Goma Xantana

 

H`m. Ohiquáahnb

A.N.Brturi Nkskòi Mâakz

Iotk`nhþ` dk miab xb`tb`b

Bcua`is< Dkcmbdi Bvhcb @bykch @ikah I`vkris Okrakli Nbrcis Kdubrdi

Thlub`b O.N b 7 dk lu`hi dkc ?:2>

Iolkthvi

 

Dktkrah`bnhþ` dk miab xb`tb` xb`tb`b b b pbrthr dk nu nucthvi cthvi ahnriohb`i ( Vb`tfiai`bsnbapkstrhs  Vb`tfiai`bsnbapkstrhs), uthchzb`di dksknfis irmâ`hnis.

Lusthghnbnhþ` Cb miab xb`tb`b sk uthchzb pbrb cb kcboirbnhþ` dk dhvkrsis priduntis dk bchak` tis niai< sbcsbs, sbcsbs, lumis, bdkrkzis, priduntis dk pb` pb`bdkráb bdkráb bchak`tis ni`mkcb ni`mkcbd d is ktn. _kdunhk`di k kcc nisti dk sustrbtis.

Abrni tkþrhni

 

Kstb k`gkrakdb k`gkrakdbd d sk h`hnh h`hnhb b grknuk` grknuk`tkak` tkak`tk tk ni` cb pk`k pk`ktrbnhþ trbnhþ` ` dk cb obntkrh obntkrhb b pir cis kstiabs bnuágkris abrmh`bcks. B cb h`gknnhþ` abrmh`bc sk ck shmuk u` babrhccbahk`ti y sknbdi dkc tklhdi, cb ckshþ` girab u`b W dhrhmhdb b cb vk`b nk`trbc y kstb ckshþ` sk k``kmrknk cbs vk`bs sknu`dbrhbs (ghmurb b y o).

Cb obntkrhb pukdk ahmrbr bc rksti dk cb pcb`tb y pridunhr cb pudrhnhþ` dk tidis cis kckak`tis dk ni`dunnhþ` dk bmub (ghmurb n). Bcmu`bs vknks nub`di fby fuakdbd bou`db`tk sk pridunk u`b pudrhnhþ` ocb`db k` cb nbokzb5 ksti `i ks niaü` (ghmurb d). Cb obntkrhb tbaohè` pukdk pk`ktrbr b cb pcb`tb pir cb rbáz y pir fkrhdbs inbshi`bdbs pir h`skntis.

Kc nhnci dk cb k`gkrakdbd skòbcb niai guk`tk prh`nhpbc dk h`inuci, cis rkshduis dk cb nisknfb quk qukdb` k` kc sukci, k` di`dk cb obntkrhb pukdk siorkvhvhr  dk ? b > bòis (ghmurb k).

 

Ghmurb k

 

Cb miab xb`tb`b ks u` nbroifhdrbti `bturbc i u` pichsbnârhdi pridunhdi k` nucthvis dk gkrak`tbnhþ` dk bzunbrks, b trbvès dk u` ahnriirmb`hsai ccbabdi  Vb`tfiai`bsnbapkstrhs  Vb`tfiai`bsn bapkstrhs, ahnriirmb`hsai bhscbdi irhmh`bcak`tk dk cb pcb`tb dk

nic. Nbrbntkrásthnbs quáahnbs

Cb miab Vb`tb`b ni`thk`k D-mcunisb y D-ab`isb niai u`hdbdks diah`b`tks dk fkxisb, lu`ti ni` ânhdi D-mcunuri`hni. Cb nicua`b dkc picáakri kstâ fknfb dk u`hdbdks dk O-D mcunisb u`hdbs k` cbs pishnhi`ks 2- y 4- (hdè`thni b cb kstrunturb dk cb nbdk`b prh`nhpbc dk nkcucisb). [`hdi b nbdb u`hdbd dk mcunisb k` cb pishnhþ` >- fby u`b rbab dkc trhsbnnbrhdi quk ni`shstk k` u`b u`hdbd dk ânhdi mcunuri`hni k`trk dis u`hdbdks dk ab``isk. Cb rhmhdkz kstrunturbc dk cb aicènucb dk miab Vb`tfb` pridunk vbrhbs priphkdbdks gu`nhi`bcks h`usubcks niai kstbohchdbd bc nbcir, tickrb`nhb ouk`b k` sicunhi`ks gukrtkak`tk bmrhbs y oâshnbs, vhsnishdbd kstbock k` u` rb`mi bapchi dk tkapkrbturb, y rkshstk`nhb b dkmrbdbnhþ` k`zhaâthnb. Nbrbntkrásthnbs gáshnbs

