González - Gabriela - Trabajo de Unidad 2.

 

GFT^G^S^O ^CDFOHÔBGDO NC ^HKHFCYKF^HK.

Gfbcfgcrák Gfnustrgkh.

Gfbcfgcrák Cdofôagdk. Gfb. Cnbkr @krho Ducvks Uucnk.

SFGNKN 5. ‘KFËHGTGT NC KH^CUFK^G\KT NC GF\CUTGÔF‑ 

Khuafk: Bofzëhcz Bkhvëf Bkergchk. ;=53;3==.

Brupo: nc akyo nc 595;.   ;

 

 FNGDC. Á  ÁFNGDC NC DSKNUOT BUËLGDKT W LGBSUKT……………………………………. LGBSUKT……………………………………. >  > 

GF^UONSDDGÔF……………………………………………………………………….. GF^UONSDDGÔF ……………………………………………………………………….. 3  3 

YHKF^CKAGCF^O NCH YUOEHCAK…………………………… YUOEHCAK………………………………………………... …………………... . Doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrfktgvks scbúf ch dosto dkpgtkhgzkno.

5.5. Açtono nch \khor Kfukh 5.5.;. Doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrfktgvks dof vgnks útghcs nglcrcftcs. 5.5.5. Açtono nch vkhor prcscftc nc skhvkacfto. 5.5.4. Açtono nc rcdupcrkdgôf nc dkpgtkh. 5.5.>. Doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrfktgvks por DKSC.

5.4. Açtono nc hk tksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo. 5.4.;. Dëhduho nc hk tksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo pkrk uf proycdto úfgdo. 5.4.5. Kfëhgsgs Gfdrcacftkh.

5.>. Kfëhgsgs Ecfclgdgo / Dosto. 5.>.;. Dhksglgdkdgôf nc ecfclgdgos, dosto y ecfclgdgo fcbktgvo pkrk uf proycdto úfgdo.   5

 

5.>.5. Tchcddgôf nc khtcrfktgvks autukacftc cxdhuycftcs. 5.>.4. Tchcddgôf nc khtcrfktgvks autukacftc cxdhuycftcs utghgzkfno ch dosto Gfdrcacftkh.

5.3. Kfëhgsgs nc scfsgeghgnkn. 5.3.;. Hk scfsgeghgnkn cf hks khtcrfktgvks nc Gfvcrsgôf. 5.3.5. \khor cspcrkno y ëreoh nc ncdgsgôf.

CJCUDGDGOT……………………………………………………………………………… CJCUDGDGOT ……………………………………………………………………………… 3=  3=  CT^USD^SUK OUBKFGZKDGOFKH…………………………………………………... OUBKFGZKDGOFKH…………………………………………………... 27  27 AKYK DOFDCY^SKH BCFCUKH YOU SFGNKN……………………………… SFGNKN………………………………..…  =9

DOFDHSTGÔF………………………………………………………………………… DOFDHST GÔF………………………………………………………………………… .... =; LHSJO NC CLCD^G\O ACFTSKH…………………………………………………… ACFTSKH……………………………………………………... ... =5

DOFLCUCFDGK………………………………………………………………………… DOFLCUCF DGK………………………………………………………………………… .. =>

EGEHGOBUKLÁK………………………………………………………………………….. EGEHGOBUKL ÁK………………………………………………………………………….. =<  =<

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ÁFNGDC NC DSKNUOT BUËLGDKT W LGBSUKT. ^kehk ; ……………………………………………………………………………………  ;4 Gakbcf ; ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. ;> Gakbcf 5 ……………………………………………………………………………… ..... 5> Gakbcf 4 ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5< Gakbcf > ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5< ^kehk 5 ……………………………………………………………………………………  4; ^kehk 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………  44 ^kehk > ……………………………………………………………………………………  4= ^kehk 3 ………… …………....……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………….......................... .......................... >> ^kehk < ………………………………………………………………………………… .... >2 ^kehk 2 ……………………………………………………………………………… ... ...… …. 35 Gakbcf 3 ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. 34 Gakbcf < ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. 33 Gakbcf 2 ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. 3<

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GF^UONSDDGÔF. Dof ch trkekjo nc gfvcstgbkdgôf nc hk ufgnkn fúacro 5 sc eusdk kncftrkrfos y dofodcr soerc ch kfëhgsgs nc khtcrfktgvks nc gfvcrsgôf, csto yk fos nk uf dofodgagcfto aës kvkfzkno y kaphgo kdcrdk nc hk gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk, dof cstc dofodgagcfto. ^ono ho kftcrgor scrë trktkno nc ufk akfcrk cspcdálgdk y cftcfngehc cf cstc trkekjo nc gfvcstgbkdgôf cf hk pkrtc nch ncskrrohho, nofnc ponrcaos kprcfncr y dofodcr aës soerc hk gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk, aës cflodkno cf ch kfëhgsgs nc khtcrfktgvks nc gfvcrsgôf doao sc acfdgofô kftcrgoracftc. Tc mkrë ch ncskrrohho nc tcaks doao ch açtono nc vkhor prcscftc, quc fos nkrë ufk gftronuddgôf k hk doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrfktgvks, ch dosto dkpgtkhgzkno, hk doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrfktgvks scbúf ch dosto dkpgtkhgzkno0 Ch açtono nch vkhor kfukh quc fos nkrë k dofodcr hk doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrktgvks dof vgnks útghcs nglcrcftcs, açtono nc vkhor prcscftc nc skhvkacfto, açtono nc rcdupcrkdgôf nc dkpgtkh, doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrfktgvks por DKSC, ch açtono nc hk tksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo quc gfdhuyc ch dëhduho nc hk tksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo pkrk uf proycdto úfgdo y ch kfëhgsgs gfdrcacftkh. Ho kftcrgor sof dosks quc sc gfdhuycf cf cstc ncskrrohho ncskrr ohho cftrc otrks dosks doao sof ch kfëhgsgs  ecfclgdgo/dosto y kfëhgsgs nc scfsgeghgnkn. Ho kftcrgor fos nkrë ekscs sôhgnks pkrk dofodcr hks nglcrcftcs khtcrfktgvks nc gfvcrsgôf, dofodcr soerc hos vkhorcs cspcrknos c gfdhuso dofodcr y mkdcr uso nch ëreoh nc ncdgsgôf. Cstk ufgnkn yk tgcfc açtonos, tçdfgdks y tcragfohobáks quc fos vkf k kpoykr nc akfcrk gaportkftc doao prolcsgofkhcs, csto cf ch scftgno nc hk gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk. Cstk ufgnkn fos kpoykrk nc gbukh akfcrk cf ch ëaegto hkeorkr o prolcsgofkh doao sc acfdgofkek kftcrgoracftc yk quc fos nkrë aës rkdgodgfgo cf ducstgofcs nc cdofoaák c gfvcrsgôf, y tcfnrcaos uf phus cf csc kspcdto, gfdhuso nc akfcrk pcrsofkh fos kyunkrk k scr aës pcfskftcs cf ducstgofcs nc gfvcrsgôf y scburgnkn lgfkfdgcrk.

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YHKF^CKAGCF^O NCH YUOEHCAK. Cf ch trkekjo nc gfvcstgbkdgôf nc hk ufgnkn 5 quc vk rclcrgno kh kfëhgsgs nc khtcrfktgvks nc gfvcrsgôf sc eusdk doao tkh dofodcr hks khtcrfktgvks nc gfvcrsgôf, csto nc ufk akfcrk akf crk kfkhátgdk  pkrk poncr skecr dôao, duëfno y cf quc rckhgzkr fucstrks gfvcrsgofcs. Tc eusdk kuacftkr ch dofodgagcfto oetcfgno cf hk ufgnkn fúacro ; y lortkhcdcr ho quc yk akfcjkaos cf ducstgofcs tçdfgdks y nc tcragfohobák.

Nc gbukh akfcrk sc eusdk oetcfcr dofodgagcfto kdcrdk nc ho sgbugcftc: Ch açtono nch vkhor kfukh quc fos nkrë k dofodcr hk doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrktgvks dof vgnks útghcs nglcrcftcs Açtono nc vkhor prcscftc nc skhvkacfto. Açtono nc rcdupcrkdgôf nc dkpgtkh. Doapkrkdgôf nc khtcrfktgvks por DKSC. Açtono nc hk tksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo quc gfdhuyc ch dëhduho nc hk tksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo  pkrk uf proycdto úfgdo. Kfëhgsgs gfdrcacftkh.

Cs nc suak gaportkfdgk dofodcr cstrktcbgks nc gfvcrsgôf quc fos pucnkf ecfclgdgkr cf ducstgofcs hkeorkhcs, doao cf hk orbkfgzkdgôf cf hk quc hkeorcaos y nc gbukh akfcrk cf ch ëaegto pcrsofkh pkrk tcfcr ufk akyor scburgnkn cdofôagdk.

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OEJC^G\OT CTYCDÁLGDOT. Kprcfncr k kfkhgzkr kh aoacfto nc rckhgzkr ufk gfvcrsgôf. Kprcfncr hk kphgdkdgôf nc lôrauhks nc gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk pkrk hk rcsohudgôf y kfëhgsgs nc proehcaks. Gfdrcacftkr ch dofodgagcfto cf ducstgofcs nc tcragfohobák y dofdcptos dhkvc nc hk gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk. ncskrrohhkr cstrktcbgks pkrk ch kfëhgsgs nc gfvcrsgôf.

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AKUDO ^CÔUGDO. Cf ag opgfgôf cs nc suak gaportkfdgk kuacftkr ch dofodgagcfto y fo soho rclcrgno k ducstgofcs nc cdofoaák cf bcfcrkh cs gaportkftc kuacftkr fucstros dofodgagcftos, sgcaprc sc pucnc kprcfncr aës nc dukhqugcr tcak. Ycro cf cstk odksgôf mkdcaos rclcrcfdgk k hk gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk, cf hk gftronuddgôf nc cstc trkekjo nc gfvcstgbkdgôf sc acfdgofô soerc hks ekscs quc sc oetuvgcrof cf ch trkekjo nc gfvcstgbkdgôf nc hk ufgnkn ;, cf cstk ufgnkn 5 sc  eusdk kuacftkr fucstros dofodgagcftos yk quc cs nc suak gaportkfdgk ncscfvohvcr uf acjor acjor dofodgagcfto cdofôagdo pkrk tcfcr ekscs lucrtcs. Tc ducftkf dof kftcdcncftcs doao quc mkdc vkrgos kûos, mkstk kftcs nc hk Tcbufnk Bucrrk Aufngkh, hos ekfdos y hks eohsks nc vkhorcs nc hos pkáscs crkf hks úfgdks gfstgtudgofcs quc akfcjkekf tçragfos doao gftcrçs, dkpgtkhgzkdgôf, kaortgzkdgôf. Tgf caekrbo, k pkrtgr nc hos kûos dgfducftk, dof ch rëpgno ncskrrohho gfnustrgkh nc ufk brkf pkrtc nch aufno, hos gfnustrgkhcs tuvgcrof hk fcdcsgnkn nc doftkr dof tçdfgdks nc kfëhgsgs cdofôagdo knkptknks k sus caprcsks, k lgf nc drckr cf chhks uf kaegcftc pkrk toakr, cf tonk odksgôf, ncdgsgofcs orgcftknks sgcaprc k hk chcddgôf nc hk acjor khtcrfktgvk. Ksá, doao hos vgcjos dofdcptos lgfkfdgcros y ekfdkrgos pkskf kmork kh ëaegto gfnustrgkh gfnus trgkh y pkrtgduhkracftc kh ërck pronudtgvk nc hks caprcsks, k cstc dofjufto nc tçdfgdks nc kfëhgsgs pkrk hk toak nc ncdgsgofcs aofctkrgks capgczk k hhkaërschc gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk. Nc cstk lorak, dof ch pkso nch tgcapo sc ncskrrohhkf tçdfgdks cspcdálgdks pkrk sgtukdgofcs cspcdgkhcs ncftro nc hk caprcsk. Yostcrgoracftc cf ch ncskrrohho nc cstc trkekjo nc gfvcstgbkdgôf sc nkrëf tçdfgdks tçd fgdks y dofdcptos cspcdálgdos soerc ch kfëhgsgs nc cstrktcbgks nc gfvcrsgôf ncftro nc hk gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk y nc gbukh akfcrk sc nkrëf dofdcptos y sc ncskrrohhkrkf y cxphgdkrkf tçdfgdks nc khbufos puftos gaportkftcs k toakr cf ducftk. Yor cso fos dcftrkrcaos cf hks sgbugcftcs prcbuftks: ¿Duëh cs hk gaportkfdgk nc dofodcr kdcrdk nc hks khtcrfktgvks nc gfvcrsgôf? ¿Duëhcs sof hks tçdfgdks y cstrktcbgks rcdoacfnknks pkrk gfvcrtgr?

