GK Book : Ftii(Film and Television Institute of India) & Srfti(Satyajit Ray Film & Television Institute) for General Knowledge Preparation

Contents

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BFI Top 100 British films - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1

Bharat Ratna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

5

Bollywood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

23

Camera angle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

47

Caméra d'Or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

49

Cinema of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

53

Cinematic techniques - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

65

Dadasaheb Phalke Award - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

74

Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

86

Film editing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

105

Film festival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

116

Film industry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

125

Filmmaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

137

Folk dance in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

144

Glossary of dance moves - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

146

Glossary of digital audio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

152

Glossary of graffiti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

155

Glossary of Indian culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

166

Glossary of musical terminology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

173

Glossary of poetry terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

210

Glossary of theater terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

213

Glossary of video terms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

215

History of film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

237

Independent film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

262

Indian art - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

278

Indian classical dance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

298

Indian folk music - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

302

Indian martial arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

306

Indian musical instruments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

313

Indian painting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

318

Indira Gandhi Award for Best First Film of a Director - Wikipedia, the free en

329

Jnanpith Award - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

332

Kuleshov Effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

338

(c) Shashi Bhushan

1

List of Academy Award Best Actor winners by age - Wikipedia, the free ency

340

List of Academy Award Best Actress winners by age - Wikipedia, the free en

349

List of Academy Award for Best Director winners by age - Wikipedia, the fr

357

List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Fi

366

List of Academy Award-winning films - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

387

List of Best Supporting Actor winners by age - Wikipedia, the free encyclo

423

List of Best Supporting Actress winners by age - Wikipedia, the free encyclo

431

List of films considered the best - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

439

List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes - Wikipedia, the free enc

452

List of genres - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

460

List of Indians who won international beauty pageants - Wikipedia, the free e

490

List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

498

List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards -

512

List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year - Wi

525

List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

534

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English - Wikipedia, the free ency

545

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi - Wikipedia, the free encycl

547

L'Œil d'or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

550

Media of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

552

Mise-en-scène - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

559

Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration - Wikipedia,

562

National Film Award for Best Actor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

565

National Film Award for Best Actress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

570

National Film Award for Best Animated Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclop

573

National Film Award for Best Audiography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

574

National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema - Wikipedia, the free encyclop

578

National Film Award for Best Child Artist - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

582

National Film Award for Best Children's Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclo

586

National Film Award for Best Choreography - Wikipedia, the free encyclope

591

National Film Award for Best Cinematography - Wikipedia, the free encyclop

594

National Film Award for Best Costume Design - Wikipedia, the free encyclop

605

National Film Award for Best Direction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

608

National Film Award for Best Editing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

614

(c) Shashi Bhushan

2

National Film Award for Best Feature Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

617

National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Wikipedia, the free e

629

National Film Award for Best Film Critic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

634

National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservatio

637

National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues - Wikipedia, the f

639

National Film Award for Best Lyrics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

642

National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist - Wikipedia, the free encyclop

646

National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Wikipedia, the free enc

648

National Film Award for Best Music Direction - Wikipedia, the free encyclo

655

National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film - Wikipedia, the free encyclo

660

National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction - Wikipedia, the fr

666

National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainm

668

National Film Award for Best Production Design - Wikipedia, the free encyclo

677

National Film Award for Best Screenplay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

681

National Film Award for Best Special Effects - Wikipedia, the free encyclo

686

National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor - Wikipedia, the free encyclop

689

National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress - Wikipedia, the free encycl

693

Nobel laureates of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

697

Outline of film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

702

Painting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

707

Palme d'Or - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

719

Parallel Cinema - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

728

Sahitya Akademi Fellowship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

737

Saraswati Samman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

743

Screenwriting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

745

Sport in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

756

The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time - Wikipedia, the free e

783

Theatre of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

786

Two shot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

800

Un Certain Regard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

801

Vyas Samman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

807

Aspect ratio (image) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

809

Cut (transition) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

823

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3

Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

826

National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film)

831

Shot (filmmaking) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

841

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4

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BFI Top 100 British films From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page

