Global Astaxanthin Market - Sources, Technologies and Applications

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Global Astaxanthin Market – Sources, Technologies and Applications The report reviews, analyzes and projects the global market for Astaxanthin for the period 2010-2020. The report also reviews production technologies, raw material sources and applications. Published: March 2015 Report Code: PH009 Pages: 316 Charts: 128 Price: $4050 Single User License, $6750 Enterprise License

SUMMARY

Astaxanthin has been widely used in aquaculture industry for pigmentation of salmon, trout and shrimps; used for its antioxidant and other health benefits in nutraceutical industry; used in cosmetics for its skin care and anti-aging properties; and also used for fortification of foods and beverages. On commercial scale, astaxanthin is currently produced through chemical synthesis and also derived from natural sources such as Phaffia yeast, Paracoccus bacteria, shrimp bi-products and Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) microalgae, with the current major natural source of astaxanthin being the Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae.

In recent years, there has been a growing trend toward using natural ingredients in all forms of food nutrients including the nutraceutical and cosmetic markets, resulting from increasing concerns for consumer safety and regulatory issues over the introduction of synthetic chemicals into the human food chain. The demand for natural astaxanthin derived from Haematococcus pluvialis algae in the global market has been “sky-rocketing” in recent years owing to increasing consumer awareness of its health benefits.

Astaxanthin products analyzed in this study include Synthetic Astaxanthin, Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin and astaxanthin rich Paracoccus bacteria. End-use application markets covered in the report are Aqua Feed, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages. The report reviews, analyses and projects the astaxanthin market for global and the regional markets including North America, South America, Europe, Japan, AsiaPacific (excluding Japan) and Rest of World. The report also provides a special focus on various astaxanthin production technologies employed by key market players, including Chemical Synthesis; Microalgae Cultivation, Harvesting, Drying and Astaxanthin Extraction; and Bacteria Fermentation.

Global Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) in USD Million

Global market for both synthetic and natural source astaxanthin in aqua feed, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and food & beverages is estimated at 280 metric tons valued at US$447 million in 2014, is further projected to reach 670 metric tons valued at US$1.1 billion by 2020. Synthetic astaxanthin, astaxanthin rich Phaffia yeast and Paracoccus bacteria are predominantly used in the aquaculture sector, while the astaxanthin derived from H. pluvialis microalgae is the main source for human applications such as dietary supplements, cosmetics and food & beverages. 2010

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2015

2020

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Global Astaxanthin Market – Sources, Technologies and Applications Mar 2015 |316 Pages | 128 Charts | Price $4050

SAMPLE COMPANY PROFILE

SAMPLE TABLE/CHART 2014 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Trends by End-use Application in Metric Tons

ALGATECHNOLOGIES LTD. (ISRAEL)

Kibbutz Ketura, D.N Hevel Eilot, 8884000, Israel Phone: +97286356425, Fax: +97286356562 [email protected] www.algatech.com

Nutraceuticals

Business Profile Algatechnologies Ltd is a leading commercial cultivator of microalgae that was established in 1998 and has considerable expertise in its chosen field of activity. The company has leadership standing in manufacturing and distributing AstaPure® branded premium natural astaxanthin, which forms a highly potent antioxidant that has been derived from the microalga, Haematococcus pluvialis. Algatechnologies’ location in the Arava desert of Israel, having a stable climate and high light intensity, places it ideally in its endeavor of cultivating algae. The company’s astaxanthin production involves a novel process, whereby the final product AstaPure® is supplied to the cosmetic, food & beverage and nutrition sectors. Algatechnologies has a worldwide presence, with the company’s sales organization offering services to over 30 countries using a wide-ranging network of exclusive distributors, as also through a direct sales network that caters to global clients. Algatechnologies has adopted the utilization of a closed tubular and eco-friendly cultivation system for producing its AstaPure® natural astaxanthin. This technology enables a highly controlled cultivation system, which eliminates foreign objects, agricultural residues and microbial contamination being introduced into the growing medium. The company has been associated with Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, since 1998 with the aim of developing and achieving its microalgae cultivation technologies founded on closed and semi-closed reactors. Algatechnologies employs an exclusive and proprietary closed system that includes a modular arrangement of tubular photo-bioreactors, with the entire closed system being based on existing 300 km long glass tubes covering an area of 10 acres of desert land. This computerized, controlled, connected and automatic astaxanthin oleoresin extraction technology has been outsourced to third-party contractors, who employ the supercritical CO2 extraction process.

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Aqua Feed Cosmetics Food & Beverages

Global Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Market Overview 2020 by Geographic Region - Europe, Japan, North America and Chile in USD Million 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Europe

Japan

North America

Chile

KEY PLAYERS PROFILED

Algatechnologies Ltd. BASF SE Beijing Gingko Group (BGG) Biological Technology Co Ltd Biogenic Co Ltd Cyanotech Corporation DSM NV Fenchem Biotek Ltd Fuji Chemical Industry Co Ltd (Astareal Co Ltd) Igene Biotechnology, Inc. Jingzhou Natural Astaxanthin Inc. JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation Parry Nutraceuticals Ltd. Pigmentos Naturales SA Supreme Biotechnologies NZ Ltd Valensa International (U. S. Nutraceuticals LLC) Zhejiang NHU Co Ltd …………………………………………………………………more