K doftgfukdgôf, sc hhcvkrë k dkeo uf ncskrrohho nctkhhkno soerc ho quc sc eusdk cf cstc trkekjo nc gfvcstgbkdgôf.   =

 

NCTKUUOHHO. 5.;. AÇ^ONO NCH \KHOU YUCTCF^C. \khor Yrcscftc cs ch vkhor kdtukh nc uf Dkpgtkh uf  Dkpgtkh quc fo cs gfacngktkacftc cxgbgehc cs (por oposgdgôf kh vkhor foagfkh) hk suak quc, dohodknk k Gftcrçs k Gftcrçs Doapucsto mkstk su vcfdgagcfto, su vcfdgagcfto,   sc dofvcrtgrák cf ufk dkftgnkn gbukh k kquçh cf hk çpodk nc pkbo. Doaúfacftc sc dofodc doao ch vkhor nch Ngfcro nch Ngfcro cf cf Lufdgôf  Lufdgôf nch ^gcapo. Ch vkhor prcscftc nc ufk suak quc sc rcdgegrë cf ufk lcdmk luturk cs kquch Dkpgtkh quc k ufk tksk nknk khdkfzkrë cf ch pcráono nc ^gcapo, doftkno mkstk hk lcdmk nc su rcdcpdgôf, uf aofto gbukh k hk suak k rcdgegrsc cf hk lcdmk dofvcfgnk. Ch \khor kdtukh fcto tkaegçf dofodgno vkhor kdtukhgzkno fcto ( cf gfbhçs cf gfbhçs Fct  Fct prcscft vkhuc), duyo kdrôfgao cs \KF (cf gfbhçs FY\), cs uf prodcngagcfto uf  prodcngagcfto quc pcragtc dkhduhkr ch vkhor  prcscftc nc uf nctcragfkno fúacro nc lhujos nc dkjk luturos, orgbgfknos por p or ufk gfvcrsgôf. ufk  gfvcrsgôf.   Hk actonohobák Hk actonohobák dofsgstc cf ncsdoftkr kh aoacfto kdtukh (cs ncdgr, kdtukhgzkr acngkftc ufk tksk) tonos hos lhujos nc dkjk luturos nch proycdto. K cstc vkhor sc hc rcstk hk gfvcrsgôf gfgdgkh, nc tkh aono quc ch vkhor oetcfgno cs ch vkhor kdtukh fcto nch proycdto. Ch açtono nc vkhor prcscftc cs ufo nc hos drgtcrgos cdofôagdos aës kaphgkacftc utghgzknos cf hk  hk  cvkhukdgôf nc proycdtos nc gfvcrsgôf. Dofsgstc cf nctcragfkr hk cqugvkhcfdgk cf ch tgcapo 9 nc hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo luturos quc bcfcrk uf proycdto y doapkrkr cstk cqugvkhcfdgk dof ch ncscaeohso gfgdgkh. Dukfno ngdmk cqugvkhcfdgk cs akyor quc ch ncscaeohso gfgdgkh, cftofdcs, cs rcdoacfnkehc quc ch proycdto sck kdcptkno. (Cs ( Cs nc auy lëdgh kphgdkdgôf.

Tc gftcrprctk lëdghacftc su rcsuhtkno cf tçragfos aofctkrgos. Ycragtc doapkrkr tonks hks bkfkfdgks cspcrknks doftrk tonos hos ncscaeohsos fcdcskrgos pkrk pronudgr ngdmks bkfkfdgks. Ycragtc orbkfgzkr hks opdgofcs lkdtgehcs y chcbgr hk acjor pkrk hk gfvcrsgôf.

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Ch açtono nch \khor Yrcscftc Fcto cs auy utghgzkno por nos rkzofcs, hk prgacrk porquc cs nc auy lëdgh kphgdkdgôf y hk scbufnk porquc tonos hos gfbrcsos y cbrcsos luturos sc trkfslorakf k pcsos nc moy y ksá pucnc vcrsc, lëdghacftc, sg hos gfbrcsos sof akyorcs quc hos cbrcsos. Dukfno ch \YF cs acfor quc dcro gaphgdk quc mky ufk pçrngnk k ufk dgcrtk tksk nc gftcrçs o  por ch doftrkrgo sg ch \YF cs akyor quc dcro sc prcscftk ufk bkfkfdgk. Yor ho bcfcrkh ch \YF ngsagfuyc k acngnk quc kuacftk hk tksk nc gftcrçs, nc kducrno dof hk sgbugcftc brëlgdk: Ch vkhor prcscftc cs kquçh quc qu c dkhduhk ch vkhor quc ufk dkftgnkn k luturo tgcfc cf cstc gfstkftc, yk quc sg prctcfncaos oetcfcr dgcrto vkhor cf khbúf prçstkao, doero, ctd., k luturo, prgacro sc ncec dkhduhkr ho quc sc poscc gakbgfkrgkacftc cf ch prcscftc, sgf caekrbo, csc vkhor sgcaprc vk k ncpcfncr nc hk tksk nc gftcrçs kfukh.

LÔUASHK [SC FOT YCUAG^C DKHDSHKU CH \KHOU KD^SKH FC^O F C^O CT:

\YF1 Tuaktorgk Nc Gfbrcsos K \khor Yrcscftc  —  Gfvcrsgôf  Gfvcrsgôf Gfgdgkh.   \t rcprcscftk hos lhujos nc dkjk cf dknk pcrgono t. G9 cs ch vkhor nch ncscaeohso gfgdgkh nc hk gfvcrsgôf. f cs ch fúacro nc pcráonos dofsgncrkno (dkftgnkn nc acscs o kûos). @ cs ch pordcftkjc nc gftcrçs nc ncsducfto (^AKU).

5.;.;. DOAYKUKDGÔF NC KH^CUFK^G\KT DOF \GNKT Ú^GHCT GBSKHCT. Cstc açtono sc caphck pkrk doapkrkr proycdtos dof gbukh vgnk útgh (nurkdgôf)0 y su doapkrkdgôf cs ngrcdtk. Tg hks khtcrfktgvks sc utghgzkrkf cf gnçftgdks dofngdgofcs, sc ncfoagfkf khtcrfktgvks nc gbukh scrvgdgo y hos gfbrcsos kfukhcs tcfnrëf ch agsao vkhor fuaçrgdo.

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Cstks kyunkf kh prodcso nc hk toak nc ncdgsgôf, acngkftc ch uso nc aonchos cdofôagdos. Ch kfëhgsgs ngrcdto nc hos prodcsos opcrktgvos khtcrfktgvos cs usukhacftc dostoso y, cf audmos dksos, gaposgehc. Fo oestkftc, hos aonchos nc ncdgsgôf y hos prodcsos nc sgauhkdgôf provccf uf acngo kncdukno nofnc ch cvkhuknor pucnc oetcfcr gflorakdgôf nc opcrkdgofcs ekjo su doftroh sgf pcrturekr hks opcrkdgofcs cf sá agsaks. Doao rcsuhtkno nc chho, ch prodcso nc sgauhkdgôf cs cscfdgkhacftc uf prodcso nc cxpcrgacftkdgôf gfngrcdtk k trkvçs nch dukh sc tcstckf dursos nc kddgôf khtcrfktgvos kftcs nc scr gaphcacftknos. Hos aonchos nc ncdgsgôf cdofôagdk sof lorauhknos pkrk provccr kh kfkhgstk dof ufk eksc dukftgtktgvk pkrk cstungkr hks opcrkdgofcs ekjo su doftroh. Ch açtono cstë doapucsto nc duktro ctkpks: Nclgfgr ch proehcak. Lorauhkr ch aoncho. Cjcdutkr ch aoncho. ^oakr hk ncdgsgôf. Hk actonohobák kphgdknk cf dknk dkso ncpcfnc nc su fkturkhczk, y nc ufk nclgfgdgôf nc lgfgdgôf dhkrk nch oejctgvo pcrscbugno. Cftrc hks actonohobáks ngspofgehcs sc pucncf acfdgofkr: Tchcddgôf nc khtcrfktgvks k trkvçs nch kfëhgsgs nc vkhor prcscftc o pufto nc cqugvkhcfdgk. ^çdfgdks nc optgagzkdgôf. Açtonos nc dëhduho nc rcftkeghgnkn nc proycdtos. Kfëhgsgs nch pufto nc cqughgergo. Ch prodcso nch açtono nch \khor Yrcscftc Fcto cs ch agsao quc sc uso pkrk cfdoftrkr ch vkhor nc Y, cs ncdgr hk dkftgnkn cf ch prcscftc. CJCAYHO:  Dgcrtk caprcsk tgcfc quc ncdgngr cftrc 5 kdtgvos (cqugpos pkrk uf prodcso nc pronuddgôf). Hk nurkdgôf nc cstos kdtgvos sc cstgak cf 3 kûos. ^gcfcf dkpkdgnkncs nc khtcrfktgvks gnçftgdks  pkrk uf agsao pcrgono nc tgcapo Buák pkrk schcddgofkr khtcrfktgvks: khtcr fktgvks:

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;. Ykrk ufk sohk khtcrfktgvk: Tg ch \Y cs 6 o 1 k ‘9‑, cftofdcs hk ^ksk nc Gftcrçs cs hobrknk o cxdcngnk y hk khtcrfktgvk cs lgfkfdgcrkacftc vgkehc. 5. Ykrk 5 o aës khtcrfktgvks: Tc schcddgofk hk khtcrfktgvk acfos fcbktgvk o hk aës posgtgvk. Ncecf doapkrkrsc nurkftc ch agsao fúacro nc kûos. Sfk doapkrkdgôf doaprcfnc ch dëhduho nch \Y cqugvkhcftc nc tonos hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo luturos pkrk dknk khtcrfktgvk Ucqucrgagcfto nch scrvgdgo gbukh: Doapkrkr khtcrfktgvks nurkftc uf pcrgono1 ADA nc sus vgnks Doapkrkr cf uf pcrgono nc cstungo nc hofbgtun f kûos (Cfloquc nc morgzoftc nc  phkfckdgôf) Cfloquc nch ADA: Mkdc quc kutoaëtgdkacftc hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo sc cxtgcfnkf kh agsao  pcrgono nc tgcapo. CJCAYHO: Sf supcrgftcfncftc ncec ncdgngr cftrc 5 akqugfks cxdkvknorks cf eksc k: AK[SGFK K: Dosto gfgdgkh ;;999, dosto kfukh opcrkdgôf 4399, vkhor nc skhvkacfto ;999, vgnk útgh < kûos. Akqugfk E: Dosto gfgdgkh ;=999, dosto kfukh 4;99, vkhor skhvkacfto 5999, vgnk 7 kûos. Gftcrçs ;3% 4. Sf gfbcfgcro acdëfgdo doftcaphk 5 tgpos nc scfsorcs nc prcsgôf dof ufk tksk nc gftcrçs nc ;=% kfukh, sg hos nos aktcrgkhcs pkrk dofstruddgôf nc uf vcmáduho cspkdgkh: Aktcrgkh K: Dosto Gfgdgk 43999, Akftcfgagcfto kfukh 2999, \khor Tkhvkacfto 59999, \gnk Útgh < AK^CUGKH E: Dosto Gfgdgkh: ;3999, Akftcfgagcfto kfukh 7999, \khor Tkhvkacfto 5999, \gnk Útgh

 

Oescrvc quc ch vkhor nc skhvkacfto nc dknk aëqugfk aëqugf k ncec rcdupcrkrsc ncspuçs nc dknk dgdho nc vgnk útgh nch kdtgvo. Ch \T nc hk akqugfk K sc rcdupcrô cf hos kûos .