In 1999 the British Film Institute surveyed 1,000 people from the world of British

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film and television to produce the BFI 100 list of the greatest British films of the

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20th century. Voters were asked to choose up to 100 films that were 'culturally

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British'. Some of the selected films were wholly or partly produced by non-UK companies, or made with input from film makers born overseas, but were regarded by voters as having significant British involvement.[1]

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Contents

Help

1 List breakdown

About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page

2 Full List 3 See also 4 References

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List breakdown

[ edit ]

The 1960s led the pack with 26 films of merit for the decade; four films for

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each year, 1949, 1963 and 1971; and The earliest film selected was The 39

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Steps (1935). Only two other 1930s films made the list, and after 1935, the

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only years not represented are 1936–1937, 1940–1941, 1950, 1956, 1972

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and 1974–78.

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David Lean, with seven films, is the most popular director; followed by

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Michael Powell (five films, of which four were collaborations with Emeric

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Pressburger); Powell and Pressburger ("The Archers") and John Schlesinger

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had four films each while Alexander Mackendrick and Tony Richardson each

Printable version

had three. Seven of the films were produced by Ealing Studios during the

Languages

years 1949–55.

Deutsch

The most represented actor is Alec Guinness, with nine films of merit

‫ﻓ ﺎ رﺳ ﯽ‬

although three appearances were in supporting roles. Michael Caine is the

Français

most represented living actor, starring in seven films.

Italiano Русский

Julie Christie is the most represented actress, with six films on the list.

Türkçe

All of the directors in this list are male.

Українська Edit links

Full List

[ edit ]

Rank

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Title

Year

Director

1

The Third Man

1949 Carol Reed

2

Brief Encounter

1945 David Lean

3

Lawrence of Arabia

1962 David Lean 5

4

The 39 Steps

1935 Alfred Hitchcock

5

Great Expectations

1946 David Lean

6

Kind Hearts and Coronets

1949 Robert Hamer

7

Kes

1969 Ken Loach

8

Don't Look Now

1973 Nicolas Roeg

9

The Red Shoes

1948 Powell and Pressburger

10

Trainspotting

1996 Danny Boyle

11

The Bridge on the River Kwai

1959 David Lean

12

if...

1968 Lindsay Anderson

13

The Ladykillers

1955 Alexander Mackendrick

14

(c) Shashi Bhushan

Saturday Night and Sunday Morning

1960 Karel Reisz

15

Brighton Rock

1947 John Boulting

16

Get Carter

1971 Mike Hodges

17

The Lavender Hill Mob

1951 Charles Crichton

18

Henry V

1944 Laurence Olivier

19

Chariots of Fire

1981 Hugh Hudson

20

A Matter of Life and Death

1946 Powell and Pressburger

21

The Long Good Friday

1980 John Mackenzie

22

The Servant

1963 Joseph Losey

23

Four Weddings and a Funeral

1994 Mike Newell

24

Whisky Galore!

