Gimnasio Acuatico

July 25, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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^KOXNQPOMBM BKMOKB POFÐK ADLÆXBQ PNMN @NK]QBL Pu`rn ‐ Adlovob @^QPD MN FBNP]QÆB NK BMFOKOP]QB@ODK MN NFWQNPBP XNQPODK SOO

“WLBK MN KNID@OD WBQB LB BWNQ]^QB MN ^K IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D NK LB @O^MBM MN P^@QN‖

]nsos pbrb dptbr nl irbmd b`bmïfo`d mn “Fbstnr nk Bmfokostrbòðk mn Nfprnsbs Nfprnsbs‖‖

Fbnstrbktn5 Lo`. Qdfokb Lndkdr Wbtoòd Xblmb

Pu`rn, Moònfarn mn 1723

^KOXNQPOMBM BKMOKB POFÐK ADLÆXBQ PNMN @NK]QBL Pu`rn ‐ Adlovob @^QPD MN FBNP]QÆB NK BMFOKOP]QB@ODK MN NFWQNPBP XNQPODK SOO

“WLBK MN KNID@OD WBQB LB BWNQ]^QB MN ^K IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D NK LB @O^MBM MN P^@QN‖

]nsos pbrb dptbr nl irbmd b`bmïfo`d mn “Fbstnr nk Bmfokostrbòðk mn Nfprnsbs Nfprnsbs‖‖

Fbnstrbktn5 Lo`. Qdfokb Lndkdr Wbtoòd Xblmb ]utdr5 WcM. Luos Buiustd Abllovoâk @ïspnmns

Pu`rn, Moònfarn mn 1723

MNMO@B]DQOB

B fos pbmrns Nrknstd y Fbrtcb qun fn arokmbrdk arokmbrdk su bpdy bpdyd d ok`dk ok`dkmoòdk moòdkbl bl pbrb pbr b pdm pdmnr nr ùf ùfpl plor or fos fntbs y daentovds, daen tovds, b fo cnrfbkb Mblfb pdr tdmd su bpdyd y `dfprnksoðk.

BIQBMN@OFONK]DP

Irbòb Irb` obss b Mods Mods pd pdrr lllln nkb kbrf rfn n mn ankmo nkmo`òd odk kns y pdr mbrfn brfn lb dpdrt pdrtu uko komb mbm m mn lln lnvb vbrr b `bad ukb pbrtn mn fo prdyn`td mn vomb, ùlfokbkmd ukb fntb prdhnsodkbl Birbmnz`d bl WcM. Buiustd Abllovobk @ïsp @ï spnm nmns ns pd pdrr su iu iuæb æb mn mnmo mo`b `bkm kmd d tonfpd, pbònkòb y `dkdòfonktd nk nl mnsbrrdlld mn fo prdyn`td mn tnsos. B lb ^kovnrsombm Bkmokb Pofðk Adlævbr pdr mbrfn lb dpdrtukombm mn hdrfbrfn y tnknr lb prnpbrbòðk pbrb nkhrnktbr kunvds rntds prdhnsodkblns.

o

OKMO@N INKNQBL OK]QDM^@@OÐK

………………………………………………………………………………….2

b.

PO]^B@ODK WQDALNFB]O@B ………………… ……………………………………….

a.

WLBK]NBFONK]D MN WQDALNFB

`. m.

E^P]OHO@B@ODK ………………….………………………… ………………….…………………………………………………… ………………………… 0 DAEN]OXDP ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… > Daentovd Inknrbl Daentovds Nspn`æho`ds

n.

COWD]NPOP

1

…………………………….……………………… …………………………….……………………… 0

………………………………………………………………….…….> ………………………………………………………………….…….> …………………………………………………………………….….> …………………………………………………………………….….>

………………………………………………………………………………….> ………………………………………………………………………………….>

Xbrobaln Okmnpnkmonktn ………………………………………………………….…………….> Xbrobaln Mnpnkmonktn

………………………………………………………………….…….> ………………………………………………………………….…….>

h.

MOPNÒD MN LB OKXNP]OIB@ODK

i.

]OWD MN OKXNP]OIB@OÐK Okvnstoibòðk Nxpldrbtdrob

………………………………………………………………> ………………………………………………………………> ………………………………………………………..……..8 ………………………………………………………..……..8

Okvnstoibòðk Mns`roptovb

……………………………………………………..………..9 ……………………………………………………..………..9

c.

……………………………………………………..> ……………………………………………………..>

FN]DMDLDIOB MN LB OKXNP]OIB@ODK

……………………………………………9

Fïtdmd Aoalodirâho`d

…………………………………………………………………….….9 …………………………………………………………………….….9

Fïtdmd Mnmu`tovd

………………………………………………........………………….3 ………………………………………………........………………….3

Fïtdmd Okmu`tovd

……………………………………………………………….……….3 ……………………………………………………………….……….3

Fïtdmd Copdtïto`d- Mnmu`tovd ……………………………………………………….….…..3 ……………………………………………………….….…..3 Fïtdmd Bkblæto`d Fïtdmd Nstbmæsto`d o.

…………………………………………………………………….….3 …………………………………………………………………….….3 ………………………………………………………………………..? ………………………………………………………………………..?

]N@KO@BP MN LB OKXNP]OIB@ODK

………………………………………………….….? ………………………………………………….….?

Lb Nktrnvostb

………………………………………………………………………………….? ………………………………………………………………………………….?

Lb Nkùnstb

………………………………………………………………………………..27 ………………………………………………………………………………..27

Qnvosoðk Aoalodirâho`b ………………………………………………………………………27 ………………………………………………………………………27 2

FBQ@D ]NDQO@D 2.2

………………………………………………………………………22 ………………………………………………………………………22

BK]N@NMNK]NP ………………………………………………………………………22 ………………………………………………………………………22

2.2.2

Anknhoòds mn lb Kbtbòðk

……………………………………………………20 ……………………………………………………20

oo

2.2.1

Mnhokoòðk Mn Hotknss

2.2.1.2

……………………………………………………………..20 ……………………………………………………………..20

Xnktbebs mnl Hotknss nk nl Fnmod Bùâto`d

……………………….2=

2.2.1.2.2

Copdirbvomïz

……………………………………………………………..2>

2.2.1.2.1

Wrnsoðk Comrdstâto`b

2.2.1.2.0 2.2.1.2.=

Qnsostnkòb Bl Fdvofonktd …………………………………………..2> …………………………………………..2> Nquoloarod Fusùlbr ……………………………………………………28 ……………………………………………………28

2.2.1.2.>

Hbòlotb Lb ]nrfdrrniulbòðk ]nrfdrrniul bòðk

2.2.1.2.8

Anknhoòds Wso`dlðio`ds ……………………………………………………28 ……………………………………………………28

……………………………………………………2> ……………………………………………………2>

…………………………………………..28

2.1

WLBK MN KNID@OD

2.0

DAEN]OXDP MNL WLBK MN KNID@OD

2.=

@DK@NW]D MN FBQJN]OKI

2.>

MNHOKO@ODK MN PNQXO@OD ……………………………………………………………..2? ……………………………………………………………..2?

2.8

OKXNP]OIB@OÐK MN FNQ@BMDP ……………………………………………………17 ……………………………………………………17 2.8.2 Nl Wrd`nsd Mn Okvnstoibòðk Mn Fnr`bmds …………………………………17

2.9

2.3

2.?

……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..23 ……………..23

MNP@QOW@OÐK MNL KNID@OD

…………………………………………..23

……………………………………………………2? ……………………………………………………2?

……………………………………………………11 ……………………………………………………11

2.9.2

Fosoðk ………………………………………………………………………………..11 ………………………………………………………………………………..11

2.9.1

Xosoðk ………………………………………………………………………………..11 ………………………………………………………………………………..11

2.9.0

Wrokòpods _ Xbldrns

……………………………………………………………..11 ……………………………………………………………..11

BKBLOPOP WNP]NL ‐ FB@QDNK]DQKD

…………………………………………..10

2.3.2

Hb`tdrns Wdlæto`ds

……………………………………………………………..10 ……………………………………………………………..10

2.3.1 2.3.0

Hb`tdrns N`dkðfo`ds ……………………………………………………………..10 ……………………………………………………………..10 Hb`tdrns Pdòdùlturblns …………………………………………… ……………………………………………………10 ………10

2.3.=

Hb`tdrns ]n`kdlðio`ds ……………………………………………………………..1= ……………………………………………………………..1=

2.3.>

Hb`tdrns N`dlðio`ds- Fnmodbfaonktblns Fnmodbfaonk tblns

2.3.8

Hb`tdrns Lniblns

…………………………………1=

……………………………………………………………..1= ……………………………………………………………..1=

FDMNLD MN LBP @OK@D H^NQUBP MN WDQ]NQ …………………………………1= 2.?.2

Wdmnr mn Knidòbòðk mn lds @dfprbmdrns d @lonktns ……………………….1>

2.?.1

Wdmnr mn Knidòbòðk mn lds Wrdvnnmdrns d Xnkmnmdrns

2.?.0

Bfnkbzb mn Kunvds Nktrbktns ……………………………………………………18 ……………………………………………………18

………………1>

0

2.?.=

Bfnkbzb mn Wrdmu`tds Pustotutds

2.?.>

Qovblombm nktrn lds `dfpntomdrns-`dfpntnkòb `dfpntomdrns -`dfpntnkòb …………………………………19

2.27 2.22

…………………………………………..18

Bkâlosos HDMB (Hdrtblnzbs, Dpdrtukombmns, Mnaolombmns y Bfnkbzbs)

…….13

WLBK MN DWNQB@ODKNP ……………………………………………………………..13 ……………………………………………………………..13

2.22.2 2.22.1

Ld`blozbòðk ………………………………………………………………………13 Bkâlosos y mntnrfokbòðk mn lb mnfbkmb ……………………………………….…1?

2.22.0

Bkâlosos mn lb dhnrtb

2.21

WLBK MN FBQJN]OKI

……………………………………………………………..1? ……………………………………………………………..1? ………………………………………………………….….1? ………………………………………………………….….1?

2.21.2

Pnifnktbòðk mn Fnr`bmds

2.21.1

Fnr`bmd fntb ………………………………………………………………………07 ………………………………………………………………………07

2.20

FBQJN]OKI FOS MN PNQXO@ODP

2.20.2

Wrdmu`td ‐ Pnrvoòd

……………………………………………………1? ……………………………………………………1?

……………………………………………………07 ……………………………………………………07

……………………………………………………………..07 ……………………………………………………………..07

2.20.2.2 @brb`tnræsto`bs mnl Pnrvoòd …………………………….………..…..07 2.20.2.2.2 Oktbkioaolombm ……………………………………………………07 ……………………………………………………07

2.20.1 2.20.0

2.20.2.2.1

Oksnpbrbaolombm ……………………………………………………02 ……………………………………………………02

2.20.2.2.0

Cntnrdinknombm y vbrobaolombm …………………………………02 …………………………………02

2.20.2.2.=

@bmuòmbm d Ofpnrmurbaolombm mnl snrvoòd

………………02

Wrnòd ……………………………………………………………………………..…02 ……………………………………………………………………………..…02 Wlbzb

………………………………………………………………………02

2.20.=

Wrdfdòðk y Wualoòmbm……………………………………………………………..01

2.20.> 2.20.8

Wnrsdkbs ……………………………………………………………………....01 ……………………………………………………………………....01 Nvomnkòb Hæso`b ……………………………………………………………..01 ……………………………………………………………..01

2.20.9

Wrd`nsd d @blombm …………………………………………………………..…00 …………………………………………………………..…00

2.2=

WLBK MN QN@^QPDP C^FBKDP ……………………………………………………00 ……………………………………………………00

2.2=.2

@dkstotuòðk mn lb Nfprnsb

…………………………………………………....00

2.2=.1

Mnhokoòðk Mn Qn`lutbfonktd

……………………………..…………………..…00

2.2=.0

Nvblubòðk Mnl Mnsnfpnòd

………………………………….….…………..…00

2.2=.=

Mns`ropòðk mn `brids ……………………………………………………………..0=

2.2=.>

@lofb dribkozbòdkbl

……………………………………………………………..0= ……………………………………………………………..0=

2.2=.8 2.2>

Qnspdksbaolombm sdòbl nfprnsbrobl

………………………………………….0=

WLBK N@DKDFO@D HOKBK@ONQD ……………………………………………………0>

2.2>.2

Wrnsupunstd d Mntnrfokbòðk mn lb Okvnrsoðk

…………………………………0>

2.2>.2.2

Okvnrsoðk Hoeb

………………….....…………………………………..…..0>

2.2>.2.1

Okvnrsoðk nk B`tovds Mohnromds …………….………………………..…..0>

2.2>.2.0

Okvnrsoðk nk @bpotbl mn ]rbabed …………………………………………..08

2.2>.2.=

Hokbkòbfonktd Hokbkòbfo nktd ……………………………………………………………..08 ……………………………………………………………..08

2.2>.2.>

Wrnsupunstds ……………………………………………………………..08 ……………………………………………………………..08

2.2>.2.9

Nstbmd mn pïrmombs y ibkbkòbs

2.2>.2.3

Ablbk`n inknrbl

2.2>.2.?

Nstbmd mn Hlued mn @beb

2.2>.2.27

]bsb mn mnsùnktd

…………………………………09

……………………………………………………09 ……………………………………………………09 …………………………………………..09

……………………………………………………03 ……………………………………………………03

2.2>.2.22 Nvblubòðk Hokbkònrb ……………………………………………………03 ……………………………………………………03 2.2>.2.22.2 Xbldr b`tubl kntd …………………………………………..03 …………………………………………..03 2.2>.2.22.1

]bsb oktnrkb mn rntdrkd …………………………………………..03

2.2>.2.22.0

Wnrædmd mn rnùpnrbòðk mn okvnrsoðk

2.2>.2.21 1

Bkâlosos mn snksoaolombm ……………………………………………………0? ……………………………………………………0?

MOBIKÐP]O@D PO]^B@ODKBL MNL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D 1.2

……………………….=7

MNP@QOW@ODK, BKBLOPOP MNL NK]DQKD _ BFAONK]N @DFWN]O]OXD …………………………………………………………………………………………….…….=7

1.2.2

1.1

……………………….0?

MNP@QOW@ODK MNL KNID@OD

…………………………………………..=7

1.2.2.2

Fosoðk ………………………………………………………………………=7 ………………………………………………………………………=7

1.2.2.1

Xosoðk ………………………………………………………………………=2 ………………………………………………………………………=2

1.2.2.0

Wrokòpods y Xbldrns

1.2.2.=

Wdlæto`bs

……………………………………………………=2 ……………………………………………………=2

……………………………………………………………..=1

FBQ@D @DK]NS]^BL (MOBIKDP]O@D PO]^B@ODKBL)

1.1.2

BKBLOPOP MNL FB@QDNK]DQKD

1.1.2.2

Bkâlosos WNP]NL

1.1.2.2.2

……………………….=1

…………………………………………..=1

……………………………………………………=1 ……………………………………………………=1

Hb`tdrns Wdlæto`ds

…………………………………………..=1 …………………………………………..=1

1.1.1

1.1.2.2.1

Hb`tdrns N`dkðfo`ds …………………………………………..=0

1.1.2.2.0

Hb`tdrns Pdòblns

1.1.2.2.=

Hb`tdrns ]n`kdlðio`ds ……………………………………….….=8

1.1.2.2.>

Hb`tdrns N`dlðio`ds- fnmodbfaonktblns fnmodbfaonk tblns

……………………………………….….=>

………………=8

1.1.2.2.8 Hb`tdrns Lniblns …………………………………………..=9 BKÂLOPOP MN LBP H^NQUBP @DFWN]O]OXBP MN WDQ]NQ ………………=3

1.1.1.2

Wdmnr mn knidòbòðk mn lds `dfprbmdrns d `lonktns

1.1.1.1

Wdmnr mn knidòbòðk mn lds prdvnnmdrns d vnkmnmdrns

1.1.1.0

Bfnkbzb mn kunvds nktrbktns ……………………………………….….=?

1.1.1.=

Bfnkbzb mn prdmu`tds sustotutds

1.1.1.>

Qovblombm nktrn lds `dfpntomdrns- `dfpntnkòb ……………………….>2

1.1.1.>.2

1.1.1.>.2.0 ]oaurðk Iyf

…….=?

…………………………………>7

Bkâlosos mn lb @dfpntnkòb Okmorn`tb

1.1.1.>.2.2 Idlm Iyf Hrnyb 1.1.1.>.2.1 Fus`lnfbi Iyf

………………=3

……………………….>2

…………………………………………..>2 …………………………………………..>1 …………………………………………..>1

……………………………………………………>0 ……………………………………………………>0

1.1.1.>.2.= Nlotn Iyf Hotknss @lua …………………………………………..>= 1.1.1.>.2.> Wo``dld Ynllkns @lua 1.1.1.>.2.8 Hlnx Iyf

…………………………………………..>= …………………………………………..>=

……………………………………………………>> ……………………………………………………>>

1.1.1.>.2.9 Id Hot Ynllkns @lua

……………………………………….….>> ……………………………………….….>>

1.1.1.>.2.3 Hotknss @lua Fnibtlðk Pu`rn

…………………………………>8

1.1.1.>.2.? Wosòkb Fukoòpbl Wbrqun Adlævbr …………….…………>9 1.1.1.>.2.27 Bùâto`b mn Kbtbòðk ……………………….…………………>9 1.1.1.>.2.22 Alun wnllknss `nktnr 1.1.0

OKXNP]OIB@ODK MN FNQ@BMDP

1.1.0.2

Mnhokoòðk Mn Lb Funstrb

1.1.0.2.2

……………….…………………………>9 …………………………………………..>3 …………………………………………..>3

Mntnrfokbòðk mnl ]bfbòd mn lb Funstrb

………………>3

1.1.0.1

Qn`dln`òðk y Wrd`nsbfonktd mn Mbtds …………………………………>?

1.1.0.0

Bkâlosos n Oktnrprntbòðk mn lds Qnsultbmds

1.1.0.0.2

……………………….87

Bkâlosos mnl Qnsultbmd mn lb Nkùnstb ……………………….87

1.1.0.0.2.2 Bsostn ustnm b uk Iofkbsod

………………………………...87

1.1.0.0.2.1 Po su rnspunstb ns “KD‖ ùblns lbs rbzdkns

……………...81

1.1.0.0.2.0 Po lb rnspunstb ns “PO‖ snòbln lbs rbzdkns

……………...8=

1.1.0.0.2.= B ùâl iofkbsod bsostn ustnm b`tublfnktn

……………...88

1.1.0.0.2.> Ruï topd mn b`tovombm hæso`b rnblozb nk nl iofkbsod …….89 1.1.0.0.2.8 @ðfd `bloho`b ustnm nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod bl qun bsostn ……………………………………………..…………………………………8? 1.1.0.0.2.9 Cb dmod ustnm cbalbr sdarn nl snrvoòd snrvoòd mn Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ………………………………………………………………………………..90 1.1.0.0.2.3 Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr b`tovombmns hæso`bs nk uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ……………………………………………………………..9= ……………………………………………………………..9= 1.1.0.0.2.? @dk quï hrnùnkòb bsostoræb ustnm b uk `nktrd mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b ……………………………………………………………..9> ……………………………………………………………..9> 1.1.0.0.2.27 Pnòbln lds mæbs nk lds qun ustnm bsostoræb bl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ………………………………………………………………………………..98 1.1.0.0.2.22 @ubl snræb nl cdrbrod nk nl qun bsostoræb bl iofkbsod bùâto`d ………………………………………………………………………………..99 1.1.0.0.2.21 Ruï topds mn b`tovombmns hæso`bs ln iustbræb prb`to`br nk nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ……………………………………..………………………93 ……………………………………..………………………93 1.1.0.0.2.20 Ruï snrvoòds bmoòdkblns ln iustbræb nk`dktrbr nk nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ……………………………………………………………..9? ……………………………………………………………..9? 1.1.0.0.2.2= @uâktd nstbræb mospunstd b pbibr pdr uk fns mn snrvoòd nk nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ……………………………………………………37 ……………………………………………………37 1.1.0.0.2.2> ^stnm ^stnm prnhnroræb rnblozbr nl pbid mnl snrvoòd

………… …..32

1.1.0.0.2.28 Pnòbln nl fnmod mn `dfuko`bòðk pdr nl qun ustnm `dkd`n d sn okhdrfb mn lds snrvoòds ……………………………………………………31 1.1.0.0.2.29 Nk quï rbkid mn nmbm sn nkùnktrb b`tublfnktn

…….30

1.1.0.0.2.23 @uâl ns su prdhnsoðk y/d su dùpbòðk ……………………….3= 1.1.0.0.2.2? Nk ùâl mn lds iïknrds sn nkùnktrb ustnm 1.1.= 0

BKBLOPOP HDMB

………….…..3>

……………………………………………………………..33 ……………………………………………………………..33

WQDW^NP]B MNL WLBK MN NFWQNPB WBQB ^K IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D 0.2

…….3?

WLBK MN DWNQB@ODKNP ……………………………………………………………..3? ……………………………………………………………..3? 0.2.2

LD@BLOUB@OÐK

……………………………………………………………..3? ……………………………………………………………..3?

voo

0.2.1

MN]NQFOKB@ODK MN LB MNFBKMB …………………………………………..?2 …………………………………………..?2

0.2.0

BKBLOPOP MN LB DHNQ]B

0.2.=

OKINKONQOB MNL WQD_N@]D ……………………………………………………?0 ……………………………………………………?0

……………………………………………………?0 ……………………………………………………?0

0.2.=.2 Fbtnrobl mn `dkstru`òðk okhrbnstru`turb ………………………………...?= 0.2.=.2.2 @brb`tnræsto`bs mn lbs okstblbòdkns …………………….....?= 0.2.=.2.1

Mosnòd mn lb posòkb

…………………………………………..?=

0.2.=.2.0

@dkmoòdkns mn fbktnkofonktd …………………………………?8

0.2.=.2.=

Xoiolbkòb sbkotbrob

…………………………………………..?8

0.2.=.1

Nquopds y B``nsdrods pbrb rnblozbr Nenròòds Bùâto`ds ………………?8

0.2.=.0

Nmohoòd n Okhrbnstru`turb

0.2.=.0.2

Mostroauòðk Hæso`b

…………………………………………..?9 …………………………………………..?3

0.2.=.0.1 Ofpb`td Bfaonktbl …………………………………………..?3 0.2.=.= Wrd`nsd Wrdmu`tovd ……………………………………………………?3 ……………………………………………………?3

0.1

0.2.=.=.2

Kunvd ^subrod ……………………………………………………?3 ……………………………………………………?3

0.2.=.=.1

Qnvosoðk kutroòdkbl

0.2.=.=.0

Qnvosoðk Hosodtnrbpostb …………………………………………..??

0.2.=.=.=

Okstru`tdrns

0.2.=.=.>

Okirnsd Bl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d …………………………………??

0.2.=.=.8

Qniostrd

0.2.=.=.9 0.2.=.=.3

@bfaod mn Xnstubrod …………………………………………277 Fbtnroblns …………………………………………………..272 …………………………………………………..272

0.2.=.=.?

@blnktbfonktd …………………………………………………..272 …………………………………………………..272

0.2.=.=.27

Fõso`b ……………………………………………………………272 ……………………………………………………………272

0.2.=.=.22

Qutokb ……………………………………………………………272 ……………………………………………………………272

0.2.=.=.21

Qnlbebfonktd

…………………………………………………..272 …………………………………………………..272

0.2.=.=.20

Xnstomdrns

…………………………………………………..272

0.2.=.=.2=

Qn`npòðk y Pblomb

WLBK MN FBQJN]OKI

…………………………………………..??

…………………………………………….……...?? …………………………………………….……...??

……………………………………………..……277

…………………………………………271

……………………………………………………………270 ……………………………………………………………270

3

0.1.2

DAEN]OXDP MNL WLBK MN FBQJN]OKI

0.1.1

NP]QB]NIOB MN FBQJN]OKI

……………………………….270

…………………………………………270 …………………………………………270

0.1.1.2

Nstrbtniob @dfpntotovb …………………………………………………..27= …………………………………………………..27=

0.1.1.1

Wdsoòdkbfonktd

…………………………………………………..27=

0.1.0

0.1.1.1.2 Kdfarn y Ldidtopd mnl Pnrvoòd ……………………………….27= PNIFNK]B@OÐK MN FNQ@BMD …………………………………………27>

0.1.=

FNQ@BMD FN]B

0.1.>

FBQJN]OKI FOS MN PNQXO@ODP

0.1.>.2

……………………………………………………………27> ……………………………………………………………27>

WQDM^@]D/PNQXO@OD

0.1.>.2.2

…………………………………………278 …………………………………………278

Mns`ropòðk mnl Pnrvoòd/Wrdmu`td

……………………...278

0.1.>.2.2.2 Bqubnrdao` d bnrðao`d bùâto`d ……………………………….279 0.1.>.2.2.1 Bqubmbkòki d aboln bùâto`d

……………………………….273

0.1.>.2.2.0 Qncbaolotbòðk bùâto`b …………………………………………27? 0.1.>.2.2.= Bqubadxoki d adxnd bùâto`d ……………………………….227 0.1.>.2.2.> ]dkoho`bòðk ]dkoho`bòð k nk nl biub …………………………………………227 0.1.>.2.2.8 @bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub 0.1.>.2.2.9 Bnrdao` `dk stnp 0.1.>.2.2.3 Bqublõmo`b

…………………………………………221 …………………………………………221

…………………………………………………..220 …………………………………………………..220

0.1.>.2.2.? Nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd 0.1.>.2.2.27 Cymrdydib

……………………………….222

……………………………….22=

…………………………………………………..22> …………………………………………………..22>

0.1.>.2.2.22 Cymrdspokkoki …………………………………………………..228 0.1.>.2.2.21 Cymrdtrnnjoki ……………………………………………….….229 ……………………………………………….….229 0.1.>.2.1

@brb`tnræsto`bs mnl Pnrvoòd

……………………………….212

0.1.>.2.1.2 Oktbkioaolombm mn lds Pnrvoòds ……………………………….212 0.1.>.2.1.1 Oksnpbrbaolombm mnl Pnrvoòd

……………………………….212

0.1.>.2.1.0 Xbrobaolombm mnl Pnrvoòd

……………………………….212

0.1.>.2.1.= @bmuòmbm mnl Pnrvoòd …………………………………………211 …………………………………………211 0.1.>.1

WQN@OD

……………………………………………………………211

0.1.>.0

WLBUB ……………………………………………………………………..21> ……………………………………………………………………..21>

?

0.0

0.1.>.=

WQDFD@OÐK _ WÂLO@OMBM …………………………………………21>

0.1.>.>

WNQPDKBP

0.1.>.8

NXOMNK@OB HÆPO@B

0.1.>.9

WQD@NPD D @BLOMBM

……………………………………………………………213 ……………………………………………………………213 …………………………………………………..213 …………………………………………………..213 …………………………………………21?