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A: GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE ......... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 Trending of the Global Astaxanthin Market.........3 Trending of the Global Haematococcus pluvialis Astaxanthin Market .............................................5 1.1 Product Outline.....................................................7 1.1.1 What is Astaxanthin? .........................................7 1.1.1.1 Singlet Oxygen Quenching Ability ...................7 1.1.1.2 Antioxidant Properties of Astaxanthin ............8 1.1.1.2.1 Antioxidant Power of Astaxanthin in Salmon . 9 1.1.1.3 Bioavailability..................................................9 1.1.1.4 Pharmacokinetics of Astaxanthin: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination ................10 1.1.1.5 Safety of Astaxanthin ....................................11 1.1.2 The Chemistry of Astaxanthin ..........................12 1.1.3 Health Benefits of Astaxanthin ........................14 1.1.3.1 Powerful Antioxidant ....................................15 1.1.3.2 Effect on Diabetes Related Obesity...............15

1.1.3.3 Improving and Protecting Cardiovascular Health .. 15

1.1.3.4 Delays Brain Aging ........................................16 1.1.3.5 Stimulator of Eye Health ...............................17 1.1.3.6 Prevention of Early Stage Cancer ..................17 1.1.3.7 Immune System Booster ...............................18 1.1.3.8 Powerful Skin Protector ................................18 1.1.3.9 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ........................19 1.1.3.10 Infertility .....................................................19 1.1.3.11 Ulceration ...................................................19 1.1.4 Sources of Astaxanthin ....................................20 1.1.4.1 Commercial Sources of Astaxanthin .............21 1.1.4.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin ................................21 1.1.4.1.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin .......................21 1.1.4.1.2.1 Yeast - Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) .................................................22 1.1.4.1.2.2 Bacteria - Paracoccus carotinifaciens ......22 1.1.4.1.2.3 Microalgae - Haematococcus pluvialis ....23 1.1.4.1.2.4 Shrimp and Other Crustaceans ...............24 1.1.5 Commercial Applications of Astaxanthin .........24 1.1.6 Astaxanthin Product Forms..............................27 1.1.6.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin ...................................27 1.1.6.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin ..........................28 1.1.6.2.1 Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae .........28 1.1.6.2.1.1 Dried Algae Meal or Biomass ..................28 1.1.6.2.1.2 Oil or Oleoresin .......................................28 1.1.6.2.1.3 Microencapsulated Powder or Beadlets .28 1.1.6.2.1.4 Cold Water Dispersible (CWD) Powder ...29 1.1.6.2.1.5 Emulsion or Liquid ..................................29 1.1.6.2.2 Other Natural Sources ...............................30 2. COMMERCIAL ASTAXANTHIN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES..................................................... 31 2.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin Production.......................31 2.1.1 DSM (Roche) Synthesis Process .......................32 2.1.1.1 Process Examples ..........................................34 2.1.2 BASF Synthesis Process ....................................37 2.1.2.1 Process Steps ................................................38 2.1.2.2 Process Example ...........................................40 2.1.2.3 Alternative Process Example .........................42 2.1.3 Zhejiang NHU Synthesis Process ......................43 2.1.3.1 Process Example ...........................................44 2.2 Astaxanthin Production from Natural Sources....45 2.2.1 Yeast (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous/Phaffia rhodozyma)...............................................................45 1. Igene Biotechnology, Inc. ........................46 Phaffia rhodozyma strains ...................46 Mutagenesis of Phaffia rhodozyma yeast cells ......................................................46

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Antimycin Treatment ...........................47 Fermentation .......................................47 Cell Recovery and Product Preparation48 2. Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) ...............48 Phaffia rhodozyma strains ...................49 Mutagenesis of Phaffia rhodozyma yeast cells ......................................................49 Screening and Fermentation................49 Cultivation Techniques ........................50 Cell Recovery and Product Preparation52 2.2.2 Bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens and Lactobacillus sp.) ......................................................52 1. JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation .......52 Bacteria Strain .....................................52 Mutagenesis of Paracoccus carotinifaciens .....................................53 Fermentation .......................................53 Cell Recovery and Product Preparation53 Astaxanthin Extraction Process ............53 2. Guangzhou UDA Biotech Development Co., Ltd ........................................................54 Bacteria Strain .....................................54 Fermentation .......................................54 2.2.3 Shrimp Shells ...................................................55 2.2.3.1 BlueOcean NutraSciences Inc .......................55 2.2.4 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) .............55 Strain Selection ...........................................55 Cultivation ..................................................57 Harvesting...................................................57 Drying and Milling .......................................58 Extraction and Purification .........................58 2.2.4.1 Haematococcus Pluvialis Cultivation Technologies .............................................................58 2.2.4.1.1 Closed PBRs Combined with Raceway Ponds60 1. Cyanotech Corporation ...........................60 Algae Strain ..........................................61 Algae Cultivation ..................................61 Harvesting Cultivated Cells ..................63 Product Preparation and Extraction ....63 2. Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc......................64 Algae Strain ..........................................64 Algae Cultivation ..................................65 Harvesting Cultivated Cells ..................66 Product Preparation and Extraction ....67 3. Parry Nutraceuticals Ltd..........................68 Algae Strains ........................................68 Algae Cultivation ..................................68 Harvesting & Product Preparation .......70 4. Jingzhou Natural Astaxanthin Inc ............71 Algae Cultivation ..................................71 Extraction.............................................72 5. Pigmentos Naturales S.A. ........................73 6. Atacama Bio Natural Products S.A. .........74 7. Heliae Development LLC .........................75 Helix™ Seed Production Systems .........76 Volaris™ Commercial Production Platform ...............................................76 Harvesting & Extraction .......................76 2.2.4.1.2 Closed Tubular Photo-bioreactors .............77 1. Algatechnologies Ltd ...............................77 Algae Cultivation ..................................77 Phase I Cultivation ...............................78 Phase II Cultivation ..............................80 Harvesting Cultivated Cells ..................81 Product Preparation and Extraction ....81 2. Biogenic Co., Ltd. (Kunming Biogenic Co., Ltd)..... 82