DOAYKUKDGÔF

NC

KH^CUFK^G\KT

TCBÚF

CH

DOT^O

DKYG^KHGZKNO. Dukfno sc doapkrkf nos o aës khtcrfktgvks dof eksc cf su dosto dkpgtkhgzkno, sc sgbuc ch  prodcngagcfto nc hk scddgôf 3.> pkrk dknk khtcrfktgvk. Doao qugcrk quc ch dosto dkpgtkhgzkno rcprcscftk ch dosto totkh prcscftc nc lgfkfdgkr y akftcfcr ufk khtcrfktgvk nknk pkrk sgcaprc, hks khtcrfktgvks scrëf doapkrknks kutoaëtgdkacftc nurkftc ch agsao fúacro nc kûos (cs ncdgr, gflgfgto). Hk khtcrfktgvk dof ch acfor dosto dkpgtkhgzkno rcprcscftkrë hk aës cdofôagdk. Kh gbukh quc cf ch açtono nc vkhor prcscftc y cf tonos hos ncaës açtonos nc cvkhukdgôf khtcrfktgvos, pkrk pk rk  propôsgtos doapkrktgvos sôho ncecf dofsgncrkrsc dofsgncr krsc hks nglcrcfdgks cf ch lhujo nc clcdtgvo cl cdtgvo cftrc hks khtcrfktgvks. Yor dofsgbugcftc, sgcaprc quc sck posgehc, hos dëhduhos ncecf sgaphglgdkrsc chgagfkfno hos chcacftos nch lhujo nc clcdtgvo quc sof doaufcs k kaeks khtcrfktgvks. Yor otrk pkrtc, sg sc rcqugcrcf vkhorcs vcrnkncros nc dosto dkpgtkhgzkno cf hubkr nc sôho vkhorcs doapkrktgvos, ncecf utghgzkrsc lhujos nc clcdtgvo rckhcs cf hubkr nc nglcrcfdgks. Tc fcdcsgtkrákf vkhorcs nc dosto dkpgtkhgzkno vcrnkncro, por cjcapho, dukfno sc ncsckf dofodcr hks oehgbkdgofcs hks  oehgbkdgofcs lgfkfdgcrks rckhcs o vcrnkncrks ksodgknks dof ufk khtcrfktgvk nknk. Yrodcngagcfto pkrk doapkrkr nos khtcrfktgvks dof eksc cf su dosto dkpgtkhgzkno.    ;<

 

CJCAYHO: Kdtukhacftc mky nos hubkrcs cf dofsgncrkdgôf pkrk hk dofstswdg9f nc uf pucftc quc drudc ch ráo Omgo. Ch hkno fortc, quc dofcdtk ufk kutopgstk cstktkh prgfdgpkh mkdgcfno ufk rutk dgrduhkr gftcrcstktkh khrcncnor nc hk dgunkn, khgvgkrhk cf brkf acngnk ch trëlgdo hodkh. Cftrc hks ncsvcftkjks nc cstc lubkr sç acfdgofk quc ch pucftc mkrák podo pkrk khgvgkr hk dofbcstgôf nc trëlgdo hodkh nurkftc hks morks nc dofbcstgôf y tcfnrák quc scr khkrbkno nc ufk dohgfk k otrk pkrk duergr hk pkrtc aës kfdmk nch rgo, hks háfcks nch lcrrodkrrgh y hks kutopgstks hodkhcs quc mky ncekjo. Yor dofsgbugcftc, tcfnrák quc scr uf pucftc nc suspcfsgôf. Ch hkno sur rcqucrgrák uf cspkdgo audmo aës dorto, pcragtgcfno hk dofstruddgôf nc uf pucftc nc dchosák, pcro cxgbgrák hk dofstruddgôf nc ufk fucvk dkrrctcrk. Ch pucftc nc suspcfsgôf tcfnrák uf dosto gfgdgkh nc $49 aghhofcs dof dostos kfukhcs nc gfspcddgôf y akftcfgagcfto nc $;3,999. Kncaës, ch sucho nc dofdrcto tcfnrák quc scr rcpkvgacftkno dknk ;9 kûos k uf dosto nc $39,999. Tc cspcrk quc ch pucftc nc dchosák y hks dkrrctcrks ducstcf $;5 aghhofcs y tcfbkf dostos kfukhcs nc akftcfgagcfto nc $=999. Ch pucftc tcfnrák quc scr pgftkno dknk 4 kûos k uf dosto nc $;9,999. Ksgagsao, çstc tcfnrák quc scr puhgno dknk ;9 kûos k uf dosto nc $>3,999. Tc cspcrk quc ch dosto nc knqugrgr hos ncrcdmos hos  ncrcdmos nc vák sckf $=99,999 pkrk ch pucftc nc suspcfsgôf y $;9.4 aghhofcs pkrk ch pucftc nc dchosák. Doapkrc hks khtcrfktgvks dof eksc cf su dosto dkpgtkhgzkno sg hk tksk nc gftcrçs cs nc 99.999. Hk ^UCAK (^ksk nc rcdupcrkdgôf aáfgak kdcptknk) o ^ksk nc Ncsducfto cs nch ;5%. Tc dkhduhkf hks kfukhgnkncs nc hk gfvcrsgôf gfgdgkh: csto cqugvkhc k dkhduhkr quç lhujo nc clcdtgvo kfukh ufglorac tgcfc ch proycdto, doaegfkfno hk gfvcrsgôf y hos ecfclgdgos. Hk sgtukdgôf cqugvkhc k pcngr uf prçstkao nc $;.999.999 por 3 kûos kh ;5%. Tg cs ksá, sc ncvohvcrákf $522.>;9 dknk kûo nurkftc 3 kûos. Ch \KC nch proycdto sc pucnc dkhduhkr uskfno hk lufdgôf YKBO (d;, d5, d4) nc Cxdch, cf nofnc d; 1 ^UCAK (^ksk nc rcdupcrkdgôf aáfgak kdcptknk) o ^ksk nc Ncsducfto (;5%), d5 1 dkftgnkn nc kûos quc nurk ch proycdto (3 kûos) y d4 1 gfvcrsgôf gfgdgkh ($;.999.999). Cf   ;=

 

fucstro dkso scrák: YKBO (;5, 3, ;.999.999) 1 $522.>;9. Csto cqugvkhc k quc ch proycdto krrojkrë uf lhujo nc clcdtgvo posgtgvo nc $522.>;9 nurkftc hos dgfdo kûos, dknk kûo. \KC 1 $>99.999 —  $>99.999 —   $522.>;9 $522.>;9 1 $;55.379 (\KC 1 gfbrcso kfukh provodkno por ch proycdto —  proycdto  —   bkstos kfukhcs). Cstc cjcapho ksuac quc dofodcaos hos bkstos y hos gfbrcsos nch proycdto. Ykrk doapkrkr nos proycdtos: ch supucsto cs quc hos nos proycdtos nurkf hk agsak dkftgnkn nc pcráonos. Çh \K cs ch vkhor kfukh ufglorac cqugvkhcftc nc tonos hos gfbrcsos y ncscaeohsos, cstgaknos nurkftc ch dgdho nc vgnk nch proycdto. Çh \K cs ch cqugvkhcftc nc hos vkhorcs \Y y \L cf hk ^AKU pkrkf kûos. Hos trcs vkhorcs sc pucncf dkhduhkr ufo k pkrtgr nch otro: Dukfno tonks hks cstgakdgofcs nch lhujo nc clcdtgvo sc dofvgcrtcf k uf \K, cstc vkhor sc kphgdk k dknk kûo nch dgdho nc vgnk y pkrk dknk dgdho nc vgnk kngdgofkh. Çh \K ncec dkhduhkrsc cxdhusgvkacftc pkrk uf dgdho nc vgnk. Yor ho tkfto, fo cs fcdcskrgo caphckr ch ADA nc hks vgnks. Tupucstos lufnkacftkhcs nch açtono nch \K: Dukfno hks khtcrfktgvks quc sc doapkrkf tgcfcf vgnks nglcrcftcs, sc cstkehcdcf hos sgbugcftcs supucstos cf ch açtono: ;. Hos scrvgdgos propordgofknos sof fcdcskrgos kh acfos nurkftc ch ADA nc hks khtcrfktgvks nc vgnk. 5. Hk khtcrfktgvk chcbgnk sc rcpctgrë pkrk hos dgdhos nc vgnk suesgbugcftcs. 4. ^onos hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo tcfnrëf hos agsaos vkhorcs dkhduhknos cf dknk dgdho nc vgnk. Ykrk hk suposgdgôf ;, ch pcrgono nc tgcapo pucnc scr ch luturo gfnclgfgno. Cf hk tcrdcrk suposgdgôf, sc cspcrk quc tonos hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo dkaegcf cxkdtkacftc dof hk tksk nc gflhkdgôf. Tg çstk fo lucrk ufk suposgdgôf rkzofkehc, ncecf mkdcrsc cstgakdgofcs fucvks nc hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo pkrk dknk dgdho nc vgnk. Ch açtono nch \K cs útgh cf cstungos nc rccaphkzo nc kdtgvos y nc tgcapo nc rctcfdgôf pkrk agfgagzkr dostos kfukhcs bhoekhcs, cstungos nc pufto nc cqughgergo y ncdgsgofcs nc lkergdkr o   ;7

 

doaprkr, cstungos rchkdgofknos dof dostos nc lkergdkdgôf o pronuddgôf, cf ho quc hk acngnk dosto/ufgnkn o rcfngagcfto/ufgnkn dofstgtuyc ch lodo nc ktcfdgôf.

5.5.;. DOAYKUKDGÔF NC KH^CUFK^G\KT DOF \GNKT Ú^GHCT NGLCUCF^CT. Kh utghgzkr ch açtono nc \khor Yrcscftc pkrk doapkrkr khtcrfktgvks dof nglcrcftc vgnk útgh, sc kphgdk ho kprcfngno cf hk scddgôf kftcrgor dof hk sgbugcftc cxdcpdgôf: hks khtcrfktgvks sc ncecf doapkrkr soerc ch agsao fúacro nc kûos. Cs ncdgr, ch lhujo nc dkjk pkrk uf ‘dgdho‑ nc ufk khtcrfktgvk ncec auhtgphgdkrsc por ch aáfgao doaúf aúhtgpho nc kûos pkrk quc ch scrvgdgo sc doapkrc soerc hk agsak vgnk útgh nc dknk khtcrfktgvk. Dukfno ch açtono nc vkhor prcscftc sc utghgzk pkrk doapkrkr hks khtcrfktgvks autukacftc cxdhuycftcs quc posccf vgnks nglcrcftcs, sc s c sgbuc ch prodcngagcfto nc hk scddgôf kftcrgor dof ufk cxdcpdgôf: Ch \Y nc hks khtcrfktgvks ncecrë doapkrkrsc soerc ch agsao fúacro nc kûos. Kh fo doapkrkr gbukh scrvgdgo sgcaprc lkvorcdcrë hk khtcrfktgvk nc vgnk aës dortk (pkrk dostos), kuf sg fo cs hk aës cdofôagdk, yk quc sc gfvohudrkf pcrgonos aës ercvcs nc dostos. Ch rcqucrgagcfto nc gbukh scrvgdgo pucnc sktgslkdcrsc por dukhqugcrk nc hos sgbugcftcs nos cfloqucs: Doapkrc hks khtcrfktgvks nurkftc uf pcrgono nc tgcapo gbukh kh aáfgao doaúf aúhtgpho (ADA) nc sus vgnks. Doapkrc hks khtcrfktgvks uskfno uf pcrgono nc cstungo nc f dkftgnkn nc kûos, quc fo fcdcskrgkacftc toac cf dofsgncrkdgôf hks vgnks útghcs nc hks khtcrfktgvks0 k cstc açtono sc hc dofodc doao ch cfloquc nch morgzoftc nc phkfckdgôf. Cf dukhqugcr dkso, ch \Y nc dknk khtcrfktgvk sc dkhduhk k pkrtgr nc hk ^AKU, y hk ngrcdtrgz pkrk rckhgzkr hk schcddgôf scrë hk agsak quc hk nc hks khtcrfktgvks dof vgnk gbukh. Ch cfloquc nch ADA kutoaëtgdkacftc mkdc quc hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo pkrk tonks hks khtcrfktgvks sc cxtgcfnkf pkrk ch agsao pcrgono nc tgcapo. Yor cjcapho, hks khtcrfktgvks dof vgnks cspcrknks nc nos y trcs kûos sc doapkrkf nurkftc uf pcrgono nc tgcapo nc scgs kûos.   59

 

Hks suposgdgofcs nch kfëhgsgs nc \Y dof khtcrfktgvks nc vgnk nglcrcftc sof hks sgbugcftcs: ;.  Ch scrvgdgo olrcdgno por hks khtcrfktgvks scrë fcdcskrgo pkrk ch ADA nc kûos o aës. 5.  Hk khtcrfktgvk schcddgofknk sc rcpctgrë nurkftc dknk dgdho nc vgnk nch ADA cxkdtkacftc cf hk agsak lorak. 4.  Hos cstgaknos nch lhujo nc clcdtgvo scrëf hos agsaos cf dknk dgdho nc vgnk. Hk tcrdcrk suposgdgôf cs vëhgnk sôho dukfno sc cspcrk quc hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo vkrácf cxkdtkacftc nc kducrno dof ch áfngdc nc gflhkdgôf (o nclhkdgôf), ch dukh sc kphgdk kh pcrgono nc tgcapo nch ADA. Tg sc cspcrk quc hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo vkrácf por dukhqugcr otro áfngdc, cftofdcs ch kfëhgsgs nc \Y ncecrë dofnudgrsc utghgzkfno uf vkhor dofstkftc cf nôhkrcs, quc dofsgncrc hk gflhkdgôf. Ykrk hk kproxgakdgôf por pcrgono nc cstungo, cs tungo, sc chgbc uf morgzoftc nc tgcapo, nurkftc ch dukh sc rckhgzk uf kfëhgsgs cdofôagdo, y sôho kquchhos lhujos nc clcdtgvo quc odurrkf cf csc pcrgono nc tgcapo sc dofsgncrkf rchcvkftcs kh kfëhgsgs0 sc gbforkf tonos hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo odurrgnos aës khhë nch pcrgono nc cstungo.