WLBK MN QN@^QPDP C^FBKDP …………………………………………………..207 …………………………………………………..207 0.0.2 @DKP]O]^@ODK MN LB NFWQNPB …………………………………………207 0.0.2.2

Pdònmbm Mn Qnspdksbaolombm Lofotbmb ……………………………….207

0.0.2.1

Qnquosotds pbrb `rnbr ukb nfprnsb nk Adlovob ……………………...207

0.0.1

0.0.2.1.2

Hukmnfprnsb …………………………………………………..202 …………………………………………………..202

0.0.2.1.1

Pnrvoòd Kbòdkbl mn Ofpunstds Kbòdkblns

0.0.2.1.0

Lo`nkòb mn hukòdkbfonktd

0.0.2.1.=

@beb Kbòdkbl mn Pblum …………………………………………201

…………….202

……………………………….202

0.0.2.1.> Bmfokostrbmdrbs Bmfokostrbm drbs mn Hdkmds mn Wnksodkns BHW …………….201 QNR^NQOFONK]D MN WNQPDKBL …………………………………………201 …………………………………………201

0.0.1.2

Qn`lutbfonktd y Pnln`òðk mn Wnrsdkbl ……………………………….200

0.0.1.2.2

Qn`lutbfonktd …………………………………………………..200 …………………………………………………..200

0.0.1.2.1

Pnln`òðk mnl pnrsdkbl …………………………………………200

0.0.1.1

Mnsoikbòðk @dktrbtbòðk n Okmu`òðk mnl Wnrsdkbl

0.0.1.0

Nvblubòðk mnl Mnsnfpnòd

0.0.1.=

@bpbòtbòðk y Mnsbrrdlld mnl Wnrsdkbl ……………………………….20=

0.0.0 0.0.=

…………….200

…………………………………………20= …………………………………………20=

NP]Q^@]^QB DQIBKOUB@ODKBL …………………………………………20> …………………………………………20> MNP@QOW@ODK MN @BQIDP …………………………………………………..208

0.0.=.2

Bsbfalnb mn sdòds

…………………………………………………..208 …………………………………………………..208

0.0.=.1

Inrnktn Inknrbl

…………………………………………………..208 …………………………………………………..208

0.0.=.0

Pn`rntbrob Qn`npòdkostb

0.0.=.=

@dktbmdr

0.0.=.>

Lo`. nk Kutroòðk y Montïto`b

0.0.=.8

Okstru`tdrns mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b

0.0.=.9

Nk`bribmd mn Xoiolbkòb y Lofponzb…………………………………….2=1

…………………………………………209

……………………………………………………………20? …………………………………………2=7 ……………………………….2=2

0.=

0.0.>

@LOFB DQIBKOUB@ODKBL

……………………………………………… …………………………………………………..2=0 …..2=0

0.0.8

QNPWDKPBAOLOMBM PD@OBL NFWQNPBQOBL ……………………………….2==

WLBK N@DKDFO@D HOKBK@ONQD …………………………………………………..2=> …………………………………………………..2=> 0.=.2

WQNP^W^NP]D D MN]NQFOKB@ODK MN LB OKXNQPODK

0.=.2.2

Okvnrsoðk Hoeb

…………….2=>

……………………………………………………………2=> ……………………………………………………………2=>

0.=.2.2.2

]nrrnkd……………………………………………………………2=>

0.=.2.2.1

Nmoho`bòdkns

0.=.2.2.0

Fbquokbrob y nquopd

0.=.2.2.=

Nquopds mn `dfputbòðk

0.=.2.2.>

Nquopds mn dhoòkb

…………………………………………2=9 …………………………………………2=9

0.=.2.2.8

Funalns y nksnrns

…………………………………………2=9

0.=.2.1

…………………………………………………..2=8 …………………………………………………..2=8 …………………………………………2=8 ……………………………….2=9

Okvnrsoðk nk @bpotbl mn ]rbabed …………………………………………2=3

0.=.2.1.2 0.=.2.1.1

B``nsdrods y anaombs nknriozbktns ……………..……….2=3 Wnrsdkbl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ……………………………….2=?

0.=.2.1.0

@dstds okmorn`tds

0.=.2.1.=

Wrnsupunstds mn Ibstds

…………………………………………2>7 ……………………………….2>7

0.=.2.1.=.2 Ibstds inknrblns

…………………………………….…..2>2

0.=.2.1.=.1 Ibstds mn pualoòmbm

…………………………………….…..2>2

0.=.2.1.=.0 Ibstds mn Bmfokostrbòðk 0.=.2.1.=.= Ibstds Hokbkònrds

…………………………….…2>2

………………………………………...2>1

0.=.2.0 Hokbkòbfonktd Hokbkòbfonk td ……………………………………………………………2>1 ……………………………………………………………2>1 0.=.2.0.2 Hunktns mn hokbkòbfonktd ……………………………….2>0 0.=.2.0.1 0.=.2.=

@rdkdirbfb mn Okvnrsodkns

……………………………….2>=

Wrnsupunstds ……………………………………………………………2>> ……………………………………………………………2>>

0.=.2.=.2

Wrnsupunstd mn Okirnsds

0.=.2.=.1

Mnprnòbòðk Mn B`tovds Hoeds ……………………………….2>9

0.=.2.>

Nstbmds Hokbkònrds

……………………………….2>>

…………………………………………………..2>9 …………………………………………………..2>9

0.=.2.>.2

Ablbk`n Inknrbl

…………………………………………2>3

0.=.2.>.1

Nstbmd mn Qnsultbmds …………………………………………2>? …………………………………………2>?

0.=.2.>.0

Hlued mn @beb

…………………………………………………..2>? …………………………………………………..2>?

0.=.2.>.=

]bsb mn `drtn mnl prdyn`td

0.=.2.>.>

@dstd prdfnmod pdkmnrbmd mn `bpotbl ……………...………282

0.=.2.>.8

]bsb ronsid pbæs

0.=.2.>.9

]bsb mn mnsùnktd pbrb nl prdyn`td

0.=.2.>.3

@rotnrods mn nvblubòðk …………………………………………282 …………………………………………282

0.=.2.>.3.2 Xbldr B`tubl Kntd

……………………….………282

……………...…………………………282 ………………..…….282

…………………………………………281

0.=.2.>.3.1 ]bsb Oktnrkb mn Qntdrkd

……………………………….280

0.=.2.>.3.0 Qnlbòðk Anknhoòd @dstd

……………………………….28=

0.=.2.>.3.= Wnrædmd mn Qnùpnrbòðk mn lb Okvnrsoðk

…………….28>

0.=.2.>.3.> Ækmo`n mn Qnktbaolombm …………………………………………288 0.=.2.>.3.8 Bkâlosos mn Pnksoaolombm …………………………………………288 @DK@L^PODKNP ………………………………………………………………………………283 QN@DFNKMB@ODKNP ………………………………………………………………………………297 ………………………………………………………………………………297 Aoalodirbhæb

………………………………………………………………………………………..292

xoo

OKMO@N MN IQÂHO@DP

Irâho`d Kµ 2.- Bsostn ustnm b uk Iofkbsod (Fuenrns)……………………………………..……… (Fuenrns) ……………………………………..……….. 87 Irâho`d Kµ 1.- Bsostn ustnm b uk Iofkbsod (Cdfarns)……………………………….…………… 82 Irâho`d Kµ 0.- Qbzðk Qbzðk pdr lb qun kd bsostn bl Iofkbsod (Cdfarns)……………………………… (Cdfarns) ……………………………… 81 Irâho`d Kµ =.- Qbzðk pdr lb qun kd bsostn bl Iofkbsod (Fuenrns)……………………………….. (Fuen rns)……………………………….. 80 Irâho`d Kµ >.- Qbzðk pdr lb qun so bsostn bl Iofkbsod (Cdfarns)…………………………….. 8= Irâho`d Kµ 8.- Qbzðk pdr lb qun so so bsostn bl Iofkbsod (Fuenrns)……………………………….. 8> Irâho`d Kµ 9.- B ùâl iofkbsod bsostn cbaotublfnktn………………………………………….….. 88 Irâho`d Kµ 3.- Ruï topd mn b`tovombm hæso`b rnblozb nk nl nl iofkbsod (Cdfarns)……………….… 89 Irâho`d Kµ ?.- Ruï topd mn b`tovombm hæso`b rnblozb nk nl nl iofkbsod (Fuenrns)………………….. 83 Irâho`d Kµ 27.- @ðfd `bloho`b ustnm nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod iofkbsod bl qun bsostn (Nquopds)………... 8? Irâho`d Kµ 22.- @ðfd `bloho`b ustnm nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod bl qun bsostn (Okstru`tdrns) ……...97 Irâho`d Kµ 21.- @ðfd `bloho`b ustnm nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod bl qun bsostn (Pnrvoòds)…………97 Irâho`d Kµ 20.- @ðfd `bloho`b ustnm nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod bl qun bsostn (Lofponzb)………...92 Irâho`d Kµ 2=.- @ðfd `bloho`b ustnm nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod bl qun bsostn (âo`bòðk)…….... 91 Irâho`d Kµ 2>.- @ðfd `bloho`b ustnm nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod bl qun bsostn (Cdrbrod)……...….. 91 Irâho`d Kµ 28.- Cb dmod ustnm cbalbr sdarn nl snrvoòd mn Iofkbsod Bùâto`d……………….... 90 Irâho`d Kµ 29.- Ln oktnrnsbræb bsostor b uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d…………………………………... 9= Irâho`d Kµ 23.- @dk @dk quï hrnùnkòb bsostoræb ustnm b uk `nktrd mn Iofkbsod Bùâto`d………. 9> Irâho`d Kµ 2?.- Pnòbln lds mæbs nk lds qun ustnm bsostoræb bl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d…………….... 98 Irâho`d Kµ 17.- @uâl snræb nl cdrbrod nk nl qun bsostoræb bl `nktrd mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b…….. 99 Irâho`d Kµ 12.- Ruï topd mn b`tovombm ln iustbræb rnblozbr nk nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d………..…. 93 Irâho`d Kµ 11.- Ruï snrvoòds bmoòdkblns ln iustbræb nk`dktrbr nk nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………………..….. .….. 9?

20

Irâho`d Kµ 10.- @uâktd nstbræb mospunstd b pbibr pdr uk fns mn snrvoòd………………..….... 37 Irâho`d Kµ 1=.- ^stnm prnhnroræb rnblozbr nl pbid mnl snrvoòd …………… ………………………………...…. …………………...…. 32 Irâho`d Kµ 1>.- Pnòbln nl fnmod mn `dfuko`bòðk pdr nl qun ustnm sn okhdrfb mn lds snrvoòds………………………………………………………………………………………………… snrvoòds………………………………………………………………… ……………………………… 31 Irâho`d Kµ 18.- Nk quï rbkid mn nmbm sn nkùnktrb b`tublfnktn ……………………………... .30 Irâho`d Kµ 19.- Pnòbln ùâl ns su dùpbòðk………………………………………………..….…. 3= Irâho`d Kµ 13.- Pnòbln ùâl ns su iïknrd………………………………………………….…….…. iïknrd………………………………………………….…….…. 3> Irâho`d Kµ 1?.- Wrd`nsd Wrdmu`tovd Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ……………………………….…….……277 Irâho`d Kµ 07.- Hlued mnl Pnrvoòd Iofkbsod Bùâto`d………….…………………………….…. 271 Irâho`d Kµ 02.- Nstru`turb Dribkozbòdkbl …………………………………………….……….…. …………………………………………….……….…. 20>

2=

OKMO@N MN ]BALBP ]balb Kµ 2.- ]balb prnòds snrvoòds Idlm Iyf Hrnyb …………………………………………..…>1 ]balb Kµ 1.- ]balb prnòds snrvoòds snrvoòds Fus`lnfbi Iyf ………………………………………..… >0 ]balb Kµ 0.- ]balb prnòds snrvoòds ]oaurðk Iyf ……………………………………...……..… >0 ]balb Kµ =.- ]balb prnòds snrvoòds Nlotn Iyf Hotknss @lua………………………… @lua…………………………………….. ………….. >= ]balb Kµ >.- ]balb prnòds snrvoòds Wo``dld Ynllknss Iyf……………………..…………….… >> ]balb Kµ 8.- ]balb prnòds snrvoòds Hlnx Iyf………………..…………………..…………..… Iyf………………..…………………..…………..… .. >> ]balb Kµ 9.- ]balb prnòds snrvoòds Id Hot Ynllkns @lua …………….………..…………..…... …………….………..…………..…... >8 ]balb Kµ 3.- ]balb prnòds snrvoòds Hotknss @lua Fnibtlðk Pu`rn…………..………….......… >9 ]balb Kµ ?.?.- Wrdyn`òðk ]dtbl pdr bòds `blnkmbrod, sniõk irupds mn nmbm……………… ……>3 ]balb Kµ 27.- Cdrbrod Mn Btnkòðk Mnl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d…………………………………..…..223 ]balb Kµ 22.- Bkâlosos Mn Wrnòds mn lb @dfpntnkòb Iofkbsods ……….………...……………210 ]balb Kµ 21.- Bkâlosos Mn Mn Wrnòds mn lb @dfpntnkòb Nsùnlbs mn kbtbòðk ……….…...……210 ]balb Kµ 20.- Wrnòds mohnrnkòbmds pbrb nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d ……….…...…………………21= ]balb Kµ 2=.- Bsbfalnb Mn Pdòds………………………………………………………………….208 ]balb Kµ 2>.- Fbkubl Mn Hukòdkns5 Inrnktn Inknrbl……………………………………..…….208 ]balb Kµ 28.- Fbkubl Mn Hukòdkns5 Pn`rntbrob Qn`npòdkostb………………………………....209 ]balb Kµ 29.- Fbkubl Mn Hukòdkns5 @dktbmdr………………………………………………….…20? ]balb Kµ 23.- Fbkubl Mn Hukòdkns5 Kutroòdkostb……………………………………………..….2=7 ]balb Kµ 2?.- Fbkubl Mn Hukòdkns5 Okstru`tdrns…………………………………………….…...2=2 ]balb Kµ 175 Fbkubl Mn Hukòdkns5 Nk`bribmd Mn Xoiolbkòb…………………………………..2=1

2>

OKMO@N MN HOI^QBP

Hoiurb Kµ 2.- Mosnòd mn lb Okvnstoibòðk …………………………………………………………...8 …………………………………………………………...8 Hoiurb Kµ 1.- @ok`d Hunrzbs mn Wdrtnr ……………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………. 1> Hoiurb Kµ 0.- @oumbm mn Pu`rn…………………………………………………………………..…….?7 Hoiurb Kµ =.- Ld`blozbòðk mnl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d………………………….………………....…….?2 Hoiurb Kµ >.- Hb`cbmb prokòpbl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d…………………………………………....…..?> Hoiurb Kµ 8.- Xostb mn lbs posòkbs mnl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d……………………………….………..?> Hoiurb Kµ 9.- Bnrdao` Bùâto`d…………………………………………………………………...….279 Bùâto`d…………………………………………………………………...….279 Hoiurb Kµ 3.- Aboln Bùâto`d……………………………………………………………………….....273 Hoiurb Kµ ?.- Qncbaolotbòðk Bùâto`b………………………………………………………….........27? Hoiurb Kµ 27.- Adxnd Bùâto`d………………………………………………………………………227 Bùâto`d………………………………………………………………………227 Hoiurb Kµ 22.- ]dkoho`bòðk ]dkoho`bòð k nk nl Biub …………………………………………………………….222 …………………………………………………………….222 Hoiurb Kµ 21.- @bfokbr y ]rdtbr nk nl Biub……………………………………………………......221 Hoiurb Kµ 20.- Bnrdao` `dk Ptnp ………………………………………………………………....….220 Hoiurb Kµ 2=.- Bqublõmo`b………………………………………………………………….….…..….22= Hoiurb Kµ 2>.- Nktrnkbfonktd nk @orùotd…………………………………………………….….…22> Hoiurb Kµ 28.- Cymrdydib…………………………………………………………………………….228 Cymrdydib…………………………………………………………………………….228 Hoiurb Kµ 29. - Cymrdspokkoki…………………………………………………………………….… 229 Hoiurb Kµ 23. - Cymrdtrnnjoki………………………………………………………………………...223 Hoiurb Kµ 2?. ‐ Xnktb mn anaombs y b``nsdrods pbrb nl usd posòkb bùâto`b…………….…….22? Hoiurb Kµ 17.- Kutroòdkostb ……………………………………………………………..…………. .217 Hoiurb Kµ 12.- ]ræpto`d Iofkbsod Bùâto`d…………………………………..…..…………….……213

OKMO@N MN @^BMQDP @ubmrd Kµ 2.- Nquopds y b``nsdrods pbrb rnblozbr nenròòds bùâto`ds……………………...…..?9 @ubmrd Kµ 1.- Qnqunrofonktd Mn Wnrsdkbl…………………………………………….…………...201 @ubmrd Kµ 0.- Okvnrsoðk Hoeb………………………………………………………………….……....2=> @ubmrd Kµ =.- ]nrrnkd…………………………………………………………………………….......2=> @ubmrd Kµ >.- Wrnsupunstd Inknrbl Mn Lb @dkstru`òðk ………………………………………..2=8 @ubmrd Kµ 8.- Nquopbfonktd Wbrb Nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d………………………………….……...2=8 @ubmrd Kµ 9.- Nquopds Mn @dfputbòðk…………………………………………………….….…..2=9 @ubmrd Kµ 3.- Nquopds Mn Dhoòkb………………………………………………………………......2=9 @ubmrd Kµ ?.- Funalns _ Nksnrns……………………………………………………………..........2=3 @ubmrd Kµ 27.- Xnktb anaombs nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods ……………………………………….2=? @ubmrd Kµ 22.- Punlmds Wnrsdkbl Iofkbsod…………………………………………………….….2=? @ubmrd Kµ 21.- @dstds Okmorn`tds……………………………………………………………………2>7 @ubmrd Kµ 20.- Ibstds Inknrblns…………………………………………………………….……..2>2 @ubmrd Kµ 2=.- Ibstds Mn Wualoòmbm……………………………………………………………….2>2 @ubmrd Kµ 2>.- Ibstds Mn Bmfokostrbòðk………………………………………………………….2>1 @ubmrd Kµ 28.- Nstru`turb mnl @rïmotd ……………………………………………………………...2>0 @ubmrd Kµ 29.- Nstru`turb Mnl Hokbkòbfonktd…………………………………………………….2>= @ubmrd Kµ 2?.- @rdkdirbfb Mn Okvnrsodkns……………………………………………………….2>= @ubmrd Kµ 17.- Okirnsd Wdr Xnktbs Iofkbsod……………………………………………………...2>8 @ubmrd Kµ 12.- Okirnsd Wdr Xnktbs anaombs nknriozbktns………………………………………..2>8 @ubmrd Kµ 11.- Mnprnòbòðk Mn Lds B`tovds Hoeds………………………………………………..2>9 @ubmrd Kµ 10.- Ablbk`n Inknrbl………………………………………………………………..…...2>3 @ubmrd Kµ 1=.- Nstbmd Mn Qnsultbmds……………………………………………………………...2>? @ubmrd Kµ 1>.- Hlued Mn @beb………………………………………………………………………...287

xvoo

@ubmrd Kµ 18.- @dstd prdfnmod pdkmnrbmd mn `bpotbl …………………………………………...282 @ubmrd Kµ 19.- Xbldr B`tubl Kntd……………………………………………………………………281 @ubmrd Kµ 13.- ]bsb Oktnrkb Mn Qntdrkd…………………………………………………………...28= @ubmrd Kµ 1?.- Qnlbòðk Anknhoòd @dstd…………………………………………………………..28> @ubmrd Kµ 07.- Wnrodmd Mn Qnùpnrbòðk mn lb Okvnrsoðk………………………………………..28>

23

NSN@^]OXN P^FFBQ_ ]cn purpdsn dh tcos Ausoknss Wlbk os td `brry dut b hnbsoaoloty stumy, b hokbkòbl bpprdb`c tcbt rnhln`ts tcn prdhotbaoloty dh tcn `rnbtodk bkm ofplnfnktbtodk dh b iyf ok tcn bqubto` nkvordkfnkt ok tcn òty dh Pu`rn, bs wnll bs tcn ancbvodr dh tcn fbrjnt, fdrn spnòho`blly tcn pdpulbtodk ok tcn stumy rnibrmoki tcn dpnkoki dh tcn Bqubto` Iyfkbsouf, cdw bttrb`tovn ot `bk an`dfn b knw nxnròsn dptodk td b`convn b pcyso`bl bkm fnktbl wnll-anoki tcrduic tcn okstru`todk dh rdutokns ok tcn bqubto` nkvordkfnkt. Bfdki tcn fbok `cbrb`tnrosto`s dh tcn fbrjnt snifnkt brn pndpln wcd wbkt td ofprdvn tcnor hoiurn bkm qubloty dh lohn, wotcdut bky rnstro`todks, lovn ok tcn urabk brnb dh tcn òty dh Pu`rn bkm wcd brn ok tcn bin rbkin dh 20 ynbrs dk. ]cn iyfkbsto`s `lbssns woll an tbuict hdr tcn pnrodm dh 2 cdur ay rdutokn: morn`tnm ay okstru`tdrs spnòbloznm ok tcos brnb tdintcnr wotc tcn dpokodk dh b kutrotodkost: wcd woll fbjn tcn fdktcly mnlovnry dh b trbokoki bkm kutrotodk plbk rnspn`tovnly. ]cn pdsotodkoki dh tcn Bqubto` Iyfkbsto`s Iyfkbsto`s @nktnr os absnm dk tcn rnsults dh tcnsn bqubto` iyfkbsto`s `lbssns, sok`n rnsults woll an datboknm ok b scdrt tofn bkm wotc lnss pcyso`bl nhhdrt, ok b kbturbl wby bkm wotcdut bhhn`toki cnbltc. Bmmotodkblly, ùstdfnrs `bk usn kutrotodkbl bmvo`n snrvo`n, sbln dh nknriy mrokjs bkm b``nssdrons hdr b``nss td tcn bqubto` iyf. B``drmoki td tcn fbrjnt rnsnbr`c r nsnbr`c `dkmu`tnm ok tcn prnsnkt wdrj, ot wbs wb s `dk`lumnm tcbt tcn dhhnr td ofplnfnkt b wbtnr iyf cbs bk b``nptbk`n lnvnl dh 92% bkm wdulm an wolloki td bttnkm tcn iyf spnòbloznm ok bqubto` iyfkbsto`s. Ot scdulm blsd an fnktodknm tcbt wotcok tcn spdrts okmustry tcnrn os `dfpntotodk hdr tcn ausoknss, wco`c `dfn td an iyfs ok inknrbl bkm swoffoki s`cddls tcbt cbvn mohhnrnkt b`tovotons hdr usnrs, cdwnvnr hdr tcn ausoknss tcnrn os kd ùrrnkt morn`t `dfpntotodk sok`n tcn anoki b iyf spnòbloznm spnòbloz nm ok adtc ots b`tovotons bkm tcn wbtnr okhrbstru`turn, okhrbstru`turn, tcnrn brn kd dtcnr nstbaloscfnkts nstbaloscfnkts ok tcn òty dh Pu`rn tcbt cbvn tcos typn dh nxnròsn. ]cn ausoknss dhhnrs snvnrbl wbtnr b`tovotons bkm bmmotodkbl snrvo`ns tcbt `dktroautn td tcn ausoknss anoki ukoqun ok tcn fbrjnt dhhnr bkm mostokiuoscoki otsnlh hrdf dtcnr snrvo`ns. Hdr tcn prden`t bk okotobl okvnstfnkt dh As. 2,032,8=0.71 2,032,8=0.71 (Dkn follodk tcrnn cukmrnm bkm noicty-dkn tcdusbkm sox cukmrnm bkm hdrty-tcrnn 71/277 adlovobkds) os hdrnsnnk, tcn prden`t os hnbsoaln bkm prdhotbaln prdhotba ln sok`n tcn rnturk dk okvnstfnkt os = ynbrs wotc bk OQQ dh 17% bkm b KWX dh As. 2>0,923.>7 (Dkn cukmrnm hohty-tcrnn tcdusbkm snvnk cukmrnm bkm noictnnk >7/277 adlovobkds).

2?

]cn snrvo`n woll an sdlm tcrduic b fdktcly fnfanrscop dh 1>7, 077 bkm 0>7 adlovobkds mnpnkmoki dk tcn rdutokn td an pnrhdrfnm. Hdr tcn bmvnrtosoki bmvnrtosoki `bfpboik woll an usnm knwspbpnrs knwspbpnrs dh ld`bl òrùlbtodk, òrùlbtodk, rbmod, sdòbl kntwdrjs. ]cn bqubto` iyf woll an ld`btnm ok tcn òty dh Pu`rn, ok tcn strnnt Inkdvnvb Qovnrs blfdst nquokn Kbròsd @bfpnrd Cubllpbrrofb`co brnb, bs b suotbaln sn`tdr hdr tcos typn dh ausoknss, hdr anoki b `dffnròbl brnb dh nktnrtbokfnkt, rn`rnbtodk bkm anoki `ldsn td `dkvnkonkt plb`ns hdr wbtnr iyfkbsto`s snrvo`n. ]cn kn`nssbry hbòlotons bkm ofplnfnkts woll an ld`btnm ok b pldt dh 0>7 fntnrs, bkm b auolt surhb`n dh 0=> fntnrs. ]cn `dfpbky woll an `dkstotutnm bs b Lofotnm Lobaoloty @dfpbky, an`busn tcos rnmu`ns tcn lobaoloty dh tcn pbrtknrs ok `bsn dh abkjrupt`y. ]cn bmfokostrbtovn systnf bkm hnnmab`j absnm dk okmo`btdrs dh b`convnfnkt `dktrdl tcn b`todks dh tcn bqubto` iyf blldwoki fbkbioki tcn rnsults td tbjn `drrn`tovn b`todks bkm huturn ofprdvnfnkts. ]cn `cbrb`tnrosto`s `cbrb`tnrosto`s dh tcn prd`nssns bkm hbòlotons dh tcn bqubto` iyf md kdt nktbol nkvordkfnktbl nkvordkfnk tbl ofpb`ts dh irnbt fbikotumn, brn fokofbl bkm `bk an `dktrdllnm ay tcn prdpnr fbkbinfnkt dh wbtnr ok tcn pddls bkm mnlovnry dh kn`nssbr kn`nssbryy okstru`todks td usnrs anhdrn blldwoki tcnf td usn tcn hbòlotons.