1949 Alexander Mackendrick

25

The Full Monty

1997 Peter Cattaneo

26

The Crying Game

1992 Neil Jordan

27

Doctor Zhivago

1965 David Lean

28

Monty Python's Life of Brian

1979 Terry Jones

29

Withnail and I

1987 Bruce Robinson

30

Gregory's Girl

1980 Bill Forsyth

31

Zulu

1964 Cy Endfield

32

Room at the Top

1959 Jack Clayton

33

Alfie

1966 Lewis Gilbert

34

Gandhi

1982 Richard Attenborough

35

The Lady Vanishes

1938 Alfred Hitchcock

36

The Italian Job

1969 Peter Collinson

37

Local Hero

1983 Bill Forsyth

38

The Commitments

1991 Alan Parker

39

A Fish Called Wanda

1988 Charles Crichton

40

Secrets & Lies

1995 Mike Leigh 6

41

Dr No

1962 Terence Young

42

The Madness of King George

1994 Nicholas Hytner

43

A Man for All Seasons

1966 Fred Zinnemann

44

Black Narcissus

1947 Powell and Pressburger

45

Blimp

1943 Powell and Pressburger

46

Oliver Twist

1948 David Lean

47

I'm All Right Jack

1959 John Boulting

48

Performance

1970

49

Shakespeare in Love

1998 John Madden

50

My Beautiful Laundrette

1985 Stephen Frears

51

Tom Jones

1963 Tony Richardson

52

This Sporting Life

1963 Lindsay Anderson

53

My Left Foot

1989 Jim Sheridan

54

Brazil

1985 Terry Gilliam

55

The English Patient

1996 Anthony Minghella

56

A Taste of Honey

1961 Tony Richardson

57

The Go-Between

1970 Joseph Losey

58

The Man in the White Suit

1951 Alexander Mackendrick

59

The Ipcress File

1965 Sidney J. Furie

60

Blow Up

1966 Michelangelo Antonioni

61

(c) Shashi Bhushan

The Life and Death of Colonel

The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner

Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell

1962 Tony Richardson

62

Sense and Sensibility

1995 Ang Lee

63

Passport to Pimlico

1949 Henry Cornelius

64

The Remains of the Day

1993 James Ivory

65

Sunday, Bloody Sunday

1971 John Schlesinger

66

The Railway Children

1970 Lionel Jeffries

67

Mona Lisa

1986 Neil Jordan

68

The Dam Busters

1955 Michael Anderson

69

Hamlet

1948 Laurence Olivier

70

Goldfinger

1964 Guy Hamilton

71

Elizabeth

1998 Shekhar Kapur

72

Goodbye, Mr Chips

1939 Sam Wood

73

A Room with a View

1985 James Ivory

74

The Day of the Jackal

1973 Fred Zinnemann

75

The Cruel Sea

1953 Charles Frend 7

76

Billy Liar

1963 John Schlesinger

77

Oliver!

1968 Carol Reed

78

Peeping Tom

1960 Michael Powell

79

Far From the Madding Crowd

1967 John Schlesinger

80

The Draughtsman's Contract

1982 Peter Greenaway

81

A Clockwork Orange

1971 Stanley Kubrick

82

Distant Voices, Still Lives

1988 Terence Davies

83

Darling

1965 John Schlesinger

84

Educating Rita

1983 Lewis Gilbert

85

Brassed Off

1996 Mark Herman

86

Genevieve

1953 Henry Cornelius

87

Women in Love

1969 Ken Russell

88

A Hard Day's Night

1964 Richard Lester

89

Fires Were Started

1943 Humphrey Jennings

90

Hope and Glory

1987 John Boorman

91

My Name is Joe

1998 Ken Loach

92

In Which We Serve

1942

93

Caravaggio

1986 Derek Jarman

94

The Belles of St Trinian's

1954 Frank Launder

95

Life Is Sweet

1990 Mike Leigh

96

The Wicker Man

1973 Robin Hardy

97

Nil By Mouth

1997 Gary Oldman

98

Small Faces

1995 Gillies Mackinnon

99

Carry On... Up the Khyber

1968 Gerald Thomas

100

The Killing Fields

1984 Roland Joffé

See also

Noël Coward and David Lean

[ edit ]

Time Out 100 best British films Films considered the greatest ever BFI TV 100 – a list of the best British television programmes BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 In 2004 the BFI compiled a list of the 100 biggest UK cinematic hits of all time based on audience viewing, the list was released as a book. The top 10 are available in this BBC News Online story.

References

[ edit ]

1. ^ BBC. 23 September 1999. Entertainment: Best 100 British films - full list. Accessed 30 January 2014.

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Bharat Ratna From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page

The Bharat Ratna (Hindi

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pronunciation: [bʰaːrt̪ rt̪ n];

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Jewel of India)[1] is the

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highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted in 1954, the award is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the

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highest order", without

Recent changes

distinction of race,

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occupation, position, or

Tools

sex.[2][3][4] The award was

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originally limited to

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achievements in the arts,

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literature, science, and

Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book

public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavour" in December 2011.[5] The

Awarded by

Government of India Type

Civilian

Category

National

Description Obverse

Bharat Ratna are made by

Printable version

the Prime Minister to the

Reverse

awarded per year.