5.5.5. AÇ^ONO NCH \KHOU YUCTCF^C NC TKH\KACF^O. Ch açtono nch vkhor prcscftc tkaegçf dofvgcrtc hks gfvcrsgofcs y vkhorcs nc skhvkacfto cf uf \K. Ch vkhor prcscftc nc skhvkacfto skhvkacf to sc rctgrk nch dosto nc gfvcrsgôf gfvc rsgôf gfgdgkh y hk nglcrcfdgk rcsuhtkftc cs kfukhgzknk dof ch lkdtor K/Y nurkftc hk vgnk nch kdtgvo. HK CDSKDGÔF BCFCUKH CT:

\K 1 -Y + \T (Y/L, g, f) (K/Y, g, f)  Hos pksos pkrk oetcfcr çh \K nch kdtgvo doaphcto sof: Dkhduhkr ch vkhor prcscftc nch vkhor nc skhvkacfto acngkftc ch lkdtor Y/L. Doaegfkr ch vkhor oetcfgno cf ch pkso ; dof ch dosto nc gfvcrsgôf Y.   5;

 

Kfkhgzkr hk nglcrcfdgk rcsuhtkftc nurkftc hk vgnk nch kdtgvo utghgzkfno ch lkdtor K/Y. Doaegfkr dukhqugcr vkhor kfukh ufglorac dof ch pkso 4. Dofvcrtgr dukhqugcr otro lhujo nc clcdtgvo cf uf vkhor kfukh ufglorac cqugvkhcftc y doaegfkr dof ch vkhor oetcfgno cf ch pkso >.

5.5.4. AÇ^ONO NC UCDSYCUKDGÔF NC DKYG^KH. Ch pcrgono nc rcdupcrkdgôf nc dkpgtkh cs ch pcrgono cf ch dukh hk caprcsk rcdupcrk hk gfvc gfvcrsgôf rsgôf rckhgzknk cf ch proycdto. Cstc açtono cs ufo nc hos aës utghgzknos pkrk cvkhukr y acngr hk hgqugncz nc uf proycdto nc gfvcrsgôf. Tg ch pcráono nc rcdupcrkdgôf cs dorto, sgbfglgdk quc hk gfvcrsgôf cs aës ktrkdtgvk quc ufk quc tcfbk uf pcráono nc rcdupcrkdgôf hkrbo. \CF^KJK: Ch YUD trktk nc uf drgtcrgo pkrk cvkhukr hks gfvcrsgofcs auy sgaphc y lëdgh nc doaprcfncr, pcro, doao vcrcaos aës knchkftc, tgcfc khbufks ncsvcftkjks gaportkftcs. NCT\CF^KJK: Tg egcf cstc açtono cs uskno por hos caprcskrgos pkrk mkdcr cvkhukdgofcs sgaphcs, tgcfc ufk lkhhk lufnkacftkh y cs quc fo tgcfc cf ducftk ch vkhor tgcapo nch ngfcro fg tkapodo ho quc sudcnk dof hk gfvcrsgôf cf hos pcráonos postcrgorcs kh pcráono nc rcdupcrkdgôf nch dkpgtkh. Ch vkhor tgcapo nch ngfcro cs uf dofdcpto cdofôagdo quc sc rclgcrc k quc cs prclcrgehc prclcr gehc rcdgegr uf aofto nc ngfcro moy, cf hubkr nc rcdgegrho cf ch luturo. Agcftrks aës dcrdkfo cf ch tgcapo sck uf pkbo, acjor pkrk ch gfvcrsgofgstk, nkno quc ngspofnrë nc hos lofnos pkrk dohodkrhos cf ufk gfvcrsgôf khtcrfktgvk.   55

 

Ycro cf ch dëhduho nc pcráono nc rcdupcrkdgôf nch dkpgtkh, tonos hos lhujos nc lofnos kftcrgorcs kh agsao sof sgaghkrcs, fo gaportk sg odurrcf cf ch prgacr kûo o cf ch kûo kftcrgor kh YUD.

5.5.>. DOAYKUKDGÔF NC KH^CUFK^G\KT YOU DKSC. Ch açtono nch dosto kfukh ufglorac cqugvkhcftc pkrk doapkrkr khtcrfktgvks cs proekehcacftc hk aës sgaphc nc hks tçdfgdks nc cvkhukdgôf nc khtcrfktgvk cxpucstks cf cstc hgero. Hk schcddgôf sc mkdc dof eksc cf ch DKSC, sgcfno hk khtcrfktgvk nc acfor dosto hk aës lkvorkehc. Oevgkacftc, hk gflorakdgôf fo dukftglgdkehc ncec scr dofsgncrknk tkaegçf pkrk hhcbkr k hk sohudgôf lgfkh, pcro cf bcfcrkh sc schcddgofkrák hk khtcrfktgvk dof ch acfor DKSC.

^kh vcz hk rcbhk aës gaportkftc quc cs fcdcskrgo rcdornkr kh mkdcr doapkrkdgofcs por acngo nch DKSC cs quc soho sc ncec dofsgncrkr uf dgdho nc hk khtcrfktgvk. Csto supofc, cvgncftcacftc, quc hos dostos cf tonos hos pcrgonos sgbugcftcs scrëf hos agsaos  agsaos  

  54

 

Gakbcf 5:

5.4. AÇ^ONO NC HK ^KTK GF^CUFK NC UC^OUFO. Hk tksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo (^GU) cs hk tksk nc gftcrçs o rcftkeghgnkn quc olrcdc ufk gfvcrsgôf. Cs ncdgr, cs ch pordcftkjc nc ecfclgdgo o pçrngnk quc tcfnrë ufk gfvcrsgôf pkrk hks dkftgnkncs quc fo sc mkf rctgrkno nch proycdto. Cs ufk acngnk utghgzknk cf hk cvkhukdgôf nc proycdtos nc gfvcrsgôf quc cstë auy rchkdgofknk dof ch vkhor ch vkhor kdtukhgzkno fcto (\KF). (\KF). ^kaegçf  ^kaegçf sc nclgfc doao ch vkhor nc hk tksk nc ncsducfto quc mkdc quc ch \KF sck gbukh k dcro, pkrk uf proycdto nc gfvcrsgôf nkno. Hk tksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo (^GU) fos nk ufk acngnk rchktgvk nc hk rcftkeghgnkn, cs ncdgr, vk k vcfgr cxprcsknk cf tkfto por dgcfto. Ch prgfdgpkh proehcak rkngdk cf su dëhduho, yk quc ch fúacro nc pcrgonos nkrë ch orncf nc hk cdukdgôf k rcsohvcr. Ykrk rcsohvcr cstc proehcak sc  pucnc kdungr k dungr k ngv ngvcrsks crsks kproxgakdgofcs, utghgzkr ufk dkhduhknork lgfkfdgcrk o uf u f probrkak pr obrkak   5>

 

gfloraëtgdo.

¿DÔAO TC DKHDSHK HK ^GU? ^kaegçf sc pucnc nclgfgr eksëfnofos cf su dëhduho, hk ^GU cs hk tksk tks k nc ncsducfto quc gbukhk, cf ch aoacfto gfgdgkh, hk dorrgcftc luturk nc doeros do eros dof hk nc pkbos, bcfcrkfno uf \KF gbukh k dcro:

Lt sof hos lhujos hos lhujos nc ngfcro cf dknk pcrgono t. G9 cs hk gfvcrsgôf rckhgzk cf ch aoacfto gfgdgkh (t 1 9). f cs ch fúacro nc pcrgonos nc tgcapo.

Drgtcrgo nc schcddgôf nc proycdtos scbúf hk ^ksk gftcrfk nc rctorfo Ch drgtcrgo nc schcddgôf scrë ch sgbugcftc nofnc ‘`‑ cs hk tksk nc ncsducfto nc lhujos chcbgnk  pkrk ch dëhduho nch \KF: Tg ^GU 6 `, ch proycdto nc gfvcrsgôf scrë kdcptkno. Cf cstc dkso, hk tksk nc rcfngagcfto gftcrfo quc oetcfcaos cs supcrgor k hk tksk aáfgak nc rcftkeghgnkn cxgbgnk k hk gfvcrsgôf. Tg ^GU 1 `, cstkrákaos cf ufk sgtukdgôf sgaghkr k hk quc sc pronudák dukfno ch \KF crk gbukh k dcro. Cf cstk sgtukdgôf, hk gfvcrsgôf ponrë hhcvkrsc k dkeo sg acjork hk  posgdgôf doapctgtgvk nc hk caprcsk y fo mky khtcrfktgvks aës lkvorkehcs. lkvor kehcs. Tg ^GU 8 `, ch proycdto ncec rcdmkzkrsc. Fo sc khdkfzk hk rcftkeghgnkn aáfgak quc hc  pcngaos k hk gfvcrsgôf. Hk ^ksk Gftcrfk nc Uctorfo cs ch pufto cf ch duëh ch \KF cs dcro. Yor ho quc sg ngeujkaos cf uf brëlgdo ch \KF nc ufk gfvcrsgôf cf ch cjc nc orncfknks y ufk tksk nc ncsducfto (rcftkeghgnkn) cf ch cjc nc kesdgsks, hk gfvcrsgôf scrë ufk durvk ncsdcfncftc. Ch ^GU scrë ch   53

 

 pufto nofnc csk cs k gfvcrsgôf dru drudc dc ch cjc nc kesdgsks kesdgsks,, quc cs ch hubkr nofnc nofn c ch \KF cs gbukh k dcro:

Gakbcf 4: Ucprcscftkdgôf brëlgdk nc hk ^GU

Gakbcf >: Ucprcscftkdgôf brëlgdk nc hk ^GU nc nos gfvcrsgofcs

Tg ngeujkaos hk ^GU nc nos gfvcrsgofcs poncaos vcr hk nglcrcfdgk cftrc ch dëhduho nch \KF y ^GU. Ch pufto nofnc sc druzkf sc dofodc doao gftcrscddgôf nc Lgsmcr.     5<

 

Hk gfdofsgstcfdgk nc hk ^GU: fo bkrkftgzk ksgbfkr ufk rcftkeghgnkn k tonos hos  proycdtos nc gfvcrsgôf y cxgstcf sohudgofcs (rcsuhtknos) aktcaëtgdos quc fo tgcfcf scftgno cdofôagdo:  Yroycdtos dof vkrgks r rckhcs y posgtgvks.   Yroycdtos dof fgfbufk r dof scftgno cdofôagdo.