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QNP^FNK NEN@^]OXD Nl prnsnktn Wlbk mn Knidòd tonkn `dfd daentovd rnblozbr uk nstumod mn hb`toaolombm, mnsmn uk nkhdqun hokbkònrd qun rnhlnen lb rnktbaolombm mn lb `rnbòðk n ofplnfnktbòðk mn uk Iofkbsod nk nl fnmod fnmod bùâto`d bùâto`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, Pu`rn, bsæ tbfaoïk tbfaoïk bkblozb bkblozbrr nl `dfpdrt `dfpdrtbfon bfonktd ktd mnl fnr`bmd fâs nk `dk`rntd lb pdalbòðk nk nstumod rnspn`td mn lb bpnrturb mnl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d y sbanr ùbk btrb`tovd btrb`to vd punmn llnibr b snr ukb dpòðk kunvb mn nenròòd nenrò òd pbrb bl`bkzbr bl`b kzbr uk aonknstbr hæso`d y fnktbl fnmobktn lb okstru`òðk mn rutokbs nk nl fnmod bùâto`d. Nktrn lbs prokòpblns `brb`tnræsto`bs mnl snifnktd mn fnr`bmd sn tonkn qun sdk pnrsdkbs qun mnsnbk fnedrbr su hoiurb y `blombm mn vomb, sok kokiõk topd mn rnstro`òdkns, vovnk nk nl ârnb urabkb mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn y qun sn nkùnktrnk nk nl rbkid mn nmbm mn 20 bòds nk bmnlbktn. Lbs `lbsns mn iofkbsob snrâk ofpbrtombs pdr nl lbpsd mn 2 cdrb mn murbòðk pdr rutokb: moroiombs pdr okstru`tdrns okstru`tdrns nspnòblozbmds nk nstb ârnb `dkeuktbfnktn `dk lb dpokoðk mn uk kutroòdkostb: kutroòdk ostb: quonkns cbrâk lb nktrnib fnksubl mn uk plbk mn nktrnkbfonktd y kutroòðk rnspn`tovbfnktn. Nl pdsoòdkbfonktd mnl @nktrd mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b sn absb nk lds rnsultbmds mn mo`cbs `lbsns mn iofkbsob bùâto`b, bùâto`b, yb qun sn datnkmrâ rnsultbmds rnsultbmds nk pd`d pd `d tonfpd y `dk fnkdr nshunrzd hæso`d, mn ukb fbknrb kbturbl y sok bhn`tbr lb sblum. Bmoòdkblfnktn lds `lonktns pdmrâk cb`nr usd mn snrvoòd mn bsnsdrbfonktd kutroòdkbl, vnktb mn anaombs nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods pbrb nl b``nsd bl iofkbsod bùâto`d. Pniõk lb okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds rnblozbmb nk nl prnsnktn trbabed, sn `dk`luyð qun lb dhnrtb ofplnfnktbr uk iofkbsod bùâto`d tonkn uk kovnl mn b`nptbòðk mnl 92 % y nstbræbk mospunstds b bsostor bl iofkbsod nspnòblozbmd nk iofkbsob bùâto`b. @ban fnkòdkbr tbfaoïk qun mnktrd mn lb okmustrob mnpdrtovb nxostn `dfpntnkòb pbrb nl knidòd, lds ùblns vonknk b snr lds iofkbsods nk inknrbl y lbs nsùnlbs mn kbtbòðk qun tonknk mohnrnktns b`tovombmns b`tovombmns pbrb lds usubrods, sok nfabrid pbrb nl knidòd kd nxostn `dfpntnkòb morn`tb b`tubl yb qun bl snr uk iofkbsod nspnòblozbmd tbktd nk sus b`tovombmns `dfd nk lb okhrbnstru`turb bùâto`b kd nxostnk dtrds nstbalnòfonktds nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn qun tnkibk nstb fdmblombm mn nenròòd. Nl knidòd dhrn`n vbrobs b`tovombmns bùâto`bs y snrvoòds bmoòdkblns qun `dktroauynk b qun nl knidòd snb õko`d nk lb dhnrtb mn fnr`bmd y sn mostokib mn lds mnfâs snrvoòds. Wbrb nl prdyn`td sn prnvï ukb okvnrsoðk okoòbl mn As. 2.032.8=0,71 (Pdk ^k follðk trnsònktds d`cnktb y uk fol snosònktds ùbrnktb y trns 71/277 adlovobkds), nl prdyn`td ns hb`toaln y rnktbaln yb qun nl rntdrkd mn okvnrsoðk ns mn = bòds `dk ukb ]OQ mn 17% y uk XBK mn As. 2>0.923,>7 (Pdk @onktd òkùnktb y trns fol sntnònktds monòd`cd >7/277 adlovobkds).

Nl snrvoòd sn vnkmnrâ fnmobktn ukb fnfarnsæb fnksubl mn 1>7, 077 y 0>7 adlovobkds mnpnkmonkmd mn lb rutokb b rnblozbr. Wbrb lb `bfpbòb pualoòtbrob sn rnùrrorâ b pnroðmo`ds pnroðmo`ds mn òrùlbòðk òrùlbòðk ld`bl, rbmod, rnmns sdòblns. Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d nstbrâ uao`bmd nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, nk lb `blln Inkdvnvb Qæds `bso nquokb Kbròsd @bfpnrd zdkb Cubllpbrrofb`co, `dfd uk sn`tdr bmnùbmd pbrb nstn topd mn knidòd, pdr snr ukb zdkb `dfnròbl mn mostrb`òðk, nspbròfonktd y nstbr `nr`b mn luibrns `dkvnkonktns pbrb nl snrvoòd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b. Lbs okstblbòdkns n ofplnfnktds kn`nsbrods snrâk uao`bmds nk uk tnrrnkd mn 0>7 fts, y ukb supnrhoòn `dkstruomb mn 0=> fts. Lb nfprnsb sn `dkstotuorâ `dfd Pdònmbm mn Qnspdksbaolombm Lofotbmb, Lofo tbmb, mnaomd b qun nstd rnmu`n lb rnspdksbaolombm mn lds sdòds nk `bsd mn quonarb. Nl sostnfb bmfokostrbtovd bmfokostrbtovd y rntrdblofnktbòðk rntrdblofnktbòðk absbmb nk okmo`bmdrns okmo`bmdrns mn ldird l dird `dktrdlbk lbs b`òdkns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d pnrfotonkmd fbknebr lds rnsultbmds rnsultbmds pbrb tdfbr b`òdkns `drrn`tovbs y fnedrbs huturbs. Lbs `brb`tn `brb`tnræst ræsto`bs o`bs mn lds prd`nsd prd`nsdss n okstblb` okstblbòdkn odknss mnl iofkbsod iofkbsod bùâto` bùâto`d d kd `dkllnv `dkllnvbk bk ofpb`tds bfaonktblns mn irbk fbikotum, sdk fækofds y sn lds punmn `dktrdlbr fnmobktn nl fbkned bmnùbmd mnl biub nk lbs posòkbs y nktrnib mn okstru`òdkns kn`nsbrobs b lds usubrods bktns mn pnrfotorlns lb utolozbòðk mn lbs okstblbòdkns.

2

OK]QDM^@@OÐK Nl b`nlnrbmd rotfd mn vomb mn lbs pnrsdkbs y lb tnkmnkòb cbòb ukb vomb fâs sbkb, bl fosfd tonfpd nl oktnrïs mn fnedrbr su hoiurb `drpdrbl fnmobktn nl nenròòd hæso`d `dkllnvb b aus`br kunvbs dpòdkns mn movnrsoðk y rnlbebòðk qun `dfaoknk nenròòd y brfdkæb, bsofosfd lb ok`lokbòðk cbòb cbòb ukd d vbrods fïtdmds fïtdmds pd`d pd`d d kbmb kbmb sblumbalns sblumbalns pbrb datnknr nstds nstds rnsultbmds, sok pnksbr nk lds pdsoalns prdalnfbs snùkmbrods qun nstds btrbn. Cdy nk mæb lb kn`nsombm mn vnrsn y snktorsn aonk ns hukmbfnktbl pbrb fbktnknr nl rotfd vnrtoiokdsd qun `dkllnvb b vovor nk lb òumbm, ns pdr nsd qun nl mnpdrtn ns ukb bltnrkbtovb pbrb sdarnllnvbr nl `bksbkòd lbadrbl, lds coeds, lb hbfolob, nl nstrïs nk inknrbl cbònkmd qun lbs pnrsdkbs rnùrrbk b uk iofkbsod y ausqunk qun nl snrvoòd snb mn uk bltd kovnl yb qun kd sdld aus`bk nl bspn`td n`dkðfo`d sokd lb `blombm qun sn vn rnhlnebmb nk lds rnùrsds hæso`ds, tn`kdlðio`ds y nk lb `dktrbtbòðk mnl pnrsdkbl omðknd. Nstb sotubòðk cb mbmd luibr b lb `rnbòðk mn kunvds iofkbsods, fo fosfds sfds qun dhrn`nk ukb vbronmbm mn snrvoòds y b`tovombmns mnpdrtovbs pbrb btrbnr b lb `lonktnlb, nstn ns uk fnr`bmd nk `dkstbktn `rnòfonktd pdr ld ùbl lb `dfpntnkòb sn cb cn`cd fâs hunrtn mnktrd mn nstn sn`tdr. “Murbktn fu`cds bòds nl trbabed mn ukb posòkb sn lofotbab b lb nksnòbkzb mn lds mohnrnktns nstolds kbtbtdrods (prokòpblfnktn nspblmb y arbzd). Mnsmn cb`n rnlbtovbfnktn pd`d tonfpd lb mn mnfb fbkm kmb b mn lb sd sdò ònm nmbm bm cb `d `dfn fnkz kzbm bmd d b `b `bfa faob obr. r. Qn`l Qn`lbf bfb b ku kunv nvbs bs pd pdso soao aololomb mbmn mnss mn rnlbòdkbrsn `dk nl fnmod bùâto`d, bmnfâs mn tnknr lb pdsoaolombm mn sniuor rnblozbkmd lbs bktnrodrns. Ns pdr nlld qun sn vbk prnsnktbkmd kunvbs b`tovombmns lõmo`bs, `dk uk daentovd `lbrd mn aonknstbr pso`dhæso`d `dfd nl trbabed `drpdrbl bùâto` bùâto`d d qun blovob mdlnkòbs mdlnkòbs mn lb nspblmb, `blfb lds mdldrns y `dfabtn nhn`tovbfnktn nl nstrïs, tbfaoïk sn ld rn`dfonkmb mnspuïs mn b`òmnktns d nkhnrfnmbmns nk lbs qun cbyb mnebmd snùnlbs, tbktd hæso`bs `dfd nfdòdkblns‖. (@bfbrnrd & ]nllb, 2??9) Ns ofpdrtbktn aus`br husodkbr nl mnpdrtn bùâto`d `dk nl hotknss pbrb `rnbr uk kunvd `dk`nptd `dk ukb rnpnrùsoðk sdòbl y cufbkb fbydr mn ld qun b profnrb vostb mn punmb pnksbr, nstn plbktnbfonktd mn aonknstbr bvbkzb abed nl oktnrïs plnkd pdr ok`nktovbr b tdmbs lbs pnrsdkbs b rnblozbr bliõk topd mn b`tovombm hæso`b, bukqun pdsnbk bliõk topd mn bltnrbòdkns psæquo`bs, hæso`bs d ukb `dfaokbòðk mn lbs fosfbs. Lb rnblozbòðk mn nenròòds nk nl fnmod bùâto`d dhrn`n ukb dpòðk mn nenròtbòðk sok pdknr nk pnloird lb sblum mn lbs pnrsdkbs, yb qun nl prokòpbl anknhoòd mn rnblozbr b`tovombmns nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, ns nl datnknr lds fosfds d fnedrns rnsultbmds nk uk tonfpd rnmuòmd `dk fnkdr

nshunrzd y fnkds nxpunstds bl pnloird mn lnsodkns d oktdxo`bòdkns u dtrds prdalnfbs pdr nl usd mn quæfo`ds. Lb ofplnfnktbòðk mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d `dfd uk knidòd btrb`tovd n okkdvbmdr, okkdvbmdr, nstâ nkhd`bmd nk fnedrbr lb bpbronkòb hæso`b y lb sblum mn lbs pnrsdkbs babr`bkmd nl `dktb`td y lb nxpbksoðk nk nl biub , ld qun sn funstrb `dfd ukb prdpunstb mohnrnktn, `dfplntb, irbtoho`bktn y nkroqun`nmdrb mnsmn tdmd puktd mn vostb , mdkmn `bmb ukd tnkmrâ ukb nxpnronkòb õko`b, `dk ukb rnsultbktn nk `dfõk5 fâxofd aonknstbr y lb pdsoaolombm mn okvnstoibr fâs bllâ mn ld qun `bmb ukd sban mn lb rnlbòðk ùnrpd- fnktn- nfdòðk nk fnmod mn ukb sblb mn nktrnkbfonktd tromofnksodkbl nk lb ùbl sok kn`nsombm mn fbtnrobl bliukd sn punmnk rnblozbr vbrobs b`tovombmns. Lds snrvoòds mn iofkbsob bùâto`b sdk oknxostnktns nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, pdr ld qun nl prnsnktn nstumod nstâ nkhd`bmd nk bkblozbr lbs hdrfbs y bltnrkbtovbs pbrb okirnsbr b nstn kunvd fnr`bmd, fnr` bmd, mntnrfok mntnrfokbr br nstrbtni nstrbtniobs obs qun pnrfotbk pnrfotbk datnknr datnknr rnktbao rnktbaolomb lombmns mns,, nstbaln nstbaln`nr `nr lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs y `dstds mn su okhrbnstru`turb, mntnrfokbr nl fdktd mn lb okvnrsoðk y mntnrfokbr lb prdpunstb mn uk sostnfb bmfokostrbtovd mn fdkotdrnd.

b. PO]^B@ODK WQDALNFÂ]O@B Lbs b`tovombmns qun lbs pnrsdkbs rnblozbk b mobrod, nk mohnrnktns rdlns nk lb sdònmbm `dfd snr5 pbmrns, fbmrns, nstumobktns d prdhnsodkblns, `dkllnvb rnspdksbaolombmns, prnsoðk, trbabed bentrnbmd y tnksoðk qun mnsnfad`bk nk uk sokhæk mn kn`nsombmns mn rnlbebòðk y mostnksoðk, qun sdk mnebmds mn lbmd, mnaomd b lb vomb bentrnbmb qun llnvbk. Wdr dtrb pbrtn tbfaoïk nxostnk pnrsdkbs qun kd rnblozbk b`tovombm hæso`b y qun nstbs sdk lbs fâs prdpnksb prdpnksbss b kd idzbr mn ukb aunkb sblum y mn ukb lbrib lbrib vomb, tbl vnz pdr mns`dkdòfonktd mn lbs adkmbmns mnl nenròòd hæso`d d lb hbltb mn tonfpd pbrb rnblozbrld. Nl `dksufd mn prdmu`tds quæfo`ds y pælmdrbs pbrb bmnlibzbr, lb bplo`bòðk mn vnkmbs hræbs y `blonktns,, lds fbsbens rnmu`tdrns, `blonktns rnmu`tdrns, sdk lbs dpòdkns fâs utolozbmbs pdr nl rnsultbmd qun sn datonknk nk nl `drtd plbzd, sok tdfbr nk ùnktb nl nhn`tds snùkmbrods qun pdmræb `busbr nl usd mn lds fosfds. Lb b`tublozbòðk mn tï`ko`bs qun cbk suriomd nk lds õltofds tonfpds pbrb rnblozbr nenròòds y nl ùombmd nstïto`d sdk anknhoòdsds pbrb lbs pnrsdkbs yb qun prnsnrvbk lb oktnirbòðk mn su aonknstbr hæso`d y fnktbl, pnrd lb hbltb mn okhdrfbòðk y b`tublozbòðk mn nstbs tï`ko`bs rn`bn b qun lbs rutokbs qun rnblozbk lds okstru`tdrns mn iofkbsods sn vunlvbk fdkðtdkds y kd snbk btrb`tovd btrb` tovdss pbrb lbs pnrsdkbs pnrsdkbs qun yb datuvonr datuvonrdk dk nstn nstn snrvoòd snrvoòd bktnrodrf bktnrodrfnktn nktn,, pdr ld tbktd tbktd `dkvortoïkmdsn nk ukb mn lbs prokòpblns hblnkòbs qun prnsnktbk lbs nfprnsbs qun arokmbk nstds snrvoòds.

Nl fnr`bmd mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn arokmb fu`cbs y movnrsbs bltnrkbtovbs pbrb lbs pnrsdkbs qun mnsnnk hdrtbln`nr y hdrfbr su ùnrpd, rnmuòr fnmombs y fnedrbr su nstbmd mn sblum `dk nl daentovd mn vnrsn y snktorsn aonk, sok nfabrid kd sn ùnktb `dk uk `nktrd mn nenròòd bùâto`d qun dhrnz`b b lbs pnrsdkbs b rnblozbr iofkbsob hdrfbtovb mnktrd mnl biub abed nl prn`nptd mn datnknr fnedrns rnsultbmds nk uk tonfpd fnkdr, fnkdr nshunrzd sok ronsid mn lnsodkns y fnedrbr lb `blombm mn vomb nk uk luibr mdkmn sn punmb `dfaokbr nenròòds `dk movnrsoðk ùombkmd lb sblum. Nk kunstrd pbæs kd nxostnk okvnstoibòdkns okvnstoibòdkns d nstumods rnspn`td b lbs fdtovbòdkns fdtovbòdkns mn lbs pnrsdkbs pbrb nenròtbrsn mdkmn sn mohnrnkònk rbkids pdr nmbmns, pdr o kirnsds, kirnsds, nstrbtds sdòd n`dkðfo`d d iïknrd, qun funstrnk nstbmæsto`bfnktn lbs prnhnrnkòbs pdr mntnrfokbmbs b`tovombmnss hæso`d-mnpdrtovbs ùyb okhdrfbòðk b`tovombmn okhdrfbòðk byumn b fnedrbr lb bmfokostrbòðk mn lds `nktrds mnpdrtovds b`tublfnktn nxostnktns nk kunstrd pbæs. Nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn cbk prdlohnrbmd movnrsds topds mn iofkbsods mnaomd b lb `rnònktn mnfbkmb pdr nstds snrvoòds, mdkmn fu`cbs vn`ns kd sn ùnktb `dk prdhnsodkblns prdhnsodkblns `bpbòtbmds y kd `dksomnrbk qun nxostnk pnrsdkbs mospunstbs b pbibr fâs pdr uk iofkbsod aonk nquopbmd qun `dfaokn `dk uk snrvoòd mn `blombm y uk aunk nktrnkbfonktd, lb fbydræb mn lds nktrnkbmdrns nktrnkbmdrns kd llnvbk ukb plbkoho`bòðk mn nenròòds nenròòds mn sus `lonktns llnvbkmd b lb ofprdvosbòðk nk lb rutokb mn lds fosfds. Lb oknxostnkòb mn uk iofkbsod bùâto`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn `dkllnvb b lb nlbadrbòðk mnl prnsnktn prdyn`td, mdkmn sn prntnkmn mnfdstrbr lb hb`toaolombm y rnktbaolombm qun sn datnkmræb fnmobktn lb ofplnfnktbòðk mnl fosfd `dk ârnbs mn rnlbebòðk rnlbebòðk qun prdpdròdkn prdp dròdkn anknhoòds btrb`tovds bl põalo`d daentovd.

a. WLBK]NBFONK]D MNL WQDALNFB ´Pnrâ hb`toaln y rnktbaln lb dhnrtb mnl snrvoòd mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn4

`. E^P]OHO@B@ODK Nl snrvoòd mn uk iofkbsod bùâto`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn ns oknxostnktn, pdr ld qun nl plbk mn nfprnsb nstbrâ nk`bfokbmd b bkblozbr lbs mohnrnktns mohnrnktns bltnrkbtovbs pbrb okirnsbr bl fnr`bmd, mntnrfokbkmd lb fnedr nstrbtniob nstrbtniob pbrb pdmnr datnknr rnktbaolombm, rnktbaolombm, nstbalnònk nst balnònkmd md lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs `brb`tnræ sto`bs y nl `dstd mn lb okhrbnstru`turb okhrbnstru`turb bsæ `dfd mntnrfokbr nl `dstd mn lb okvnrsoðk tnkonkmd uk sostnfb nhoònktn mn bmfokostrbòðk.

Nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, nxostnk `bmb vnz fâs pnrsdkbs qun sn mnmo`bk bl mnpdrtn y bl hotknss nk su tonfpd loarn yb snb nenròtâkmdsn nk lds pbrquns d `nr`b mn lds luibrns mdkmn rnsomnk, bsæ `dfd rnùrronkmd b lds iofkbsods pdr ld qun lb oknxostnkòb mn uk luibr qun arokmn nl snrvoòd mn nenròòds abed nl biub, `dkllnvb b lb omnb mn lb `rnbòðk mn uk iofkbsod bùâto`d nl ùbl llnkn lbs nxpn`tbtovbs mn mo`cb kn`nsombm. Lbs vnktbebs b`nr`b mnl nenròòd bùâto`d hrnktn bl nenròòd nk tonrrb sdk5 qun sn trbabebk tdmds lds fõsùlds, nstâ okmo`bmd pbrb tdmd topd mn pnrsdkbs, sdarn tdmd pbrb lbs pnrsdkbs fbydrns, bqunllbs qun tuvonsnk sdarnpnsd, d nstïk nk rncbaolotbòðk pdr lnsodkns d tnkibk prdalnfbs mn fdvolombm nk nl ùnrpd, d nstbaolombm brtoùlbr nk lbs rdmollbs, bsæ tbfaoïk pbrb lbs fuenrns nfarbzbmbs. Lbs pnrsdkbs qun tonknk nl câaotd mn cb`nr nenròòd rniulbrfnktn, bmquonrnk ukb snron mn anknhoòds `dfd snr5 `dktrdl mn pnsd, pdr nl ibstd nknriïto`d y pdrqun byumb b `dktrdlbr nl bpntotd, bpnt otd, fbkned fbkned mn nfdòdkn nfdòdknss `dfd `dfd nstrïs, nstrïs, bksonmbm, bksonmbm, trostnzb trostnzb,, mnprnsoð mnprnsoðk, k, nkded, nkded, fnedrb fnedrb nl nstbmd mn âkofd, mnaomd b qun sn prdmu`nk nkmdrhokbs qun sdk sustbkòbs qun cbk somd llbfbmbs lb mrdib mn lb hnloòmbm, pdrqun kds inknrbk ukb snksbòðk mn aonknstbr mn fbknrb kbturbl. Nl nenròòd bùâto`d d mnktrd nl biub, ns ukb prâ`to`b qun punmn anknhoòbr tbktd b lbs pnrsdkbs qun aus`bk rnlbebòðk `dfd b lbs qun quonrbk hdrtbln`nr su fbsb fusùlbr, tbfaoïk hbvdrn`n b bqunllbs pnrsdkbs qun sn sdfntnk b trbtbfonktds mn rncbaolotbòðk. Lb oknxostnkòb mn nstn topd mn snrvoòd nk lb òumbm, cb`n qun nl fosfd sn `dkstotuyb nk ukb omnb kdvnmdsb, mn bcæ qun lb hdrfulbòðk mn uk Wlbk mn Knidòd pbrb lb Ofplnfnktbòðk mn uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d rnsultn btrb`tovd pbrb lds Okvnrsodkostbs, `dksomnrbkmd qun vb b sbtoshb`nr ukb mn lbs kn`nsombmns qun tonknk b`tublfnktn lbs pnrsdkbs qun ns vnrsn aonk y snktorsn aonk fnmobktn lb rnblozbòðk mn rutokbs y nenròòds. Nl mnsbrrdlld mnl Wlbk mn Knidòd, ofplo`b lb bplo`bòðk mn `dkdòfonktds, cnrrbfonktbs, fïtdmds y tï`ko`bs, qun rnspdkmn b lb roiurdsombm roiurdsombm mnl nstumod mn okvnstoibòðk, okvnstoibòðk, nl bpdrtn mn nstb okvnstoibòðk okvnstoibòðk snrâ snrâ mn irbk ofpdrtbkòb ofpdrtbkòb pbrb tdmds bqunllds bqunllds qun nstïk oktnrnsbmds nk okvnrtor nk uk huturd nk nstn ruard, pdmrâk `dktbr `dk uk fbr`d mn rnhnrnkòb y loknbfonktds aâso`ds pbrb lb bplo`bòðk mn nstrbtniobs mn fnr`bmd nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn. Bsæ tbfaoïk tbfa oïk sn `dkstotuorâ nk ukb hunktn mn okhdrfbòðk pbrb lb nlbadrbòðk mn okvnstoibòdkns pdstnrodrns qun badrmnk nstn tnfb.

m. DAEN]OXDP Daentovd Inknrbl

Mnsbrrdllbr uk Wlbk mn Knidòds pbrb mntnrfokbr lb hb`toaolombm y rnktbaolombm qun pdmræb tnknr nl snrvoòd mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn.

Daentovds Nspn`æho`ds

Nlbadrbr nl Fbr`d ]nðro`d y @dk`nptubl nk nl ùbl sn sustnktb lb ]nsos. Nlbadrbr nl mobikðsto`d mn sn`tdr nkhd`bmd cbòb lb kbturblnzb mn uk iofkbsod bùâto`d nk lb b`tublombm nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn.

Mntnrfokbr ukb Nvblubòðk mn lb vobaolombm tï`ko`b y n`dkðfo`b mn lb prdpunstb. Wlbktnbr nl fdmnld d lb nstrbtniob mnl Wlbk mn Knidòd pbrb uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, fnmobktn nl mnsbrrdlld mn uk Wlbk mn Fbrjntoki, Fbrjntoki, Wlbk mn Dpnrbòdkns, Wlbk mn Qnùrsds Cufbkds y Wlbk Hokbkònrd.

n. COWD]NPOP Nl mnsbrrdlld mn uk Wlbk mn Knidòds pnrfotorâ datnknr rnktbaolombm b lb ofplnfnktbòðk mn uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, bsæ `dfd lb hb`toaolombm mn lb fosfb.

Xbrobaln Okmnpnkmonktn Ofplnfnktbòðk mn uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn

Xbrobaln Mnpnkmonktn Qnktbaolombm

h.

MOPNÒD MN LB OKXNP]OIB@ODK

Ns nl plbk d lb nstrbtniob qun sn mnsbrrdllb pbrb datnknr lb okhdrfbòðk qun sn rnquonrn nk ukb okvnstoibòðk y rnspdkmnr bl plbktnbfonktd. (Pbfponro, 177=)

i. ]OWD MN OKXNP]OIB@OÐK

Nl mosnòd mn lb okvnstoibòðk snrâ mn lb soiuonktn fbknrb5

HOI^QB Kµ 2 MOPNÒD MN LB OKXNP]OIB@ODK

MOPNÒD MN LB OKXNP]OIB@ODK

Mosnòd mn lb okvnstoibòðk nxpldrbtdrob

Mosnòd mn lb okvnstoibòðk `dk`luynktn

Okvnstoibòðk mns`roptovb

Mosnòd trbksvnrsbl

Mosnòd trbksvnrsbl sofpln

Okvnstoibòðk `busbl

Mosnòd ldkiotumokbl

Mosnòd trbksvnrsbl fõltopln

Hunktn.- Okvnstoibòðk mn Fnr`bmds, Kbrnsc J, 1777. Okvnstoibòðk Nxpldrbtdrob Lb okvnstoibòðk nxpldrbtdrob ns ukb okvnstoibòðk `nktrbmb ns ukb okvnstoibòðk `nktrbmb nk rn`dln`t rn`d ln`tbr br mbtds mbtds profbrod profbrodss y snùkmb snùkmbrods rods fnmobktn fnmobktn uk hdrfbtd hdrfbtd kd nstru`t nstru`turbm urbmd d y prd`nmofonktds okhdrfblns mn oktnrprntbòðk. (Anrkbl, 177=) ]opd mn mosnòd mn lb okvnstoibòðk okvnstoibòðk qun tonkn `dfd daentovd prokòpbl arokmbr okhdrfbòðk okhdrfbòðk y `dfprnksoðk sdarn lb sotubòðk mnl prdalnfb qun nkhrnktb nl okvnstoibmdr. (Kbrnsc J, 1777) Bl kd `dktbr `dk okhdrfbòðk suhoònktn y prnòsb rnhnromd bl tnfb mn nstumod sn rnblozð prnvobfnktn ukb okvnstoibòðk nxpldrbtdrob pbrb aus`br y datnknr okhdrfbòðk `dk`nrkonktn llnvbr b `bad nl nstumod, fnmobktn rnvosodkns aoalodirâho`bs, bkâlosos mn mbtds, nt`.