A platinum Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone

President, with a maximum of three nominees being

An image of the Sun along with the words "Bharat Ratna", inscribed in Devanagari script, on a peepal leaf

recommendations for the

Download as PDF

Languages

Bharat Ratna

triumphs) in Devanagari Script Ribbon

Statistics

Deutsch

Recipients receive a Sanad

Español

(certificate) signed by the

Instituted

1954

‫ﻓ ﺎ رﺳ ﯽ‬

President and a peepal-

First awarded

1954

Français

leaf–shaped medallion;

Last awarded

2015

there is no monetary grant

Total awarded

45

associated with the award.

First awardee(s)

Bahasa Indonesia

Bharat Ratna recipients

Italiano

rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.

Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch

(c) Shashi Bhushan

The first recipients of the

C. Rajagopalachari Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan C. V. Raman

Recent awardee(s)

Madan Mohan Malaviya (Posthumous) Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Bharat Ratna were 9

politician C.

Award rank

Rajagopalachari,

Nederlands

philosopher Sarvepalli

Padma Vibhushan →

Radhakrishnan, and Norsk bokmål

scientist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed on 45 individuals, including 12 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but

‫ﭘ ﻨﺠ ﺎﺑﯽ‬

were amended in January 1955 to permit them. The former Prime Minister Lal

Polski

Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously. In

Português

2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest

Русский

recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his

Simple English

100th birthday. Though usually conferred on Indian citizens, the Bharat Ratna

Suomi

has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa, and to two non-

Svenska

Indians, Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela. On 24 December 2014, the Indian government announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya

‫اردو‬

(posthumously) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Edit links

The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose met with controversy. Due to the debate surrounding Bose's death, the posthumous mention of Bose was much criticised, and his family refused to accept the award. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communiqué announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred. Several bestowments of the award met with the criticism. The then Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi have been criticised for nominating themselves in 1955 and 1971 respectively. The posthumous awards for K. Kamaraj (1976) and M. G. Ramachandran (1988) were considered to have been aimed at placating the voters for the upcoming assembly elections and posthumous awards of Madan Mohan Malaviya (2015) and Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) drew criticism for they died before the award was instituted. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Regulations 3 Specifications 4 Controversies 5 Criticism 6 Popular demands 7 List of recipients 8 Explanatory notes 9 References 10 Bibliography

(c) Shashi Bhushan

10

11 Further reading

History

[ edit ]

On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards— Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahela Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3] There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10] The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The suspension was again rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[14] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][15]

Regulations

[ edit ]

The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][16] Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four individuals were awarded the honour. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary (c) Shashi Bhushan

11

grant. Under the terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] the recipients cannot use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name, although recipients may use either the expressions "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honoured with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[18] As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][3]

Specifications

[ edit ]

The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 13⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2] A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 25⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 17⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄ 8

inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch

(13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][19] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][20] The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param Veer Chakra.[21]

Controversies

[ edit ]

The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had been filed against the conferral of the award.[13][22][23][24][25] Subhas Chandra Bose (1992) On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose. The (c) Shashi Bhushan

12

decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[22] The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It said that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla

In 1992, a press release was published to confer the award posthumously on Bose which was later cancelled by the Supreme Court in 1997.

Commission. Bose's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award.[26][27] To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992– 97), had not conferred a Sanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[26] On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[26][28] Civilian awards as "Titles" (1992) In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution".[15] C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar (2013) (c) Shashi Bhushan

13

Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled.[23] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time.[24] Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand."[25][c] On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[29] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[30]

Criticism

[ edit ]