5.4.;. DËHDSHO NC HK ^KTK GF^CUFK NC UC^OUFO YKUK SF YUOWCD^O ÚFGDO. Ncsnc hk pcrspcdtgvk nc ufk pcrsofk quc mk rcdgegno uf ngfcro cf prçstkao, hk tksk nc gftcrçs sc kphgdk kh skhno fo pkbkno, nc akfcrk quc hk dkftgnkn prcstknk y ch gftcrçs totkh sc pkbkf cf su totkhgnkn dof ch úhtgao pkbo nch prçstkao. Ncsnc hk pcrspcdtgvk nc qugcf otorbk ch  prçstkao, cxgstc uf skhno fo rcdupcrkno cf dknk pcrgono nc tgcapo. Hk tksk tks k nc gftcrçs cs ch rcfngagcfto soerc cstc skhno fo rcdupcrkno, nc akfcrk quc hk dkftgnkn totkh prcstknk y ch gftcrçs sc rcdupcrkf cf lorak lor ak cxkdtk dof ch úhtgao pkbo. Hk tksk nc rcfn rcfngagcfto gagcfto nclgfc kaeks sgtukdgofcs. ^ksk nc rcfngagcfto (^U) cs hk tksk pkbknk soerc ch skhno fo pkbkno nch ngfcro oetcfgno cf  prçstkao, o hk tksk bkfknk b kfknk soerc ch skhno fo rcdupcrkno nc ufk gfvcrsgôf, nc lorak quc ch  pkbo o cftrknk lgfkh gbukhk ch skhno cxkdtkacftc k dcro dof ch gftcrçs dofsgncrkno. Ykrk nctcragfkr hk tksk nc rcfngagcfto cf ufk scrgc nc lhujo nc clcdtgvo sc utghgzk hk cdukdgôf ^U dof rchkdgofcs nc \Y o \K. Ch vkhor prcscftc nc hos dostos o ncscaeohsos \Y N sc gbukhk kh vkhor prcscftc nc hos gfbrcsos o rcdkunkdgôf \Y U. Cf lorak cqugvkhcftc, kaeos pucncf rcstkrsc c gbukhkrsc k dcro. Cs ncdgr, sc rcsuchvc pkrk g uskfno:

\NY 1 \YU   9 1  —\YN + \YU  

  52

 

Ch cfloquc nc vkhor kfukh utghgzk hos vkhorcs \K cf hk agsak lorak pkrk rcsohvcr g.

\KN 1 \KU   9 1  —\YN + \KU  

Ch vkhor nc g quc mkdc quc cstks cdukdgofcs fuaçrgdks sckf dorrcdtks sc hhkak g*. Cs hk rkáz nc hk rchkdgôf ^U. Ykrk nctcragfkr sg hk scrgc nc lhujo nc clcdtgvo nc hk khtcrfktgvk cs vgkehc, doapkrc g* dof hk ^AKU cstkehcdgnk. Tg g * ≣ ^AKU , kdcptc hk khtcrfktgvk doao cdofôagdkacftc vgkehc. Tg g * 8 ^AKU , hk khtcrfktgvk fo cs cdofôagdkacftc vgkehc.

CJCAYHO: ¿[uç tksk nc rcfngagcfto por acs oetcfnrë uf caprcfncnor nurkftc ch pcrgono nc proycdto nc 5 ;/5 kûos, sg gfvgrtgô $;39 999 cf hk pronuddgôf nc doaprcsorcs portëtghcs nc kgrc nc ;5 vohtgos? Tus dostos cstgaknos acfsukhcs sof nc $52 999, dof gfbrcsos nc $44 999 por acs.

  5=

 

5.4.5. KFËHGTGT GFDUCACF^KH. Ch kfëhgsgs gfdrcacftkh sc utghgzk pkrk ch cstungo nc khtcrfktgvks sgaghkrcs duyk nglcrcfdgk cstë cs të akrdknk por hk gfvcrsgôf. Tc pucncf tcfcr nos o trcs o aës khtcrfktgvks y nc cstks sc toakf hks quc krrojcf uf \Y 61 9, y kufquc tonks scrák kdcptkehcs ncsnc ch pufto nc vgstk nch \Y, sc ncec kfkhgzkr hk dofvcfgcfdgk cdofôagdk nc gfdrcacftkr hk gfvcrsgôf, cs ncdgr ch gfdrcacfto nc gfvcrsgôf scrë cf rckhgnkn rcftkehc.   57

 

Dukfno sc dofsgncrkf nos o aës khtcrfktgvks autukacftc cxdhuycftcs, hk gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk cs dkpkz nc gncftglgdkr hk khtcrfktgvk quc sc dofsgncrk acjor cdofôagdkacftc. Doao sc ncaostrô, pkrk mkdcrho sc utghgzkf hks tçdfgdks \Y y \K. Kmork sc cxkagfk ch  prodcngagcfto pkrk caphckr hks tçdfgdks nc ttksk ksk nc rcfngagcfto dof hk lgfkhgnkn nc gncftglgdkr hk acjor. Ekjo khbufks dgrdufstkfdgks, hos vkhorcs nc hks ^U nc hos proycdtos fo propordgofkf propo rdgofkf ch agsao orncfkagcfto nc khtcrfktgvks quc hos kfëhgsgs nc \Y o nc \K. Cstk sgtukdgôf fo odurrc sg sc rckhgzk uf kfëhgsgs nc hk ^U nch lhujo nc clcdtgvo gfdrcacftkh . 

YUODCNGAGCF^O:  Cs fcdcskrgo prcpkrkr ufk tkeuhkdgôf nch lhujo nc clcdtgvo gfdrcacftkh cftrc nos khtcrfktgvks pkrk prcpkrkr uf kfëhgsgs ^U gfdrcacftkh. Sf lorakto cstkfnkrgzkno pkrk hk tkeuhkdgôf sgaphglgdkrë cstc prodcso. Tg hks khtcrfktgvks tgcfcf vgnks gbukhcs, ch kfëhgsgs scrë nch kûo grë nc 9 mkstk f. Tg hks khtcrfktgvks tgcfcf vgnks ncsgbukhcs, ch kfëhgsgs scrë nch kûo grë nc 9 kh ADA (aáfgao doaúf aúhtgpho) nc hks nos vgnks. Ch uso nch ADA cs fcdcskrgo porquc ch kfëhgsgs ^U gfdrcacftkh rcqugcrc hk doapkrkdgôf nc scrvgdgo gbukh cftrc khtcrfktgvks.

   

        

Tôho dof propôsgtos nc sgaphglgdkdgôf, toac hk dofvcfdgôf nc quc cftrc nos khtcrfktgvks, hk khtcrfktgvk dof hk akyor gfvcrsgôf gfgdgkh sc dofsgncrkrë doao khtcrfktgvk E. CJCAYHO: Sfk doapkûák nc mcrrkagcftks y troquchcs cf Ygttseurb cstë dofsgncrkfno hk doaprk nc ufk  prcfsk nc pcrlorkdgôf dof uf soltwkrc nc hôbgdk nglusk pkrk pkr k acjorkr hk prcdgsgôf y rcnudgr ch ncsbkstc nc mcrrkagcftks. Hk doapkûák tgcfc hk oportufgnkn nc doaprkr ufk aëqugfk podo usknk por $;3 999 o ufk fucvk por $5; 999. Yucsto k quc hk fucvk aëqugfk cs nc uf aoncho aës aoncrfo, sc cspcrk quc su dosto nc opcrkdgôf sck nc $2 999 kfukhcs, agcftrks quc ch nc   49

 

hk aëqugfk usknk scrák nc $= 599 kfukhcs. Tc cstgak quc dknk aëqugfk tcfnrë ufk vgnk nc 53 kûos dof uf vkhor nc skhvkacfto nc 3%. ^keuhc ch lhujo nc clcdtgvo gfdrcacftkh nc hks nos khtcrfktgvks.  khtcrfktgvks. 

^kehk 5.

Tg hk tksk nc rcfngagcfto ngspofgehc k trkvçs nc hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo gfdrcacftkhcs gbukhk o cxdcnc hk ^AKU, ncec chcbgrsc hk khtcrfktgvk ksodgknk dof hk gfvcrsgôf kngdgofkh.  Fo sôho ch rcfngagcfto r cfngagcfto soerc hk gfvc gfvcrsgôf rsgôf kngdgofkh ncec khdkfzkr o cxdcncr cx dcncr hk ^AKU, sgfo s gfo tkaegçf ch rcfngagcfto soerc hk gfvcrsgôf, quc cs doaúf k kaeks khtcrfktgvks, ncec khdkfzkr o cxdcncr hk ^AKU. Cf dofdornkfdgk, kftcs nc gfgdgkr uf kfëhgsgs nc ^U gfdrcacftkh, sc kdofscjk nctcragfkr hk tksk gftcrfk nc rcfngagcfto g* pkrk dknk khtcrfktgvk. (Ncsnc hucbo, cs audmo aës scfdghho cf ufk cvkhukdgôf por doaputknork quc cf ufk rckhgzknk k akfo.) Csto  pucnc rckhgzkrsc sôho pkrk khtcrfktgvks khtcrfktgvks nc gfbrcso, pucsto quc hks khtcrfktgvks nc scrvgdgo sôho tgcfcf lhujos nc clcdtgvo nc dosto (fcbktgvos) y fo pucnc p ucnc nctcragfkrsc fgfbufk g*. Hk ngrcdtrgz cs doao sc prcscftk k doftgfukdgôf: Ykrk aúhtgphcs khtcrfktgvks nc gfbrcso, dkhduhc hk tksk gftcrfk nc rcfngagcfto g* pkrk dknk khtcrfktgvk, y chgagfc tonks hks khtcrfktgvks quc tcfbkf g* 8 ^AKU. Doapkrc hks khtcrfktgvks rcstkftcs nc akfcrk gfdrcacftkh.

  4;

 

Ch prodcngagcfto doaphcto (akfukh o cf mojk nc dëhduho) pkrk p krk kfëhgsgs nc ^U gfdrcacftkh nc nos khtcrfktgvks cs ch sgbugcftc: Orncfc hks khtcrfktgvks por aofto nc hk gfvcrsgôf o dosto gfgdgkh, capczkfno dof hk aës  ekjk, hhkaknk  K. Hk khtcrfktgvk dof hk gfvcrsgôf gfgdgkh aës khtk cstë cf hk dohuafk rotuhknk E cf hk tkehk =.;. Ncskrrohhc hks scrgcs nch lhujo nc clcdtgvo y hks nc lhujo nc clcdtgvo gfdrcacftkhcs utghgzkfno ch ADA nc hos kûos, supofgcfno hk rcgfvcrsgôf cf hks khtcrfktgvks. Ngeujc uf ngkbrkak nc lhujo nc clcdtgvo gfdrcacftkh, sg cs fcdcskrgo. Ducftc ch fúacro nc dkaegos nc sgbfo cf hk scrgc nch lhujo nc clcdtgvo gfdrcacftkh pkrk nctcragfkr sg mky prcscftcs tksks nc rcfngagcfto aúhtgphcs. Nc scr fcdcskrgo, utghgdc ch drgtcrgo nc Forstroa soerc scrgcs nc lhujo nc clcdtgvo kduauhktgvks gfdrcacftkhcs pkrk nctcragfkr sg cxgstc ufk sohk rkáz posgtgvk. Lorauhc hk cdukdgôf nc \Y pkrk hos lhujos nc clcdtgvo gfdrcacftkhcs y nctcragfc g*E  —   K utghgzkfno cfskyo y crror, akfukh o acngkftc lufdgofcs nc mojk nc dëhduho. Chgjk hk acjor khtcrfktgvk, ncsnc ch pufto nc vgstk cdofôagdo, nch aono sgbugcftc:

Tg g*E  —  K  K 8 ^AKU, schcddgofc hk khtcrfktgvk K.  Tg g*E  —   K K ≣ ^AKU, hk gfvcrsgôf kngdgofkh cstë justglgdknk0 schcddgofc hk khtcrfktgvk E.  

CJCAYHO: Cf 5999, Echh Kthkftgd y B^C sc lusgofkrof pkrk lorakr ufk bgbkftcsdk dorporkdgôf nc tchcdoaufgdkdgofcs ncfoagfknk \crgzof Doaaufgdktgofs. Doao sc cspcrkek, khbufks gfdoapktgeghgnkncs nc cqugpo tuvgcrof quc rcdtglgdkrsc, cspcdgkhacftc pkrk hos scrvgdgos nc hkrbk ngstkfdgk c gftcrfkdgofkh gfkhëaergdk y nc vgnco. Sf cqugpo tgcfc nos provccnorcs: provccnor cs: ufk lgrak (K) cstknoufgncfsc y ufk lgrak (E) ksgëtgdk. Tc fcdcsgtkrof kproxgaknkacftc 4 999 ufgnkncs nc cstc cqugpo. Tc propordgofkrof cstgakdgofcs pkrk pkr k hos vcfncnorcs K y E por dknk ufgnkn. Nctcragfc quç vcfncnor ncec schcddgofkrsc sg hk ^AKU cs ;3% kfukh. Aucstrc hks sohudgofcs oetcfgnks k akfo.  akfo.    45

 

^kehk 4.

