Giovanni Martinez 33
July 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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@EMAFE[ Y [I@QFHKIÛG ^hse 8 _akegekar fes pra shoaras ma `emafes ma si`ufhkiûg.
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JIESHGGI @H_]IGAT EFISH_A[ Kûmije :9239;==
Jrupe ;;
]uter Igj. Amwhrm Carghgme ]ere
Qgivarsimhm Ghkieghf Hoiarth y h Misthgkih Sikarrakteràh Hkhmé`ikh y ma Igvastijhkiûg Askuafh ma Kiagkihs Oèsikhs, ]akgefejàh a Igjagiaràh Oejetè Dugie ma ?>?>
IG]_EMQKKIÛG
Keg af prasagta trhohde sa mhrè igikie hf kurse ma `emafes y si`ufhkiûg. [a astumihrhg fes kegtagimes ag af agterge ma hpragmizhda ma fhs ugimhmas 8 y ? y sa rasefvarèg fhs prajugths prepuasths per af tuter. tuter. Fh igcer`hkiûg kegta`pfhmh ag asths ugimhmas par`itirè ke`pragmar fes kegkaptes qua sa astumihrhg `ès hmafhgta y kû`e igcfuyag ag prekases ma sista`hs igmustrihfas y maf use ma fh takgefejàh.
EODA]ISE JAGA_HF
[a imagticikhrh fes kegkaptes ma `emafhkiûg y si`ufhkiûg ma prekases ag sista`hs igmustrihfas y af use ma takgefejàhs phrh af hgèfisis ma askaghries. _akegeka fes tipes, uses, hpfikhkiegas ma fh `emafhkiûg y si`ufhkiûg ma fh `emafhkiûg y si`ufhkiûg ma prekases ag sista`hs igmustrihfas y af use ma takgefejàhs phrh af hgèfisis ma askaghries.
EODA]ISE[ A[^AKICIKE[ Faar fes kegtagimes ma fhs ugimhmas 8 y ? phrh af mashrreffe maf trhohde igmivimuhf. _asefvar fhs prajugths jagarhmerhs rafhkieghmhs keg fh preofa`ètikh eodate ma m a astumie y maohtir hframamer ma fh preofa`ètikh pfhgtahmh4 µXué as fh prejrh`hkiûg figahf5 - ]ipes. -Qses y hpfikhkiegas, sajôg fh tipefejàh. µXué seg fes `étemes matar`igàstikes5 - ]ipes. - Qses y hpfikhkiegas, sajôg fh tipefejàh. µXué seg fes `étemes preohoifàstikes5 ]ipes. Qses y hpfikhkiegas, hpfikhkiegas, sajôg fh tipefejàh. Fh `emafhkiûg `hta`ètikh y fhs barrh`iagths ma sectwhra.
MA[H__EFFE MA FH HK]ISIMHM
8.
µXué as fh prejrh`hkiûg figahf5 - ]ipes. -Qses y hpfikhkiegas, sajôg fh tipefejàh.
Fh prejrh`hkiûg figahf as oèsikh`agta fh misputh ma ugh khgtimhm ma hktivimhmas (premuktes) per uges rakurses ma khrèktar fi`ithme, ma thf cer`h qua sa eotagjh ug `èxi`e ma ragmi`iagte. Kuhgme bhofh`es ma ragmi`iagte, sa astè bhofhgme ma fh epti`izhkiûg maf sista`h qua puama sar ma mes cer`hs4 cer`hs4 @hxi`izhkiûg4 [a parsijua af `èxi`e ma utifimhm @igi`izhkiûg4 [a ouskh af `àgi`e ma kestes e jhste ag ugh a`prash. Fh prejrh`hkiûg figahf as ugh ma fhs tékgikhs `ès ôtif ma fh igvastijhkiûg ma eparhkiegas ugh h`pfih jh`h ma preofa`hs a`prashrihfas, thfas ke`e4 Igmustrih, Akege`àh, Cighgkiarh,, ^remuktives, Bespithfhries agtra `ukbhs `ès. Cighgkiarh ^hrh mashrreffhr preofa`hs ma prejrh`hkiûg figahf sa maoa tagar ag kuagth af hgèfisis ma fh igcer`hkiûg, phrh aste sa maoa kegekar fh khgtimhm ma hrtàkufes e sarvikies h chorikhr h cig ma kegsajuir fh `èxi`h utifimhm ma fhs `htarihs pri`hs. Fes `emafes jagarhfas ma prejrh`hkiûg figahf seg4 8. Cer`h astègmhr maf `emafe ma prejrh`hkiûg figahf4 As af `ès kegekime y su pfhgtah`iagte sa raprasagth hs hsà4 à4 0 8 8 + ? ? + ; ; + ⋥
?. Cer`h `htrikihf `htrikihf maf `emafe ma prejrh`hkiûg figahf4 ^h ^hrh rh asta `emafe sa maoa maoag g macigir temes fes vakteras y `htrikas qua igtarviagag ag af `emafe. @htriz (H) ]iaga temes fes afa`agtes ma hsijghkiûg ugithrih ma rakurses.
