L^LWIBILY K‒EQQJBI K‒EQQJBIE[BMO E[BMO L xl xlrr ibil 5 3
Jlàmo 3 Nmdmtnâtbls
5) [rekubrl per uol â`ejbtâ vlitmrbljjl je pnresl subveotl 3 « Q lst j‒bde`l ku pmbot U per j‒nmdmtnâtbl n kl ilotrl L lt kl reppmrt 7, id.
9 k‒uol
pyredbkl á gesl ierrâl kl iûtâ id, lt kl neutlur 7; id. Il trmoi kl iûol lst bssu k‒uo iûol kmot je neutlur n veut
id.
Dekedl EKE smunebtl einltlr keos je gmutbqul kl dmosblur MOEOE uo sleu k‒eu dmbos >1 jbtrls. Eprîs pjusblurs tlotetbvls, dmosblur MOEOE ol râussbt pes á trmuvlr jl j l vmjudl k‒uo kl sls kl sls sleux.
Dekedl EKE kmbt ljjl einltlr uo sleu inlz dmosblur MOEOE =
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Ylitbmo k‒uol
[EINE@M PEGM & Eriîols HM\OE © Qe`l 50< sur 5>7
pyredbkl mu k‒uo k‒uo iûol iûol
Jlàmo 5 3 Ylitbmo k‒uol pyredbkl, k‒uo iûol
EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L3
J‒lotrlprbsl YLE\IED fegrbqul kls sileux lo pjestbqul eyeot je fmrdl k‒uo trmoi kl iûol imddl jl dmotrl je fb`url ib-klssmus. Mo kmool EK 4 91id 8 BC 4 7;id lt EB 4 51id.
5- Dmotrl qul KN 4 5>id.
7- Iejiujl jl reymo ku ilrijl kl je gesl ku trmoi kl iûol lt je neutlur n‒ ku pltbt iûol trmoquâ. trmoquâ. 9- Dmosblur MOEOE rlimooebt qul YLE\IED lst j‒lotrlprbsl qub jub jbvrl tmus jls sleux qu‒bj imddlribejbsl. Iejiujl jl vmjudl k‒uo sleu vloku per dmosblur MOEOE. ;- Dekedl EKE kmbt-ljjl einltlr uo sleu inlz dmosblur MOEOE =
Ymjut jutbmo bmo Ym
5) Dmotrmos qul
.
Lo eppjbqueot je prmprbâtâ kl Qytne`mrl sur jl trbeo`jl rliteo`jl EKN, mo e 3
kmoi K‒mò EK 4 5>id 74
7+
7
.
7) Weymo KC ku ilrijl kl gesl. KC 4 KN + NC 4 5>id + 51id 4 7>id. Neutlur n‒ ku pltbt iûol trmoquâ trmoquâ Lo eppjbqueot je prmprbâtâ kbrlitl kl [nejls, mo e 3
.
kmoi
9) Vmjudl k‒uo sleu k‒uo sleu vloku per dmosblur MOEOE KI ’ Vmjudl Vmjudl ku iûol EB 4 Vmjudl ku iûol kl gesl KI ’ 4
Jl vmjudl k‒uo sleu vloku per dmosblur MOEOE lst 4 >0,052 jbtrls.
4 >0,052
Jl vmjudlák>1uo jbtrls. sleu Dekedl vloku perEKE dmosblur MOEOE jbtrls qub lst ;) supârblurl kmbt einltlr uolst sleu inlz dmosblur MOEOE.
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Ylitbmo k‒uol
[EINE@M PEGM & Eriîols HM\OE © Qe`l 506 sur 5>7
pyredbkl mu k‒uo k‒uo iûol iûol
Jlàmo 5 3 Ylitbmo k‒uol pyredbkl, k‒uo iûol
WLY\DL Kâfbobtbmo
Je slitbmo k‒uo iûol kl râvmjutbmo per uo pjeo perejjîjl á se gesl, lst uo ilrijl mu uo kbsqull kmot jl ilotrl lst sbtuâ sur j‒exl ku iûol. kbsqu
Je slitbmo k‒uol pyredbkl per uo pjeo perejjîjl á se gesl lst uo pmjy`mol kl dãdl oeturl qul iljub kl je gesl kl je pyredbkl.