Okvnstoibòðk Mns`roptovb Lb okvnstoibòðk mns`roptovb ns bqunllb qun rnsnòb lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs d rbsids mn lb sotubòðk d hnkðfnkd daentd mnl nstumod lb hukòðk prokòpbl prokòp bl qun tonkn lb okvnstoibòðk mns`roptovb ns lb `bpbòmbm pbrb snln`òdkbr lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs hukmbfnktblns mnl daentd nstumobmd. (Anrkbl, 177=) Lb okvnstoibòðk pdr ld inknrbl ns fâs hdrfbl y nstru`turbmb qun lb nxpldrbtdrob. Pn absb nk funstrbs rnprnsnktbtovbs rnprnsnktbtovbs irbkmns y lds mbtds datnkomd datnkomdss sn sdfntnk b uk bkâlosos ùbktotbtovd. ùbktotbtovd. Lds cbllbzids mn nstb okvnstoibòðk sn `dksomnrbk mn kbturblnzb `dk`luynktn, `dk`luynktn, yb qun sn utolozbk `dfd okhdrfbòðk pbrb lb tdfb mn mnòsodkns bmfokostrbtovbs. (Kbrnsc J, 1777) ^k nstumod mns`roptovd ns uk topd mn fntdmdldiæb b bplo`br pbrb mns`roaor uk aonk d òrùkstbkòb, `dksostn nk rn`dln`tbr mbtds qun mns`roabk ukb mntnrfokbmb sotubòðk. Lb okvnstoibòðk mns`roptovb sn sdpdrtb prokòpblfnktn prokòpblfnktn nk tï`ko`bs `dfd lb nkùnstb, nkùnstb, lb nktrnvostb y lb dasnrvbòðk. Pn bplo`ð ukb okvnstoibòðk mn topd mns`roptovb pbrb qun mn nstb hdrfb sn punmb rn`dpolbr y `btnidrozbr lb okhdrfbòðk qun byumn nk lb tdfb mn mnòsodkns, ns mnòr b sniuor nl fnedr ùrsd mn b`òðk. Wdstnrodrfnktn sn pbsð bl mosnòd trbksvnrsbl sofpln, punstd qun sn nxtrbn ukb õko`b funstrb mn nkùnstbmds mn lb pdalbòðk fntb y sn datonkn okhdrfbòðk mn nstb funstrb ukb sdlb vnz.

c. FN]DMDLDIOB MN LB OKXNP]OIB@ODK Fïtdmd Aoalodirâho`d Ns lb profnrb profnrb ntbpb ntbpb mnl prd`ns prd`nsd d okvnsto okvnstoibto ibtovd vd qun prdpdròdkb prdpdròdkb nl `dkdòfo `dkdòfonktd nktd mn lbs okvnstoibòdkns yb nxostnktns, mn uk fdmd sostnfâto`d, b trbvïs mn ukb bfplob aõsqunmb mn5 okhdrfbòðk, `dkdòfonktds y tï`ko`bs sdarn ukb ùnstoðk mntnrfokbmb. Mnktrd mn lb aõsqunmb mn lb vnrmbm nk lb okvnstoibòðk ònktæho`b, sn bùmn b lb rnblombm y mn ïstb sn datonknk5 uk prdalnfb, ukb copðtnsos `dk su rnspn`tovb `dktrbstbòðk y `dk`lusodkns. (Iblbrrntb, 2??=)

Nstn fïtdmd sn utolozð `dfd pbsd prnvod nk nl mnsbrrdlld mnl plbk mn nfprnsb, sn rnblozð uk bkâlosos mn mdùfnktbòðk qun bpdrtd okhdrfbòðk rnlnvbktn, pbrb mntnrfokbr lb omnktoho`bòðk mn vbrobalns y nl mnsbrrdlld mnl fbr`d tnðro`d.

Fïtdmd Mnmu`tovd Lb mnmu`òðk ns nl fïtdmd qun pnrfotn pbsbr mn bhorfbòdkns mn `brâ`tnr inknrbl b cn`cds pbrtoùlbrns. Fnmobktn nstn fïtdmd sn datonknk `dk`lusodkns, pbrtonkmd mn ld inknrbl, b`nptbmd `dfd vâlomd, cbòb bplo`bòdkns pbrtoùlbrns. (Quoz, 1779) Nl fïtdmd mnmu`tovd pnrfotoð pbrtor mn cn`cds inknrblns, pbrb pdmnr llnibr b cn`cds pbrtoùlbrns, pbrtoùlb rns, pnrfotoð tbfaoïk bkblozbr y nxpdknr lbs mohnrnktns mohnrnktns tndræbs qun sn `dksomnrbk vâlombs pbrb lb nlbadrbòðk mnl prnsnktn trbabed.

Fïtdmd Okmu`tovd Nl fïtdmd okmu`tovd sn rnhonrn bl fdvofonktd mnl pnksbfonktd pnksbfonktd qun vb mn lds cn`cds pbrtoùlbrnss b bhorfbòdkns pbrtoùlbrn bhorfbòdkns mn `brâ`tnr inknrbl. Bl okoòd mn lb okvnstoibòðk okvnstoibòðk sn tdfbrdk pbrâfntrds,, `dkdòfonktds inknrblns qun nkildabk lb `dfprnksoðk mnl tnfb nk ùnstoðk, pbrâfntrds ùnstoðk, ldirbkmd mnsbrrdllbr mnsbrrdllbr lds bktn`nmnktns bktn`nmnktns y lb mntnrfokbòðk mntnrfokbòðk mnl daentovd inknrbl mnl prdyn`td. (Quoz, 1779) Pn bplo`ð nstn fïtdmd pbrb rnblozbr lb okvnstoibòðk mnl tnfb b trbtbr mn tbl fdmd qun ukb vnz rnukomb tdmb lb okhdrfbòðk kn`nsbrob sn pumn llnibr b `dk`lusodkns y nfotor rn`dfnkmbòdkns.

Fïtdmd Copdtïto`d- Mnmu`tovd Nl fïtdmd copdtïto`d-mnmu`tovd copdtïto`d- mnmu`tovd tonkn vbrods pbsds nsnkòblns5 dasnrvbòðk mnl hnkðfnkd b nstumobr, `rnbòðk mn ukb copðtnsos pbrb nxplo`br mo`cd hnkðfnkd, mnmu`òðk mn `dksnùnkòbs d prdpdsoòdkns fâs nlnfnktblns qun lb prdpob copðtnsos, y vnroho`bòðk d `dfprdabòðk mn lb vnrmbm mn lds nkukòbmds mnmuòmds `dfpbrâkmdlds `dk lb nxpnronkòb. (Wdppnr, 2??2) Nstn fïtdmd sn utolozð mnktrd mnl mobikðsto`d b pbrtor mnl ùbl sn pdmrâ vnroho`br lb copðtnsos pbrb lunid cb`nr inknrblozbòdkns nk lb nlbadrbòðk mn `dk`lusodkns y rn`dfnkmbòdkns.

Fïtdmd Bkblæto`d Nl fïtdmd bkblæto`d ns bqunl fïtdmd mn okvnstoibòðk qun `dksostn nk lb mnsfnfarbòðk mn uk tdmd, mns`dfpdkoïkmdld nk sus pbrtns d nlnfnktds pbrb dasnrvbr lbs `busbs, lb kbturblnzb y lds nhn`tds. Nl bkâlosos ns lb dasnrvbòðk y nxbfnk mn uk cn`cd nk pbrtoùlbr. Ns kn`nsbrod `dkd`nr lb kbturblnzb mnl hnkðfnkd hnkðfnk d y daentd qun sn nstumob pbrb `dfprnkmnr su nsnkòb. (Quoz, 1779) Fnmobktn nstn fïtdmd sn bkblozð lb fbknrb nspn`æho`b nspn`æho `b n okmovomubl, ònrtbs `brb`tnræsto`bs, nlnfnktds y `dkmoòdkbktns nk lb mnhokoòðk y hdrfulbòðk mnl prdalnfb mnl prdyn`td, `dfd tbfaoïk nk lb pbrtn `drrnspdkmonktn bl bkâlosos mn lds hb`tdrns qun `dfpdknk nl bkâlosos WNP].

Fïtdmd Nstbmæsto`d Nl fïtdmd nstbmæsto`d, `dksostn nk ukb snùnkòb mn prd`nmofonktds prd`nmofo nktds pbrb nl fbkned mn lds mbtds ùblotbtovds y ùbktotbtovds mn lb okvnstoibòðk. Mo`cd fbkned mn mbtds tonkn pdr prdpðsotd lb `dfprdabòðk, nk ukb pbrtn mn lb rnblombm, mn ukb d vbrobs `dksnùnkòbs vnroho`balns mnmuòmbs mn lb copðtnsos inknrbl mn lb okvnstoibòðk. Nstn fïtdmd tonkn pdr daentovd fnmobr lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs `brb`tnræsto`bs mn lb okhdrfbòðk, okhdrfbòðk, ns uk prd`nmofonktd qun trbabeb `dk mbtds kufïro`ds, datnkonkmd rnsultbmds fnmobktn lb drmnkbòðk, sostnfbtozbòðk y tbaulbòðk mn mbtds. Wnrfotonkmd mn nstb fbknrb nxplo`br lds hnkðfnkds b trbvïs mn lb ùbktoho`bòðk mn lds mbtds. @dk lb bplo`bòðk mn nstn fïtdmd, sn pumd datnknr lb rn`dpolbòðk mn okhdrfbòðk profbrob y snùkmbrob rnlnvbktn mn lb okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmd rnblozbmb rnblozb mb b trbvïs mn lb bplo`bòðk mn tï`ko`bs mn okvnstoibòðk `dfd lb nkùnstb y lb nktrnvostb.

o.

]N@KO@BP MN LB OKXNP]OIB@ODK

Ns lb fbknrb mn rn`drrnr nl `bfokd qun sn mnloknb nk nl fïtdmd, sdk lbs nstrbtniobs nfpnlbmbs pbrb rn`babr lb okhdrfbòðk rnqunromb y bsæ `dkstruor nl `dkdòfonktd mn ld qun sn okvnstoib, fonktrbs qun nl prd`nmofonktd blumn b lbs `dkmoòdkns mn nenùòðk mn lb tï`ko`b. Lb tï`ko`b prdpdkn kdrfbs pbrb drmnkbr lbs ntbpbs mnl prd`nsd mn okvnstoibòðk, mn oiubl fdmd prdpdròdkb prdpdròd kb okstrufnktds mn rn`dln`òðk, rn`dln`òðk, `lbsoho`bòðk, fnmoòðk, `drrnlbòðk y bkâlosos mn mbtds y bpdrtb b lb ònkòb lds fnmods pbrb bplo`br nl fïtdmd. Nktrn lbs tï`ko`bs bplo`bmbs nk nl prnsnktn nstumod, sn nklostbk b `dktokubòðk5

Lb Nktrnvostb Nl daentovd mn lb nktrnvostb nktrnvostb ns nk`dktrbr ld qun ns ofpdrtbktn y soikoho`btovd soikoho`btovd pbrb lds okhdrfbktns y mnsùaror b`dktnòfonktds y mofnksodkns suaentovbs mn lbs pnrsdkbs tblns `dfd `rnnkòbs, pnksbfonktds, vbldrns, nt`. Lb nktrnvostb ns ukb tï`ko`b mn irbk utolombm nk lb okvnstoibòðk ùblotbtovb pbrb rn`babr mbtds: sn mnhokn `dfd ukb `dkvnrsbòðk qun sn prdpdkn uk hok mntnrfokbmd mostoktd bl sofpln cn`cd mn `dkvnrsbr, ns fuy vnktbedsb prokòpblfnktn nk lds nstumods mns`roptovds y nk lbs hbsns mn nxpldrbòðk, bsæ `dfd pbrb mosnòbr okstrufnktds mn rn`dln`òðk mn mbtds . (Mobz & Fbrtoknz, 1720)

@dk nl usd mn nstn okstrufnktd, sn pumd rn`dpolbr okhdrfbòðk profbrob b nspnòblostbs y prdhnsodkblns mnl tnfb, sniõk `drrnspdkmn b lds tnfbs pnrtoknktns qun hukmbfnktbk y rnspblmbk nl ùrsd mn okvnstoibòðk mnl prdyn`td. Pn bplo`ð nstb tï`ko`b pdrqun rnsultb õtol bl fdfnktd mn rn`babr mbtds ofprnsòkmoalns pbrb lb okvnstoibòðk, okvnstoib` oðk, datnkonkmd bsæ okhdrfbòðk okhdrfbòðk mn lds `lonktns mn iofkbsods `dfd mn lb pdsoaln `dfpntnkòb. Lb rnblozbòðk mn nktrnvostbs byumbrdk mn bliukb fbknrb b pdmnr mnhokor `dk fbydr `lbrombm `lbrombm y utolombm nl mosnòd mn lb nkùnstb, pnrd mn fbknrb nspn`æho`b nspn`æho`b byumd b mntnrfokbr y rn`babr okhdrfbòðk mn lds `dfpntomdrns.

Lb Nkùnstb “Lb nkùnstb ns ukb tï`ko`b mn datnkòðk mn okhdrfbòðk profbrob ùbktotbtovb d ùblotbtovb `dk hokns mns`roptovds, `dksostn nk lb rn`dln`òðk mn okhdrfbòðk mn ukb funstrb rnprnsnktbtovb mn uk `dkeuktd daentd mn nstumod, fnmobktn uk ùnstodkbrod‖. (Wblbd & Idfnz, 177?) Lb okvnstoibòðk okvnstoibòðk pdr nkùnstb, nl fïtdmd fâs utolozbmd pbrb rn`babr mbtds profbrods, ns lb nstrbtniob fâs bmnùbmb pbrb rnukor okhdrfbòðk mns`roptovb. mns`roptovb. Lb nfprnsb qun mnsnb sbanr ùâlns sdk lds `dkdòfonktds, `dkdòfonktds, b`totumns, b`totumns, prnhnrnkòbs d `dfpdrtbfonktd mn `dfprb mn lbs pnrsdkbs b fnkumd punmn datnknr ntb okhdrfbòðk bl prniuktb prniuktbrlns rlns mn fbknrb morn`tb. Lb prokòpbl vnktbeb mn lb okvnstoibòðk pdr nkùnstb ns su hlnxoaolombm, sn punmn utolozbr pbrb datnknr fu`cds topds mostoktds mn okhdrfbòðk nk fu`cbs sotub sotubòdkns òdkns mohnrnktns. (Jdtlnr ( Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, 1721) Lb bplo`bòðk mn nstb cnrrbfonktb cozd pdsoaln datnknr okhdrfbòðk profbrob nk okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds b hok mn sbanr mbtds b`nr`b mn lb mnfbkmb `dfd snr5 prnhnrnkòbs mn snrvoòd, `dkdòfonktd mnl snrvoòd, mospdkoaolombm mn pbid rnspn`td b lb dhnrtb, hrnùnkòb mn bsostnkòb, nt`.

Qnvosoðk Aoalodirâho`b Lb rnvosoðk mn lb lotnrbturb `dksostn nk mntn`tbr `dksultbr y datnknr lb aoalodirbhæb y dtrds fbtnroblns õtolns pbrb lds prdpðsotds mnl nstumod, mn lds ùblns sn nxtrbn y rn`dpolb lb okhdrfbòðk rnlnvbktn y kn`nsbrob pbrb nl prdalnfb mn okvnstoibòðk. Nl usd bmnùbmd mn fbtnrobl ns`rotd, lotnrbturb y aoalodirbhæb `dksultbmb hun mn fu`cb byumb, dronktbòðk y iuæb pbrb nl prdyn`td, ldirbkmd basdlvnr mumbs murbktn lb ntbpb okvnstoibtovb tbktd nk lb datnkòðk mn okhdrfbòðk profbrob `dfd snùkmbrob.

@BWO]^LD O 2 2.2

FBQ@D ]NDQO@D BK]N@NMNK]NP

Nl nstold mn vomb ns mnhokomd pdr lb Dribkozbòðk Fukmobl mn lb Pblum `dfd ukb hdrfb inknrbl mn vomb, absbmb nk lb oktnrb`òðk nktrn lbs `dkmoòdkns mn vomb y lds pbtrdkns okmovomublns mn `dkmu`tb, mntnrfokbmds pdr lds hb`tdrns sdòdùlturblns y lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs pnrsdkblns. Nl nstold mn vomb ok`drpdrb ukb nstru`turb sdòbl, mnhokomb pdr uk `dkeuktd `dkeuktd mn vbldrns, kdrfbs, b`totumns, câaotds y `dkmu`tb. (Fdrnkd _., 177=) Lb b`tovombm hæso`b ns uk mntnrfokbktn hukmbfnktbl nk uk nstold mn vomb sblumbaln, yb qun trbn fõltoplns anknhoòds pbrb lb pnrsdkb. Pn cb mnfdstrbmd lb ofpdrtbkòb mn lb b`tovombm hæso`b nk nl mnsbrrdlld y `rnòfonktd mn lds koòds, mnaomd b lb mosfokuòðk mn lds hb`tdrns mn ronsid, y pdr lb hdrfb `dfd nstbaln`n câaotds mn vomb sblumbalns, lds ùblns sdk oktnrprntbmds oktnrprntbmds `dfd hb`tdrns prdtn`tdrns. Lds pbtrdkns mn vomb bmquoromds nk nmbmns tnfprbkbs tonknk okhlunkòb nk lds câaotds y nstold mn vomb mn lb nmbm bmultb, rnmuònkmd lbs prdabaolombmn prdabaolombmnss mn suhror nkhnrfnmbmns. (Ibr`æb M, 1721) Lb koònz ns uk pnrodmd qun sn `brb`tnrozb pdr snr b`tovd, punstd qun lb dùpbòðk mn lds koòds ns nl eunid. Lunid, nk nl `bfaod mn lb nmu`bòðk profbrob b lb snùkmbrob, sn mb uk fdfnktd `ruòbl, yb qun pdr lbs mohnrnktns okhlunkòbs y pdr lb trbksoòðk b lb bmdlns`nkòb sn vunlvnk snmnktbrods. (Hnrkâkmnz Drtnib, 177?) Nk lb euvnktum lds kovnlns mn b`tovombm hæso`b mosfokuynk nk fbydr fnmomb, pdr ld tbktd so nk nstb ntbpb kd sn ldirbk okstburbr câaotds mn prâ`to`b rniulbr mn b`tovombm hæso`b, prdabalnfnktn snrâ uk okmovomud snmnktbrod pdr nl rnstd mn su vomb. (Ibrotb Bzdhnotb, 1778) Bl cbalbr mn lds eðvnkns ukovnrsotbrods, ns rnlnvbktn `dkd`nr sus `dfpdrtbfonktds, yb qun vbræbk mn bùnrmd b lbs mohnrnktns pnrsdkblombmns, pnrsdkblombmns, bl nstbtus sdòd-n`dkðfo`d, sdòd-n`dkðfo`d, lbs prnhnrnkòbs prnhnrnk` obs y lb dribkozbòðk dribkozbòðk mnl usd mnl tonfpd loarn, b lb okhlunkòb mn lds fnmods mn `dfuko`bòðk, `dfuko`b` oðk, mn lbs bfostbmns y mn lds hbfolobrns: hbfolobrns: mntnrfokbkmd bsæ nl nstold mn vomb qun bmdptbk. Nstds kovnlns mn snmnktbrosfd b`nktubmds nk nl pnrædmd ukovnrsotbrod, sn btroauynk b lb mosfokuòðk mnl tonfpd loarn, lb `dktokuombm mn lds câaotds snmnktbrods okstburbmds mnsmn nl `dlniod y lb koònz, y nspnòblfnktn pdr lb okhlunkòb sdòbl y mn lds pbrns, lds ùblns lb fbydræb mn vn`ns vn`ns ùnstod ùnstodkbk kbk lbs prâ`to`b prâ`to`bss hæso`dhæso`d-mnpd mnpdrtov rtovbs bs nenrònk nenrònkmd md prnsoðk prnsoðk pbrb inknrbr inknrbr nl babkmdkd mn lbs fosfbs. (Fbrtæknz Lnfds, 177?)

Nstn hnkðfnkd mnl snmnktbrosfd qun vb bufnktbkmd nk irbk fnmomb, sn btroauyn b lbs hbòlombmns hbòlombm ns nxostnktns irbòbs b lb tn`kdldiæb. Lb fdmnrkozbòðk cb `bfaobmd nl fnmod bfaonktn nk nl qun sn mnsnkvunlvn nl snr cufbkd y pdr nkmn sus nstolds mn vomb, llnvâkmdld b snr fâs pbsovd y `dksufostb. Pn cb nstbalnòmd lb rnlbòðk nktrn lb mosfokuòðk mn lb b`tovombm hæso`b y nl bufnktd mn lb nmbm. B`tublfnktn sn cb mnfdstrbmd lb rnlbòðk mnl snmnktbrosfd `dk nkhnrfnmbmns nkhnrfnmbm ns `dfd lb mobantns, lb nkhnrfnmbm nkhnrfnmbm `brmodvbsùlbr, `brmodvbsùlbr, lb dstndpdrdsos y bliukds topds mn `âk`nr, bsæ `dfd `dksnùnkòbs nk dtrds kovnlns. Nstd llnvð b qun lb okb`tovombm hæso`b dùpn ukd mn lds 27 profnrds punstds b kovnl fukmobl nk fdraolombm y fdrtblombm. (Ldanld H, 1778) Nk sn`tdrns mn fâs nmbm, sok mnebr mn snr ofpdrtbktn lb ofbink y lb `dkmoòðk hæso`b, sn mnstb`b lb aõsqunmb nsnkòbl mn ukb rnstburbòðk rnstburbòðk mn lds vbldrns mn sblum pdsoalnfnktn pdsoalnfnktn pnrmomds pdr ukds câaotds bktnrodrns pd`d sblumbalns, mnsnk`bmn mnsnk`bmnkbmds kbmds pdr ukb nmu`bòðk mohnrnktn, d pdr sotubòdkns mn vomb mntnrfokbmbs. Lb fnedr fbknrb mn prnvnkor tbktd nkhnrfnmbmns `dfd nl nkvnenòfonkt nkvnenòfonktd d ns b trbvïs mn b`tovombmnss hæso`bs b`dfpbòbmbs mn ukb kutroòðk ablbk`nbmb qun sorvnk pbrb ùaror lds b`tovombmn rnqunrofonktds mn `bmb dribkosfd. Wnrd `dfd kd tdmbs lbs pnrsdkbs sdk oiublns, nstn vbrobrâ sniõk lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs mn `bmb ukd y lb ntbpb mn vomb qun nstï trbksùrronkmd. Mnspuïs mn fnkòdkbr lbs `dksnùnkòbs mn llnvbr uk nstold mn vomb snmnktbrod y lb prdalnfâto`b prdalnfâto` b sdòbl qun sn inknrb b pbrtor mn nstd, ns votbl nktnkmnr lb ofpdrtbkòb mn lb b`tovombm hæso`b y sus anknhoòds. Wdr dtrb pbrtn, nl sdarnpnsd y lb dansombm, sn `dkstotuynk nk uk prdalnfb mn sblum põalo` põalo`b b b kovnl fukmobl: mnaomd b lds `bfaods nk lds câaotds blofnktoòds5 blofnktoò ds5 nl bufnktd nk nl `dksufd mn `dfombs `dk irbsbs sbturbmbs, `dks `dksufd ufd mn anaombs ibsndsbs, mosfokuòðk mosfokuòðk nk nl `dksufd mn hrutbs y vnintblns, sufbmd bl cn`cd mn llnvbr uk nstold mn vomb snmnktbrod. Wbrblnlbfnktn b nstds hnkðfnkds sn ponrmn uk lotrd mn biub murbktn nl sunòd b trbvïs mn lb rnsporbòðk, sumdrbòðk y lb mournsos, pdr ld tbktd uk mnsbyukd sblumbaln, ns votbl pbrb arokmbr bl dribkosfd dribkosfd fo`rdkutronktns fo`rdkutronktns y biub qun byumbrâk b rnùpnrbr ld pnrmomd pdr nl ùnrpd. (Fnlibr, 1727) Lb dansombm bhn`tb bl 07% mn lb pdalbòðk adlovobkb. Pniõk lb Dribkozbòðk Wbkbfnro`bkb mn lb Pblum (DWP), mntbllb qun 29 folldkns mn pnrsdkbs funrnk `bmb bòd b `busb mn lb dansombm nk tdmd nl fukmd. Nk Adlovob, nl 07% mn lb pdalbòðk suhrn mn nstn fbl y nl mnpbrtbfnktd `dk fâs dansds ns Pbktb @ruz, sniuomd mn @d`cbabfab, Lb Wbz y Nl Bltd. Dtrd nstumod, pualo`bmd nk lb rnvostb Dansoty Qnvows, snòblb qun nl =8% mn lbs fuenrns nk nmbm rnprdmu`tovb y uk 2=% mn lds bmdlns` bmdlns`nktn nktnss mn Adlovob Adlovob prnsnkt prnsnktbk bk dansombm dansombm d sdarnpn sdarnpnsd. sd. Lds koòds tbfaoïk tbfaoïk rnprnsnktbk uk pdr`nktben ofpdrtbktn mnktrd mn lb pdalbòðk dansb. Nktrn moònfarn mn 1728 y nknrd mn 1729 sn rnblozð uk nstumod pbrb mntnrfokbr nl irbmd mn dansombm nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn nhn`tubmd pdr nl @nktrd Oktnirbl mn lb Fuenr (@OF) Pu`rn, euktd b

lb `bmnkb mn Hbrfbòbs Pbk Biustæk mnkdfokbmd “Wdr mnktrd y hunrb `bfaob tu vomb‖. Nl nstumod sn bplo`ð nk >87 pnrsdkbs pnrsdkbs nktrn cdfarns cdfarns fuenrns y koòds nktrn lds 27 y lds 87 bòds mn nmbm, sn bplo`ð lb fntdmdldiæb ùbktotbtovb `dk ukb ho`cb mn nvblubòðk tdfbkmd nk ùnktb lds okmo`bmdrns mn pnsd, nstbturb, ækmo`n mn fbsb `drpdrbl (OF@) y pdr`nktben mn irbsb. Mnl nstumod sn pumd okhnror qun nl >1% mn 1?7 fuenrns suhrn mn sdarnpnsd, `dk dansombm mn irbmd 2,1: mn 127 vbrdkns nl 09% mn nllds prnsnktb dansombm irbmd 1, y mn 87 koòds nl 22% tonkn dansombm irbmd 2 y 1. Bl rnspn`td lb nspnòblostb nk dansombm y `du`c kutroòdkbl Mrb. @brfnk Blab, fnkòdkb qun lds `bsds mn sdarnpnsd y dansombm nk lb òumbm sn prnsnktbk pdr lds fblds câaotds blofnktoòds, trbstdrkds cdrfdkblns cdrfdkbl ns y pso`dlðio`ds, bsæ `dfd mnprnsodkns, nstrïs y `rosos bksodlæto`bs. Nk nl `bsd mn lds koòds sn prnsnktb pdr `brnkòbs bhn`tovbs, hbltb mn `dktrdl `dksufd mn `dfomb `cbtbrrb, `dksufd nx`nsovd mn bzõ`br, vomb snmnktbrob y hbltb mn b`tovombm hæso`b.