H0
R8 R? R; ….
Sakter (R) Kegtiaga temhs fhs vhrihofas maf preofa`h
R0
R8 R? R; … Rg
;. Cer`h [u`hterihf4 [u`hterihf4 Asta `emafe `emafe utifizh fh su`hterih su`hterih
=. Cer`h Khgûgikh maf `emafe ma m a prejrh`hkiûg figahf4 fh `ès si`pfa ke`e sa agkuagtrh asta `emafe y keg ohsa ag ésth as ke`e sa mashrreffhg temhs sus ma`estrhkiegas.
?. µXué seg fes `étemes matar`igàstik matar`igàstikes5 es5 - ]ipes. - Qses y hpfikhkiegas, sajôg fh tipefejàh. Fes `emafes matar`igàstikes seg `emafes `hta`ètikes megma fhs `is`hs agtrhmhs e kegmikiegas igikihfas premukirèg igvhrihofa`agta fhs `is`hs shfimhs e rasufthmes, ge kegta`pfègmesa fh axistagkih ma hzhr, e igkartimu`ora ag af prekase `emafhmh `amihgta mikbe `emafe. Astes `emafes astèg rafhkieghmes keg fh krahkiûg ma agterges si`ufhmes h trhvés ma si`ufhmeras phrh af astumie ma situhkiegas bipetétikhs, e phrh krahr sista`hs ma jastiûg qua par`ithg mis`iguir fh prephjhkiûg ma arreras. Fes `emafes matar`igàstikes sajôg Daccar (?>>?) ‖seg hquaffes qua h khmh vhfer ma fh vhrihofa igmapagmiagta kerraspegma etre vhfer ma fh vhrihofa mapagmiagta‐ . Fes `emafes matar`igàstikes astèg ohshmes ag af `emafe ma Jhfifae/Gawteg y sus tipes seg4 ^rejrh`hkiûg `hta`ètikh4 ^rejrh`hkiûg figahf, prejrh`hkiûg agtarh, prejrh`hkiûg migè`ikh, prejrh`hkiûg ge figahf y prejrh`hkiûg `uftieodative. @emafes ma ]rhgsperta y @emafes ma ramas.
Fes uses `ès crakuagtas ma asta tipe ma `étemes seg te`hmes phrh fh te`h ma maskisiegas
µXué seg fes `étemes preohoifàstikes preohoifàstikes55 ]ipes. Qses y hpfikhkiegas, sajôg fh ;. tipefejàh. Qg `emafe kuye ke`perth`iagte ge as matar`igisth kuhgme hf `ages ugh vhrihofa maf `is`e as te`hmh ke`e ug mhte hf hzhr y fhs rafhkiegas agtra vhrihofas sa te`hg per `amie ma cugkiegas preohoifàstikhs. [irvag per fe jagarhf phrh rahfizhr rahfizhr jrhgmas sarias ma `uastraes, quithg `ukbe tia`pe ag af ke`puthmer seg `uy utifizhmes ag igvastijhkiegas kiagtàcikhs. ^hrh fejrhr `emafhr kerrakth`agta kerrakth`a gta ug prekase astekèstike as gakashrie ke`pragmar gu`areses kegkaptes ma preohoifimhm y asthmàstikh asthmàstikh.. Fes @emafe preohoifàstike as fh cer`h qua puamag te`hr ug kegdugte ma mhtes eotagimes ma `uastraes ma mhtes keg ke`perth`iagte qua sa supega supeg a hfahterie.
@emafes ma _avisiûg Kegtiguh @emafes
AEX ‖preohfizhmhmes‐4 Af th`høe ma fhs axistagkihs asthoifizhmerhs sa
matar`igh ma `eme fh preohoifimhm ma hjeth`iagte ma fhs axistagkihs murhgta af tia`pe ma agtrajh gequa axkamh af vhfer matar`ighme.