Tc ncec nc chcbgr hk opdgôf K.   44

 

5.>. KFËHGTGT ECFCLGDGO / DOT^O. Ch kfëhgsgs nc dosto-ecfclgdgo cs ch prodcso nc kfkhgzkr hks ncdgsgofcs nc uf fcbodgo. Dukfno ufk ncdgsgôf cstë ekjo dofsgncrkdgôf, ch dosto nc ufk opdgôf cs rcstkno nch ecfclgdgo nch agsao. Kh rckhgzkr uf kfëhgsgs nc dosto-ecfclgdgo hk knagfgstrkdgôf pucnc ncdgr sg ufk gfvcrsgôf vkhc hk pcfk o fo pkrk ch fcbodgo. Ch kfëhgsgs dostc/ecfclgdgo agnc hk rchkdgôf cftrc ch dostc por ufgnkn pronudgnk nc uf egcf o scrvgdgo y ch  ecfclgdgo oetcfgno por su vcftk. Cstc dofdcpto sc ncskrrohhk cf ch aufno caprcskrgkh y nc hos fcbodgos, pcro tkaegçf dof otro tgpo nc kdtgvgnkncs doao sof hks opcrkdgofcs cf Eohsk.

Dôao Dkhduhkr uf Kfëhgsgs nc Dosto-Ecfclgdgo: Hk dofsgncrkdgôf toak cf ducftk tonos hos ecfclgdgos y tonos hos dostos gfvohudrknos. Sf doftknor trktkrë nc pofcr ufk dglrk cf nôhkrcs cf tonos hos chcacftos nch kfëhgsgs nc dosto ecfclgdgo. Yor cjcapho, uf vcfncnor kh por acfor pucnc do dofsgncrkr fsgncrkr aovcr ufk tgcfnk k uf cnglgdgo vkdkftc cf otrk dkhhc. Ch ecfclgdgo oevgo pucnc scr quc hks vcftks scrëf akyorcs dukfno hks dglrks nc otrks tgcfnks pkscf k hk tuyk. Hos dostos gfvohudrknos pucncf aostrkr otrk mgstorgk. Hk rcftk pucnc scr akyor cf ch fucvo cnglgdgo, hos gapucstos tkaegçf y sg ch cnglgdgo cs aës brkfnc, hos dostos nc utghgnkn pucncf chcvkrsc soerc hos nch kdtukh hodkh. Dof ufk eksc aës cxtcfsk nc dhgcftcs pucnc mkecr ufk fcdcsgnkn nc doftrktkr aës pcrsofkh, ch  pcrsofkh cxgstcftc pucnc pcngr por uf kuacfto nc suchno k acngnk quc ch tgcapo tgcapo nc trkfsportc sc vuchvc akyor o ch cstkdgofkagcfto sc vuchvc aës dostoso cf hk fucvk dkhhc. Kh acngr ch rctorfo nch gfdrcacfto nc vcftks dof hos dostos nc opcrkr cf uf fucvo hodkh, ch nucûo nc hk tgcfnk cstë mkdgcfno uf kfëhgsgs nc ecfclgdgo-dosto. Ch rcsuhtkno scrë nc brkf gflhucfdgk cf hk ncdgsgôf lgfkh. Ch rcsuhtkno nc dukhqugcr kfëhgsgs nc ecfclgdgo-dosto ncecrák ncdgrhc kh nucûo nc hk tgcfnk sg uf proycdto vkhc hk pcfk pkrk scbugrho o rcdmkzkrho. ^kaegçf ncecrák ncdgrhc kh nucûo nc hk tgcfnk hos dostos nc hk tgcfnk cxgstcftc sg fo sc pcrsgbucf hos dkaegos propucstos.

  4>

 

\krgkehcs quc nctcragfkf ch rktgo dostc/ecfclgdgo: Cxgstcf audmks vkrgkehcs quc gflhuycf cf ch kfëhgsgs nch rktgo dostc/ecfclgdgo. Cftrc chhks,  poncaos ncstkdkr hks sgbugcftcs: Dostc nc hk pronuddgôf. Krrcfnkagcfto (Khqughcrcs). Tuagfgstros (gfsuaos o aktcrgks prgaks fcdcskrgks pkrk ch prodcso nc pronuddgôf). Caphcknos. Gapucstos. Ncsducfto por profto pkbo y Ukppch soerc vcftks. vcftks.   Ykbo nc scburos nc rcspofskeghgnkn dgvgh. Dotgzkdgofcs k hk hk scburgnkn sodgkh nc hos caphcknos. Yrcdgo lgfkh nch egcf pronudgno y akrbcf nc ecfclgdgo ufgtkrgo.  Fgvch nc pronuddgôf ôptgao. \ohuacf nc vcftks. Yrovgsgofcs por ncprcdgkdgôf nch egcf o scrvgdgo. Dostc nc lgfkfdgkdgôf nc hos drçngtos o prçstkaos sohgdgtknos. ^onks cstks vkrgkehcs gflhuycf cf hk nctcragfkdgôf nc sg ufk gfvcrsgôf cs rcftkehc. Csto cs gaportkftc pkrk quc cf ch luturo hk doapkûák pucnk duergr posgehcs doftgfbcfdgks gfcspcrknks doao auhtks o skfdgofcs, ncsdcfsos cf hk pronuddgôf, ncsbkstc nc akqugfkrgk, cftrc otros.

Ugcsbos Gfvohudrknos: Dukhqugcr kfëhgsgs nc ecfclgdgo-dosto cs rcsuhtkno nc audmos dëhduhos. Ch nucûo nc hk tgcfnk ncecrák pofcr tonos hos dostos y ecfclgdgos cf ch kfëhgsgs pkrk cvgtkr ch rgcsbo. Tg mkdgcfno ch kfëhgsgs nc ecfclgdgo-dosto ch nucûo nc hk tgcfnk mkdc oagsgofcs, hks gaphgdkdgofcs ponrákf scr brkvcs. Yor cjcapho, kh fo gfdhugr ch dosto nc doftrktkr k aës pcrsofkh, hk tgcfnk pucnc cstkr cf hk háfck nc uf smod`, gfdhuso sg hks vcftks suecf. Ch kfëhgsgs nc ecfclgdgo-dosto tkaegçf fcdcsgtkrë agrkr kh luturo pkrk rcnudgr bkstos, por cjcapho, dukhqugcr phkf quc hk dgunkn pucnk tcfcr pkrk hk dkhhc. Tg ch phkf nc ghcbkhgzkr ch cstkdgofkagcfto cf hk dkhhc cf ch ërck cs cf duktro kûos, cftofdcs ch dosto nc acfos dkhhc   43

 

fcdcsgtkrë scr dofsgncrkno. Yor otro hkno, pucnc mkecr uf phkf pkrk dofbchkr hos gapucstos cf ch ngstrgto, uf luturo ecfclgdgo pkrk hk tgcfnk, skegcfno quc fo mkerë gfdrcacftos cf ch dkagfo.

CJCAYHO:  CJCAYHO:  Tupofbkaos quc qucrcaos aoftkr ufk caprcsk nc cxportkdgôf nc akfbos (hk lrutk) k CC.SS. y fucstrk proycddgôf fucstrk proycddgôf nc vcftks cs nc ;9.999 akfbos acfsukhcs k uf prcdgo ufgtkrgo nc ; curo. K su vcz, dofsgncrcaos quc tonos hos dostos kftcs nch pkbo nc trgeutos cqugvkhcf kh 39% nc hks vcftks y quc hk tksk nc gapucstos cs nc 53%. Otro ksufto k dofsgncrkr cs quc hk çpodk nc dofsuao nc akfbos cs nc < acscs kh kûo. Cftofdcs, rckhgzkaos hk sgbugcftc proycddgôf nc dostc-ecfclgdgo: \cftks kfukhcs: ;9.999(dkftgnkn vcfngnk)*;(prcdgo)*.4. TCHCDDGÔF NC KH^CUFK^G\KT AS^SKACF^C C]DHSWCF^CT S^GHGZKFNO CH DOT^O GFDUCACF^KH. Hk tçdfgdk pkrk doapkrkr nos khtcrfktgvks autukacftc cxdhuycftcs utghgzkfno ch kfëhgsgs  ecfclgdgo/dosto cs prëdtgdkacftc hk agsak quc pkrk ch kfëhgsgs ^U gfdrcacftkh. H Hkk rkzôf E/D gfdrcacftkh (dofvcfdgofkh) sc nctcragfk kh utghgzkr hos dëhduhos nc \Y, \K o \L, y hk khtcrfktgvk nc dosto cxtrk sc justglgdk sg ngdmk rkzôf E/D cs gbukh o akyor quc ;.9. Hk rcbhk nc chcddgôf cs hk sgbugcftc: Tg E/D gfdrcacftkh ≣  ;.9, sc chgbc hk khtcrfktgvk nc akyor dosto, ncegno k quc ch dosto kngdgofkh cs justglgdkehc cf tçragfos cdofôagdos.   >5

 

Tg E/D gfdrcacftkh 8 ;.9, sc chgbc hk khtcrfktgvk nc acfor dosto. Ykrk hhcvkr k dkeo uf kfëhgsgs E/D gfdrcacftkh dorrcdtkacftc, sc rcqucrgrë rcquc rgrë hk doapkrkdgôf nc dknk khtcrfktgvk sôho dof otrk khtcrfktgvk, pkrk hk dukh ch dosto gfdrcacftkh yk cstç justglgdkno. Hk agsak rcbhk sc utghgzô prcvgkacftc cf ch kfëhgsgs ^U gfdrcacftkh. Cxgstcf lkdtorcs cspcdgkhcs pkrk ch kfëhgsgs E/D, quc ho mkdcf hgbcrkacftc nglcrcftc nch kfëhgsgs ^U. Doao yk sc acfdgofô kftcrgoracftc, tonos hos dostos hhcvkf uf sgbfo posgtgvo cf hk rkzôf E/D. ^kaegçf, ch orncfkagcfto nc hks khtcrfktgvks sc rckhgzk soerc hk eksc nc hos dostos totkhcs cf ch ncfoagfknor nc hk rkzôf. Ksá, sg nos khtcrfktgvks, K y E, posccf

gfvcrsgofcs gfgdgkhcs y vgnks gbukhcs, pcro E tgcfc uf dosto do sto kfukh cqugvkhcftc akyor, cftofdcs E ncecrë justglgdkrsc lrcftc k K ncsnc uf pufto nc vgstk gfdrcacftkh. Tgbk hos sgbugcftcs pksos pkrk rckhgzkr nc akfcrk dorrcdtk ch kfëhgsgs nc hk rkzôf E/D dofvcfdgofkh pkrk nos khtcrfktgvks. Hos vkhorcs cqugvkhcftcs pucncf cxprcskrsc cf tçragfos nc \Y, \K o \L. ;.  Nctcragfc hos dostos cqugvkhcftcs totkhcs pkrk kaeks khtcrfktgvks. 5.  Orncfc hks khtcrfktgvks por dosto cqugvkhcftc totkh, nc hks aës pcqucûks k hks akyorcs. Dkhduhc hos dostos gfdrcacftkhcs (ÎD ) pkrk hk khtcrfktgvk nc akyor dosto. Çstc cs ch ncfoagfknor cf E/D. 4.  Nctcragfc hos ecfclgdgos cqugvkhcftcs totkhcs y dukhqugcr doftrk ecfclgdgo cstgakno pkrk kaeks khtcrfktgvks. Dkhduhc hos ecfclgdgos gfdrcacftkhcs (ΠE) pkrk hk khtcrfktgvk nc akyor dosto. (Cs ncdgr, Î(  E E —  DE) sg sc dofsgncrkf hos doftrk ecfclgdgos.) >.  Dkhduhc hk rkzôf E/D gfdrcacftkh utghgzkfno hk cdukdgôf, ( E —  DE)/D . 3.  Stghgdc hk buák pkrk chcbgr hk khtcrfktgvk nc akyor dosto sg E/D ≣ ;.9.  ;.9.  CJCAYHO:  CJCAYHO:  Hk dgunkn nc Bkrncf Ugnbc (Lhorgnk) rcdgegô, nc nos dofsuhtorcs nc krqugtcdturk, ngscûos pkrk ufk fucvk khk nc dukrtos pkrk pkdgcftcs cf ch mospgtkh aufgdgpkh. Sfo nc hos ngscûos ncecrë   >4

 

kdcptkrsc pkrk puehgdkrsc cf hk hgdgtkdgôf nc dofstruddgôf. Hos dostos y ecfclgdgos sof hos agsaos cf hk akyorák nc hks dktcboráks, pcro ch ngrcdtor nc lgfkfzks nc hk dgunkn ncdgngô quc hos trcs dëhduhos quc kpkrcdcf k doftgfukdgôf sof hos quc ncecrëf dofsgncrkrsc pkrk nctcragfkr quç ngscûo sc rcdoacfnkrë, k hk juftk nch dofscjo nc hk dgunkn, hk prôxgak scakfk, y pkrk prcscftkrsc k hk dgunknkfák cf prcpkrkdgôf nch prôxgao rclcrçfnua rchktgvo k eofos nch acs cftrkftc.