Algae Cultivation .................................. 82 Photo-Bioreactor Design ......................82 Cultivation Process ..............................84 Extraction.............................................85 3. Beijing Gingko Group Biological Technology Co. Ltd (BGG) ...........................86 4. Yunnan Alphy Biotech Co.,Ltd. ................88 2.2.4.1.3 Closed Tank/Cylinder Photo-bioreactors ... 89 1. Fuji Chemical Industry Co., Ltd (AstaReal Co., Ltd) ......................................................89 Algae Strain .......................................... 89 Algae Cultivation .................................. 89 Harvesting Cultivated Cells ..................91 Product Preparation and Extraction .... 91 2. Algae Health (Sláinte Alga Teoranta) ...... 92 3. Algae to Omega Holdings, Inc. ................93 Algae Strain .......................................... 93 Creating Starter Culture from Seed Culture .................................................93 Creating Working Culture from Starter Culture .................................................94 Production Process ..............................95 Harvesting ............................................ 95 2.2.4.1.4 Closed Plastic Bag Photo-bioreactors......... 96 1. Supreme Biotechnologies Ltd .................96 2. Maui Tropical Algae Farm (MTAF)........... 98 2.2.4.1.5 Closed Flat Panel Photo-bioreactors .......... 99 1. Fraunhofer IGB & Subitec GmbH ........... 99 2. MicroA AS .............................................100 3. KEY MARKET TRENDS ...................................... 101 3.1 Natural Astaxanthin Producers Ramping Up Capacities to Satiate Skyrocketing Consumer Demand .................................................................. 101 3.2 Competition Heats Up in the Global Astaxanthin Industry .................................................................. 102 4. INDUSTRY LANDSCAPE .................................... 104 4.1 Astaxanthin Production Capacities ...................104 4.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin .................................... 104 4.1.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin ...........................104 4.1.2.1 Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae .......... 104 4.1.2.2 Other Natural Sources ................................106 4.2 Patent Portfolio ................................................107 4.2.1 Important Patents for Chemical Synthesis of Astaxanthin.............................................................107 4.2.2 Important Patents for Haematococcus pluvialis Cultivation ..............................................................108 4.2.3 Select Patents for Haematococcus pluvialis Downstream Processes........................................... 110 4.2.4 Select Patents for Astaxanthin from Other Natural Sources ......................................................111 4.2.5 Important Patents for Astaxanthin Applications112 4.3 Company Profiles ..............................................114 SYNTHETIC ASTAXANTHIN MANUFACTURERS ..... 114 BASF SE (GERMANY) ...............................................114 CARDAX, INC. (UNITED STATES) ..............................115 DIVIS LABORATORIES LIMITED (INDIA) ...................116 DSM NV (THE NETHERLANDS) ................................117 ZHEJIANG NHU CO LTD (CHINA) .............................118 NATURAL SOURCE ASTAXANTHIN ....................... 119 Haematococcus Microalgae Astaxanthin Manufacturers .......................................................119 ALGAEON, INC. (UNITED STATES) ...........................119 ALGATECHNOLOGIES LTD. (ISRAEL) ........................120 ALIMTEC SA (CHILE) ................................................122 ATACAMA BIO NATURAL PRODUCTS SA (CHILE) ..... 123

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BEIJING GINGKO GROUP (BGG) BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY CO LTD (CHINA) ...............................124 BIOGENIC CO LTD (JAPAN) ......................................125 Kunming Biogenic Co Ltd (China) ............................125 CONTRACT BIOTICS (UNITED STATES) .....................126 CYANOTECH CORPORATION (UNITED STATES) .......127 FENCHEM BIOTEK LTD (CHINA) ...............................129 FUJI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO LTD (JAPAN) ............130 AstaReal AB (Sweden).............................................132 AstaReal Technologies, Inc. (United States) ............132 INNOBIO LTD (CHINA) .............................................133 JINGZHOU NATURAL ASTAXANTHIN INC. (CHINA) ....134 MERA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. (UNITED STATES) ...135 NINGBO RED DRAGON BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY CO LTD (CHINA) ............................................................136 PARRY NUTRACEUTICALS LTD. (INDIA) ...................137 PIGMENTOS NATURALES SA (CHILE) .......................138 PIVEG, INC. (UNITED STATES) .................................139 SHANDONG WEFIRST BIOTECHNOLOGY CO LTD (CHINA) ...................................................................140 SUPREME BIOTECHNOLOGIES NZ LTD (NEW ZEALAND)................................................................141 TEXASTA INC. (UNITED STATES) ..............................142 VALENSA INTERNATIONAL (U. S. NUTRACEUTICALS LLC) (UNITED STATES) .............................................143 YUNNAN ALPHY BIOTECH CO LTD (CHINA) .............144 New Entrants in Haematococcus Microalgae Astaxanthin Industry..............................................145 ALGAE HEALTH (SLAINTE ALGA TEORANTA) (IRELAND) 145 ALGAE TO OMEGA HOLDINGS INC (UNITED STATES) ... 146 ALGAETECH INTERNATIONAL SDN BHD (MALAYSIA) .... 147