Cb miab Vb`tfb` kxhstk niai u` picvi nicir ocb`ni-nrkab, gânhcak`tk sicuock k` bmub nbchk`tk i gráb. ^us sicunhi`ks si` `kutrbs.

^icuohchdbd Mk`krbcak`tk `i sicuock k` sicvk`tks irmâ`hnis, cb miab Vb`tfb` ks sicuock k` mchnkric i kthck`-mchnic b tkapkrbturbs abyirks b 7; ºN. ^icunhi`ks bnuisbs dk miab Vb`tfb` tickrbrâ` fbstb u` ;:% b 7:% dk ni`nk`trbnhþ` dk sicvk`tks ahsnhocks ni` bmub, niai hsipripb`ic i ktb`ic. Ni`nk`trbnhi`ks supkrhirks dk bcnific pridunhrâ` mkcbnhþ` i prknhphtbnhþ` dk cb miab.

 

Whsnishdbd ^icunhi`ks bnuisbs dk miab Vb`tfb` si` bctbak`tk vhsnisbs k` niapbrbnhþ` ni` itrbs sicunhi`ks dk pichsbnârhdis prkpbrbdbs b cb ahsab ni`nk`trbnhþ`. Kc mrbghni aukstrb cb rkcbnhþ` ni`nk`trbnhþ` / vhsnishdbd k` sicunhi`ks dk miab Vb`tfb`.

_kcbnhþ` dk tkapkrbturb Cb tkapkrbturb vhrtubcak`tk `i thk`k kgknti siork cb vhsnishdbd dk sicunhi`ks dk miab Vb`tfb`. Zir ni`shmuhk`tk, sicunhi`ks dk miab Vb`tfb` ab`thk`k` u`b vhsnishdbd ni`stb`tk aistrb`di nbrbntkrásthnbs dk gculi u`hgiraks durb`tk kc bcabnk`bahk`ti obli ni`dhnhi`ks nchaâthnbs vbrhbdbs.

Kgknti dk pF Cb vhs vhsnis nishdb hdbd d dk si sicun cunhi` hi`ks ks dk mia miab b Vb` Vb`tfb tfb` ` quk ni ni`th `thk`k k`k` ` nb` nb`thd thdbdk bdks s aá`habs dk sbc `i aukstrb` `h`mü` nbaohi shm`hghnb`tk dk`tri dk u` bapchi rb`mi dk vbcirks dk pF.

Nbrbntkrásthnbs dk cb miab xb`tb`b Cb mi miab ab xb xb`t `tb` b`b b th thk` k`k k nh nhkr krtb tbs s nb nbrb rbnt ntkr krás ásthn thnbs bs qu quk k cb fbnk fbnk` ` u` pr prid idun unti ti kspksb`tk ü`hni, niai pir klkapci< 

  Cb miab xb`tb xb`tb`b `b ks kgknthv kgknthvb b k` tidi thpi dk gcuhdi gcuhdis s dk pkrgi pkrgirbnhþ rbnhþ` ` dk obsk bmub, dksdk shstkabs dk obli ni`tk`hdi dk sþchdis fbstb cis dk bctb dk`shdbd.

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  Cb miab xb`tb`b ks niapbthock y kstbock k` prksk`nhb dk bctb ni`nk`trbnhþ` dk cb sbc.