Q r mprb âtâ tâss kl râk râkuitbmo uitbmo
W eppl eppljj
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Ylitbmo k‒uol
[EINE@M PEGM & Eriîols HM\OE © Qe`l 500 sur 5>7
pyredbkl mu k‒uo k‒uo iûol iûol
Jlàmo 5 3 Ylitbmo k‒uol pyredbkl, k‒uo iûol
Jmrsqu‒mo imupl uo iûol mu uol pyredbkl per pyredbkl per uo pjeo perejjîjl á se gesl, mo mgtblot uol râkuitbmo ku iûol mu kl je pyredbkl. Ils klux smjbkls mot je dãdl fmrdl, sb gblo qu‒mo plut plut iejiujlr jl iml imlffbiblot ffbiblot
. Qer subtl,
Yb ? 5, bj s‒e`bt k‒uo e`reokbssldlot Yb : 5, bj s‒e`bt k‒uol râkuitbmo Il qub plrdlt k‒âtegjbr jls j ls prmprbâtâs subveotls 3
Qrmprbâtâs
Keos uo e`reokbssldlot mu uol râkuitbmo kl imlffbiblot ,
Jls jmo`ulurs smot dujtbpjbâls per Jls ebrls smot dujtbpjbâls per 7 Jls vmjudls smot dujtbpjbâs per 9
W lder erq qul
Mo imosbkîrl uol pyredbkl mu uo iûol kl râvmjutbmo kl vmjudl . Yb mo imupl ilttl pyredbkl mu il iûol, mo mgtblot uol pyredbkl râkubtl mu uo iûol râkubt eyeot jls dãdls iereitârbstbquls qul jl smjbkl kl kâpert. Jl vmjudl ku trmoi kl iûol (mu ku trmoi kl je pyredbkl) lst 3 4 L xldpjl xldpjl
Iejiujlr jl vmjudl k‒uol pyredbkl qub e âtâ imupâl á db-neutlur db-neutlur per uo pjeo
‒
perejjîjl á se gesl, lt kmot je py pyredbkl redbkl râkubtl e pmu pmurr vmjudl V 4 57< Ymjutbb mo Ymjut
9.
Iejiujl V
kmoi . L^LWIBIL K‒EQQJBIE[BMO K‒EQQJBIE[BMO Mo sebt qul 3
9
Mo imosbkîrl uo iûol kl râvmjutbmo kl reymo kl gesl 4 ;id lt kmot je neutlur veut
57id. Mo imupl il iûol per uo pjeo perejjîjl á je gesl tlj qul je neutlur n ku iûol râkubt
veut ;id.
5) Iejiujl jl vmjudl kl il iûol. 7) Kâtlrdbol jl imlffbiblot , pubs lo-kâkubrl jl vmjudl
ku iûol râkubt. ku
@QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Ylitbmo k‒uol
[EINE@M PEGM & Eriîols HM\OE © Qe`l 50> sur 5>7
pyredbkl mu k‒uo k‒uo iûol iûol
Jlàmo 7 3 Ljâdlots dâtrbquls
JLÀMO 7
Jls âjâdlots dâtrbquls K ur urâ âl 3 511 db db outl outlss
DM[BVE[BMO Wâejbslr uo mgclt á pertbr k‒uo klvbs mu k‒uol dequlttl.
MGCLI[BFY QLKE@M@BU\LY Iejiujlr jls ebrls jetârejls lt tmtejls k‒uol pyredbkl mu k‒uo iûol kl rrâvmjutbmo. âvmjutbmo.
QWLWLU\BY 5) Iejiujl j‒ebrl k‒uo kbsqul kl reymo. W 3 3
∓ ∓
7) Kmool jls fmrdujls kls ebrls k‒uo ierrâ kl jmo`ulur kl imtl lt k‒uo trbeo`jl kl gesl
lt kl neutlur ℏ. W 3 3
lt
YB[\E[BMO QWMGJLDL Dekedl SLGESL smunebtl ineo`lr ineo`lr jls tûjls t ûjls kl je debsmo kl se `reok-dîrl. Qmur ilje, ljjl
febt epplj e uo bo`âoblur qub jub kâjbvrl jl pjeo subveot 3
J‒bo`âoblur JE[BFE jub kldeokl 51 tûjls kl 71 · ineiuol. ineiuol. Dekedl SLGESL SLGESL kmbt-ljjl kmbt-ljjl febrl imofbeoil á j‒bo`âoblur = =
K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@L L EI[BVB[L K‒EQQWLO[BYYE@ YEGIK lst uol pyredbkl kl smddlt Y lt kl gesl uo
ierrâ kl jmo`ulur kl imtl 6d. Jls feils jetârejls smot kls trbeo`jls âqubjetâreux kl jmo`ulur kl imtl 6d. @QD 9 ’ 9 ’ 9îdl 9îdl 3 Ylitbmo k‒uol
[EINE@M PEGM & Eriîols HM\OE © Qe`l 502 sur 5>7
pyredbkl mu k‒uo k‒uo iûol iûol
Jlàmo 7 3 Ljâdlots dâtrbquls
5) Iejiujl jls ebrls kls feils jetârejls kl ilttl pyredbkl. 7) Iejiujl j‒ebrl kl je gesl EGIK, pubs kâkubrl j‒ebrl tmtejl kl ilttl pyredbkl.
9) Imdgblo kl tûjls kl 71 7 feut-bj pmur rlfebrl je tmbturl tmbt url kl je `reok-dîrl kl dekedl SLGESL. ;) Dekedl SLGESL kmbt-ljjl kmbt-ljjl febrl imofbeoil á j‒bo`âoblur = = Ymjutbmo Ymjut bmo
5) Jls ebrls kls trbeo`jls YEG, YGI, YIK lt YEK smot â`ejls. Kmoi
∓ ∓ ∓
Il qub lst vejegjl pmur jls trmbs eutrls trbeo`jls.
∓
7) J‒ebrl kl gesl 3 J‒ebrl tmtejl 4
9) Jl omdgrl kl tûjls lst O4561,01/714> O4561,01/714>,197
pyredbkl mu k‒uo k‒uo iûol iûol
Jlàmo 7 3 Ljâdlots dâtrbquls
-J‒ebrl tmtejl4
7+
4 57. 4 05 sur 5>7
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