ALGALO INDUSTRIES COMPANY LTD (ISRAEL) ........148 ANDEXS BIOTECHNOLOGY SRL (PERU)....................148 ASTAXA GmbH (GERMANY) ....................................149 AVOCA, INC. (UNITED STATES) ................................150 Synthetic Genomics Inc. (United States) .................151 GARDEN STATE BIOENTERPRISES LLC (GS BIOE) (UNITED STATES) ....................................................152 GUANGDONG HAIRONG ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY CO LTD (CHINA) ..........152 HELIAE DEVELOPMENT LLC (UNITED STATES) .........153 MAUI TROPICAL ALGAE FARM LLC (UNITED STATES) ... 154

MBD ENERGY LIMITED (AUSTRALIA) .......................155 MICROA AS (NORWAY) ...........................................156 FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR INTERFACIAL ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (IGB) (GERMANY) .............................................................157 Subitec GmbH (Germany) .......................................158 TIANJIN NORLAND BIOTECH CO LTD (CHINA) .........159 Extraction and Other Services ................................160 ALGAEBIOTECH (THE NETHERLANDS) .....................160 EVODOS BV (THE NETHERLANDS) ...........................161 ORIGINOIL, INC. (UNITED STATES) ..........................162 PHARMALINK EXTRACTS LTD (NEW ZEALAND) .......163 PHASEX CORPORATION (UNITED STATES) ..............163 RADIENT INC. (CANADA) .........................................164 SEPAREX SAS (FRANCE) ...........................................164 THAR PROCESS, INC. (UNITED STATES) ...................165 OTHER NATURAL ASTAXANTHIN MANUFACTURERS .............................................. 166 BLUEOCEAN NUTRASCIENCES INC. (CANADA) ........166 GUANGZHOU UDA BIOTECH DEVELOPMENT CO LTD (CHINA) ...................................................................166 IGENE BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. (UNITED STATES).....167 JX NIPPON OIL & ENERGY CORPORATION (JAPAN) .168 5. KEY BUSINESS TRENDS .................................... 169 BlueOcean NutraSciences Files New Patent Applications ............................................................169 BlueOcean and Neptune in a Licensing Agreement ..... 169

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AlgaeBiotech Offers Astaxanthin for Personal Care Products .................................................................170 Fenchem’s AstaMarin Product Increases Sales .......170 Fenchem Receives Approval for its AstaMarin Product ...................................................................170 Algatechnologies Increases Presence in Ireland and the UK .....................................................................170 Algatechnologies in an R&D Agreement with SCHOTT AG .....................................................171 Algaetech International Undertakes Development of Astaxanthin Facility.................................................171 Capsugel in Collaboration with Cardax ...................171 AstaReal Obtains Canadian Product License Approval for Astaxanthin .......................................................171 EFSA’s Opinion on AstaREAL® Ambiguous ..............172 Heliae and Sincere Corp Form a Joint Venture .......172 Astaxanthin Git-R-Done Energy Drink Launched.....172 Cawthron Institute Researchers Develop Smart Technology for Enhancing Algae Production ..........173 MicroA Completes Successful Batch-Production of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis ............173 Avoca and Synthetic Genomics Enter into a Supply Agreement ..............................................................173 AstaReal Increases Natural Astaxanthin Production Capacity ..................................................................173 Algaeon Obtains Funding to Support Algae Production ..............................................................174 Algatechnologies’ AstaPure® 20% Natural Astaxanthin Oleoresin Launched ............................174 EID Parry Acquires Alimtec SA ................................174 Valensa’s ZanthinNEX® Astaxanthin Launched .......174 Algatechnologies Enhances Production of Natural Astaxanthin.............................................................175 Contract Biotics Increases Algae Production Units .175 Piveg, Inc Vertically Integrates Operations .............175 Fenchem Increases Natural Astaxanthin Supply .....175 PIVEG Inc Introduces AstaMarine® Natural Astaxanthin.............................................................176 Natural Algae Astaxanthin Association Established .............................................................176 DSM Launches New Form of AstaSana™ Astaxanthin Product ...................................................................176 BGG’s Astaxanthin Plant Reaches Full Capacity ......176 Algatechnologies’ AstaPure® Offered with Extended Shelf Life .................................................................177 Guangdong Hairong Cultivates Haematococcus pluvialis on a Large Scale ........................................177 Divis Laboratories Europe and Glanbia Nutritionals Deutschland GmbH in an Agreement .....................177 BGG Inaugurates Largest Asia-Pacific Production Facility for Haematococcus pluvialis ...................... 177 Heliae’s Commercial Algae Facility in Arizona Commences Operations .........................................177 Valensa and Texasta in an Agreement ....................178 Algaeon and Valensa in a Partnership ....................178 Valensa to Obtain Algae Biomass from Contract Biotics .....................................................................178 Supreme Biotechnologies Enhances Production Capacity ..................................................................178 AstaReal Technologies to Set Up new manufacturing facility in Moses Lake, Washington .........................179 Mitsubishi Corp and Brunei’s Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources Sign an Agreement ...................179 Algatechnologies Obtains US$50 Million in Private Investment .............................................................179 Garden State bioEnterprises Implements Technology from OriginOil for Astaxanthin Harvesting..............180 Maui Tropical Algae Farm (MTAF) Cultivating Haematococcus pluvialis in Maui............................180