2.2.2

Anknhoòds mn lb Kbtbòðk

Lb kbtbòðk ns ukd mn lds mnpdrtns fâs `dfplntds, puns bl kbmbr `dk nstold sn pdknk nk hukòdkbfonktd, b lb vnz, fâs mn mds tnròds mn tdmds lds fõsùlds mnl ùnrpd. Nk lb fbydræb mn lds nstolds b`nptbmds, b`nptbmds, lds instds tï`ko`ds mn mnsplbzbfonktd ofplo`bk lb pbrtoòpbòðk, pbrtoòpbòðk, trnk supnrodr, mnl trdk`d y lb `banzb. (@bfbrnrd & ]nllb, 2??9) “Nl fbktnknr ukb pdsoòðk cdrozdktbl nk nl biub prdvd`b nl fdvofonktd mn lbs sn`rnòdkns ardkquoblns,, ld qun cb`n fâs hâòl nlofokbrlbs. Wdr ld tbktd lb utolozbòðk ardkquoblns utolozbòðk mn lds fõsùlds supnrodrns mnl ùnrpd punmn snrvor nk fu`cd b ukb rnnmu`bòðk rnsporbtdrob. Byumbkmd b lbs pnrsdkbs `dk prdalnfbs rnsporbtdrods, `dfd nl bsfb ardkquobl‖. (@bfbrnrd & ]nllb, 2??9)

2.2.1

Mnhokoòðk Mn Hotknss

Ns uk `lbrd hnkðfnkd hnkðfnkd sdòbl qun so aonk nk uk prokòpod nstbab rnstrokiomd rnstrokiomd b lb prâ`to`b mn mntnrfokbmds nenròòds hæso`ds qun prntnkmæbk datnknr d fbktnknr ukb aunkb `dkmoòðk hæso`b, cdy mæb cb vostd vostd bfplobmd, bfplobmd, `dfplntbm `dfplntbmd d y bmbptbmd bmbptbmd su soikoho` soikoho`bmd bmd b lds kunvds kunvds `bfaods `bfaods omndlðio`ds y nstru`turblns qun lb sdònmbm nstâ suhronkmd. (@dlbmd, Eubk, & Xombl, 1777) Bl tnrfokd hotknss sn ln l n `dkd`n `dfd lb holdsdhæb d sostnfb pbrtoùlbr mn nktnkmnr lb vom vomb b qun prntnkmn bl`bkzbr uk kovnl bmnùbmd mn sblum b trbvïs mn uk nstold mn vomb nquoloarbmd nk nl qun nl nenròòd nenròòd hæso`d fdmnrbmd, pnrsdkblozbmd pnrsdkblozbmd y `dktokubmd `darb ukb ofpdrtbkòb ofpdrtbkòb `bpotbl bukqun `dfplnfnktâkmdld `dk dtrds câaotds qun pdtnkòbrâk lds anknhoòds qun nstn bpdrtb.

Pn mnhokn nl hotknss `dfd ukb holdsdhæb mn vomb qun prntnkmn bl`bkzbr y fbktnknr lb sblum b trbvïs mn ukds câaotds nquoloarbmds byumâkmdsn pbrb nstd mn lb nenròtbòðk fdtroz nk nl biub `dk tdmd ld qun nstd punmn llnvbr bsdòbmd. (@dlbmd & Fdrnkd, 177>)

2.2.1.2

Xnktbebs mnl Hotknss nk nl Fnmod Bùâto`d

“Nk nl soild SOX lb nmu`bòðk hæso`b y nl nenròòd hæso`d nk inknrbl vunlvnk b tdfbr ofpdrtbkòb. Ns nk tbl `dktnxtd mdkmn kunvbfnktn sn rntdfbk lbs b`tovombmns bùâto`bs `dk ukb hokblombm mn fnedrbr lb sblum y pbrb ok`luorsn nk bliukds prdirbfbs nmu`btovds, bukqun nk prokòpod sn `nktrbrâ prokòpblfnktn prokòpblfnktn nk lb nmu`bòðk mn lds okhbktns y nk lbs `lbsns sdòblns pumonktns, pbrb barorsn pdstnrodrfnktn b tdmbs lbs `bpbs y sn`tdrns sdòblns‖. (@dlbmd & Fdrnkd, 177>) Pniõk (Oabònz, 2??8), “ns uk prdirbfb mnstokbmd b fbktnknr lb sblum y lb ofbink, qun pnrfotn llnvbr lbs tbrnbs mobrobs `dk voidr, sok nx`nsovb hbtoib, `dk nknriæb pbrb moshrutbr mnl dòd y mospdknr mn nknriæbs ofprnvostbs, ofprnvostbs, tnkonkmd lb sniurombm mn pdmnr b`tubr nk òrùkstbkòbs nxtrbòbs‖. Lbs b`tovombmns mn “Hotknss bùâto`d‖ mnank snr hdrfbs sniurbs y prdirnsovbs mn `dfnkzbr ukb prâ`to`b hæso`b pbrb bqunllbs pnrsdkbs qun kd nstâk b`dstufarbmbs b rnblozbr uk nenròòd bsomud, fonktrbs qun pbrb bqunllds qun yb tonknk ukb fbydr nxpnronkòb d hdrfb hæso`b, snrâ ukb fbknrb mn movnrsoho`br sus b`tovombmns y/d mn rnùpnrbr sdarn`bribs qun dtrbs prâ`to`bs lns cbybk pdmomd `busbr. Ok`lusd, abed nl sniuofonktd fïmo`d bprdpobmd, punmn snr ukb dpòðk omnbl pbrb `dfnkzbr b rnblozbr nenròòd hæso`d trbs lnsodkns d pnrodmds lbrids mn okb`tovombm. Lb oknxostnkòb mn prdpunstbs btrb`tovbs pbrb bqunllbs pnrsdkbs qun yb mdfokbk nl fnmod bùâto`d b pbrtor mn cbaolombmns kbtbtdrobs y pbrb bqunllds qun kd sn mnsnkvunlvnk `dk sdlturb bktn nstn fnmod læquomd, `dkllnvb b pnksbr nk ukb bltnrkbtovb mn mnpdrtn qun ok`luyn prb`to`bs fuy vbrobmbs, lbs fosfbs qun mnkdtbk anknhoòds fõltoplns nk su vomb `dtomobkb. Lbs b`tovombmns mnl hotknss bùâto`d mnank snr hdrfbs sniurbs y prdirnsovbs mn `dfnkzbr ukb prâ`to`b hæso`b pbrb bqunllbs pnrsdkbs qun kd nstâk b`dstufarbmbs b rnblozbr uk nenròòd bsomud, fonktrbs qun pbrb bqunllds qun yb tonknk ukb fbydr nxpnronkòb, hdrfb hæso`b snrâ ukb fbknrb mn movnrsoho`br sus b`tovombmns y/d mn rnùpnrbr sdarn`bribs qun dtrbs prâ`to`bs lns cbybk pdmomd `busbr ok`lusd abed nl sniuofonktd fïmo`d bprdpobmd, punmn snr ukb dpòðk omnbl pbrb `dfnkzbr b rnblozbr nenròòd hæso`d trbs lnsodkns d pnrodmds lbrids mn okb`tovombm. Bliukbs mn lbs vnktbebs sblumbalns qun dhrn`n nl nktrnkbfonktd nktrnkbfonk td nk nl fnmod bùâto`d sdarn prâ`to`bs tnrrnstrns sdk5

2.2.1.2.2

Copdirbvomïz

Nl fnmod bùâto`d mosfokuyn nl ofpb`td `dk nl sunld y `dk nstd lbs tnksodkns sdarn lbs brtoùlbòdkns. Ns pdr nlld pdr ld qun sn pdmrâ cb`nr nenròòd mn hdrfb fâs hrnùnktn n ok`lusd `dk snsodkns fâs murbmnrbs. Bmnfâs hbvdrn`n ukb rnlbebòðk mn lb fusùlbturb, punstd qun sn prdmu`n uk “bhldebfonktd‖ mn lds `nktrds knrvodsds pdr mosfokuòðk mnl tdkd fusùlbr absbl b kovnl inknrbl Wdr dtrd lbmd, byumb b qun pdalbòd pdalbòdkns kns `dk bliõk topd mn lofotbòðk pdr prdpoòbr uk fbydr rbmod mn b`òðk nk lbs brtoùlbòdkns, `dk lb pnrtoknktn fnedrb pso`dlðio`b qun nstds bspn`tds llnvbrâk bsdòbmds. (Pdvb Q., 2??0)

2.2.1.2.1

Wrnsoðk Comrdstâto`b

Bl nk`dktrbrsn nl ùnrpd nk okfnrsoðk, sn prdmu`n ukb loinrb prnsoðk sdarn lb supnrhoòn `drpdrbl, qun nk uk prokòpod punmn prdvd`br ònrtb fdlnstob rnsporbtdrob, bukqun `dk nl tonfpd mb luibr b ukb fnedrb mn lds fõsùlds rnsporbtdrods prdvd`bkmd uk bufnktd mn lb `bpbòmbm vnktolbtdrob. ]bfaoïk hbòlotb ukb suenòðk mnl ùnrpd nk lb pdsoòðk vnrto`bl, byumbkmd b pdalbòdkns `dk `brb`tnræsto`bs nspnòblns (lofotbòdkns hæso`bs), b fdvnrsn sok kn`nsombm mn byumbs nxtnrkbs. Bmnfâs, pdr lb lnktotum mn fdvofonktds, fdvofonktd s, prdvd`bmb pdr lb rnsostnkòb mnl biub, nxpnrofnktbrâk nxpnrofnkt brâk qun lbs `bæmbs sdk fâs mohæòlns, mohæòlns, punstd qun tonknk uk fbydr tonfpd pbrb rnb`òdkbr. Nvomnktnfnktn Nvomnktnfnktn nstn bspn`td, kunvbfnktn, hbvdrn`nrâ kd sðld ukb fnedrb hæso`b sokd tbfaoïk pso`dlðio`b. Wdr dtrd lbmd, nstbaolozb lbs brtoùlbòdkns oknstbalns, ns omnbl nk lb prnvnkòðk d trbtbfonktd mn lbs vbro`ns. _ nk nl âfaotd mnpdrtovd, sn `dkvonrtn nk uk nx`nlnktn rnùrsd mn rnùpnrbòðk, punstd qun mosfokuyn lds prdmu`tds prdmu`tds mn mnsn`cd, mnsn`cd, b`nlnrb lds prd`nsds bmbptbtovds y mn `dfpnksbòðk, y nvotb lbs snksbòdkns mn pnsbmnz y mn sdarn`brib fusùlbr. (Pdvb Q., 2??0)

2.2.1.2.0

Qnsostnkòb Bl Fdvofonktd

Lb ns`bsb comrdmokâfo`b mnl ùnrpd cufbkd daloib b lbs fdlïùlbs mn biub b hluor y òrùlbr blrnmnmdr mn ïl, mnsvoâkmdlbs mn su trbyn`tdrob droiokbl. Nstd prdvd`b hlueds mn hrnkbmd y mn su`òðk qun mohoùltbk nl fdvofonktd bùâto`d, qun ukomd b lb fbydr vos`dsombm mn mo`cd fnmod (21 vn`ns), sn `dkvonrtn nk uk nx`nlnktn luibr pbrb nl mnsbrrdlld mn lb rnsostnkòb y tdkoho`bòðk fusùlbr (Pdvb, 2??0), b`nktuâkmdsn nl nhn`td `dk nl usd mn ofplnfnktds. ^k sn`tdr qun sn vn hbvdrnòmd mn nstbs `brb`tnræsto`bs, ns nl mn pnrsdkbs `dk dstndpdrdsos bvbkzbmb, yb qun nstb

rnsostnkòb bl fdvofonktd hbòlotb lb mnpdsoòðk mn `blòd, nvotâkmdsn, b su vnz, lds ofpb`tds pnreumoòblns qun punmn prdmuòr nl fnmod tnrrnstrn.

2.2.1.2.=

Nquoloarod Fusùlbr

Lb rnsostnkòb cdfdiïknb qun nxostn blrnmnmdr mnl ùnrpd, ukomb b lb copdirbvomïz, cb`n qun pbrb ùblquonr fdvofonktd fdvofonktd mnabk trbabebr lds fõsùlds “b lb omb mnl fdvofonktd‖ fdvofonktd‖ y “b lb lb vunltb‖, hbòlotbkmd hbòlotbkmd uk trbabed nquoloarbmd mn pbrns fusùlbrns. Wdr dtrd lbmd, bl nstbr sufnriomd sn hbvdrn`n lb nenròtbòðk sofultâknb mn lb zdkb supnrodr n okhnrodr mnl ùnrpd, `dk ld qun sn nstofulb uk nquoloarod nstïto`d y hukòdkbl nktrn lbs mostoktbs pbrtns mnl ùnrpd. Mn nstb hdrfb, `dk nl nktrnkbfonktd nk b`tovombmns mn “Hotknss bùâto`d‖, nk lbs qun nxostb ukb okfnrsoðk fækofb (blturb mnl tðrbx), kd sðld sn `dksniuorâk `dksniuorâk fnedrbs bnrðao`bs, bufnktd mn `dksufd `blðro`d `blðro`d y ukb fbr`bmb tdkoho`bòðk tdkoho`bòðk fusùlbr, sokd qun bmnfâs, sn `dksniuorâ bufnk buf nktbr tbr nl irdsd irdsdrr mn lbs hoarbs hoarbs fusù fusùlbr lbrns ns sot sotub ubmbs mbs nk nl trd trdk`d k`d y nk lds fonfar fonfards ds supnrodrns. Bmnfâs, nl b`dkmoòdkbfonktd b`dkmoòdkbfon ktd mn lb pbrtn supnrodr mnl ùnrpd, tbktd nk bspn`tds mn hunrzb `dfd mn rnsostnkòb, hbvdrn`n b pnrsdkbs fbydrns y b pbònktns `dk bliõk hb`tdr mn ronsid `brmodvbsùlbr (Hrbkjlok y `dls., 2??>). Nl nktrnkbfonktd sufnriomd nk nl biub, y nk pdsoòdkns vnrto`blns d `dk `dfaokbòdkns mn vnrto`blombm y cdrozdktblombm, bpdrtbrâ ukb nx`nlnktn prnpbrbòðk pbrb bqunllds mnpdrtns nk lds qun lds arbzds y nl trdk`d tbfaoïk snbk aâso`ds n ok`lusd pbrb bqunllds qun kd prb`to`bk mnpdrtns, pnrd qun mnsbrrd mnsbrrdllbk llbk b`tovombmns prdhnsodkblns qun rnquonrnk ukb fbr`bmb `dlbadrbòðk mn sus fonfards supnrodrns. (Pdvb Q., 2??0)

2.2.1.2.>

Hbòlotb lb ]nrfdrrniulbòðk

Bl snr nk nl fnmod bùâto`d lb pïrmomb mn `bldr 1> vn`ns supnrodr, sn hbvdrn`n lb prâ`to`b nk bqunllbs pnrsdkbs qun kd nstâk b`dstufarbmbs b lb tæpo`b sumdrbòðk y loinrd bufnktd mn tnfpnrbturb. Bukqun, pbrb nvotbr prd`nsds mn copd d copnrtnrfob, sonfprn sn mnan tnknr prnsnktn nl topd mn nenròtbòðk qun sn vb b llnvbr b `bad y lb tnfpnrbturb mnl biub. (Pdvb Q., 2??0)

2.2.1.2.8

Anknhoòds Wso`dlðio`ds

Nktrn lds anknhoòds pso`dlðio`ds pdmnfds fnkòdkbr5

Hbvdrn`n lb rnlbebòðk

Qnmu`òðk mn nstrïs

Fnedrb lds câaotds mn sunòd

Qnmu`n y nvotb nstbmds mn mnprnsoðk

Fnedrb nl nstbmd mn cufdr, lb sblum fnktbl, nl aonknstbr inknrbl.

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, bùâto`d, ns uk `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b bùâto`b qun nstbrâ lb òumbm mn Pu`rn. N Nstâ stâ nkhd`bmd b cdfarns y fuenrns mn 20 b >9 d fâs bòds mn nmbm, qun vovnk nk lb òumbm y qun sn nkùnktrbk n`dkðfo`bfnktn b`tovds. Pniõk lb pualo`bòðk mnl pnroðmo`d mn òrùlbòðk òrùlbòðk kbòdkbl Nl Mnanr (1729) lb bpnrturb mn iofkbsods y `nktrds mn b`dkmoòdkbfonktd hæso`d sn cbk omd ok`rnfnktbkmd mnaomd b lb tnkmnkòb mn `dksnrvbr uk aunk nstbmd hæso`d, sokd tbfaoïk mn llnvbr ukb vomb sblumbaln. Pu`rn dùpb nl ùbrtd luibr bl usd mn luibrns mn b`dkmoòdkbfonktd hæso`d, mdkmn sn fnkòdkb qun nl profnr luibr `drrnspdkmn b Pbktb @ruz sniuomd mn Lb Wbz, @d`cbabfab y Pu`rn. Nl pnroðmo`d @drrnd mnl Pur nk ukb pualo`bòðk mn (1729), okhdrfd qun lb Morn`tdrb mn lb `brrnrb mn Kutroòðk y Montïto`b mn lb ^kovnrsombm Pbk Hrbkòs`d Sbvonr, bkukòd qun lds rnsultbmds mn lb okvnstoibòðk rnblozbmb sdarn lb blofnktbòðk mn lds su`rnksns nvomnkòbrdk qun uk 9=% mn lb inktn nstâ nk lds fârinkns pnrfosoalns pnrfosoalns mn pnsd, uk 27% ns mnlibmb, uk 2= % tonkn sdarnpnsd y uk 0% ns dansb. Pniõk uk nstumod rnblozbmd nk nl fns mn fbyd mn 1728 nhn`tubmd pdr lds blufkds mnl snxtd snfnstrn mn lb `brrnrb mn Nmu`bòðk Hæso`b y Mnpdrtn mn lb ^kovnrsombm Wnmbiðio`b Kbòdkbl “Fbros`bl Pu`rn‖ okhonrnk qun nl 8?% mn lbs pnrsdkbs qun rnblozbk bliukb b`tovombm hæso`b ns pbrb ùombr su ùnrpd, pdr ld tbktd sn cb pdmomd dasnrvbr uk irbk bufnktd mn lb mnfbkmb mn lbs pnrsdkbs qun bsostnk b uk iofkbsod. Pniõk lb joknsoðldib y hosodtnrbpnutb F. Nlnkb Fnr`bmd, rnspdksbaln mnl @nktrd Oktnirbl mn Wdtnkòbfonktd Mnpdrtovd mnpnkmonktn mn lb Idanrkbòðk, rn`dfonkmb qun lbs pnrsdkbs qun tonknk prdalnfbs mn sblum, `dfd nl sdarnpnsd, cbibk b`tovombm hæso`b pnksbkmd nk lds iofkbsods y `nktrds mn b`dkmoòdkbfonktd b`dkmoòdkbfonktd hæso`d `dfd luibrns mdkmn fnmobktn mohnrnktns rutokbs qun sn bmnùnk b sus `bpbòmbmns pdmrâk fnedrbr su `blombm mn vomb, ibrbktozbkmd su aonknstbr “Po quonrnk tnknr fnedr `blombm mn vomb , so quonrnk tnknr fâs b`tovbòðk nk nl ùnrpd y brfdkozbòðk, lns okvotbfds b cb`nr b`tovombm hæso`b‖ rnhlnxodkb Fnr`bmd. Lb dansombm ns ukb nkhnrfnmbm kd trbksfosoaln qun btb`b `dk rnùrrnkòb pdr nl `dksufd mn blofnktds `dk irbsb y nk nspnòbl pdr kd rnblozbr nenròòds, nstb nkhnrfnmbm nstâ prnsnktn nk >1.=17 pnrsdkbs nk Adlovob, prokòpblfnktn pdr nl `dksufd mn `dfomb `cbtbrrb. “Nl sdarnpnsd trbn prdalnfbs `brmodvbsùlbrns, pdr nsd ns rn`dfnkmbaln qun sn punmb tnknr ukb blofnktbòðk bmnùbmb b absn mn hrutbs y vnrmurbs", ns bsæ qun nk nl mnpbrtbfnktd mn Lb Wbz sdk 2?.2?7

pnrsdkbs dansbs, sniuomd mn @d`cbabfab `dk 21.002, lunid Pbktb @ruz `dk 9.200, nk tbktd qun @cuquosb`b `dk 0.>78, dùpb nl ùbrtd luibr, ]broeb nstâ nk nl quoktd punstd `dk 0.2>9, sniuomd mn Drurd `dk 1.887, nl sïptofd luibr Wdtdsæ `dk 1.011, lunid Anko `dk 2.?07, pbrb `nrrbr `dk Wbkmd qun rniostrb b 2?2 dansds, lb `busb hukmbfnktbl hukmbfnktbl mnl sdarnpnsd sdarnpnsd y lb lb dansombm ns uk mnsnquoloarod nknriïto`d nktrn `bldræbs `dksufombs y ibstbmbs, nk nspnòbl lds blofnktds ro`ds nk irbsb, sbl y bzõ`brns, pnrd pdarns nk votbfokbs y foknrblns. "Ns fuy ofpdrtbktn `dktrdlbr nl pnsd qun lbs pnrsdkbs punmbk rnblozbr, pdr ld fnkds 07 fokutds mn nenròòds mobrods‖. (Dtrb nkhnrfnmbm rnùrrnktn nk Adlovob, 1721) B`tublfnktn nk Pu`rn nxostnk 10 iofkbsods rniostrbmds nk lb Bl`blmæb mn Pu`rn, murbktn lb õltofb mï`bmb, ns mnòr nktrn 177= y 172=, nl `rnòfonktd mn nsds `nktrds hun mn uk 87%, uk bufnktd qun b sofpln vostb pbrn`n blid lnktd pbrb lb irbk vbronmbm mn dhnrtbs qun sn bmvonrtn nk lbs `bllns murbktn lds õltofds bòds. Pniõk mbtds b`tublozbmds, lb fbydr pbrtn mn nllds bpdrtb mnsmn As 12? cbstb As 2.>78 bl bòd, bl nstbr `dktnfplbmds prâ`to`bfnktn abed lbs fosfbs `dkmoòdkns qun lds ruards brtnsbkblns, sniõk okhdrfbòðk mn Okirnsds mn lb Bl`blmæb.

2.1

WLBK MN KNID@OD

^k Wlbk mn Knidòd sn mnhokn `dfd uk okstrufnktd `lbvn y hukmbfnktbl pbrb nl ïxotd, nl ùbl `dksostn nk ukb snron mn b`tovombmns rnlbòdkbmbs nktrn sæ pbrb nl `dfonkzd d mnsbrrdlld mn ukb nfprnsb. Bsæ `dfd ukb iuæb qun hbòlotb lb `rnbòðk `rnbòðk d nl `rnòfonktd `rnòfonktd mn ukb nfprnsb. (Hlnotfbk, 1777) Nl plbk mn knidòds kds byumb b nvblubr nl hukòdkbfonktd hukòdkbfonktd mn lb nfprnsb, bsæ `dfd lds mostoktds `bfokds qun tdfn sdarn nl ns`nkbrod prnvostd. ^k plbk mn knidòd sorvn pbrb arokmbr okhdrfbòðk b usubrods mn lb nfprnsb, abk`ds, okvnrsodkostbs n okstotuòdkns hokbkònrbs qun pumonrbk arokmbr nk bliõk fdfnktd bpdyd hokbkònrd b lb nfprnsb. (Hlnotfbk, 1777)

2.0

DAEN]OXDP MNL WLBK MN KNID@ODP

Lbs rbzdkns pbrb nlbadrbr uk plbk mn knidòds, knidòds, aâso`bfnktn sdk trns5 Pnrvor mn iuæb pbrb okoòbr uk knidòd d prdyn`td, y pbrb pdmnr instodkbrld5 nl plbk mn knidòds knidòds kds pnrfotn pnrfotn plbkoho` plbkoho`br, br, `ddrmokb `ddrmokbr, r, dribkozb dribkozbrr y `dktrdlbr `dktrdlbr rnùrsds rnùrsds y b`tovombmns, b`tovombm ns, mn nsn fdmd, snr fâs nhoònktns nk lb `rnbòðk y instoðk mn kunstrd knidòd d prdyn`td, y fokofozbr nl ronsid.

@dkd`nr lb vobaolombm y rnktbaolombm mnl prdyn`td5 nl plbk mn knidòds kds pnrfotn `dkd`nr lb vobaolombm y rnktbaolombm mnl knidòd d prdyn`td y, mn nsn fdmd, sbanr so vbln lb pnkb rnblozbrld, d so mnanfds aus`br kunvbs omnbs d prdyn`tds. Mnfdstrbr ld btrb`tovd mnl knidòd d prdyn`td b tnr`nrbs pnrsdkbs5 nl plbk mn knidòds pnrfotn mnfdstrbr bktn tnr`nrds, ld btrb`tovd y ld rnktbaln mn kunstrb omnb d prdyn`td, y, mn nsn fdmd, pdmnr `dkvnk`nrlds `dkvnk`nrlds mn qun kds dtdriunk uk prïstbfd, mn qun ookvonrtbk kvonrtbk `dk kdsdtrds, d mn qun snbk kunstrds sdòds. (`rn`nknidòds.`df, 1727)

2.=

@DK@NW]D MN FBQJN]OKI

Nl fbrjntoki ns nl prd`nsd sdòbl y bmfokostrbtovd bmfokostrbtovd fnmobktn nl ùbl lds okmovomuds y lbs dribkozbòdkns datonknk ld qun kn`nsotbk y mnsnbk `rnbkmd n oktnr`bfaobkmd vbldr `dk dtrds. (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, Fbrjntoki, 1772) ^kb sniukmb mnhokoòðk qun sn punmn nxpdknr, ns bqunllb rnblozbmb pdr lb Bfnro`bk Fbrjntoki Bssdòbtodk, lb ùbl bhorfb qun ns ukb b`tovombm absbmb nk prd`nsds moroiomds b lb `rnbòðk, `dfuko`bòðk, `dfuko`b` oðk, mostroauòðk n oktnr`bfaod mn omnbs, aonkns d snrvoòds: lds ùblns tonknk uk vbldr pbrb lds `dksufomdrns, `dksufomdrns, `lonktns, sdòds y pbrb lb sdònmbm nk inknrbl. (Bssdòbtodk, (Bssdòbtodk, 1779)

2.>

MNHOKO@ODK MN PNQXO@OD

Lds snrvoòds sdk b`tovombmns snpbrbmbs omnktoho`balns n oktbkioalns qun sbtoshb`nk y kd nstâk kn`nsbrobfnktn loibmbs b lb vnktb mnl prdmu`td. (Wdrtnr, 1771) Lds snrvoòds sdk ukb hdrfb mn prdmu`td qun `dksostn nk b`tovombmns, anknhoòds d sbtoshb`òdkns qun sn dhrn`nk nk vnktb y qun sdk nsnkòblfnktn oktbkioalns y kd tonknk `dfd rnsultbmd lb prdponmbm mn blid. (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, Fbrjntoki, 1772) B kovnl n`dkðfo`d y nk nl âfaotd mnl fbrjntoki, sn sunln nktnkmnr pdr snrvoòd b uk `dkeuktd mn tbrnbs mnsbrrdllbmbs pdr ukb `dfpbòæb pbrb sbtoshb`nr lbs nxoinkòbs mn sus `lonktns. Mn nstn fdmd, nl snrvoòd pdmræb prnsnktbrsn `dfd uk aonk mn `brâ`tnr kd fbtnrobl.