@emafe AEX ^reohoifàstike4 ^ar`ita chfthgtas ag fh ma`hgmh, sa raquiara ermaghr fh khgtimhm y sia`pra qua af igvagthrie khijh hf givaf _. Fes `emafes tiagag tras (;) supesikiegas4 8. Fh ma`hgmh ge shtiscakbh murhgta af tia`pe ma agtrajh sa hku`ufh. ?. Ge sa par`ita `ès ma ugh ermag pagmiagta. ;. Fh mistrioukiûg ma fh ma`hgmh m a`hgmh murhgta af tia`pe ma agtrajh par`hgaka asthkieghrih.
Jastiûg ma Igvagthries4 _amukir hf `àgi`e "pesiofa" fes givafas ma axistagkihs y. Hsajurhr fh mispegioifimhm ma axistagkihs (premukte tar`ighme, premukte ag kurse, `htarih pri`h, igsu`e, atk.) ag ag af `e`agte duste. Cagû`ages ma asparh (kefhs)4 Fes kfiagtas seg eofijhmes h par`hgakar ag af Kagtre ma [arvikie ge sefe af tia`pe ma sarvikie sige qua bhg ma seperthr ugh asparh, cer`hgme ugh kefh. Ag etres khses, af kagtre ma sarvikie asthrh cugkieghgme per maohde ma su khphkimhm, keg sarvimeras masekuphmes. Ag fh igmustrih maoa`es te`hr makisiegas sig kegekar4 µKuègme ffajhrhg fes kfiagtas5 µKuègte tia`pe sarè gakashrie phrh prasthr sarvikie5
Kefhs e Asparhs4 Khrakar ma fh khphkimhm hmakuhmh ma sarvikie ekhsiegh asparhs ma`hsihme fhrjhs ag hfjuges `e`agtes y p½armimhs ma kfiagtas, agtra etres kestas
]aeràh ma duajes4 As ugh rh`h ma fh akege`àh qua q ua astumih fhs makisiegas ag fhs qua phrh qua ug igmivimue tagjh éxite tiaga qua tagar ag kuagth fhs makisiegas te`hmhs per af raste ma fes hjagtas qua igtarviagag ag fh situhkiûg.
eodative ma fh ]aeràh ma Duajes as astumihr af ke`perth`iagte rhkieghf ag situhkiegas ma igtarhkkiûg (duaje) agtra hjagtas (dujhmeras) ag fhs qua fes rasufthmes astèg kegmikieghmes h fhs hkkiegas ma fes hjagtas< ug duaje as kuhfquiar situhkiûg ag fh kuhf ke`pitag mes e `ès ` ès dujhmeras4 af Hdamraz y af ^ûlar.
[i`ufhkiûg4 Fh si`ufhkiûg ke`puthkieghf ma sista`hs, e hpaghs si`ufhkiûg, kegsista ag
fh utifizhkiûg ma kiarths tékgikhs `hta`ètikhs, a`pfahmhs ag ke`puthmeras, fhs kuhfas par`itag i`ithr af cugkiegh`iagte cugkiegh`iagte ma prèktikh`agta prèktikh`agta kuhfquiar tipe ma eparhkiûg e prekase prekase maf `ugme rahf, as makir, m akir, as af astumie maf ke`perth`iagte ma sista`hs rahfas h trhvés maf adarkikie adarkik ie ma `emafes.
=.
Fh `emafhkiûg `hta`ètikh y fhs barrh`iagths ma sectwhra
Fh si`ufhkiûg as ugh barrh`iagth pemaresh phrh hyumhr h ke`pragmar sista`hs ke`pfades y phrh hpeyhr fh te`h ma makisiegas axista ug h`pfih vhriamhm ma agcequas y barrh`iagths qua pegag h mispesikiûg y bhka fh vimh `ès cèkif. Axistag si`ufhmeras aspakihfas phrh khmh prepûsite, per ada`pfe barrh`iagths ma si`ufhmeras phrh af `evi`iagte maf hjuh, fh avefukiûg ma fh jhfhxih, phrh kh`oies ma `egamhs. ]ipes ma si`ufhmeras4
Bedhs ma Kèfkufe4 As af si`ufhmer `ès si`pfa y hpfikhofa utifizhgme bedhs ma kèfkufe. Hugqua fhs bedhs ma kèfkufe astèg fi`ithmhs per su astrukturh ma `ukbhs `hgarhs seg utifizhmhs phrh preyaktes ma si`ufhkiûg si`pfa
[i`ufhmeras ma acaktes miskrates4 Asth barrh`iagth sa ohsh ag ug agcequa ma trhgshkkiegas phrh fes sista`hs ma `emafhme. Fes `emafes kegsistag ag agtimhmas, rakurses y afa`agtes ma kegtref. Asta tipe ma si`ufhmeras astèg misaøhmes phrh prekases keg kagtres ma htagkiûg tafacûgikh, eparhkiegas ma cèorikh a igsthfhkiegas ma agvàe ma fhs `htarihs pri`hs. Jagarhf`agta sa hpfikhg phrh `emafhr `e mafhr `evi`iagtes.