Fujifilm Launches New Range of Cosmetics Containing Astaxanthin.............................................................180

Algae Health Receives €1 Million Biotech Investment..180

Cyanotech Obtains Long-Term Loan Facility for Expansion ...............................................................181 Astaxanthin Water Soluble Emulsion Launched by Algatechnologies ....................................................181 Fuji Chemical Integrates Astaxanthin Business under “AstaReal” ..............................................................181 EID Parry’s Acquisition of Valensa Complete .......... 182

Cyanotech Expands Astaxanthin Production Capacity ..182

Astaxanthin Plant closures from Yamaha and Fuji Agitate Industry ......................................................182 Fuji Expands Astaxanthin Capacity .........................182 Fuji Relocates Astaxanthin Production ...................183 Cyanotech’s BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin Granted GRAS Status ............................................................183 Naturxan LLC Increases Production Capacity of Aquasta® Naturally Sourced Astaxanthin ...............183 Nippon Oil Initiates European Production of Paracoccus Astaxanthin for use in Fish Feed .......... 183 Valensa Initiates Out Licensing Patent for Astaxanthin in Eye Health Management .................................... 184 Valensa Develops Innovative O2B® Peroxidation Blocker Technology.................................................184 Valensa Enhances Astaxanthin Production Capacity184 ADM and Igene Biotechnology Combine Forces for Natural Astaxanthin Supply to Aquaculture Industry185 6. GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW ........................... 186 6.1 Astaxanthin Market Overview by End-use Application .............................................................187 6.2 Astaxanthin Market Overview by Raw Material Source ..................................................................... 191 6.2.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin .................................... 195 6.2.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview by Geographic Region .................................................196 6.2.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin ...........................200 6.2.2.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin.............................................................200

6.2.2.1.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin Market Overview by End-use Application.201

6.2.2.1.2 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis)

Astaxanthin Market Overview by Geographic Region ..205

6.2.2.1.3 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin End-use Application Market Overview by Geographic Region .................................................209 6.2.2.1.3.1 Nutraceuticals ....................................... 209 6.2.2.1.3.2 Aqua Feed .............................................213 6.2.2.1.3.3 Cosmetics..............................................217 6.2.2.1.3.4 Food & Beverages ................................. 221 6.2.2.2 Bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens) Astaxanthin.............................................................225 6.2.2.2.1 Bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens) Astaxanthin Market Overview by Geographic Region ..226

PART B: REGIONAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE .. 230 REGIONAL MARKET OVERVIEW ........................... 234 1. NORTH AMERICA ............................................ 234 1.1 Astaxanthin Market Overview by Raw Material Source ..................................................................... 235 1.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin .................................... 239 1.1.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview by Geographic Region .................................................240 1.1.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin ...........................244 1.1.2.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin.............................................................244

1.1.2.1.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin Market Overview by End-use Application ........................245 1.1.2.2 Bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens) Astaxanthin..249

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2. EUROPE .......................................................... 250 2.1 Astaxanthin Market Overview by Raw Material Source .....................................................................251 2.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin ....................................255 2.1.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview by Geographic Region..................................................256 2.1.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin ...........................260 2.1.2.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin.............................................................260 2.1.2.1.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin Market Overview by End-use Application..............................................................261 2.1.2.2 Bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens) Astaxanthin.............................................................265 3. JAPAN............................................................. 266 3.1 Astaxanthin Market Overview by Raw Material Source .....................................................................267 3.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin ....................................271

3.1.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin ...........................272 3.1.2.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin.............................................................272

3.1.2.1.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin Market Overview by End-use Application ....................... 273

3.1.2.2 Bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens) Astaxanthin.............................................................277 4. ASIA-PACIFIC ................................................... 278 4.1 Astaxanthin Market Overview by Raw Material Source .....................................................................279 4.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin ....................................283 4.1.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview by Geographic Region .................................................284 4.1.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin ...........................288 4.1.2.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin.............................................................288

4.1.2.1.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin Market Overview by End-use Application ...........................289

5. SOUTH AMERICA ............................................. 293 5.1 Astaxanthin Market Overview by Raw Material Source ..................................................................... 294 5.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin .................................... 298 5.1.1.1 Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview by Geographic Region .................................................299 5.1.2 Natural Source Astaxanthin ...........................303

5.1.2.1 Microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) Astaxanthin... 303

5.1.2.2 Bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens) Astaxanthin.............................................................304 6. REST OF WORLD .............................................. 305 6.1 Astaxanthin Market Overview by Raw Material Source ..................................................................... 306 PART C: GUIDE TO THE INDUSTRY ....................... 310 PART D: ANNEXURE ............................................ 314 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................. 314 2. FEEDBACK ....................................................... 317