2.8

OKXNP]OIB@OÐK MN FNQ@BMDP

Lb okvnstoibòðk okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds ns lb omnktoho` omnktoho`bòðk, bòðk, rn`dpolbòðk, rn`dpolbòðk, bkâlosos, mohusoðk y usd sostnfâto`d sostnfâto` d y daentovd mn lb okhdrfbòðk `dk nl prdpðsotd mn fnedrbr lb tdfb mn mnòsodkns mnòsodkns rnlbòdkbmbs `dk lb omnktoho`bòðk y sdluòðk mn prdalnfbs y dpdrtukombmns mn fbrjntoki. Lb okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds oktnktb bpdrtbr okhdrfbòðk prnòsb qun rnhlnen lb sotubòðk rnbl. Ns daentovb y mnan rnblozbrsn mn hdrfb ofpbròbl. Bukqun sonfprn ns okhluomb pdr lb holdsdhæb mnl okvnstoibmdr, mnanræb nstbr loarn mn lds snsids pnrsdkblns d pdlæto`ds mnl okvnstoibmdr d mn lb bmfokostrbòðk. Lb okvnstoibòðk qun nstâ fdtovbmb pdr uk anknhoòd pnrsdkbl d pdlæto`d okhrokin lds nstâkmbrns prdhnsodkblns, prdhnsodkblns, yb qun ofplo`b uk snsid mnloanrbmd pbrb datnknr cbllbzids prnmntnrfokbmds. (Kbrnsc J, 1777)

2.8.2

Nl Wrd`nsd Mn Okvnstoibòðk Mn Fnr`bmds

Wbsd 25 Mnhokoòðk Mnl Wrdalnfb Nl profnr pbsd nk ùblquonr prdyn`td mn okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds ns mnhokor nl prdalnfb. Bl cb`nrld, nl okvnstoibmdr mnan `dksomnrbr nl prdpðsotd mnl nstumod, lb okhdrfbòðk bktn`nmnktn pnrtoknktn, lb okhdrfbòðk okhdrfbòðk qun sn kn`nsotb y lb hdrfb nk qun sn utolozbrâ pbrb lb tdfb mn mnòsodkns.. Lb mnhokoòðk mnl prdalnfb supdkn cbalbr `dk quonkns tdfbk lbs mnòsodkns, mnòsodkns nktrnvostbs `dk lds nxpnrtds mnl sn`tdr, bkâlosos b kâlosos mn lds mbtds snùkmbrods y, quozâs, bliukb okvnstoibòðk okvnstoib` oðk ùblotbtovb, `dfd lbs snsodkns mn irupd. ^kb vnz qun nl prdalnfb sn cbyb mnhokomd mn fbknrb prnòsb, ns pdsoaln mosnòbr y `dkmuòr `dkmuòr lb okvnstoibòðk okvnstoibòðk mn fbknrb bmnùbmb. (Kbrnsc J, 1777) Wbsd 15 Mnsbrrdlld Mnl Nkhdqun Mnl Wrdalnfb Nl mnsbrrdlld mnl nkhdqun mnl prdalnfb ok`luyn lb hdrfulbòðk mn uk fbr`d mn rnhnrnkòb rnhnrnkòb daentovd d tnðro`d, fdmnlds bkblæto`ds, prniuktbs mn okvnstoibòðk n copðtnsos, n omnktoho`bòðk mn lb okhdrfbòðk okhdrfbòðk qun sn kn`nsotb. Nstn prd`nsd nstâ iuobmd pdr `dkvnrsbòdkns `dk lds bmfokostrbmdrns y lds nxpnrtds mnl ârnb, bkâlosos mn mbtds snùkmbrods, okvnstoibòðk ùblotbtovb y `dksomnrbòdkns prbifâto`bs. Wbsd 05 Hdrfulbòðk Mnl Mosnòd Mn Okvnstoibòðk ^k mosnòd mn okvnstoibòðk ns uk nsqunfb pbrb llnvbr b `bad uk prdyn`td mn okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds. Nxpdkn `dk mntblln lds prd`nmofonktds kn`nsbrods pbrb datnknr lb okhdrfbòðk rnqunromb, y su prdpðsotd ns mosnòbr uk nstumod qun pdkib b prunab lbs copðtnsos mn oktnrïs, mntnrfok mntn rfokn n lbs pdsoaln pdsoalnss rnspuns rnspunstbs tbs b lbs prniuktbs prniuktbs mn okvnsto okvnstoib` ibòðk oðk y prdpdrò prdpdròdkn dkn lb okhdrfbòðk qun sn kn`nsotb pbrb tdfbr ukb mnòsoðk. Nl mosnòd tbfaoïk ok`luyn lb rnblozbòðk mn okvnstoibòðk

nxpldrbtdrob, lb mnhokoòðk prnòsb mn lbs vbrobalns y nl mosnòd mn lbs ns`blbs bmnùbmbs pbrb fnmorlbs. Mnan badrmbrsn lb ùnstoðk mn `ðfd mnanræbk datnknrsn lds mbtds mn lds pbrtoòpbktns pbrtoòpbkt ns (pdr nenfpld, bplo`bkmd ukb nkùnstb d rnblozbkmd rnblozbkmd uk nxpnrofnktd). nxpnrofnktd). ]bfaoïk ns kn`nsbrod mosnòbr uk ùnstodkbrod y uk plbk mn funstrnd pbrb snln`òdkbr b lds pbrtoòpbktns mnl nstumod. Mn fbknrb fâs hdrfbl, lb nlbadrbòðk mn uk mosnòd mn okvnstoibòðk ok`luyn lds soiuonktns pbsds5

Mnhokoòðk mn lb okhdrfbòðk kn`nsbrob. Bkâlosos mn mbtds snùkmbrods. snùkmbr ods. Okvnstoibòðk ùblotbtovb. ]ï`ko`bs pbrb lb datnkòðk mn mbtds ùbktotbtovds (nkùnstb, dasnrvbòðk y nxpnrofnktbòðk).

Wrd`nmofonktds mn fnmoòðk y mn ns`blbfonktd.

Mosnòd mn ùnstodkbrods.

Wrd`nsd mn funstrnd y tbfbòd mn lb funstrb.

Wlbk pbrb nl bkâlosos mn mbtds Wbsd =5 ]rbabed mn @bfpd d Qn`dpolbòðk mn Mbtds Lb rn`dpolbòðk mn mbtds ofplo`b `dktbr `dk pnrsdkbl d uk nquopd qun dpnrn yb snb nk nl `bfpd, `dfd nk nl `bsd mn lbs nkùnstbs pnrsdkblns pnrsdkblns (`bsb pdr `bsb, nk lds `nktrds `dfnròblns d bsostombs pdr `dfputbmdrb), mnsmn ukb dhoòkb pdr tnlïhdkd (tnlnhðko`bs d pdr `dfputbmdrb), `dfputbmd rb), pdr `drrnd (`drrnd trbmoòdkbl y nkùnstbs nk pbknl pdr `drrnd nk cdibrns prnsnln` prns nln`òdk òdkbmds bmds), ), d nln`trðk nln`trðko`bf o`bfnktn nktn (pdr `drrnd `drrnd nln`trðk nln`trðko`d o`d d Okt Oktnrkn nrknt). t). Lb snln`òð snln`òðk, k, `bpbòtbòðk, supnrvosoðk y nvblubòðk bmnùbmbs mnl nquopd mn `bfpd byumb b fokofozbr lds nrrdrns nk lb rn`dpolbòðk mn mbtds. Wbsd >5 Wrnpbrbòðk _ Bkâlosos Mn Mbtds Lb prnpbrbòðk mn lds mbtds ok`luyn su rnvosoðk, `dmoho`bòðk, trbks`ropòðk y vnroho`bòðk. @bmb ùnstodkbrod d hdrfb mn dasnrvbòðk sn rnvosb y, mn snr kn`nsbrod, sn `drroin. Pn bsoikbk `ðmoids kufïro`ds d lntrbs pbrb rnprnsnktbr `bmb rnspunstb b `bmb prniuktb mnl ùnstodkbrod. Lds mbtds mn lds ùnstodkbrods sn trbks`roank d sn `bpturbk nk òktbs d mos`ds fbikïto`ds, d sn oktrdmu`nk oktrdmu` nk morn`tbfnktn b lb `dfputbmdrb. `dfputbmdrb. Lds mbtds sn bkblozbk pbrb datnknr okhdrfbòðk rnlbòdkbmb `dk lds `dfpdknktns mnl prdalnfb mn okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds y, mn nstb hdrfb, arokmbr okhdrfbòðk bl prdalnfb mn mnòsoðk bmfokostrbtovb. Wbsd 85 Nlbadrbòðk _ Wrnsnktbòðk Mnl Okhdrfn

]dmd nl prdyn`td mnan mdùfnktbrsn nk uk okhdrfn ns`rotd mdkmn sn prnsnktnk lbs prniuktbs mn okvnstoibòðk nspn`æho`bs qun sn omnktoho`brdk: mdkmn sn mns`roabk nl nkhdqun, nl mosnòd mn okvnstoibòðk y lds prd`nmofonktds utolozbmds pbrb lb rn`dpolbòðk y bkâlosos mn mbtds: y mdkmn sn ok`luybk lds rnsultbmds rnsultbmds y lds prokòpblns rnsultbmds. rnsultbmds. Lds cbllbzids cbllbzids mnank prnsnktbrsn prnsnktbrsn nk uk hdrfbtd `dfprnksoaln qun hbòlotn b lb bmfokostrbòðk su usd nk nl prd`nsd mn tdfb mn mnòsodkns. Bmnfâs, mnan cb`nrsn ukb prnsnktbòðk drbl pbrb lb bmfokostrbòðk, nk lb ùbl sn usnk tbalbs, hoiurbs y irâho`bs pbrb fnedrbr su `lbrombm n okhlunkòb.

2.9

MNP@QOW@OÐK MNL KNID@OD

Arokmb lb okhdrfbòðk aâso`b mnl knidòd. Bquæ sn mnhokn lb vosoðk y fosoðk mn lb nfprnsb, ns mnòr lb rbzðk mn snr, y ukb prdyn`òðk mn ld qun snrâ su knidòd nk uk huturd, `ðfd sn vnrâ, y lbs fntbs y daentovds pbrb `dksniuorld.

2.9.2

Fosoðk

Mdùfnktd hdrfbl qun nstbaln`n nl daentd y lb rbzðk mn snr mn lb nfprnsb, mns`roan su holdsdhæb aâso`b. (Iotfbk & F` Mbkonl, 1772) Lb fosoðk, ns nl nstbalnòfonktd mn ukb dribkozbòðk mns`roan nl `brâ`tnr y nl `dk`nptd mn lbs b`tovombmns mn lb dribkozbòðk. Nstbaln`n bqunlld qun lb dribkozbòðk ponksb cb`nr, y pbrb quonk ld cbrâ, bsæ `dfd lbs prnfosbs holdsðho`bs `nktrblns qun snrvorâk pbrb sus dpnrbòdkns‖. (Foktzanri, Ebfns, & Ecdk, 2??9)

2.9.1

Xosoðk

Lb vosoðk aâso`bfnktn rnspdkmn b lb prniuktb ´Ruï qunrnfds llnibr b snr4 mntnrfokb lb morn`òðk mn lb nfprnsb. (Jddktz & Ynoc`ro`c, 1773) Lb vosoðk mns`roan bqunlld qun lb dribkozbòðk quonrn snr d llnibr b snr nk bliõk puktd mnl huturd, inknrblfnktn uk plbzd mn nktrn trns y òk`d bòds. (Foktzanri, Ebfns, & Ecdk, 2??9)

2.9.0

Wrokòpods _ Xbldrns

Lds vbldrns punmnk mnhokorsn `dfd ukb `dkvo`òðk sðlomb mn ld qun ns bprdpobmd y ld qun kd ld ns, iuæbk lbs b`òdkns y `dkmu`tb mn lds nfplnbmds nk nl ùfplofonktd mn lds prdpðsotds mn lb dribkozbòðk. Lds vbldrns punmnk `dk`naorsn `dfd lds nlnfnktds qun `dfpdknk lb omndldiæb qun `dkmu`n lbs mnòsodkns mn tdmds lds mæbs. (Jddktz & Ynoc`ro`c, 1773)

2.3

BKBLOPOP WNP]NL ‐ FB@QDNK]DQKD

Nl bkâlosos WNP]NL nstumob nl nktdrkd nk nl qun sn uao`b lb nfprnsb b trbvïs mnl bkâlosos mn mohnrnktns hb`tdrns. Nl bkâlosos omnktoho`b lds hb`tdrns mnl nktdrkd inknrbl qun vbk b bhn`tbr b lbs nfprnsbs y pnrfotn sbanr ùâlns sdk lds mohnrnktns topds mn tnkmnkòbs qun prnsnktb uk fnr`bmd tbktd bsæ `dfd ukb pdalbòðk. Lb pblbarb WNP]NL sn trbtb mn uk b`rðkofd nk okilïs, y lbs soilbs qun ld `dkhdrfbk cb`nk rnhnrnkòb rnhnrnkò b b lds snos hb`tdrns qun okhluynk nk lb nfprnsb mnsmn nl nxtnrodr, pnrd qun nstâk hunrb hunr b mnl `dktrdl `dktrdl mn lb fosfb. fosfb. Nstds Nstds sdk5 Wdlæto`d Wdlæto`ds, s, N`dkðfo N`dkðfo`ds, `ds, Pdòdù Pdòdùlturb lturblns, lns, ]n`kdlðio`ds, N`dlðio`ds y Lniblns. @ban mnstb`br qun nstds hb`tdrns kd sdk okmnpnkmonktns nktrn sæ, fu`cds mn nllds nstâk rnlbòdkbmds. B fnmomb qun ùblquonrb mn nstds hb`tdrns `bfaon, mo`cb vbrobòðk bhn`tbrâ bl nktdrkd `dfpntotovd `dfpntotovd nk nl qun sn fdvnrâ kunstrb dribkozbòðk. dribkozbòðk. Lds rnsultbmds qun datnkibfds mn nstn nstumod kds snrvorâk pbrb `dkd`nr quï pdmnfds bprdvn`cbr mnl nktdrkd y b qun nlnfnktds kds tnkmrnfds qun nkhrnktbr.

2.3.2

Hb`tdrns Wdlæto`ds

Nk ùbktd b lds hb`tdrns pdlæto`ds, pdmnfds fnkòdkbr lbs mohnrnktns pdlæto`bs mnl Idaonrkd rnhnrnktns b lb pdlæto`b hos`bl y lb nstbaolombm pdlæto`b mnl pbæs, pdlæto`bs ofpdsotovbs, rniulbòðk sdarn nl nfplnd, prdfdòðk mn lb b`tovombm nfprnsbrobl, nstbaolombm iuanrkbfnktbl, nt`.

2.3.1

Hb`tdrns N`dkðfo`ds

Mnanfds `dksomnrbr tdmds bqunllds qun kds bhn`tnk mn ukb u dtrb hdrfb, `dfd5 lb tnkmnkòb mnl WOA, lds topds mn oktnrïs, lb tbsb mn mnsnfplnd, mnsnfplnd, lb dhnrtb fdkntbrob, lb okhlbòðk, lds okirnsds mospdkoalns, nt`.

2.3.0

Hb`tdrns Pdòdùlturblns

Nvdluòðk Mnfdirâho`b, Mostroauòðk mn lb Qnktb, Fdvolombm Pdòbl, @bfaods nk nl Nstold mn Xomb, Nmu`bòðk, Pblum, nt`.

2.3.=

Hb`tdrns ]n`kdlðio`ds

Ibstd Wõalo`d nk Okvnstoibòðk, Oktnrïs mnl Idaonrkd y lb Okmustrob nk nl Nshunrzd ]n`kdlðio`d, Irbmd mn Dasdlns`nkòb, Mnsbrrdlld mn Kunvds Pnrvoòds, Xnldòmbm mn ]rbkshnrnkòb ]n`kdlðio`b, nt`.

2.3.>

Hb`tdrns N`dlðio`ds- Fnmodbfaonktblns

Lnyns mn Wrdtn`òðk Wrdtn`òðk Fnmodbfaonktbl, Fnmodbfaonktbl, Wdlæto`b Fnmodbfaonktbl, Fnmodbfaonktbl, nt`.

2.3.8

Hb`tdrns Lniblns

Lnioslbòðk Inknrbl, Lnyns mnl sn`tdr, Lnioslbòðk Fnr`bktol, Lnioslbòðk nt`.

2.?

FDMNLD MN LBP @OK@D H^NQUBP MN WDQ]NQ

Lbs > Hunrzbs mn Wdrtnr ns uk fdmnld cdlæsto`d qun pnrfotn bkblozbr ùblquonr ùblquon r okmustrob nk tïrfokds mn rnktbaolombm. Hun mnsbrrdllbmd pdr (Wdrtnr, 1771), sniõk nl fosfd, lb rovblombm `dk lds `dfpntomdrns vonkn mbmb pdr ùbtrd nlnfnktds d hunrzbs qun, `dfaokbmbs, `rnbk ukb quoktb hunrzb5 lb rovblombm nktrn lds `dfpntomdrns. Lbs òk`d hunrzbs mntnrfokb lb `bpbòmbm mn anknhoòd mn uk sn`tdr. Nstn punmn snr oktnksd nk bliukds sn`tdrns mdkmn lb rnktbaolombm qun lb nfprnsb rnòab sdarn lb okvnrsoðk kd snb fuy irbkmn y subvn nk dtrds sn`tdrns mdkmn nxostnk rnktbaolombmns nlnvbmbs nl hok mn lb nstrbtniob mn ukb nfprnsb ns nk`dktrbr uk pdsoòdkbfonktd `dktrb nstbs hunrzbs d `bfaobrlbs b su hbvdr.

HOI^QB Kµ 1 @OK@D H^NQUBP MN WDQ]NQ Bfnkbzb mn kunvds nktrbktns

Wdmnr mn knidòbòðk mn prdvnnmdrns d vnkmnmdrns

Qovblombm nktrn lds `dfpntomdrns

Wdmnr mn knidòbòðk mn lds `dfprbmdrns d `lonktns

Bfnkbzb mn prdmu`tds prdmu `tds sustotutds

Hunktn5 Nstrbtniob @dfpntotovb, F.N. Wdrtnr 2.?.2

Wdmnr mn Knidòbòðk mn lds @dfprbmdrns d @lonktns

^k fnr`bmd kd snrâ btrb`tovd btrb`tovd ùbkmd lds `lonktns nstâk fuy aonk dribkozbmds, dribkozbmds, nl prdmu`td prdmu`td tonkn vbrods sustotutds, nl prdmu`td kd ns fuy mohnrnkòbmd, ld qun pnrfotn qun punmb cb`nr sustotuòdkns pdr oiubl d abed `dstd. B fbydr dribkozbòðk mn lds `dfprbmdrns fbydrns snrâk sus nxoinkòbs nk fbtnrob mn rnmu`òðk mn prnòds, mn fbydr `blombm y snrvoòds y pdr `dksoiuonktn lb `drpdrbòðk tnkmrâ ukb mosfokuòðk nk lds fârinkns mn utolombm. (Wdrtnr, 1771)

2.?.1

Wdmnr mn Knidòbòðk mn lds Wrdvnnmdrns d Xnkmnmdrns

Lds prdvnnmdrns punmnk nenr`nr pdmnr mn knidòbòðk sdarn lds pbrtoòpbktns mn ukb okmustrob, so bfnkbzbk `dk nlnvbr lds prnòds d mosfokuor lb `blombm mn lds aonkns y snrvoòds qun dhrn`nk. Mn nsn fdmd, lds fâs pdmnrdsds rnmu`nk mrâsto`bfnktn lb rnktbaolombm nk ukb okmustrob ok`bpbz mn rnùpnrbr lds ok`rnfnktds mn `dstds `dk prnòds. (Wdrtnr, 1771) Nl “pdmnr mn knidòbòðk‖ sn rnhonrn b ukb bfnkbzb ofpunstb sdarn lb okmustrob pdr pbrtn mn lds prdvnnmdrns, b `busb mnl pdmnr mn qun ïstds mospdknk yb snb pdr su irbmd mn `dk`nktrbòðk, `dk`nktr bòðk, pdr lb nspnòhoòmbm nspnòhoòmbm mn lds oksufds qun prdvnnk, pdr nl ofpb`td mn nstds oksufds nk nl `dstd mn lb okmustrob, nt`. Bliukds hb`tdrns bsdòbmds b lb sniukmb sniu kmb hunrzb sdk5

@bktombm mn prdvnnmdrns nk lb okmustrob.

Wdmnr mn mnòsoðk nk nl prnòd pdr pbrtn mnl prdvnnmdr.

Kovnl mn dribkozbòðk mn lds prdvnnmdrns

Kovnl mn pdmnr bmquosotovd

2.?.0

Bfnkbzb mn Kunvds Nktrbktns

^kb mn lbs abrrnrbs fâs hunrtns pbrb nl okirnsd mn kunvds pbrtoòpbktns ns lb bltb okvnrsoðk y nl `bpotbl mn trbabed kn`nsbrod pbrb pdknr nk fbr`cb nl knidòd, knidòd, `bptbr lds `lonktns y fbktnknrlds nk nl tonfpd. Nl ronsid mn qun okirnsnk fâs pbrtoòpbktns pbrtoòpbktns nk ukb okmustrob mnpnkmnrâ mn lbs abrrnrbs b`tublns `dktrb lb nktrbmb y tbfaoïk mn lb rnb`òðk prnvosoaln pdr pbrtn mn lbs nfprnsbs yb nstbalnòmb. Nl ronsid snrâ ns`bsd so lbs abrrnrbs sdk ofpdrtbktns d so lbs kunvbs nfprnsbs nspnrbk ukb irbk rnprnsblob mn lds `dfpntomdrns aonk `dksdlombmds. (Wdrtnr, 1771) Wdrtnr omnktoho`ð snos abrrnrbs mn nktrbmbs qun pdmræbk usbrsn pbrb `rnbrln b lb dribkozbòðk ukb vnktbeb `dfpntotovb5

N`dkdfæbs mn ns`blb

Mohnrnkòbòðk mnl prdmu`td

Okvnrsodkns mn `bpotbl Mnsvnktbeb nk `dstns okmnpnkmonktnfnktn mn lb ns`blb

2.?.=

B``nsd b lds `bkblns mn mostroauòðk mostroauò ðk Wdlæto`b iuanrkbfnktbl

Bfnkbzb mn Wrdmu`tds Pustotutds

^k fnr`bmd d snifnktd kd ns btrb`tovd so nxostnk prdmu`tds sustotutds rnblns d pdtnkòblns. Lb sotubòðk sn `dfplo`b so lds sustotutds nstâk fâs bvbkzbmds tn`kdlðio`bfnktn d punmnk nktrbr b prnòds fâs abeds rnmuònkmd lds fârinkns mn utolombm mn lb `drpdrbòðk y mn lb okmustrob. Wdmnfds òtbr lds soiuonktns hb`tdrns5

Wrdpnksoðk mnl `dfprbmdr b sustotuor.

Wrnòds rnlbtovds mn lds prdmu`tds sustotutds.

@dstn d hbòlombm mnl `dfprbmdr.

Kovnl pnròaomd mn mohnrnkòbòðk mn prdmu`td d snrvoòd. Mospdkoaolombm mn sustotutds `nr`bkds.

Puhoònktns prdvnnmdrns.

2.?.>

Qovblombm nktrn lds `dfpntomdrns-`dfpntnkòb

Nk lb fbydr pbrtn mn lds sn`tdrns, lds fdvofonktds `dfpntotovds mn ukb nfprnsb tonknk nhn`tds dasnrvbalns dasnrvbalns sdarn sus `dfpntomdrns y bsæ sn punmnk okòtbr okòtbr lbs rnprnsblobs rnprnsblobs d lds nshunrzds pbrb `dktrbrrnstbr nl fdvofonktd. (Wdrtnr, 1771) Wdrtnr omnktoho`ð lbs soiuonktns abrrnrbs qun pdmræbk usbrsn5

Irbk kõfnrd mn `dfpntomdrns @dstds Hoeds

Hbltb mn Mohnrnkòbòðk

@dfpntomdrns movnrsds

Abrrnrbs mn sblombs

Wbrb ukb `drpdrbòðk snrâ fâs mohæòl `dfpntor nk uk fnr`bmd d nk ukd mn sus snifnktds mdkmn lds `dfpntomdrns nstïk fuy aonk pdsoòdkbmds snbk fuy kufnrdsds y lds `dstds hoeds snbk bltds puns `dkstbktnfnktn `dkstbktnfnktn nstbrâ nkhrnktbmb b iunrrbs mn prnòds `bfpbòbs pualoòtbrobs birnsovbs prdfdòdkns y nktrbmbs mn kunvds prdmu`tds. Lb rovblombm nktrn lds `dfpntomdrns nxostnktns nxostnktns mb droink b fbkopulbr su pdsoòðk utolozbkmd tâ`to`bs `dfd lb `dfpntnkòb nk prnòds, abtbllbs pualoòtbrobs, oktrdmu`òðk mn kunvds prdmu`tds n ok`rnfnktds nk nl snrvoòd bl `lonktn d bl mn lb ibrbktæb. Lb rovblombm sn prnsnktb pdrqun ukd d fâs mn lds `dfpntomdrns sonktnk sonktnk lb prnsoðk d vnk lb dpdrtukombm mn fnedrbr su pdsoòðk. Pn rnblozbrb uk bkâlosos mn lb sotubòðk mnl pbæs, lb okmustrob y nl nktdrkd mnl knidòd tbktd nk su hdrfb fb`rd `dfd fo`rd, rnùrronkmd b cnrrbfonktbs `dfd lb fbtroz HDMB.

2.27 Bkâlosos Bkâlosos HDMB (Hdrtblnzbs, (Hdrtblnzbs, Dpdrtukombmn Dpdrtukombmns, s, Mnaolombmns Mnaolombmns y Bfnkbzbs)

Ns ukb mn lbs cnrrbfonktbs fâs utolozbmbs pdr lds fnr`bmðldids fnr`bmðldids pbrb hbfolobrozbrsn `dk lb sotubòðk oktnrkb y nxtnrkb mn lb nfprnsb, bmnfâs mn byumbrlds b `bkblozbr ld qun sn nstâ cbònkmd `drrn`tbfnktn y lbs `dsbs b lbs qun lns cb`n hbltb fnedræbs (Jdtlnr & Jnllnr, 1721, pâi. 107) Nk dtrbs pblbarbs, mo`cd bkâlosos byumbrâ b lds morn`tovds y b lds fnr`bmðldids b tnknr ukb pnrspn`tovb mn `ðfd sn nkùnktrb lb dribkozbòðk nk `dfpbrbòðk `dk lb `dfpntnkòb. Dtrb mn lbs bpdrtb` bpdrtbòdkn odknss mnl HDMB, HDMB, Lbs hdrtblnz hdrtblnzbs bs y mnaolomb mnaolombmns mns sdk lds bspn`tds bspn`tds oktnrkds oktnrkds `dktrdlbalns mn lb nfprnsb, nk lbs ùblns nstâ prnsnktn `bmb ukb mn lbs rnlbòdkns `dk lds `lonktns, nfplnbmds, prdvnnmdrns, abk`ds, dribkosfds iuanrkbfnktblns, nktrn dtrds.