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  ^k uthchzb k` cidis dk b bmub mub ducnk, bmub dk abr, shs shstkabs tkabs sbturbdis ni` sbc y k` shstkabs ENc.

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  Cb bctb nbpbnhdbd d dk k cb miab xb`tb`b pridun pridunk k u`b þpthab chaphkzb dkc fukni pkrgirbdi, k` zi`bs dk oblbs vkcinhdbdks b`ucbrks. ^k cimrb` aâxhab aâx habs s tbs tbsbs bs dk pk pk`kt `ktrbn rbnhþ` hþ` bc rkd rkdunh unhrr bc aá` aá`hai hai cbs pè pèrdh rdhdbs dbs dk

 

prkshþ prk shþ` ` pbr pbrb b abx abxhah hahzbr zbr cb pit pitk`n k`nhb hb fhd fhdrâu râuchn chnb b y kc bdk bdkcmb cmbzba zbahk` hk`ti, ti, cimrâ`disk u`b vhsnishdbd aá`hab k` cb orinb þ aknfb. 

  Ks niap niapbthock bthock ni` tidis cis bdhthv bdhthvis is `irab `irabcak` cak`tk tk uthchz uthchzbdis bdis y suspk`dk susp k`dkrâ râ

bdkn bdknubdb ubdbak`t ak`tk k

cis

abtkr abtkrhbcks hbcks

dksh dksh`gknt `gkntb`tks b`tks..

Cis

ni`tbah`b`tks niai yksi, cb b`fhdrhtb, kc NI?, kc F?^ y cbs sbcks `i thk`k` kgkn thk`k` kgknti ti siork cb vhsn vhsnishdb ishdbd d prid pridunhdb unhdb pir kc pridunti. Bdkaâs, èstb `i sk bgkntb pir cis chm`isucgi`btis.

 

[sis k` bchak`tis< 

 

^bcsbs y prkpbrbnhi`ks (sbcsbs kaucshi`bdbs, sbcsbs b obsk dk tiabtk,

sbcsbs ni` pbrtánucbs k` cb suspk`shþ`) 

 

Zb`bdkráb y pbstkckráb

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Okohdbs, Fkcbdis y priduntis cântkis

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Zrkpbrbthvis dk grutb

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Zriduntis k` picvi

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Kaucshi`ks dk bnkhtk k` bmub

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H` H`fh fhok ok ccb b dk dkmr mrbd bdbn bnhþ hþ` ` y bc bcbr brmb mb ccb b vh vhdb db d dk k bc bcab abnk nk`b `bah ahk` k`ti ti d dk k cis

priduntis fir`kbdis y absbs rkgrhmkrbdbs 

 

Lbckbs< h`fhok cb sh`èrkshs, kvhtb quk kc rkcck`i skb bosirohdi pir cb pbstb

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Zripirnhi`b u` abyir vicuak` b cis pbstkcks fir`kbdis

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Haphdk quk cis nukrpis sþchdis (pbsbs, grutis sknis) skdhak`tk` durb`tk

kc fir`kbdi 

 

Ok Okohd ohdbs bs b bria riabth bthzbd zbdbs bs d dk k n nátr átrhni hnis, s, ggrut rutbs bs y nfi nfini nicbt cbtk< k< hh`nr `nrkak kak`tb `tb su

pbcbtbohchdbd 

 

Zriduntis h`stb`tâ`kis (sipbs, sbcsbs, pistrks, okohdbs h`stb`tâ`kbs)

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Tkxturb subvk y vhdb dk bcabnk`bahk`ti prici`mbdb

 

Zriphkdbdks gáshnbs táphnbs dk u`b miab xb`tb`b mrbdi bchak`thnhi Kstbdi gáshni   Fuakdbd %   Nk`hzbs % Nicir (kstâ`dbrocb`ni k`bakc, =;% dk rkgckntb`nhb) Mrbvkdbd kspknhghnb  

Zicvi nrkab skni 22 8 =: 2.;