LIST OF CHARTS, TABLES & FIGURES PART A: GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE ......... 1 Chart 1: 2014 and 2020 Global Astaxanthin Market Trends by Raw Material Source in Metric Tons ..........3 Chart 2: 2014 and 2020 Global Astaxanthin Market Trends by Raw Material Source in USD Million ...........4 Chart 3: 2014 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Trends by End-use Application in Metric Tons ............................5 Chart 4: 2014 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Trends by End-use Application in USD Million ............................6 Chart 5: Global Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million.....................................................................186 Chart 6: Global Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by End-use Application - Aqua Feed, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in Metric Tons .............................................................187 Chart 7: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by End-use Application - Aqua Feed, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ............................................188 Chart 8: Global Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by End-use Application - Aqua Feed, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in USD Million .............................................................189 Chart 9: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by End-use Application - Aqua Feed, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ............................................190 Chart 10: Global Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by Raw Material Source - Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in Metric Tons ........................................191 Chart 11: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source - Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria .............192 Chart 12: Global Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by Raw Material Source - Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in USD Million ....................................193 Chart 13: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source - Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria ..........194

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Chart 14: Global Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ............................................................................ 195 Chart 15: Global Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in Metric Tons ..................................196 Chart 16: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Synthetic Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Geographic Region - North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World ...................197 Chart 17: Global Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in USD Million ..................................198 Chart 18: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Synthetic Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Geographic Region - North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World ...................199 Chart 19: Global Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ........................................................ 200 Chart 20: Global Haematococcus Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Enduse Application - Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in Metric Tons ...201 Chart 21: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by End-use Application - Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages....................... 202 Chart 22: Global Haematococcus Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Enduse Application - Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in USD Million ...203 Chart 23: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by End-use Application Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ...............................................................204 Chart 24: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Geographic Region – United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in Metric Tons ........205

Chart 25: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World ............. 206 Chart 26: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in USD Million ........ 207 Chart 27: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World ............. 208 Chart 28: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market in Nutraceuticals (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in Metric Tons ........ 209 Chart 29: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) in Nutraceuticals by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World ................................210 Chart 30: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market in Nutraceuticals (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in USD Million ........ 211 Chart 31: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) in Nutraceuticals by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World ................................212 Chart 32: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market in Aqua Feed (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific, South America and Rest of World in Metric Tons..........................213

Chart 33: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) in Aqua Feed by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific, South America and Rest of World ............................. 214 Chart 34: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market in Aqua Feed (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific, South America and Rest of World in USD Million .................................................................... 215

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Chart 35: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) in Aqua Feed by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific, South America and Rest of World ...........................216 Chart 36: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market in Cosmetics (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan and Asia-Pacific in Metric Tons ......................................217 Chart 37: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) in Cosmetics by Geographic Region United States, Europe, Japan and Asia-Pacific ................. 218 Chart 38: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market in Cosmetics (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Europe, Japan and Asia-Pacific in USD Million ......................................219 Chart 39: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) in Cosmetics by Geographic Region United States, Europe, Japan and Asia-Pacific.............. 220 Chart 40: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market in Food & Beverages (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Japan, AsiaPacific and Rest of World in Metric Tons ................221 Chart 41: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) in Food & Beverages by Geographic Region - United States, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World ...................................................222 Chart 42: Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market in Food & Beverages (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - United States, Japan, AsiaPacific and Rest of World in USD Million ................223 Chart 43: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) in Food & Beverages by Geographic Region - United States, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World ...................................................224 Chart 44: Global Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million.................225 Chart 45: Global Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - Europe, Japan, North America and Chile in Metric Tons .........................................226 Chart 46: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Geographic Region Europe, Japan, North America and Chile ................227 Chart 47: Global Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Geographic Region - Europe, Japan, North America and Chile in USD Million .........................................228 Chart 48: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Geographic Region - Europe, Japan, North America and Chile..............................229

Chart 50: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Astaxanthin Market Volume Market Share (%) by Geographic Region - North America, Europe, AsiaPacific, South America and Rest of World...............231 Chart 51: Global Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by Geographic Region - North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America and Rest of World in USD Million ....................................................................232 Chart 52: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Global Astaxanthin Market Value Market Share (%) by Geographic Region - North America, Europe, AsiaPacific, South America and Rest of World...............233

REGIONAL MARKET OVERVIEW .................. 234 NORTH AMERICA ................................................ 234 Chart 53: North American Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ............................................................................ 234 Chart 54: North American Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in Metric Tons .. 235 Chart 55: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 North American Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria ..................................................................236 Chart 56: North American Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in USD Million ... 237 Chart 57: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 North American Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria ............... 238 Chart 58: North American Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ................................239 Chart 59: North American Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Country – Canada, United States and Mexico in Metric Tons ...............240 Chart 60: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 North American Synthetic Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Country – Canada, United States and Mexico ....................................................................241 Chart 61: North American Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Country – Canada, United States and Mexico in USD Million ...............242 Chart 62: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 North American Synthetic Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Country – Canada, United States and Mexico .............. 243 Chart 63: United States Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ........ 244 Chart 64: United States Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in Metric Tons ........ 245

PART B: REGIONAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE .. 230

Chart 65: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 United States Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ............................................246

Chart 49: Global Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by Geographic Region - North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America and Rest of World in Metric Tons.............................................................230

Chart 66: United States Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in USD Million ........ 247