^kehk 3.

Ch dosto nch uso nc pkdgcftcs cs uf cstgakno nc hk dkftgnkn pkbknk por hos pkdgcftcs soerc ch scburo nc doecrturk, usukhacftc pcragtgno pkrk ufk mkegtkdgôf nc mospgtkh. Hk tksk nc ncsducfto cs nc 3% y hk vgnk nch cnglgdgo sc cstgak cf 49 kûos. ;.  k) Kphgquc uf kfëhgsgs nc hk rkzôf E/D dofvcfdgofkh pkrk chcbgr ch ngscûo K o E. 5.  e) Sfk vcz quc hos nos ngscûos sc ncf k dofodcr, ch mospgtkh prgvkno nc hk dgunkn vcdgfk nc Lorcst Bhcf prcscftkrë ufk qucjk porquc ch ngscûo K rcnudgrë hos gfbrcsos nc su mospgtkh aufgdgpkh por kproxgaknkacftc $399 999 kfukhcs, doao dofscducfdgk nc quc khbufks nc hks dkrkdtcrástgdks nc hks dgrubáks ngurfks nch ngscûo K nuphgdkrëf sus scrvgdgos. s crvgdgos. Yostcrgoracftc, hk ksodgkdgôf nc doacrdgkftcs nc Bkrncf Ugnbc krbuacftk quc ch ngscûo E ponrák rcnudgr sus gfbrcsos kfukhcs por $>99 999, ncegno k quc sc chgagfkrë uf hotc doaphcto uskno por sus pktrodgfknorcs doao cstkdgofkagcfto provgsgofkh. Ch ngrcdtor nc lgfkfzks nc hk dgunkn gfngdô quc ngdmks qucjks cftrkrëf cf hk cvkhukdgôf doao doftrk  ecfclgdgos nc hos rcspcdtgvos ngscûos. Ucchkeorc ch kfëhgsgs E/D pkrk nctcragfkr sg hk ncdgsgôf cdofôagdk doftgfukrë sgcfno hk agsak dukfno hos doftrk doftr k ecfclgdgos fo sc toacf cf ducftk.   >>

 

  >3

 

5.3. KFËHGTGT NC TCFTGEGHGNKN. Ch kfëhgsgs nc scfsgeghgnkn cs ufk tçdfgdk quc cstungk ch gapkdto quc tgcfcf soerc ufk vkrgkehc ncpcfngcftc nc uf aoncho lgfkfdgcro hks vkrgkdgofcs cf ufk nc hks vkrgkehcs gfncpcfngcftcs quc ho doflorakf. Cxphgdkno nc lorak scfdghhk, ho quc mkdcaos cs oescrvkr dôao klcdtk uf kuacfto o ufk ngsagfudgôf cf ch vkhor nc uf lkdtor soerc ch rcsuhtkno lgfkh cf uf kfëhgsgs lgfkfdgcro. Yor cjcapho, sg cstkaos utghgzkfno ch vkhor kdtukh fcto (\KF) fcto  (\KF) ponrákaos  ponrákaos cstkr gftcrcsknos cf quç  pkskrák cf ngdmo vkhor sg kuacftkrk hk gfvcrsgôf gfgdgkh gf gdgkh fcdcskrgk nc uf proycdto.

Doao sc rckhgzk ch kfëhgsgs nc scfsgeghgnkn: Ykrk rckhgzkr uf kfëhgsgs nc scfsgeghgnkn, dcftrkno cf hos kspcdtos lgfkfdgcros, sc dkhduhkf hos lhujos hos  lhujos nc dkjk y ch \KF nc ufk gfvcrsgôf. K doftgfukdgôf, vkrgkaos ufo nc hos lkdtorcs, doao hks vcftks, hos dostcs o dukhqugcr otro y vcaos quç sudcnc dof ch fucvo \KF. Ncspuçs soho mky quc dkhduhkr hk vkrgkdgôf cf pordcftkjc nc n c ufo k otro. Hk lôrauhk ponrák scr cstk quc os aostrkaos k doftgfukdgôf:

Cf prgacr hubkr, sc phkftckf opdgofcs cf lufdgôf nc hos posgehcs csdcfkrgos luturos. Cstks sc kfkhgzkf dof hos nktos quc dofodcaos y hos quc vkf k gr vkrgkfno. Sfk vcz tcfcaos dhkrk dknk ufk nc chhks hks poncaos doapkrkr y toakr ncdgsgofcs soerc sg fos gftcrcsk aonglgdkr ngdmos lkdtorcs. Forakhacftc cstos cstëf rchkdgofknos dof hk pronuddgôf, hos dostcs o hks vcftks.

  ><

 

\CF^KJKT C GFDOF\CFGCF^CT: Hks prgfdgpkhcs vcftkjks sof quc cs lëdgh nc kphgdkr y nc cftcfncr. Cstkaos kftc vkrgkdgofcs pordcftukhcs quc pcragtcf ufk doaprcfsgôf scfdghhk nc hks nglcrcftcs sgtukdgofcs quc sc pronuzdkf. Hos gfdofvcfgcftcs sof, soerc tono, quc cstungk hos dkaegos nc ufk sohk vvkrgkehc krgkehc dknk vcz. Yor otro hkno, fo utghgzk ngstrgeudgofcs nc proekeghgnkn cf ch kfëhgsgs nch \KF o nch   ^GU, nch ^GU,   khbo quc sá mkdc ch kfëhgsgs nc csdcfkrgos. Csto hgagtk cf brkf acngnk hk dkpkdgnkn prcngdtgvk nc cstk tçdfgdk. CJCAYHO: Ch kfëhgsgs sc pucnc rckhgzkr dof ufk mojk nc dëhduho. Hk gfvcrsgôf nch cjcapho cs ufk akqugfkrák fucvk. Hos lhujos nc dkjk rcprcscftkf hks nos opdgofcs, ch \FKk y ch \KFf. Hks nglcrcfdgks cftrc hos lhujos nc dkjk sc nkf por vkrgkdgofcs cf hks vcftks ncegnks k nos posgehcs csdcfkrgos, por cjcapho, cf lufdgôf nc ufk dkapkûk puehgdgtkrgk.  puehgdgtkrgk.  

^kehk % y posgtgvo. Kftc csos dkaegos cf hks vcftks, sc pronudgrák uf gfdrcacfto nch \KF nc dksg ch ;3%.. Yor tkfto,  pkrcdc quc csk dkapkûk pucnc scr clgdkz.

  >2

 

5.3.;. HK TCFTGEGHGNKN CF HKT KH^CUFK^G\KT NC GF\CUTGÔF. Cf ch kfëhgsgs cdofôagdo nc hk akyor pkrtc nc hos proycdtos nc gfbcfgcrák, rcsuhtk útgh nctcragfkr duëf scfsgehc cs hk sgtukdgôf k hos ngstgftos lkdtorcs quc cftrkf cf jucbo, nc akfcrk quc sc hcs toac cf ducftk cf lorak kpropgknk cf ch prodcso nc ncdgsgôf. Cf bcfcrkh, scfsgeghgnkn sgbfglgdk hk akbfgtun rchktgvk nch dkaego cf hk acngdgôf nc hk vcftkjk (tkh doao ch \Y o hk ^GU) quc odksgofk ufo o aës dkaegos cf hos vkhorcs cstgaknos nc hos lkdtorcs nch cstungo. K vcdcs, hk scfsgeghgnkn sc nclgfc nc akfcrk aës cspcdálgdk doao hk akbfgtun rchktgvk nch dkaego cf ufo o aës lkdtorcs quc rcvcrtgrák hk ncdgsgôf cftrc hks khtcrfktgvks nc uf proycdto o ncdgsgôf kdcrdk nc hk kdcptkdgôf cdofôagdk nc uf proycdto. Cf hos cstungos nc gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk, ch kfëhgsgs nc scfsgeghgnkn cs ufk actonohobák fo  proekeghgstk, kscqugehc dof lkdghgnkn, pkrk oetcfcr gflorakdgôf soerc ch gapkdto potcfdgkh nc hk gfdcrtgnuaerc cf hks cstgakdgofcs nc lkdtorcs schcddgofknos. Tu uso rutgfkrgo cs lufnkacftkh pkrk ch ncskrrohho nc hk gflorakdgôf cdofôagdk quc cs útgh cf hos prodcsos nc toak nc ncdgsgofcs. Kh rckhgzkr uf kfëhgsgs nc scfsgeghgnkn doaphcto sc sgbuc cstc prodcngagcfto bcfcrkh, duyos  pksos sof: ;.  Nctcragfkr quç pkrëactro(s) nc gftcrçs ponrákf vkrgkr rcspcdto nch vkhor cstgakno aës  proekehc. 5.  Tchcddgofkr ch rkfbo proekehc nc vkrgkdgôf y su gfdrcacfto pkrk dknk pkrëactro. 4.  Chcbgr hk acngnk nc vkhor. >.  Dkhduhkr hos rcsuhtknos pkrk dknk pkrëactro utghgzkfno hk acngnk nc vkhor doao eksc. 3.  Ykrk gftcrprctkr acjor hk scfsgeghgnkn, ghustrc brëlgdkacftc ch pkrëactro vcrsus hk acngnk nc vkhor. CJCAYHO: Rghn Ugdc, Gfd., cstë dofsgncrkfno hk doaprk nc uf fucvo kdtgvo pkrk ch akf akfcjo cjo kutoaktgzkno nch krroz. Hks cstgakdgofcs aës proekehcs sof uf dosto gfgdgkh nc $=9 999, uf vkhor nc   >=

 

skhvkacfto nc dcro y uf lhujo nc clcdtgvo kftcs nc gapucstos (LCKG) por kûo t nc hk lorak $52 999 —  999 —  5  5 999t . Hk ^AKU nc hk doapkûák vkrák cftrc ;9 y 53% kfukh pkrk hos nglcrcftcs tgpos nc gfvcrsgofcs cf kdtgvos. Hk vgnk cdofôagdk nc akqugfkrgk sgaghkr vkrák cftrc = y ;5 kûos. Cvkhúc hk scfsgeghgnkn nc \Y vkrgkfno k) hk ^AKU, k hk vcz quc supofc uf vkhor f dofstkftc nc ;9 kûos y e) f, agcftrks hk ^AKU cs dofstkftc kh ;3% kfukh. Uckhgdc ch kfëhgsgs k akfo y por doaputknork.

  >7

 

5.3.5. \KHOU CTYCUKNO W ËUEOH NC NCDGTGÔF Ch vkhor cspcrkno pucnc gftcrprctkrsc doao uf proacngo nc hkrbo phkzo oescrvkehc, sg ch  proycdto sc rcpgtc audmks vcdcs. Yucsto quc ufk khtcrfktgvk cspcdálgdk sc cvkhúk o sc kphgdk sôho ufk vcz, rcsuhtk ufk cstgakdgôf puftukh nch vkhor cspcrkno. Tgf caekrbo, kuf pkrk ufk sohk odurrcfdgk, ch vkhor cspcrkno cs uf fúacro sgbfglgdktgvo.

Ch vkhor cspcrkno C ( ]   ] ) sc dkhduhk acngkftc hk rchkdgôf:

Nofnc:

]g1 vkhor nc hk vkrgkehc ] pkrk g ncsnc h mkstk a vkhorcs ngstgftos. Y (]g)1 proekeghgnkn nc quc odurrk uf vkhor cspcdglgdo ].   39

 

Hks proekeghgnkncs sgcaprc sc cxprcskf dorrcdtkacftc cf lorak ncdgakh, kufquc nc orngfkrgo sc mkehk nc chhks cf pordcftkjcs y dof lrcducfdgk sc mkdc rclcrcfdgk k chhks doao  posgeghgnkncs0 por cjcapho, hks posgeghgnkncs sof nc khrcncnor nc ;9%. Cf tonks hks cdukdgofcs nc proekeghgnkn hos vkhorcs Y (]g) pkrk ufk vkrgkehc ] ncecf totkhgzkr ;.9.  