[i`ufhmeras Ohshmes ag Hjagtas4 ^ramikag ke`perth`iagtes keg htrioutes y `étemes agtra sà. Qg ada`pfe as ugh peofhkiûg peo fhkiûg ma hgi`hfas y su ke`perth`iagte `ijrhterie.
[i`ufhmeras Kegtigues4 _asuafvag akuhkiegas micaragkihfas qua maskrioag fh avefukiûg ma ug sista`h utifizhgme akuhkiegas kegtiguhs. Asta tipe ma si`ufhmeras seg fes `ès hprepihmes si af `htarihf e fh igcer`hkiûg qua sa astè si`ufhgme puama m maskrioirsa askrioirsa ke`e
avefukieghme e `eviégmesa ma `hgarh suhva e kegtiguh. Qg ada`pfe ma asth si`ufhkiûg as af `evi`iagte maf hjuh htravas ma ugh saria ma mapûsites y tuoaràhs.
[i`ufhmeras Biorimes4 Asth barrh`iagth ke`oigh fes si`ufhmeras kegtigues y miskrates. As makir rasuafvag akuhkiegas micaragkih m icaragkihfas fas y
KEGKFQ[IEGA[
[a bize ugh fakturh fakturh kegsiagta ma fes ta`hs ma fh ugimhm 8 y ? qua `a par par`itag `itag hmagtrhr ag fes kegkaptes ma @emafes y [i`ufhkiûg. Keg af trhohde igmivimuhf sa bize ugh rakermhkiûg ma fes kegkaptes `hgadhmes ag kurses hgtarieras44 prejrh`hkiûg figahf, `étemes matar`igàstikes, `étemes pireohfàstikes. hgtarieras [a rasefviareg fhs prajugths ma khmh uge ma fes kegkaptes h astumihr. Hmagtrhgme fh igcer`hkiûg ag fes tipes, fes uses y fhs hpfikhkiegas ag af `ugme `hta`ètike. Hsà `is`e sa astumiû a igvastije fh `emafhkiûg `hta`ètikh y fhs barrh`iagths ma sectwhra qua sa tiagag mispegiofa phrh fh igvastijhkiûg.
OIOFIEJ_HCIH
Juhskb, H., ^iarh, @. Î., & Khshgevhs, D. (?>>?). @emafhme y si`ufhkiûg4 hpfikhkiûg h prekases fejàstikes ma chorikhkiûg y sarvikies. @hmrim, A[4 Qgivarsitht ^efitâkgikh ma Khthfugyh. Mispegiof a ag fh Mispegiofa Oiofietakh Sirtuhf ma fh QGHM (pp.?-?8). _akuparhme ma bttps4//oiofietakhvirtuhf.ughm.amu.ke4?1;2/fio/ughmsp/rahmar.hktie ma g5ppj0?2&mekIM0=;8>>=3&t`081==>;38>22;3
[igjar, @. (?>8;). Qgh prè ktikh taeràh ma fh epti`izhkiûg figahf 4 mhtes, `emafes y makisiegas. [hgtihje, Kbifa4 Amikiegas QK. Mispegiofa ag fh Oiofietakh Sirtuhf ma fh QGHM (pp.;-39). _akuparhme ma bttp4//oiofietakhvirtuhf.ughm.amu.ke/fejig5urf0bttps4//oiofietakhvir ma tuhf.ughm.amu.ke4?939/fejig.hspx5mirakt0trua&mo0gfaol&HG08:?1? ==&fhgj0as&sita0abest-fiva&aov0AO&ppim0ppU; Juarrare, [. B. (?>>9). ^rejrh`hkiûg figahf hpfikhmh. Oejetè, KE4 Akea Amikiegas. Mispegiofa ag fh Oiofietakh Sirtuhf ma fh QGHM.(pp.?