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Chart 67: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 United States Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ............................................ 248 Chart 68: North American Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ..... 249 EUROPE .............................................................. 250 Chart 69: European Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million .............................................................250 Chart 70: European Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in Metric Tons .................251 Chart 71: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 European Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria ............ 252 Chart 72: European Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in USD Million .................253 Chart 73: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 European Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria.......... 254 Chart 74: European Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ...............................................255 Chart 75: European Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Country – Norway, United Kingdom and Rest of Europe in Metric Tons........... 256 Chart 76: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 European Synthetic Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Country – Norway, United Kingdom and Rest of Europe ...................................257

Chart 77: European Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Country – Norway, United Kingdom and Rest of Europe in USD Million ........... 258 Chart 78: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 European Synthetic Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Country – Norway, United Kingdom and Rest of Europe .................................................................... 259 Chart 79: European Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million .......................... 260 Chart 80: European Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed and Cosmetics in Metric Tons ........................261 Chart 81: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 European Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed and Cosmetics ..............262 Chart 82: European Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed and Cosmetics in USD Million ........................263 Chart 83: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 European Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed and Cosmetics ..............264 Chart 84: European Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million265

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JAPAN ................................................................ 266 Chart 85: Japanese Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million .............................................................266 Chart 86: Japanese Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in Metric Tons .................267 Chart 87: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Japanese Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria.............268 Chart 88: Japanese Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in USD Million..................269 Chart 89: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Japanese Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria ..........270 Chart 90: Japanese Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ...............................................271 Chart 91: Japanese Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million.....................................................................272 Chart 92: Japanese Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in Metric Tons ........................................................................273 Chart 93: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Japanese Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ...............................................................274 Chart 94: Japanese Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in USD Million ................................. 275 Chart 95: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Japanese Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ...............................................................276 Chart 96: Japanese Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million277 ASIA-PACIFIC ...................................................... 278 Chart 97: Asia-Pacific Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million .............................................................278 Chart 98: Asia-Pacific Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic and Microalgae in Metric Tons ......................................279

Chart 99: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Asia-Pacific Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic and Microalgae ..........280

Chart 113: South American Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in Metric Tons 294

Chart 100: Asia-Pacific Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic and Microalgae in USD Million ......................................281

Chart 114: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 South American Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria .................................................................. 295

Chart 101: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Asia-Pacific Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic and Microalgae.........................282 Chart 102: Asia-Pacific Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ..................................................................... 283 Chart 103: Asia-Pacific Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Country – China, Australia & New Zealand and Rest of Asia-Pacific in Metric Tons... 284

Chart 115: South American Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria in USD Million . 296 Chart 116: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 South American Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic, Microalgae and Bacteria .297

Chart 117: South American Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ...................................................... 298

Chart 104: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Asia-Pacific Synthetic Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Country – China, Australia & New Zealand and Rest of Asia-Pacific..............................................................285

Chart 118: South American Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Country – Chile, Peru and Rest of South America in Metric Tons ..... 299

Chart 105: Asia-Pacific Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Country – China, Australia & New Zealand and Rest of Asia-Pacific in USD Million ... 286

Chart 119: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 South American Synthetic Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Country – Chile, Peru and Rest of South America .................................................................. 300

Chart 106: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Asia-Pacific Synthetic Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Country – China, Australia & New Zealand and Rest of APAC .......................................................................287

Chart 120: South American Synthetic Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Country – Chile, Peru and Rest of South America in USD Million...... 301

Chart 107: Asia-Pacific Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ....................................................................288

Chart 121: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 South American Synthetic Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Country – Chile, Peru and Rest of South America .................................................................. 302

Chart 108: Asia-Pacific Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (20102020) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in Metric Tons ........................................................................289

Chart 122: South American Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ........ 303

Chart 109: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Asia-Pacific Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ...............................................................290 Chart 110: Asia-Pacific Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages in USD Million ..... 291 Chart 111: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan) Haematococcus Microalgae Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by End-use Application – Nutraceuticals, Aqua Feed, Cosmetics and Food & Beverages ............................................292 SOUTH AMERICA ................................................ 293 Chart 112: South American Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ...................................................... 293

Chart 123: Chilean Paracoccus carotinifaciens Bacteria Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million .......................... 304 REST OF WORLD ................................................. 305 Chart 124: Rest of World Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Volume in Metric Tons and Value in USD Million ................................................................. 305 Chart 125: Rest of World Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic and Microalgae in Metric Tons ...............306 Chart 126: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Rest of World Astaxanthin Volume Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic and Microalgae .......... 307 Chart 127: Rest of World Astaxanthin Market Overview (2010-2020) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic and Microalgae in USD Million ................308 Chart 128: Glance at 2010, 2015 and 2020 Rest of World Astaxanthin Value Market Share (%) by Raw Material Source – Synthetic and Microalgae and Bacteria ......... 309

TABLES & FIGURES TABLES Table 1: Singlet Oxygen Quenching Rate Constants of Different Carotenoids .................................................7 Table 2: Ratios of Isomers Found in Astaxanthin from Various Sources ........................................................13 Table 3: Free and Esterified Astaxanthin Ratios in Various Sources ........................................................13 Table 4: Major Microorganism Sources of Astaxanthin...............................................................20