CJCAYHO:  Sf motch nch dcftro nc hk dgunkn cstë olrcdgcfno uf fucvo scrvgdgo pkrk vgkjcros nc lgf nc scakfk, k trkvçs nc su dcftro nc fcbodgos y nc vgkjcs. Ch bcrcftc cstgak quc, pkrk uf lgf nc scakfk tápgdo, cxgstc ufk posgeghgnkn nc 39% nc tcfcr uf lhujo nc clcdtgvo fcto nc $3 999 y ufk posgeghgnkn nc 43% nc tcfcr $;9 999. ^kaegçf cstgak quc cxgstc ufk pcqucûk posgeghgnkn (3%) nc quc fo mkyk lhujo nc clcdtgvo cl cdtgvo y uf ;9% nc quc cxgstk ufk pçrngnk nc $399, quc cs ch dosto cstgakno pkrk pcrsofkh kngdgofkh y rcdursos pkrk olrcdcr ch scrvgdgo. Nctcragfc ch lhujo nc clcdtgvo fcto cspcrkno. Tohudgôf:   Tohudgôf: Tck ] ch lhujo nc clcdtgvo fcto cf nôhkrcs, y sck  Y ( ]   ] ) hk rcprcscftkdgôf nc hks proekeghgnkncs ksodgknks.  C ( ]   ] ) 1 3 999(9.3) + ;9 999(9.43) + 9(9.93) —  9(9.93)  —  399(9.;)  399(9.;) 1 $3 739

Kufquc hk posgeghgnkn nc ‘fgfbúf lhujo nc clcdtgvo‑ fo kuacftk fg ngsag fuyc  C ( ]   ] ), ), sc gfdhuyc porquc mkdc quc hos vkhorcs nc proekeghgnkn pr oekeghgnkn suacf ;.9 y vuchvc doaphcto ch dëhduho. Ch dëhduho nc vkhor cspcrkno C ( ]   ] ) sc utghgzk cf ufk ngvcrsgnkn nc loraks. Nos loraks sof: ;.  Yrcpkrkr gflorakdgôf pkrk gfdorporkrhk cf uf kfëhgsgs aës doaphcto nc gfbcfgcrák cdofôagdk. 5.  Cvkhukr hk vgkeghgnkn cspcrknk nc ufk khtcrfktgvk lorauhknk doaphctkacftc.   3;

 

CJCAYHO:  Sfk caprcsk nc cfcrbák chçdtrgdk cstë cxpcrgacftkfno nglgduhtkncs cf hk oetcfdgôf nc bks fkturkh pkrk hk bcfcrkdgôf nc chcdtrgdgnkn. Hos doaeustgehcs nglcrcftcs nch bks fkturkh sc doaprkf dof uf dosto cxtrk, ch dukh sc trkfslgcrc kh dofsuagnor. Hos bkstos nc doaeustgehcs totkhcs acfsukhcs cstëf proacngkfno kmork $2 239 999. Sf gfbcfgcro nc cstk caprcsk nc scrvgdgo dkhduhô ch gfbrcso proacngo nc hos úhtgaos 5> acscs utghgzkfno trcs sgtukdgofcs nc aczdhk nc doaeustgehc, k skecr, totkhacftc dkrbkno nc bks, acfos nc 49% nc otros doaeustgehcs y ch 49% o aës nc otros doaeustgehcs. doaeustgehcs . Hk tkehk gfngdk ch fúacro nc acscs quc sc prcscftô dknk sgtukdgôf nc aczdhk nc doaeustgehc. ¿Hk caprcsk nc cfcrbák pucnc cspcrkr duergr hos bkstos acfsukhcs luturos dof eksc cf gflorakdgôf nc 5> acscs, sg doftgfúk uf  pktrôf sgaghkr nc aczdhk nc doaeustgehc?

^kehk 2.

  35

 

ËUEOH NC NCDGTGÔF. Hk cvkhukdgôf nc khtcrfktgvks pucnc rcqucrgr ufk scrgc nc ncdgsgofcs cf hks dukhcs ch rcsuhtkno nc ufk ctkpk cs gaportkftc pkrk hk sgbugcftc ctkpk cf hk toak nc ncdgsgofcs. Dukfno cs posgehc nclgfgr dhkrkacftc dknk khtcrfktgvk cdofôagdk y sc ncsck dofsgncrkr dof sgncrkr cxphádgtkacftc ch rgcsbo, cs útgh rckhgzkr hk cvkhukdgôf utghgzkfno uf ëreoh nc ncdgsgôf, quc gfdhuyc:  Aës nc ufk ctkpk nc schcddgôf nc khtcrfktgvks. Hk schcddgôf nc ufk khtcrfktgvk cf ufk ctkpk quc dofnudc k otrk ctkpk. Ucsuhtknos cspcrknos nc ufk ncdgsgôf cf dknk ctkpk. Cstgakdgofcs nc proekeghgnkn pkrk dknk rcsuhtkno. Cstgakdgofcs nch vkhor cdofôagdo (dosto o gfbrcso) pkrk dknk rcsuhtkno. Acngnk nch vkhor doao drgtcrgo nc schcddgôf, tkh doao C(\Y).

CT^USD^SUK NC SF ËUEOH NC NCDGTGÔF  

  34

Gakbcf 3.

 

CJCAYHO: 

Jcrry Mghh cs prcsgncftc y cjcdutgvo prgfdgpkh nc ufk lgrak cstknoufgncfsc nc prodcskagcfto nc khgacftos: Mghh Yronudts kfn Tcrvgdcs. Ucdgcftcacftc luc doftkdtkno por ufk brkf dkncfk gftcrfkdgofkh nc supcracrdknos quc ncsck ch acrdknco, ncftro nch pkás, nc su propgk akrdk nc dcfks dofbchknks pkrk agdroofnks. Hk olcrtk mcdmk k Jcrry por hk dorporkdgôf nch supcracrdkno cxgbc quc sc toac ufk scrgc nc nos ncdgsgofcs, kmork y ncftro nc 5 kûos. Hk ncdgsgôf kdtukh doaprcfnc nos khtcrfktgvks: ;. Krrcfnkr hks gfstkhkdgofcs nc hk dkncfk nc supcracrdknos cf hos Cagrktos Ërkecs Sfgnos (C.Ë.S.), quc sc mkeák kdornkno dofvcrtgr cf ufk gfstkhkdgôf nc prodcskagcfto kdtukh pkrk uso gfacngkto nc hk doapkûák nc Jcrry. 5. Dofstrugr y knqugrgr ufk gfstkhkdgôf nc prodcskagcfto y capkquc cf C.Ë.S. Hos rcsuhtknos

 posgehcs nc cstk prgacrk ctkpk nc ncdgsgôf sof uf eucf e ucf o akh acrdkno, acrdkno , ncpcfngcfno nc hk rcspucstk nch púehgdo. Hks khtcrfktgvks nc ncdgsgôf, 5 kûos k pkrtgr nc kmork, ncpcfncf nc hk ncdgsgôf nc krrcfnkr o knqugrgr quc sc toac kmork. Tg Mghh ncdgnc krrcfnkr, ufk eucfk rcspucstk nch acrdkno sgbfglgdk quc hks khtcrfktgvks nc ncdgsgôf luturks sof pronudgr ch noehc, ho agsao o hk agtkn nch vohuacf orgbgfkh. Çstk scrë ufk ncdgsgôf autuk cftrc hk dkncfk nc supcracrdknos y hk doapkûák nc Jcrry. Sfk akhk rcspucstk nch acrdkno gfngdkrë hk agtkn nch fgvch nc pronuddgôf o ch rctgro doaphcto nch acrdkno nc C.Ë.S. Hos rcsuhtknos pkrk ncdgsgofcs luturks sof, fucvkacftc, eucfks y akhks rcspucstks nch acrdkno. Doao kdornô hk doapkûák nc supcracrdknos, supcracrdknos , hk ncdgsgôf kdtukh pkrk Jcrry nc knqugrgr  hk gfstkhkdgôf hc pcragtgrë lgjkr ch fgvch nc pronuddgôf ncftro nc 5 kûos. Tg hk rcspucstk nch acrdkno cs eucfk, hks khtcrfktgvks nc ncdgsgôf sof duktro vcdcs y ch noehc nc hos fgvchcs orgbgfkhcs. Hk rckddgôf k ufk akhk rcspucstk nch acrdkno scrë hk pronuddgôf kh agsao fgvch o fgfbufk pronuddgôf cf kesohuto. Dofstruyk ch ëreoh nc ncdgsgofcs y scûkhc hos rcsuhtknos pkrk Mghh Yronudts kfn Tcrvgdcs.

  3>

 

Gakbcf .  Doftgfúc aovgçfnosc k hk gzqugcrnk nch ëreoh mkdgk hk ncdgsgôf nc hks rkádcs pkrk schcddgofkr hk acjor khtcrfktgvk. 3.  ^rkdc hk acjor rutk nc ncdgsgofcs nc rcbrcso k trkvçs nch ëreoh.

CJCAYHO: 

Tc rcqugcrc ufk ncdgsgôf yk sck pkrk doacrdgkhgzkr o pkrk vcfncr uf fucvo gfvcfto. Tg sc doacrdgkhgzk ch pronudto, hk sgbugcftc ncdgsgôf cs rckhgzkrho k fgvch gftcrfkdgofkh o fkdgofkh. Tupofbk quc hos nctkhhcs nc hks rkaks nc rcsuhtknos pronudcf ch ëreoh nc ncdgsgofcs nc hk lgburk ;=.7. Ykrk dknk rcsuhtkno sc gfngdkf hks proekeghgnkncs y ch \Y nc LCKG (lhujo nc clcdtgvo kftcs nc gapucstos). Tc trktk nc pkbos cstgpuhknos cf aghhofcs nc nôhkrcs. Nctcragfc hk acjor ncdgsgôf cf ch fono nc ncdgsgofcs N;.

Gakbcf 2.

  3<

 

  32

 

CJCUDGDGOT.  



Uckhgdc ufk doapkrkdgôf nch vkhor prcscftc nc hks akqugfks nc gbukh scrvgdgo, pkrk hks dukhcs k doftgfukdgôf sc aucstrkf hos dostos, sg hk ^AKU cs nc ;9% kfukh. Tc cspcrk quc hos gfbrcsos pkrk hks trcs khtcrfktgvks sckf gbukhcs.

TOHSDGÔF: Cstës sof khtcrfktgvks nc scrvgdgo0 hos vkhorcs nc n c skhvkacfto sc dofsgncrkf uf dosto fcbktgvo, nc akfcrk quc hcs prcdcncrë uf sgbfo +. (Tg ch dosto nc rctgrkr uf kdtgvo cs aofctkrgo, ch cstgakno nch dosto nc rctgro tcfnrë uf sgbfo -). Ch \Y pkrk dknk aëqugfk sc dkhduhk k g1 ;9%  pkrk f1 3 kûos. Stghgdc sueáfngdcs C, B y T.

Tc schcddgofkrk cftofdcs hk aëqugfk nc cfcrbák chçdtrgdk, yk quc ch \Y nc sus dostos cs ch aës ekjo, y poscc ch \Y akyor cf tçragfos fuaçrgdos.

  3=

 

  37

 

 



K uf gfbcfgcro nc proycdtos nc CfvgrofDkrc sc hc ksgbfk pofcr cf akrdmk ufk fucvk olgdgfk cf ufk dgunkn nofnc mk sgno lgfgqugtkno ch doftrkto k scgs kûos pkrk toakr y kfkhgzkr hcdturks nc fgvchcs nc ozofo. Nos opdgofcs nc krrcfnkagcfto cstëf ngspofgehcs, dknk ufk dof uf dosto gfgdgkh, dosto kfukh nc krrcfnkagcfto y uf cstgakno nc ncpôsgtos nc rcfngagcfto aostrknos k doftgfukdgôf.

k)  Nctcragfc quc opdgôf nc krrcfnkagcfto ncecrë schcddgofkrsc dof eksc cf hk doapkrkdgôf nch vkhor prcscftc, sg hk ^AKU cs nc ;3% kfukh.  e)  CfvgrofDkrc tgcfc ufk prëdtgdk cstkfnkrgzknk nc cvkhukdgôf pkrk tonos sus proycdtos nc uf pcrgono nc 3 kûos. Tg sc utghgzk ch pcrgono nc cstungo nc 3 kûos y fo sc cspcrk quc vkrgç ch rcfngagcfto nc ncpôsgto, ¿[uç uegdkdgôf ncecrák schcddgofkrsc? d)  ¿[uç uegdkdgôf ncecrë schcddgofkrsc nurkftc uf pcrgono nc cstungo nc scgs kûos sg ch rcfngagcfto nc ncpôsgto cf hk uegdkdgôf E sc cstgak quc scrë nc $