Several presentations of the Bharat Ratna have spurred criticism as they have been considered "political awards" to persons who have not necessarily merited the honour. As the recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, the then Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–64) and Indira Gandhi (1966–77, 1980–84) have been criticised for honouring themselves with the awards in 1955 and 1971 respectively.[31][32] While Nehru was awarded by the then President Rajendra Prasad, another President V. V. Giri decided to honour Gandhi. Both of these presidents were awarded the Bharat Ratna immediately after their respective presidential terms ended. Prasad was awarded in 1962 while Nehru was still in the office of Prime Minister. Similarly, Gandhi was Prime Minister when Giri was conferred the award in 1975. When the recommendations for awarding Nehru, Gandhi, Prasad, and Giri were requested through the Right to Information Act, the Prime minister's Office and Rashtrapati Bhavan could not provide the records and file notings relating to information or achievements as not available.[33] In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[34][35] The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[36] While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award,[31] the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at (c) Shashi Bhushan

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placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar to please Dalits.[32][34] The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who passed away before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.[37] It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[38] Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore,[39] Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda,[40] and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[41] The then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[41][42] Similarly in 2015, the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with the criticism.[41] Janardan Dwivedi, politician of the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime Minister Modi, who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi.[43] A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.[44] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[45][46] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by President K. R. Narayanan to Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee who agreed to the proposal.[47][48]

Popular demands

[ edit ]

Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President,[4] there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[49][50] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal.[51] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister, said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[52] Similar such demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[53] In September 2015, a regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but their family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[54] (c) Shashi Bhushan

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Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were discussed; among the most talked-about of these was field-hockey player Dhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour.[55] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[56] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[57] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[56][58] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][59] A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[60][61]

List of recipients

[ edit ]

Key + Naturalized citizen recipient

* Non-citizen recipient

# Posthumous recipient

List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10] Year

Laureates

Notes An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer, Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-

C. Rajagopalachari

General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54); and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party.[62]

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Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India's first Vice1954

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

President (1952–62) and second President (1962– 67).[63][64] Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.[65] Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering",

C. V. Raman

Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[66] Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, Das is a co-founder of

–

Bhagwan Das

Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.[67] Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18),

1955

Visvesvaraya was a Knight M. Visvesvaraya

Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.[68] Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and

Jawaharlal Nehru

the longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947– 64).[49][69] Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and first

1957

Govind Ballabh Pant Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955– 61.[70]

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Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of 1958

Dhondo Keshav

Hindu widows. He established

Karve

the Widow Marriage Association (1983), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[8][71] A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of

–

Bidhan Chandra

Modern West Bengal".[72] He

Roy

was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors' Day in

1961

India.[51] Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker –

Purushottam Das

of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative

Tandon

Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[73] Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar,[74] Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the

1962

Rajendra Prasad

non-cooperation movement for Indian independence.[75] He was later elected as the first President of India (1950– 62).[63] Independence activist and education philosopher, Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of

–

Zakir Husain

Bihar (1957–62).[76] Later, he was elected as second VicePresident of India (1962–67)

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and went on to become the third President of India (1967– 69).[63][64]

1963

Indologist and Sanskrit scholar,[77] Kane is best known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: –

Pandurang Vaman

Ancient and Medieval Religious

Kane

and Civil Law in India; the "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.[78] Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"),[79]

1966

Lal Bahadur

Independence activist Shastri

Shastri[i]#

served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the IndoPakistani War of 1965.[49][80] Known as the "Iron Lady of India",[81] Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[49]

1971

Indira Gandhi

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.[82] Trade unionist Giri was the first Acting President of India and

1975

–

V. V. Giri

later elected as the fourth President of India (1969– 74)[63][83] Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a

1976

K. Kamaraj[ii]#

former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62, and 1962–63.[84][85] "Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun

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and the founder of the 1980

Mother Teresa

+

Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II.[86] Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement, "Land-Gift

1983

Vinoba Bhave[iii]#

Movement".[87] He was given the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[88] Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was

1987

Khan Abdul Ghaffar

a follower of Mahatma Gandhi.

Khan*

He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[89] Actor turned politician

1988

Ramachandran served as

M. G. Ramachandran[iv][d]#

Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84, 1985–87.[84] Social reformer and leader of the Dalits ("Untouchables"),[91] Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India.[92] Ambedkar predominantly campaigned

B. R.

Ambedkar[v]#

against the social discrimination with Dalits, the Hindu varna system.[93] He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and

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