6>7 Dk`shdbd (em/aP>) bpbrk`tk dkc picvi Tkapkrbturb dk k``kmrknhahk k``kmrknhahk`ti `ti 27; N Tkapkrbturb dk nbroi`hzbn nbroi`hzbnhþ` hþ` N   ?4: 4=: Tkapkrbturb dk bpbrhnhþ` dk nk`hzbs N Tkapkrbturb dk hm`hnhþ` Niai u`b sicunhþ` bc 2% k` bmub dksthcbdb Nbcir dk dhsicunhþ` dhsicunhþ` (nbc/m sic.) sic.)   :.:6   2.>>>6 Á`dhnk dk rkgrbnnhþ` b ?: N º

º

º

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º

  pF Tk`shþ` supkrghnhbc dh`/na     Zu`ti dk ni`mkcbahk`ti N Whsnishdbd dk u`b sicunhþ` bc 2% dk kckntrichti, np Tbabòi dk cb pbrtánucb (abyb kstâ`dbr dk Tyckr) º

=.: =; :.: 28:: 6: ?::

 

Dksnrhpnhþ` dkc prinksi

Cb obntkrhb Vb`ir`i`b Nbapkshrhs rkquhkrk dk ni`dhnhi`ks pbrb bcnb`zbr u` þpthai dksbrricci cbs nubcks si`<

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  pF y Tkapkrbturbs. Cb pridunnhþ` dk miab Vb`tb`b pukdk kgkntubrsk ni` y sh` ni`tric dk pF, sh` kaobrmi5 sk fb dkaistrbdi quk nub`di sk ni`tricb sk iothk`k aklirks rk`dhahk`tis. Ab`tk`hk`di cb Tkapkrbturb bcrkdkdir dk cis ?8 º N sk cimrb` bctis rk`dhahk`tis.

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  -Ixámk`i. Dkohdi b cb niapcklhdbd rkicþmhnb dkc nbcdi dk gkrak`tbnhþ`, k` cb abyiráb dk cis rkpirtks kxhstk`tks k` cb chtkrbturb cb ixhmk`bnhþ` `i sk ahdk i ni`tricb kstrhntbak`tk, aâs ohk`, grknuk`tkak`tk ks rkgkrhdb niai bkrbnhþ` (:.?; - 2.; vva). ^k   ioskrvþ quk cb vkcinhdbd kspknághnb dk nrknhahk`ti priakdhi pbrb  Vb`hiab`b Nba Nbapk pkshr shrhs hs (:.2;fr -2) cb vkcinhdbd dk ni`suai dk ixámk`i ks dk 4.4 a Aic dk ixámk`i/ m dk nècucbs frs.

 

 Bmhtbnhþ`. Dkohdi b quk k` gu`nhþ` dk cb ni`nk`trbnhþ` dk pridunti cbs nbrbntkrásthnbs rkicþmhnbs dk nbcdi dk gkrak`tbnhþ` nbaohb durb`tk kc trb`snursi dkc prinksi.

Zrinksi dk pridunnhþ`

 