=9-?:8) _akuparhme ma bttps4//oiofietakhvirtuhf.ughm.amu.ke4?1;2/fio/ughmsp/rahmar.hktie ma g5ppj0?3:&mekIM0;?81;?9&t`081==>;3;:12:2 Biffiar, C. [. (?>8>). Igtremukkiûg h fh igvastijhkiûg ma eparhkiegas (9h. @éxike, M.C.,ma @R4 Igtarh`arikhgh. Mispegiofa ag fham.). Oiofietakh Sirtuhf fh @kJrhw-Biff QGHM (pp. ?2?-;>9). _akuparhme ma bttps4//oiofietakhvirtuhf.ughm.amu.ke4?1;2/fio/ughmsp/rahmar.hktie ma g5ppj0;88&mekIM0;?8=22:&t`081==>;3:398;2 @hrtàgaz, [hfhzhr, Iris Horif, hgm Kh`hrûg, Jhstûg Sértiz (?>8=). Igvastijhkiegas ma eparhkiegas, Jrupe Amiterihf ^htrih, ?>8=. Mispegiofa ag fh Oiofietakh Sirtuhf ma fh QGHM (pp. 8=9-8:9). _akuparhme ma bttps4//oiofietakhvirtuhf.ughm.amu.ke4?1;2/fio/ughmsp/rahmar.hktie ma g5ppj083?&mekIM0;??:98;&t`081==>;332=83?
[igjar, @. (?>8;). Qgh prèktikh taeràh ma fh epti`izhkiûg figahf fi gahf 4
mhtes, `emafes y makisiegas. [hgtihje, Kbifa4 Amikiegas QK. Mispegiofa ag fh Oiofietakh Sirtuhf ma fh QGHM (pp.;-39). _akuparhme ma bttp4//oiofietakhvirtuhf.ughm.amu.ke/fejig5urf0bttps4//oiofietakhvir ma tuhf.ughm.amu.ke4?939/fejig.hspx5mirakt0trua&mo0gfaol&HG08:?1? ==&fhgj0as&sita0abest-fiva&aov0AO&ppim0ppU;
Bargègmaz, Eskhr. (?;,>2, ?>8:). @emafes y [i`ufhkiûg. \Hrkbive ma vimaeP. _akuparhme ma ma bttp4//bmf.bhgmfa.gat/8>193/8?9:2 Hrhqua, Justhve. (?3,88, ?>82). @emafes y [i`ufhkiûg. \Hrkbive ma vimaeP. _akuparhme ma bttp4//bmf.bhgmfa.gat/8>193/???>? Barghgmaz, Eskhr. (?;,>2,?>8:). @emafes y [i`ufhkiûg. \Hrkbive ma vimaeP. _akuparhme ma ma bttp4//bmf.bhgmfa.gat/8>193/8?9:9 Hrhqua, Justhve. (?3,88, ?>82). @emafes y [i`ufhkiûg. \Hrkbive ma vimaeP. _akuparhme ma ma bttp4//bmf.bhgmfa.gat/8>193/?8:83 bttp4//bmf.bhgmfa.gat/8>193/?8:83 Jefm[i`, ?>?>, ^ri`ar ma si`ufhkiûg. Qgh igtremukkiûg h fes kegkaptes oèsikes ma si`ufhkiûg. _akuparhme ma4 bttps4//www.jefmsi`.ke`/wao/igtremuktieg/#[i`ufhtieg]ypas
Kiagkytak, ?>?>. Fhoerhteries Sirtuhfas ma @hta`ètikhs phrh si`ufhkiûg ma axpari`agtes ag af ke`puthmer. _akuparhme ma4 bttps4//www.kiagytak.ke`/amu?-sectwhra bttps4//www.kiagyt ak.ke`/amu?-sectwhra-`hta`htikh -`hta`htikhs-fhoerhterie-virt s-fhoerhterie-virtuhf.bt` uhf.bt`
D. _emrijuaz-Hrhjeg, ?>88, ]aeàh ma Kefhs e Cagû`ages ma Asparh. _akuparhme ma4 bttps4//pravih.ukf`.as/precaserh bttps4//pravih.ukf`.a s/precaserhme/fikasie/Mekagkih me/fikasie/Mekagkih/`kei/]a`h;Ujuieg.pmc /`kei/]a`h;Ujuieg.pmc
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