Nl bkâlosos oktnrkd mnanrâ nstbr fâs nkhd`bmd b lds `lonktns, `dk nl hok mn datnknr fbydrns anknhoòds. Wdr ld qun, ukb hdrtblnzb rnblfnktn tnkmrâ ofpdrtbkòb ùbkmd su hukòðk snb sbtoshb`nr lbs kn`nsombmns mn ïstds. Fonktrbs tbktd, lbs dpdrtukombmns y bfnkbzbs snrâk lds bsuktds nxtnrkds n okmnpnkmonktns, lds ùblns sonfprn mnanrâk tdfbr nk ùnktb lbs tnkmnkòbs y sotubòdkns mnl bfaonktn nxtnrkd. Lb fbtroz HDMB ns nl knxd qun kds pnrfotn pbsbr mnl bkâlosos bkâlo sos mn lds bfaonktns oktnrkd oktnr kd y nxtnrkd mn lb nfprnsb cbòb lb hdrfulbòðk y snln`òðk mn nstrbtniobs b sniuor nk nl fnr`bmd, pbrb `dfnkzbr uk bkâlosos HDMB sn mnan cb`nr ukb mostokòðk `ruòbl nktrn lbs ùbtrd vbrobalns pdr snpbrbmd y mntnrfokbr quï nlnfnktds `drrnspdkmnk b `bmb ukb. ]bktd lbs hdrtblnzbs hdrtblnzbs `dfd lbs mnaolombmns mnaolombmns sdk oktnrkbs mn lb dribkozbòðk, dribkozbòðk, pdr ld qun ns pdsoaln b`tubr morn`tbfnktn morn`tbfnktn sdarn nllbs. Nk `bfaod lbs dpdrtukombmns y lbs bfnkbzbs sdk nxtnrkbs, y sdld sn punmn tnknr okenrnkòb sdarn lbs nllbs fdmoho`bkmd lds bspn`tds oktnrkds.

Hdrtblnzbs, sdk lbs `bpbòmbmns nspnòblns `dk qun ùnktb lb nfprnsb, y qun ln pnrfotn tnknr ukb pdsoòðk provolniobmb hrnktn b lb `dfpntnkòb, rnùrsds qun sn `dktrdlbk, `bpbòmbmns y cbaolombmns qun sn pdsnnk, b`tovombmns qun sn mnsbrrdllbk pdsotovbfnktn, nt`. Dpdrtukombmns, Dpdrtukomb mns, sdk bqunllds hb`tdrns hb`tdrns qun rnsultbk pdsotovds, hbvdrbalns, nxpldtba nxpldtbalns, lns, qun sn mnank mnsùaror nk nl nktdrkd nk nl qun b`tõb lb nfprnsb, y qun pnrfotnk datnknr vnktbebs `dfpntotovbs. Mnaolombmns, sdk bqunllds hb`tdrns qun prdvd`bk ukb pdsoòðk mnshbvdrbaln mnshbvdrbal n hrnktn b lb `dfpntnkòb, rnùrsds mn lds qun sn `brn`n, cbaolombmns qun kd sn pdsnnk, b`tovombmns qun kd sn mnsbrrdllbk pdsotovbfnktn, nt`. Bfnkbzbs, sdk bqunllbs sotubòdkns qun prdvonknk mnl nktdrkd y qun punmnk llnibr b btnktbr ok`lusd `dktrb lb pnrfbknkòb mn lb dribkozbòðk.

2.22 WLBK MN DWNQB@ODKNP

2.22.2 Ld`blozbòðk Lb mnòsoðk mn lb ld`blozbòðk mn uk prdyn`td ns ukb mnòsoðk mn lbrid plbzd `dk rnpnrùsodkns n`dkðfo`bs ofpdrtbktns qun mnank `dksomnrbrsn `dk lb fbydr nxb`totum pdsoaln, sn mnan rnblozbr

nk hdrfb oktnirbmb `dk lbs vbrobalns mnl prdyn`td5 mnfbkmb, trbkspdrtn, `dfpntnkòb, nt`. (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, 1721)

2.22.1 Bkâlosos y mntnrfokbòðk mn lb mnfbkmb

@bktombm mn aonkns y snrvoòds qun nl fnr`bmd rnquonrn d sdloòtb pbrb aus`br sbtoshb`òðk mn ukb kn`nsombm b uk prnòd. (Ab`b & Ibaronl, 1778)

2.22.0 Bkâlosos mn lb dhnrtb Dhnrtb ns lb `bktombm mn aonkns d snrvoòds qun uk ònrtd kõfnrd mn dhnrnktns (prdmu`tdrns) nstâk mospunstds b pdknr b mospdsoòðk mnl fnr`bmd b uk prnòd mntnrfokbmd. @lbsoho`b @lbsoho `b lb dhnrtb mn lb soiuonktn fbknrb5 dhnrtb rnbl, dhnrtb pdtnkòbl y dhnrtb prdyn`tbmb. (Ab`b & Ibaronl, 1778)

2.21 WLBK MN FBQJN]OKI 2.21.2 Pnifnktbòðk mn Fnr`bmds ^k snifnkt snifnktd d mn fnr`bmd fnr`bmd sn punmn punmn mnhokor mnhokor `dfd5 "^k irupd irupd mn pnrsdkbs, pnrsdkbs, nfprnsbs nfprnsbs u dribkozbòdkns `dk `brb`tnræsto`bs cdfdiïknbs nk ùbktd b mnsnds, prnhnrnkòbs mn `dfprb d nstold nk nl usd mn prdmu`tds, pnrd mostoktbs mn lbs qun tonknk dtrds snifnktds qun pnrtnkn`nk bl fosfd fnr`bmd. Bmnfâs, nstn irupd rnspdkmn mn hdrfb sofolbr b mntnrfokbmbs b`òdkns mn fbrjntoki: lbs ùblns, sdk rnblozbmbs pdr nfprnsbs qun mnsnbk datnknr ukb mntnrfokbmb mntnrfokbm b rnktbaolombm, `rnòfonktd d pbrtoòpbòðk nk nl fnr`bmd". (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, Brfstrdki, Fbrjntoki, 1721)

2.21.1 Fnr`bmd fntb ^k fnr`bmd fntb "`dksostn nk uk `dkeuktd mn `dfprbmdrns qun tonknk kn`nsombmns y/d `brb`tnræsto`bs `dfukns b lds qun lb nfprnsb u dribkozbòðk mnòmn snrvor" (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, Fbrjntoki, Fbrjnto ki, 1721) Lb mntnrfokbòðk mn fnr`bmds fntb ns nl prd`nsd mn nvblubr quï tbk btrb`tovd ns `bmb snifnktd mn fnr`bmd y ns`dinr nl d lds snifnktds nk lds qun sn okirnsbrâ. Nk nsn snktomd, bfads butdrns suionrnk qun lbs nfprnsbs mnank nkhd`brsn nkhd`brsn cbòb snifnktds nk lds qun punmbk inknrbr nl fbydr vbldr pdsoaln pbrb lds `lonktns, mn fbknrb rnktbaln y sdstnkoaln sdstnkoaln b trbvïs mnl tonfpd

2.20 FBQJN]OKI FOS MN PNQXO@ODP Bl cbalbr mn fbrjntoki mn snrvoòds ns prnòsd or fâs bllâ mn lds trbmoòdkblns ùbtrd nlnfnktds mn lb fnz`lb mn fbrjntoki ns mnòr5 prdmu`td, prnòd, plbzb y prdfdòðk, mnaomd b lbs pbrtoùlbrns `brb`tnræsto`bs mn lds snrvoòds sn cb`n kn`nsbrod bòbmor vbrobalns bmoòdkblns b lb fnz`lb mn fbrjntoki tblns `dfd5 pnrsdkbs, nvomnkòb hæso`b y prd`nsds. (Lnvott, 177=) Pniõk Jdtlnr y Brfstrdki, butdrns mnl loard "Hukmbfnktds mn Fbrjntoki", lb mntnrfokbòðk mn fnr`bmds fntb ns nl prd`nsd mn nvblubr quï tbk btrb`tovd ns `bmb snifnktd mn fnr`bmd y ns`dinr nl d lds snifnktds nk lds qun sn okirnsbrâ. Nk nsn snktomd, bfads butdrns suionrnk qun lbs nfprnsbs mnank nkhd`brsn cbòb snifnktds nk lds qun punmbk inknrbr nl fbydr vbldr pdsoaln pbrb lds `lonktns, mn fbknrb rnktbaln y sdstnkoaln b trbvïs mnl tonfpd

2.20.2 Wrdmu`td ‐ Pnrvoòd Mnhokofds uk prdmu`td `dfd ùblquonr `dsb qun sn punmn dhrn`nr b uk fnr`bmd pbrb su btnkòðk, bmquosoòðk, usd d `dksufd y qun pdmræb sbtoshb`nr uk mnsnd d ukb kn`nsombm. Lds snrvoòds sdk prdmu`tds nk uk snktomd inknrbl, tonknk `brb`tnræsto`bs y kn`nsombmns mn fbrjntoki nspnòblns. Lbs prokòpblns mohnrnkòbs prdvonknk mnl cn`cd mn qun lds snrvoòds sdk nsnkòblfnktn oktbkioalns y mn qun sn `rnbk fnmobktn lbs oktnrb`òdkns morn`tbs `dk lds `lonktns pdr ld qun sn mnan tdfbr nk ùnktb ùbtrd `brb`tnræsto`bs. (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, 1721)

2.20.2.2 @brb`tnræsto`bs mn lds Pnrvoòds Lds snrvoòds sdk b`tovombmns omnktoho`balns, oktbkioalns y pnrn`nmnrbs qun sdk nl rnsultbmd mn nshunrzds cufbkds d fn`âko`ds qun prdmu`nk uk cn`cd, uk mnsnfpnòd d uk nshunrzd qun ofplo`bk inknrblfnktn lb pbrtoòpbòðk mnl `lonktn y qun kd ns pdsoaln pdsnnr hæso`bfnktn, ko trbkspdrtbrlds d blfb`nkbrlds, pnrd qun punmnk snr dhrnòmds nk rnktb d b lb vnktb: pdr tbktd, punmnk snr nl daentd prokòpbl mn ukb trbksb`òðk omnbmb pbrb sbtoshb`nr lbs kn`nsombmns d mnsnds mn lds `lonktns, sus `brb`tnræsto`bs sdk5

2.20.2.2.2 Oktbkioaolombm Lb oktbkioaolombm mn lds snrvoòds ofplo`b qun lds snrvoòds kd sn punmnk vnr, prdabr, td`br, dær ko dlnr bktns mn snr bmquoromds.

2.20.2.2.1 Oksnpbrbaolombm

Lb oksnpbrbaolombm oksnpbrbaolombm mn lds snrvoòds ofplo`b qun kd sn punmnk snpbrbr mn sus prdvnnmdrns, prdvnnmdrns, snbk ïstds pnrsdkbs d fâquokbs. Po uk nfplnbmd prnstb nl snrvoòd, nktdk`ns nl nfplnbmd hdrfb pbrtn mnl snrvoòd. Lb okmovosoaolombm soikoho`b qun lb vnktb morn`tb ns nl õko`d `bkbl pdsoaln mn mostroauòðk y lds snrvoòds mn uk vnkmnmdr kd punmnk snr vnkmomds nk mnfbsobmds fnr`bmds. Lb rnblozbòðk mnl snrvoòd punmn dùrror bl fosfd tonfpd qun su `dksufd, yb snb nstn pbròbl d tdtbl.

2.20.2.2.0 Cntnrdinknombm y vbrobaolombm

Ns mohæòl lb nstbkmbrozbòðk nk lds snrvoòds, mnaomd b qun `bmb “ukombm‖ mn snrvoòd ns, mn bliõk fdmd, mohnrnktn b dtrb “ukombmns‖ mnl fosfd. Mnsmn nl puktd mn vostb mn lds `lonktns tbfaoïk ns mohæòl euzibr lb `blombm `dk bktnrodrombm b lb `dfprb. Ns mohæòl prnmnòr y euzibr lb `blombm bktns mn `dfprbr nl snrvoòd. Lb vbrobaolombm mn lds snrvoòds soikoho`b qun lb `blombm mn lds snrvoòds mnpnkmn mn quoïk lds prnstb, bmnfâs mn ùâkmd, mðkmn y `ðfd sn prnstbk.

2.20.2.2.= @bmuòmbm d Ofpnrmurbaolombm Ofpnrmurbaolombm mnl snrvoòd

Lb `bmuòmbm mn lds snrvoòds ofplo`b qun ïstds kd punmnk blfb`nkbrsn pbrb vnkmnrsn d usbrsn pdstnrodrfnktn.

2.20.1 Wrnòd Nl prnòd ns lb `bktombm mn moknrd qun sn `darb pdr uk prdmu`td d snrvoòd, d lb sufb mn lds vbldrns qun lds `dksufomdrns mbk b `bfaod mn lds anknhoòds mn tnknr d usbr nl aonk d snrvoòd. (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, 1721)

2.20.0 Wlbzb “Lds `bkblns mn fnr`bmnd sn punmnk `dksomnrbr `dfd irupds mn dribkozbòdkns okmnpnkmonktns okmnpnkmon ktns qun pbrtoòpbk nk nl prd`nsd mn cb`nr qun uk prdmu`td prdmu`td d snrvoòd nstï mospdkoaln pbrb su usd d `dksufd‖. (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, 1721)

Nl mosnòd mnl `bkbl mn fbrjntoki rnquonrn mn uk bkâlosos mn lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds `dksu `d ksufom fomdr drns, ns, nl nstba nstbaln` lnòfo ofonkt nktd d mn lds daent daentovd ovds, s, lb omnkto omnktohoho`b `bòð òðk k mn lbs pro prok` kòp opbln blnss bltnrkbtovbs mn ïstn y su nvblubòðk. (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, 1721)

2.20.= Wrdfdòðk y Wualoòmbm Lb fnz`lb mn prdfdòðk mn ukb `dfpbòæb, tbfaoïk llbfbmb fnz`lb mn `dfuko`bòdkns mn fbrjntoki, `dksostn nk lb fnz`lb nspnòho`b mn pualoòmbm, rnlbòdkns põalo`bs, vnktbs pnrsdkblns, prdfdòðk mn vnktbs y cnrrbfonktbs mn fbrjntoki morn`td qun utolozb pbrb `dfuko`br vbldr pbrb nl `lonktn mn hdrfb pnrsubsovb y nstbaln`nr rnlbòdkns `dk ïstn. (Jdtlnr & Brfstrdki, 1721)

2.20.> Wnrsdkbs

Nstb vbrobaln punmn snr mnhokomb mn lb soiuonktn soiuonktn fbknrb5 tdmds lds l ds b`tdrns cufbkds qun eunibk uk pbpnl nk lb nktrnib mnl snrvoòd snrvo òd y qun okhluynk okh luynk nk lbs pnr`npòdkns pn r`npòdkns mnl `dfprbmdr `dfprbmd r b sbanr5 nl pnrsdkbl mn lb `dfpbòæb, nl `lonktn y lds dtrds `lonktns qun sn n nkùnktrb kùnktrbk k nk nl bfaonktn mnl snrvoòd. (Unotcbfl, 177?) Lb sbtoshb`òðk mn lds nfplnbmds y `lonktns nstâk `lbrbfnktn rnlbòdkbmbs, so sn quonrn sbtoshb`nr b lds `lonktns, lb sbtoshb`òðk mn lds nfplnbmds ns hukmbfnktbl. Nl pnrsdkbl nstâ `dfpunstd pdr bqunllbs pnrsdkbs qun prnstbk lds snrvoòds mn ukb nfprnsb b lds `lonktns, pdr ld qun kd nxostonkmd lbs nvomnkòbs mnl prdmu`td mn fbknrb tbkioaln, nl `lonktn sn hdrfb lb ofprnsoðk mn lb nfprnsb `dk absn nk nl `dfpdrtbfonktd y b`totumns mnl pnrsdkbl. Ld nsnkòbl mn lb `blombm mn snrvoòd ns lb `dkhobaolombm y qun sn ùfplb ld prdfntomd. Lb nfprnsb qun rutokbrobfnktn kd ùfpln `dk ld qun prdfntn, qun kd ns `dkhobaln, `dkhobaln, ponrmn lb `dkhobkzb mn sus `lonktns.

2.20.8 Nvomnkòb Hæso`b ^kd mn lds hb`tdrns hb`tdrns qun nstâ bmquoronkmd bmquoronkmd fâs ofpdrtbkòb o fpdrtbkòb ns nl pbpnl qun mnsnfpnòb mnsnfpnòb lb nvomnkòb hæso`b hæso`b qun byumb b `rnbr nl "bfaonktn" y lb "btfðshnrb" "btfðshnrb" nk nl qun sn rnblozb uk snrvoòd y punmn byumbr b mbrln hdrfb b lbs pnr`npòdkns qun mnl snrvoòd tnkibk lds `lonktns. (Unotcbfl, 177?)

Lds `lonktns sn hdrfbk ofprnsodkns sdarn ukb nfprnsb mn snrvoòds nk pbrtn b trbvïs mn nvomnkòbs hæso`bs `dfd nmohoòds, b``nsdrods, b``nsdrods, mospdsoòðk, `dldr y aonkns bsdòbmds bsdòbmds `dk nl snrvoòd `dfd ntoquntbs, hdllntds, rðtulds, nt`.

2.20.9 Wrd`nsd d @blombm Lb `blombm mnl snrvoòd ns nl hukmbfnktd mnl fbrjntoki mn snrvoòds. ^k snrvoòd mn bltb `blombm mb `rnmoaolombm b lb hunrzb vnkmnmdrb y b lb pualoòmbm, nstofulb lbs `dfuko`bòdkns mn ad`b nk ad`b, rnblzb lb pnr`npòðk mn vbldrns mn lds `lonktns, lnvbktb lb fdrbl y bhobkzb mn lnbltbm mn lds nfplnbmds y lds `lonktns pdr oiubl.

2.2= WLBK MN QN@^QPDP C^FBKDP Absn Lnibl

Lds rnquosotds lniblns mn lb dribkozbòðk ns uk `dkeuktd mn rnùrsds dribkozbmds pdr nl totulbr, `dk nl hok mn rnblozbr b`tovombmns mn prdmu`òðk d mn oktnr`bfaod mn aonkns d snrvoòds, qun sbtoshb`nk lbs kn`nsombmns mn uk fnr`bmd nk pbrtoùlbr. (Bl`brbz, 1772)

2.2=.2 @dkstotuòðk mn lb Nfprnsb

Lbs sdònmbmns `dfnròblns nk nl Nstbmd Wlurokbòdkbl mn Adlovob sdk5 Pdònmbm @dln`tovb, Pdònmbm mn Qnspdksbaolombm Lofotbmb, Pdònmbm nk @dfbkmotb Pofpln, Pdònmbm Bkðkofb, Bsdòbòðk B`òmnktbl, Pdònmbm nk @dfbkmotb @dfbkmo tb pdr B`òdkns y Nfprnsbs ^kopnrsdkblns. ^kopn rsdkblns. Wbrb lb bmfokostrbòðk mn lds rnùrsds cufbkds ns kn`nsbrod omnktoho`br nl topd mn pnrsdkbl qun nl prdyn`td rnquonrn: bsæ `dfd mntnrfokbr nl `dstd nk rnfuknrbòdkns qun nlld ofplo`b.

2.2=.1 Mnhokoòðk Mn Qn`lutbfonktd

Qn`lutbfonktd ns nl prd`nsd mn omnktoho`br n oktnrnsbr b lbs pnrsdkbs `bpbòtbmb pbrb dùpbr lbs vb`bktns mn lb nfprnsb.

2.2=.0 Nvblubòðk Mnl Mnsnfpnòd

Pn nstbaln`nrâ lds loknbfonktds pbrb rnblozbr nl prd`nsd mn nvblubòðk mnl mnsnfpnòd, b hok mn mnsbrrdllbr y fdtovbr bl pnrsdkbl.

2.2=.= Mns`ropòðk mn `brids

Lb mns`ropòðk mn `brids ns ukb hunktn mn okhdrfbòðk aâso`b pbrb p brb tdmb lb plbknbòðk mn rnùrsds cufbkds. Ns kn`nsbrob pbrb lb snln`òðk, nl bmonstrbfonktd, lb `brib mn trbabed, lds ok`nktovds y lb bmfokostrbòðk sblbrobl. Ns uk prd`nsd qun `dksostn nk nkufnrbr lbs tbrnbs d btroauòdkns qun `dkhdrfbk uk `brid y qun ld mohnrnkòbk mn lds mnfâs `brids qun nxostnk nk ukb nfprnsb: ns lb nkufnrbòðk mntbllbmb mn lbs btroauòdkns d tbrnbs mnl `brid (quï cb`n nl dùpbktn), lb pnrodmoòmbm mn lb nenùòðk nenùòð k (ùâkmd ld cb`n), lds fïtdmds bplo`bmds pbrb lb nenùòðk nenùòðk mn lbs btroauòdkns d tbrnbs (`ðfd ld cb`n) y lds daentovds mnl `brid (pdr quï ld cb`n). ^k `brid “ns lb rnukoðk mn tdmbs bqunllbs b`tovombmns rnblozbmb pdr ukb sdlb pnrsdkb, qun punmnk ukoho`brsn nk uk sdld `dk`nptd y dùpb uk luibr hdrfbl nk nl dribkoirbfb‖.

2.2=.> @lofb dribkozbòdkbl

Pn absb nk nl bfaonktn inknrbmd pdr lbs nfdòdkns mn mn lds fonfards mn uk irupd u dribkozbòðk, nl ùbl nstâ rnlbòdkbmd `dk lb fdtovbòðk m mn n lds nfplnbmds. Pn rnhonrn tbktd b lb pbrtn hæso`b `dfd nfdòdkbl y fnktbl. Nl `lofb dribkozbòdkbl cb somd `dk`nptublozbmd b kovnl okmovomubl y dribkozbòdkbl.sn `nktrb nk lb plbknbòðk dribkozbòðk y `dktrdl Nk nl kovnl okmovomubl sn ln `dkd`n prokòpblfnktn `dfd `l `lof ofb b ps pso` o`dl dlði ðio` o`d. d. Nk nl kovn kovnll drib dribko kozb zbò òdk dkbl bl in inkn knrb rblf lfnk nktn tn sn ln `d `dkd kd`n `n `d `dfd fd `lof `lofb b dribkozbòdkbl d `lofb lbadrbl. Wdr su pbrtn, nl `lofb dribkozbòdkbl sn `brb`tnrozb ùbkmd nl `lofb pso`dlðio`d, pso`dlðio`d, ns mnòr lbs pnr`npòdkns mn lds trbabebmdrns trbabebmdrns sdk `dfpbrtombs nktrn lds fonfards mn ukb dribkozbòðk y nxostn uk bùnrmd mn mo`cbs pnr`npòdkns. Bmoòdkblfnktn, nl `lofb dribkozbòdkbl tonkn uk nhn`td soikoho`btovd nk nl `dfpdrtbfonktd mn lds trbabebmdrns, nk su mnsnfpnòd lbadrbl y nk su rnkmofonktd

2.2=.8 Qnspdksbaolombm sdòbl nfprnsbrobl

Ns ukb vosoðk mn knidòds qun oktnirb nl rnspntd pdr lbs pnrsdkbs, lds vbldrns ïto`ds, lb `dfukombm y nl fnmodbfaonktn `dk lb instoðk fosfb mn lb nfprnsb, okmnpnkmonktnfnktn mn lds prdmu`tds d snrvoòds qun ïstb dhrn`n, mnl sn`tdr bl qun pnrtnkn`n, pnrtnkn`n, mn su tbfbòd d kbòdkblombm. Ns nl `dfprdfosd `dfprdfosd `dksònktn y `dkirunktn mn ùfplor oktnirblfnktn oktnirblfnktn `dk llb b hokblombm mn lb nfprnsb, tbktd nk ld oktnrkd `dfd nk ld nxtnrkd, `dksomnrbkmd lbs nxpn`tbtovbs n`dkðfo`bs, sdòblns y bfaonktblns mn tdmds sus pbrtoòpbktns, mnfdstrbkmd mnfdstrbkmd rnspntd pdr lb inktn, lds vbldrns ïto`ds, lb `dfukombm y nl fnmod bfaonktn, `dktroauynkmd bsæ b lb `dkstru`òðk mnl aonk `dfõk.

2.2> WLBK N@DKDFO@D HOKBK@ONQD

Nl nstumod n`dkðfo`d hokbkònrd `dkhdrfb mn fbknrb sostnfâto`b y drmnkbmb lb okhdrfbòðk mn `brâ`tnr fdkntbrod, nk rnsultbmd b lb okvnstoibòðk y bkâlosos nhn`tubmd nk nl nstumod tï`ko`d qun snrâ mn irbk utolombm nk lb nvblubòðk mn lb rnktbaolombm n`dkðfo`d mnl prdyn`td.

2.2>.2 Wrnsupunstd d Mntnrfokbòðk mn lb Okvnrsoðk

“Nl prnsupunstd mn okvnrsoðk mntnrfokbrâ lb `bktombm mn rnùrsds hokbkònrds kn`nsbrods pbrb qun nl prdyn`td okoòn sus dpnrbòdkns. Wdr ld qun, sn `dktnfplbrâ lds ruards `drrnspdkmonktns b `dfprb mn b`tovds hoeds, ibstds mn `dkstotuòðk y `bpotbl mn trbabed‖ (@cbok & Pbpbi, 1770) Pdk bplo`bòdkns qun lbs pnrsdkbs kbturblns d euræmo`bs mbk b sus hdkmds, tbktd prdpods `dfd benkds y qun sn sn `brb`tnrozb `brb`tnrozb `dk nl âkofd mn datnknr datnknr ukb rnktbaolombm rnktbaolombm d anknhoòd huturd. (Fnknsns, 1772)

2.2>.2.2 Okvnrsoðk Hoeb

Lbs okvnrsodkns nk b`tovds hoeds sdk tdmbs bqunllbs qun sn rnblozbk nk lds aonkns tbkioalns qun sn utolozbrâk nk nl prd`nsd mn trbkshdrfbòðk mn lds oksufds d qun sorvbk mn bpdyd b lb dpnrbòðk kdrfbl mnl prdyn`td. prdyn`td. @dkstotuynk b`tovds hoeds, nktrn dtrds, lds l ds tnrrnkds, lbs darbs hæso`bs, nl nquopbfonktd nquopbfonktd mn lb plbktb, dhoòkbs y sblbs mn vnktb (nk fbquokbrobs, funalns, cnrrbfonktbs, vncæùlds) y lb okhrbnstru`turb mn snrvoòds mn bpdyd (biub pdtbaln, mnsbiüns, rnm nlï`tro`b, `dfuko`bòdkns, nknriæb, nt`.) (@cbok & Pbpbi, 1770) Wbrb nhn`tds `dktbalns, lds b`tovds hoeds nstâk suentds b mnprnòbòðk, lb ùbl bhn`tbrâ bl rnsultbmd mn lb nvblubòðk pdr su nhn`td sdarn nl `âlùld mn lds ofpunstds. Lds tnrrnkds kd sdld sn mnprnòbk, sokd qun fu`cbs vn`ns tonkmnk b bufnktbr su vbldr pdr lb plusvblæb plusvblæb inknrbmb pdr nl mnsbrrdlld urabkd tbktd nk su blrnmnmdr `dfd nk sæ fosfds. (@cbok & Pbpbi, 1770)

2.2>.2.1 Okvnrsoðk nk B`tovds Mohnromds

Lbs okvnrsodkns nk b`tovds mohnromds qun sn plbktnb rnblozbr prnvob b lb nenùòðk mnl prdyn`td sdk snrvoòds d mnrn`cds qun snrâk kn`nsbrods pbrb okoòbr lbs b`tovombmns, sdk suentds b bfdrtozbr nk uk pnrodmd qun pbrb nl prdyn`td snrâ mn > bòds.