Kc prinksi sk rkbchzb k` vbrhbs ktbpbs, k` cb prhakbrb dk kccbs sk pridunk kc nrknhahk`ti dk nècucbs k` u` akdhi rhni5 kstbs nècucbs shrvk` niai h`þnuci pbrb u`  tb`quk dk`iah`bdi tb`quk skahccb. Cb skmu`db ktbpb dkc prinksi niaprk`dk cb  trb`sgkrk`nhb dkc nucthvi dksbrriccbdi k` kc tb`quk skahccb fbnhb kc tb`quk dk  pri pridu dunnh nnhþ`, þ`, k` di` di`dk dk kc akd akdhi hi dk nuc nucthv thvi i ks rhn rhni i k` bz bzünb ünbrks rks,, `htrþmk`i `htrþm k`i,, gþs gþsgbt gbti i y  sbc sbcks ks ah` ah`krb krbcks cks55 ci nub nubcc  gbv gbvirk irknk nk kc nrk nrknha nhahk` hk`ti ti y cb pridun pri dunnhþ nhþ` ` dk cb  mi miab ab.. Cb  gkr gkrak` ak`tbn tbnhþ` hþ`,, k` ks kstb tb ktb ktbpb pb cbs ni` ni`dhn dhnhi` hi`ks ks ghshniquáahnbs sk ni`tricb`  kstrhntbak`tk quk durb bcrkdkdir dk 46 frs, k` cb gbsk kstbnhi`brhb dk cb  gkrak`tbnhþ` sk h`nrkak`tb gukrtkak`tk cb vhsnishdbd dkc nbcdi, fbstb u` pu`ti k`  quk sk dkthk`k cb pridunnhþ`, niai rkspukstb bc bmitba bmi tbahk` hk`ti ti dk cis bzün bzünbrk brks s i b cis  priockabs dk trb`sgkrk`nhb dk absb nbusbdis pir u` akzncbdi dkghnhk`tk.   Gh`bchzb`di cb gkrak`tbnhþ`, kc nbcdi sk siaktk b trbtbahk`ti ni` bcnific   ktáchni pbrb su prknhphtbnhþ` y pistkrhirak`tk sk siaktk b u`b ktbpb pbrb su  rknupkrbnhþ`. 

Dhbmrbab dk ociquks

 

Tb`quk dk prknhphtbn hþ`

Ghctri prk`sb

^knbdi Aich`i

Dhbmrbab dk gculi

 

Nistis Kquhpi

Aidkci

Gkrak`tbdir

2::-2::::c

Abrnb ]b`yub`

Nk`trhgumb dk nb`bstb

 

Ghctri prk`sb

^D6::

\i`kch`e

Vz?::/2;::-u

^knbdir ritbtirhi

Aich`i dk oicbs Tb`quk dk akzncbdi

Tb`quk dk prknhphtbnhþ` Tb`quk skahccb

BCCH^ NFBCAK_

Dksnrhpnhþ`

Nisti

Dk bnkri h`ixhdbock ni` nfbquktb, 6:::: ct,22:-??: (r/ah`), ; e], :.26 aZb, 4a dhbaktri,7.= bcturb vicuak` ?::C,vkcinhdbd dk ritbnhþ` 2;:: rkv/ah`, pitk`nhb ;.; e] Nbpbnhdbd dk pkrhidi ah`habfp gborhnbdb k` bnkri bc nbroþ` ni` bspb dk diock fhci.  Bnkri h`ixhdbock Bnkri h`ixhdbock

22::: dccs ;,::: dccs

2>;,::: (pksis)

2>:,::: (pksis) >6,::: (pksis)

?;,::: (pksis) 26,::: (pksis)

 

Ohochimrbgáb

2.-kxb`db. (> dk borhc dk ?:2>). fttp). Iotk`hdi fttp.-oiies.miimck. (= dk Gkorkri dk ?:2>). Iotk`hdi dk fttp=fLpmuYE@Hc`@D=BmoxaK&fc1ks428&sb1V&kh1dC]a[n7>Ks^ghRC6Y4 428&sb1V&kh1dC ]a[n7>Ks^ghRC6Y4F4Om&vkd1:NM4R F4Om&vkd1:NM4R7BKwDB#v1i 7BKwDB#v1i `kpbmk&q&g1gbcsk

4. B., E. N. (288>). Vb`tfb` ohipicyakrs< B rkvhkw ig aktfids gir tfk.  Liur`bc ig Zktrickua ^nhk`nk b`d K`mh`kkrh`m, , ?=>.

;.OB__HK@TI^ NBAB_K@B AB TK_K^B. (288>). K^T[DHI DK Z_KGBNTHOHCHDBD ZB_B CB H@^TBCBNHI@ DK ZCB@TB Z_ID[NTI_B DK MIAB V. ?6>. 7. Dr.Ebrh` Oir`, W. C. (`.d.). Vb`tb`b. =. ^.C. Mhcb`h, F. F. (?:22). Kknt ig Zrkpbrbi` Ni`dhi`s i` Vb`tfb` Mua Zriduni` b`d _fkicimhnbc. ;.