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Table 5: Astaxanthin Commercial Sources and their Applications ..............................................................24 Table 6: Applications of Haematococcus pluvialis derived Astaxanthin ..................................................25 Table 7: Examples of Astaxanthin Products Available on the Market ...........................................................25 Table 8: Synthetic Astaxanthin Forms.......................27 Table 9: Haematococcus Pluvialis Algae Astaxanthin Forms ........................................................................29

Table 10: Other Natural Astaxanthin Forms .............30 Table 11: Worldwide H. pluvialis Algae Culture Collection Centers ....................................................56 Table 12: Typical Composition of Culture Medium ... 61 Table 13: Standard BG-11 Medium Specifications .... 78 Table 14: BG-11 Trace Metals Solution .....................78 Table 15: Composition of Growth Medium for Haematococcus. .......................................................89

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Table 17: 2014 Estimated Global Synthetic Astaxanthin Production Capacities .........................104 Table 18: 2014 Estimated Global Haematococcus pluvialis Biomass and Astaxanthin Production Capacities ...............................................................105 FIGURES: Figure 1: Pro-oxidant Activity of Different Carotenoids8 Figure 2: Astaxanthin Structure ................................12 Figure 3: Different Isomeric Forms of Astaxanthin ...12 Figure 4: Synthesis of astaxanthin by Wittig reaction31 Figure 5: Haematococcus pluvialis Green stage and Red stage ..................................................................57 Figure 6: Cyanotech Corp’s Astaxanthin Production Facility ......................................................................60 Figure 7: Cyanotech Corp’s Astaxanthin Production Process .....................................................................61 Figure 8: Cyanotech Corp’s PhytoDome CCS Closed Outdoor Photo-bioreactors ......................................62 Figure 9: Cyanotech Corp’s Open Raceway Ponds ....62 Figure 10: Mera Pharmaceuticals Inc Astaxanthin Production Process ...................................................64 Figure 11: Mera Growth Module (MGM) ..................65 Figure 12: Mera Pharmaceuticals Inc Harvesting Process .....................................................................66 Figure 13: Mera Pharmaceuticals Inc Algal Biomass Preparation ...............................................................66 Figure 14: Jingzhou Natural Astaxanthin Inc’s Astaxanthin Production Plant in Hubei, China ..........71

Figure 15: Jingzhou Natural Astaxanthin Inc’s H. Pluvialis Growth Multiplied in Column Type Indoor PBRs ..........................................................................71 Figure 16: Jingzhou Natural Astaxanthin Inc’s H. Pluvialis Growth at Green Phase in Indoor Raceway Ponds ........................................................................72 Figure 17: Jingzhou Natural Astaxanthin Inc’s Astaxanthin Accumulation at Red Phase in Outdoor Raceway Ponds .........................................................72 Figure 18: Pigmentos Naturales S.A Cultivation Process .....................................................................73 Figure 19: Atacama Bio Natural’s H. pluvialis Green Stage Growth Process ...............................................74 Figure 20: Atacama Bio Natural’s Open Raceway Ponds for Astaxanthin Accumulation ........................74 Figure 21: Heliae’s Algae Cultivation Plant in Gilbert, AZ, United States ......................................................75 Figure 22: Heliae’s Closed Tubular Photo-bioreactors ... 76 Figure 23: Heliae’s Volaris Commercial Algae Cultivation System ....................................................76 Figure 24: Algatechnologies Ltd Astaxanthin Production Process ..................................................77 Figure 25: Algatechnologies Ltd Plant – Closed Loop Tubular Photo-bioreactors Installed Outdoors .........80 Figure 26: Biogenic Co. Ltd Haematococcus pluvialis Cultivation Plant in Kunming, China..........................82 Figure 27: Biogenic Co. Ltd Tubular Closed Loop Photo-bioreactor Module Design .............................83

Figure 28: Biogenic Co. Ltd Closed Loop Photobioreactors ...............................................................84 Figure 29: BGG Astaxanthin Production Plant in Yunnan, China ...........................................................86 Figure 30: BGG’s H. Pluvialis Growth Process ........... 87 Figure 31: Yunnan Alphy’s Photo-bioreactor Design 88 Figure 32: Yunnan Alphy’s H. pluvialis Cultivation Process ..................................................................... 88 Figure 33: AstaReal’s Closed Stainless Steel Photobioreactors ...............................................................90 Figure 34: Algae Health’s Photo-bioreactor Design .. 92 Figure 35: Algae to Omega’s Incubation Tanks for Starter Culture of H. pluvialis .................................... 93 Figure 36: Algae to Omega’s Closed Tubular PBR ..... 94 Figure 37: Algae to Omega’s Algae Cultivation Tanks .... 94 Figure 38: Supreme Biotechnologies’ Plastic Bag Photo-bioreactors Growing H. Pluvialis Algae .......... 96 Figure 39: Supreme Biotechnologies’ Closed Plastic Bag Photo-bioreactors Containing Red Cysts of H. Pluvialis Algae ............................................................................. 97 Figure 40: Maui Tropical Algae Farm’s Closed Plastic Bag Photo-bioreactors ..............................................98 Figure 41: Subitec GmbH’s Flat Panel Airlift Photobioreactor Design .....................................................99 Figure 42: Subitec’s FPA Bioreactors in Operation.... 99 Figure 43: MicroA AS Photo-bioreactor Design ...... 100 Figure 44: MicroA AS Vertical Flat Panel Photobioreactors at Work ................................................100

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