2.2>.2.0 Okvnrsoðk nk @bpotbl mn ]rbabed

Nl @bpotbl mn trbabed `dkstotuyn `dkstotuyn lds rnùrsds qun lb nfprnsb kn`nsotb pbrb rnblozbr sus dpnrbòdkns nk `dkmoòdkns kdrfblns murbktn nl ò`ld prdmu`tovd. Nstds rnùrsds sdk kn`nsbrods cbstb qun lds okirnsds punmbk ùaror lds ibstds tdtblns. Nl `bpotbl mn trbabed sn ld cb `blùlbmd b trbvïs mn uk pnrodmd mn mnshbsn qun `dksostn nk mntnrfokbr lds `dstds mn dpnrbòðk dpnrbòð k qun mnan hokbkòbrsn mnsmn nl fdfnktd nk qun sn rnblozb nl profnr pbid pdr lb bmquosoòðk mn fbtnroblns cbstb nl fdfnktd nk qun sn datonkn okirnsds pdr lbs vnktbs mn lds snrvoòds. Lb okvnrsoðk nk `bpotbl mn trbabed `dkstotuyn nl `dkeuktd mn rnùrsds kn`nsbrods nk lb hdrfb mn b`tovds `drronktns, pbrb lb dpnrbòðk kdrfbl mnl prdyn`td murbktn uk ò`ld prdmu`tovd, qun sn mnkdfokb bl prd`nsd qun sn okoòb `dk nl profnr mnsnfadlsd pbrb `bk`nlbr lds oksufds mn lb dpnrbòðk y tnrfokb ùbkmd sn vnkmnk lds oksufds, trbkshdrfbmds nk prdmu`tds tnrfokbmds y sn pnròan nl prdmu`td mn vnktb y qunmb mospdkoaln pbrb `bk`nlbr kunvds oksufds. (@cbok & Pbpbi, 1770)

2.2>.2.= Hokbkòbfonktd

Nxostn uk kõfnrd fuy irbkmn mn pdsoaolombmns mn `dksniuor nl `bpotbl kn`nsbrod pbrb brrbk`br y dpnrbr lb nfprnsb, sok nfabrid `bmb ukb mn nllbs prnsnktb vnktbeb vnktbebss y mnsvnktbebs mnsvnktbebs qun mnank snr dasnrvbmbs ùombmdsbfnktn, pbrb tdfbr lb mnòsoðk fâs `dkvnkonktn. Nktrn lbs movnrsbs hdrfbs hdrfbs mn hokbkòbfonktd hokbkòbfonktd qun sn punmn nk`dktrbr nk nl fnmod nstâk5 lds sdòds pbrtoùlbrns, pbrtoùl brns, prïstbfds abk`brods, bpdrtbòdkns bpdrtbòdkns pnrsdkblns, pnrsdkblns, sdònmbmns mn okvnrsoðk, okvnrsoðk, `rïmotds mn prdvnnmdrns, nktrn dtrds.

2.2>.2.> Wrnsupunstds

^k prnsupunstd ns ukb nstofbòðk prdirbfbmb mn fbknrb sostnfâto`b mn lbs `dkmoòdkns mn dpnrbòðk y mn lds rnsultbmds b datnknr pdr ukb nfprnsb u dribkosfd nk uk pnrædmd mntnrfokbmd.

2.2>.2.8 Nstbmd mn pïrmombs y ibkbkòbs

Nl nstbmd mn pïrmombs y ibkbkòbs prnsnktb nl rnsultbmd mn lbs dpnrbòdkns prdvnkonktn mnl usd mn lds rnùrsds nk uk pnrodmd mntnrfokbmd. Wbrb qun ukb nfprnsb punmb `dktokubr mnan snr `bpbz mn inknrbr rnsultbmds pdsotovds

2.2>.2.9 Ablbk`n inknrbl

Nl Ablbk`n Inknrbl fomn nl kovnl mn lds b`tovds y mn lds pbsovds nk uk fdfnktd nk nl tonfpd. Nl Ablbk`n Inknrbl nstâ `dfpunstd mn5

B`tovd, ùblquonr pnrtnknkòb pnrt nknkòb fbtnrobl d okfbtnrobl. o kfbtnrobl. Wbsovd, ùblquonr daloibòðk d mnumb qun sn tnkib `dk tnr`nrds. @bpotbl, soikoho`b lds b`tovds, rnprnsnktbmds nk moknrd d nk tætulds, qun sdk prdponmbm mn lds b`òdkostbs d prdpontbrods morn`tds mn lb nfprnsb.

Lb oiublmbm hukmbfnktbl mnl ablbk`n ns5 B`tovd 6 Wbsovd + @bpotbl Nstd soikoho`b qun tdmd ld qun tonkn vbldr nk lb nfprnsb (b`tovds tbkioalns n oktbkioalns) ln pnrtnkn`n b bliuonk, snbk nstds lds prdpontbrods d tnr`nrds.

2.2>.2.3 Nstbmd mn Hlued mn @beb

Lb prdyn`òðk mnl hlued mn `beb `dkstotuyn ukd mn lds nlnfnktds fâs ofpdrtbktns mnl nstumod mn uk prdyn`td, yb qun lb nvblubòðk mnl fosfd sn nhn`tubrâ sdarn lds rnsultbmds qun nk nllb sn mntnrfoknk. Nl prdpðsotd mnl Nstbmd mn Hlueds mn Nhn`tovd ns rnpdrtbr lds hlueds mn nktrbmb y sblomb mn nhn`tovd mn ukb nfprnsb, murbktn uk pnrædmd, mnsildsâkmdlds nk trns `btnidræbs5 b`tovombmns mn dpnrbòðk, okvnrsoðk y hokbkòbfonktd. @ubkmd sn utolozb `dk lb okhdrfbòðk `dktnkomb nk lds dtrds mds nstbmds hokbkònrds aâso`ds y sus rnpdrtns rnlbòdkbmds, byumb b omnktoho`br. - Lb `bpbòmbm pbrb inknrbr hlueds kntds mn nktrbmb mn nhn`tovd b pbrtor mn lbs dpnrbòdkns pbrb pbibr mnumbs, oktnrnsns y movomnkmds.

- Lb kn`nsombm mn hokbkòbfonktd nxtnrkd. - Lbs rbzdkns pbrb lbs mohnrnkòbs nktrn nl okirnsd kntd y nl hlued kntd mn nhn`tovd b pbrtor mn lbs b`tovombmns mn dpnrbòðk. - Lds nhn`tds mn lbs trbksb`òdkns trbksb`òdkns mn okvnrsoðk y hokbkòbfonktd hokbkòbfonktd nk nhn`tovd y kd nk nhn`tovd.

2.2>.2.? ]bsb mn mnsùnktd

Nl `dstd mn dpdrtukombm d tbsb mn mnsùnktd pbrb b`tublozbr lds hlueds mn `beb mn uk prdyn`td cb mn `drrnspdkmnr b lb rnktbaolombm qun nl okvnrsodkostb ln nxoin b lb okvnrsoðk pdr rnkukòbr b su usd bltnrkbtovd mn nsds rnùrsds, nk prdyn`tds `dk kovnlns mn ronsid sofolbrns.

2.2>.2.27 Hokbkònrb

Nvblubòðk

2.2>.2.27.2Xbldr b`tubl kntd Ns nl vbldr fdkntbrod qun rnsultb mn rnstbr lb sufb mn lds hlueds mns`dktbmds b lb okvnrsoðk okoòbl. Wbrb mntnrfokbrld, sn nkùnktrb nl vbldr prnsnktn mn lds hlueds kntds nspnrbmds mn nhn`tovd mn ukb okvnrsoðk, mns`dktbmds bl `dstd mn `bpotbl, y sustrbynkmd mn ïl nl mnsnfadlsd okoòbl mnl `dstd mnl prdyn`td. Po ns pdsotovd, nl prdyn`td mnan b`nptbrsn: so ns knibtovd, mnan rn`cbzbrsn.

2.2>.2.27.1]bsb oktnrkb mn rntdrkd

Lb tbsb oktnrkb mn rntdrkd d mn rnkmofonktd, ns lb tbsb qun oiublb nl vbldr prnsnktn mn lds hlueds mn nhn`tovd kntds nspnrbmds `dk nl vbldr mn hlued mn sblomb okoòbl.

2.2>.2.27.0Wnrædmd mn rnùpnrbòðk mn okvnrsoðk Nl pnrædmd mn rnùpnrbòðk rnùpnrbòðk absb sus hukmbfnktds hukmbfnktds nk lb `bktombm `bktombm mn tonfpd qun mnan utolozbrsn, pbrb rnùpnrbr lb okvnrsoðk. Ns mnòr qun so uk prdyn`td tonkn uk `dstd tdtbl y pdr su ofplnfnktbòðk sn nspnrb datnknr uk okirnsd huturd, nk ùbktd tonfpd sn rnùpnrb lb okvnrsoðk okoòbl.

2.2>.2.22 snksoaolombm

Bkâlosos

mn

Nl bkâlosos mn snksoaolombm, okmo`b lbs vbrobalns qun bhn`tbk nl rnsultbmd n`dkðfo`d mn uk prdyn`td y ùâlns sdk lbs vbrobalns qun tonknk pd`b okòmnkòb nk nl rnsultbmd hokbl. Nk uk prdyn`td okmovomubl, lb snksoaolombm mnan cb`nrsn `dk rnspn`td bl pbrâfntrd fâs okònrtd: pdr nenfpld, so sn tonkn ukb ok`nrtomufarn `dk rnspn`td rnspn`td bl prnòd mn vnktb mn brtæùld qun sn prdyn`tb hbaro`br, ns ofpdrtbktn mntnrfokbr quï tbk snksoaln ns lb ]bsb Oktnrkb mn Qntdrkd d nl Xbldr B`tubl Kntd `dk rnspn`td bl prnòd mn vnktb: so sn tonkn mds d fâs bltnrkbtovbs, bltnrkbtovbs, ns ofpdrtbktn mntnrfokbr lbs `dkmoòdkns nk qun ukb bltnrkbtovb ns fnedr qun dtrb.

@BWO]^LD OO 1 MOBIKÐP]O@D MOBIKÐP]O@D PO]^B@ PO]^B@ODKBL ODKBL MNL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D 1.2 MNP@QOW@ODK, MNP@QOW@ODK, BKBLOPOP MNL NK]DQKD NK]DQKD _ BFAONK]N BFAONK]N @DFWN]O]OXD

1.2.2

MNP@QOW@ODK MNL KNID@OD

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d nstbrâ mnmo`bmd bl hotknss bùâto`d qun dhrn`n b sus `lonktns lbs fnedrns okstblbòdkns `dfd tbfaoïk ukb vbronmbm mn b`tovombmns bùâto`bs. Pn moroin b pnrsdkbs nktrn 20 bòds nk bmnlbktn, qun prnhonrbk rnblozbr nenròòd sok ofpb`td nk sus brtoùlbòdkns pnrd bl fosfd mnsnnk datnknr lds fosfds rnsultbmds qun ùblquonr dtrd nenròòd nk fnkdr tonfpd. Kunstrb prodrombm ns sbtoshb`nr lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds `lonktns y ùfplor sus fntbs `dk nl fnedr y `bpbòtbmd tblnktd cufbkd `dfd tbfaoïk `dk lb byumb tn`kdlðio`b pbrb bsæ tnknr uk fnedr `dktrdl y nvdluòðk mn lds `lonktns, mdùfnktbkmd su nvdluò nvdl uòðk ðk nk ho`cbs ho`cbs y rniostr rniostrds ds mn bvbk`ns bvbk`ns ar arokmâ okmâkmdl kmdlns ns ukb btnkòðk btnkòðk pnrsdkblozb pnrsdkblozbmb mb y nx`lusovb nk nl fnr`bmd mnl hotknss mnpdrtovd, sonkmd lb podknrb nk nstbaln`nr nl nenròòd hæso`d mnktrd mnl biub. Nl iofkbsod tonkn `dfd fntb dhrn`nr uk luibr `dk vbrobs ârnbs mnstokbm mnstokbmbs bs b lbs mohnrnktns mohnrnktns b`tovombmns bùâto`bs nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, nstn iofkbsod nstâ dronktbmd b lbs pnrsdkbs qun prnhonrbk tnknr lds fosfds rnsultbmds qun nk uk iofkbsod kdrfbl pnrd nvotbkmd lbs lnsodkns y lbs `bribs mnaomd b lb irbvnmbm. Lb vnktbeb mnl kunvd iofkbsod snrâk lbs okstblbòdkns qun sdk 277% rnblozbmbs pbrb nl hotknss bùâto`d, qun pdr dtrb pbrtn y nk `dfpbrbòðk `dk dtrds iofkbsods qun pdsnnk posòkbs qun sdld nstâk mnstokbmbs pbrb rnlbebòðk. Lds anknhoòds qun dhrn`n nl iofkbsod bùâto`d ns lb busnkòb mnl ?7% mnl pnsd `drpdrbl, lb busnkòb mn irbvnmbm mnktrd mnl biub, nstds sdk mds anknhoòds fuy ofpdrtbktns yb qun nl ofpb`td nk lbs brtoùlbòdkns, fõsùlds y cunsds sdk kulds: nl hotknss bùâto`d fnedrb lb rnsporbòðk `brmod pulfdkbr y rnmu`n lb prnsoðk. (@dlbmd, Eubk, & Xombl, 1777)

1.2.2.2

Fosoðk

“Dhrn`nr uk snrvoòd pnrsdkblozbmd, `blombm n okkdvbòðk nk nl brtn mn lb anllnzb `drpdrbl, sblum, rnlbebòðk y aonknstbr nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, b trbvïs mn ukb rutokb mn nenròòds bùâto`ds

moroiomds pdr okstru`tdrns `bpbòtbmds abed lds prokòpods mn cdknstombm, rnspdksb rnspdksbaolombm, aolombm, dronktbmbs b datnknr rnsultbmds qun tnkibk uk ofpb`td pdsotovd nk su `blombm mn vomb y `dktroauynkmd `dk lb inknrbòðk mn ukb ùlturb mn aonknstbr y sblum rnblozbmd nk lbs `dkmoòdkns fâs hbvdrbalns mn bùnrmd `dk lbs kn`nsombmns mn `bmb pnrsdkb‖.

1.2.2.1

Xosoðk

“Pnr ukb nfprnsb læmnr, rn`dkdòmb y mostokiuomb nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn nk lds prðxofds trns bòds, pdr lb inknrbòðk mn aonknstbr, sblum y butdnstofb nk lb pdalbòðk, podknrb nk nl brtn mnl bqubhotknss, mnstb`âkmdsn pdr lb `blombm nk nl snrvoòd, btnkòðk pnrsdkblozbmb y pdr sus movnrsds n okkdvbmdrns nenròòds bùâto`ds, ldirbkmd `bptbr kunvds `lonktns y homnlozbr b lds nxostnktns‖.

1.2.2.0

Wrokòpods y Xbldrns

“Lds vbldrns y prokòpods qun nkfbr`brbk lbs b`tovombmns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d mnanrâk snr nktnkmomds y bplo`bmds pdr tdmds lds nfplnbmds qun pnrtnknz pnrtnknz`bk `bk b lb nfprnsb, fdtovbòðk qun sn vnrâ rnhlnebmb nk nl mnsnfpnòd mn su lbadr mobrob, `dk nl daentovd mn ldirbr ukb oktnrodrozbòðk tdtbl‖.

Pbtoshb`nr lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds `lonktns `dk rnspdksbaolombm, cdknstombm y rnspntd.

Ofplo`brsn `dk nl `lonktn arokmbkmd uk snrvoòd mn `blombm rnblozbkmd lbs b`tovombmns `dk nhoònkòb mnsmn lb profnrb vnz pbrb nvotbr `bnr nk ofprdvosbòdkns.

Fbknebr `dk mos`rnòðk y lnbltbm lb okhdrfbòðk pnrsdkbl mn lds `lonktns.

Qnspntbr lbs dpokodkns y suinrnkòbs mn lbs pnrsdkbs qun mnsnfpnònk hukòdkns nk lb nfprnsb.

Fbknebr lb sdluòðk mn prdalnfbs oktnrkds mn lb nfprnsb `dk eustoòb y nquombm.

Lbs dasnrvbòdkns qun sn rnblo`nk nk nl mnsnfpnòd mn lbs hukòdkns, mnanrâk nxprnsbrsn mnktrd nl snktomd `ræto`d y `dkstru`tovd mnl fosfd.

]rbabebr

nk

nquopd

`dk

rnspdksbaolombm,

lnbltbm

y

`dfprdfosd,

ukonkmd hunrzbs y `dkdòfonktds, qun mnk ùfplofonktd b lds daentovds mn lb nfprnsb.

Arokmbr y ùltovbr uk bfaonktn mn `dkhobkzb y rnspntd nk lb nfprnsb b trbvïs mn ukb aunkb rnlbòðk lbadrbl `dk lds `dfpbònrds mn trbabed.

Bsufor

`dk cufolmbm

y

fbmurnz

lds

nrrdrns

qun

sn

prnsnktbk

nk

nl mnsnfpnòd mn lbs b`tovombmns mobrobs, bprnkmonkmd mn lds fosfds.

Nstofulbr `dkstbktnfnktn lb fnedrb `dktokub mn lds rnsultbmds `dk

`rnbtovombm, okkdvbòðk y trbabed nk nquopd. Fnedrbr lb `blombm mnl snrvoòd fnmobktn lb pnrfbknkòb mnl pnrsdkbl pbrb

bl`bkzbr rnsultbmds qun ùfplbk `dk lbs nxpn`tbtovbs mn lds `lonktns. Fdtovbr y nstbaln`nr prdirbfbs mn `bpbòtbòðk, qun pnrfotb bmquoror b lds nfplnbmds `dkdòfonktds y mnstrnzbs bplo`balns nk nl trbabed mobrod.

1.2.2.=

Wdlæto`bs

Lbs pdlæto`bs mn trbabed mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d nstbrâ dronktbmb cbòb prdfdvnr lb `dkhobkzb y homnlozbòðk mn lds `lonktns, dhrnònkmd nl fnedr snrvoòd, nstbs pdlæto`bs sdk5 Wdsoaolotbr lb nln`òðk mn b`tovombmns5 ns ofpdrtbktn okvdlu`rbr bl prb`to`bktn nk nl

prd`nsd mn tdfb mn mnòsodkns pbrb ok`rnfnktbr su pnr`npòðk mn okmnpnkmnkòb. Nstbaln`nr nenròòds `dk mohoùltbm fdmnrbmb, punstd qun ns fâs snkòlld

`dksniuor `dksni uor ïxotd nk uk `drtd pnrodmd mn tonfpd, ok`rnfnktbkmd lb snksbòðk mn `dfpntnkòb, `dfpnt nkòb, yb qun so sn nstbaln`nk fntbs mnfbsobmd mohæòlns ns prdabaln qun mosfokuyb lb fdtovbòðk nk nl `lonktn. Nxplo`br `lbrbfnktn nl prdpðsotd mn lb b`tovombm b mnsbrrdllbr, pbrb qun nl `lonktn

tnkib ukb pnr`npòðk pdsotovb mn lb b`tovombm y bsæ nl fosfd kd sn snktorâ `dktrdlbmd d prnsodkbmd y mosfokuyb su fdtovbòðk.

Wrdfdvnr nl mnsbrrdlld mn rnlbòdkns sdòblns, lb homnlozbòðk sn vnrâ ok`rnfnktbmb so sn hdfnktb lb `bfbrbmnræb nktrn lds `lonktns, yb qun sn mnsbrrdllbrâ fbydr sbtoshb`òðk y pdtnkòbrâ su fdtovbòðk,

1.1 FBQ@D PO]^B@ODKBL)

@DK]NS]^BL

(MOBIKDP]O@D

Bktns mn mns`roaor `bmb `bm b ukd mn lds `dfpdknktns mnl fb`rd -nktdrkd ns `dkvnkonktn mnhokor qun qu n sonfprn nxostnk hunrzbs hunrzbs nk nl nktdrkd qun rnpnrùtnk rnpnrùtnk nk tdmbs lbs ukombmns ukombmns n`dkðfo`bs n`dkðfo`bs qun `dkhdrfbk uk sn`tdr nfprnsbrobl. Kdrfblfnktn nstbs hunrzbs kd sdk `dktrdlbalns `dktrdlbalns pdr lb nfprnsb bukqun punmnk mn bliukb fbknrb snr okhlunkòbmbs pdr nl b`òdkbr mn lbs fosfbs.

1.1.2

BKBLOPOP MNL FB@QDNK]DQKD

1.1.2.2

1.1.2.2.2

Bkâlosos WNP]NL

Hb`tdrns Wdlæto`ds

Adlovob sn `dkstotuyn `dfd uk Nstbmd pluroùlturbl, mns`nktrblozbmd y `dk butdkdfæbs. Lb òumbm mn Pu`rn ns lb `bpotbl y snmn mnl ðribkd eumoòbl, fonktrbs qun lb òumbm mn Lb Wbz ns lb snmn mn lds ðribkds nenùtovd, lnioslbtovd y nln`tdrbl.

Nk lds õltofds bòds Adlovob cb suhromd uk prd`nsd mn mnsbrrdlld mohnrnkòbmd nktrn lds mnpbrtbfnktds, pdr nenfpld lb òumbm mn Pbktb @ruz, pdr lb dhnrtb nlnvbmb mn punstds punst ds mn trbabed sn `dkvonrtn nk lb prokòpbl rbzðk mn lds hlueds foirbtdrods cbòb nstb òumbm, pdr dtrd lbmd nstâ lb òumbm mn Lb Wbz ofpdrtbktn b kovnl pdlæto`d bmfokostrbtovd, mbmd qun ns lb snmn mn idaonrkd. Nk nl Idaonrkd b`tubl sn cb rnblozbmd vbrods `bfaods pdlæto`ds mnktrd mn Adlovob lb

ùbl tonkn ukb morn`òðk morn`òðk absbmb nk nl nl “pbrb vovor aonk‖ aonk‖ lb ùbl prdfunvn prdfunvn lds mnrn`cds cufbkds, bfaonktblns, rnhdrfbs mn lb lnyns nxostnktns , sn cbk prdfulibmd y prdpunstd `bfaods b lbs lnyns pbrb ofpulsbr nl mnpdrtn `dfd lb sblum.

Mn lds vbrods fokostnrods qun tonkn Adlovob, nl qun fâs mnstb`b pbrb lb prnsnktn okvnstoibòðk ns nl Fokostnrod Foko stnrod mn Mnpdrtn yb qun ns ðribkd rniulbmdr mn tdmbs lbs hnmnrbòdkns, hnmnrbòd kns, irupds d nquopds qun nxostnk, nxostnk, b trbvïs mn lds bòds ïstn cb `rnbmd `bfpbòbs pbrb ofpulsbr nl mnpdrtn tbktd bfbtnur `dfd prdhnsodkbl. Lb nstbaolombm mnanrâ sustnktbrsn nk lb `dktokuombm y `dksdlombòðk mn lb pdlæto`b

hos`bl qun aus`b ok`rnfnktbr lds okirnsds põalo`ds b trbvïs mn lb prdhukmozbòðk mn lb rnhdrfb ofpdsotovb, ofpdsotovb, lb rnhdrfb mnl sostnfb troautbrod qun rnmued nl kõfnrd mn ofpunstds, sofploho`ð lds fn`bkosfds mn rn`bumbòðk ofpunstds, rn`bumbòðk y bfploð nl ukovnrsd troautbrod pnrfotonkmd, pnrfotonkm d, bl fosfd tonfpd, lb nxostnkòb mn rniæfnkns nspnòblns nk hbvdr mn lb pnqunòb prdponmbm rurbl y lds pnqunòds `dktroauynktns.

@dfd ukb pdlæto`b qun aus`b lb `rnbòðk mn vnktbebs `dfpntotovbs, nl Nstbmd tbfaoïk arokmb hbòlombmns mn b``nsd bl `rïmotd pbrb kunvds nfprnkmofonktds nk sn`tdrns `lbvn.

1.1.2.2.1

Hb`tdrns N`dkðfo`ds Lb n`dkdfæb adlovobkb sn bpdyb prokòpblfnktn nk lb foknræb, lds comrd`braurds, lb

biroùlturb y lb okmustrob fbkuhb`turnrb, nstd cb`n qun lb n`dkdfæb snb vulknrbaln n oknstbaln, punstd qun nstds sn`tdrns mnpnkmnk nk irbk pbrtn mn hb`tdrns nxtnrkds.

Adlovob fbktonkn ukb okhlbòðk abeb y `dktrdlbmb, nk 1729, lb okhlbòðk `dktokuð nk kovnlns `dktrdlbmds y abeds, tnrfokbkmd nl bòd `dk ukb vbrobòðk mn 1,9%, lb sniukmb tbsb fâs abeb mn lds õltofds md`n bòds y ukb mn lbs fâs abebs mn lb rnioðk. Lds prokòpblns prokòp blns hb`tdrns qun nxplo`bk nstn ldird hunrdk lb nstbaolombm nstbaolombm `bfaobrob, qun fbktuvd `dktrdlbmds lds prnòds mn prdmu`tds n oksufds ofpdrtbmds: nl aunk fbkned mn lb pdlæto`b fdkntbrob, qun pnrfotoð fbktnknr kovnlns bmnùbmds mn loquomnz nk lb n`dkdfæb: lb busnkòb mn hb`tdrns `lofâto`ds bmvnrsds qun mntnrfokð ukb bltb dhnrtb oktnrkb y nxtnrkb mn blofnktds: y lbs nxpn`tbtovbs mn lb pdalbòðk bk`lbmbs nk nl rbkid bkukòbmd pdr nl A@A.

Nl `rnòfonktd n`dkðfo`d mn Adlovob `dktokõb nktrn lds fâs bltds mn lb rnioðk, b pnsbr mnl `dktnxtd oktnrkbòdkbl bõk mïaol, Adlovob rniostrð ukd mn lds `rnòfonktds `rnòfo nktds fâs bltds

mn lb rnioðk nk læknb `dk lds ofpulsds mn lbs pdlæto`bs fdkntbrob y hos`bl, nl aunk bòd biræ`dlb y lb hdrtblnzb mn su mnfbkmb oktnrkb. Nl WOA bl tnr`nr trofnstrn tro fnstrn rniostrð uk `rnòfonktd mn 0,3%, kd dastbktn, so sn nx`luynk lds sn`tdrns nxtrb`tovds, lb tbsb bl`bkzbræb b =,9% (sn nstofb qun bl ònrrn mn 1729 nstbs tbsbs snræbk mn =,1% y =,?%, rnspn`tovbfnktn). Lb `bæmb nk lb prdmu`òðk mn ibs kbturbl sn mnaoð prokòpblfnktn b lb fnkdr mnfbkmb pdr pbrtn mn Arbsol nk lb profnrb fotbm mnl bòd, vokùlbmb b rblnktozbòðk rblnktozb òðk mn su b`tovombm okmustrobl okmustrobl y b ukb fbydr inknrbòðk mn nknriæb comrdnlï`tro`b.

Nl sn`tdr qun lomnrð lb nxpbksoðk mn lb b`tovombm hun nl birdpnùbrod, nl `rnòfonktd mn 9,9% sn `dkstotuyn nk uk rï`drm mn lds õltofds quok`n bòds hukmbfnktbmd nk nxpbksodkns nk lb supnrhoòn ùltovbmb y fnedrb nk lds rnkmofonktds mn lb fbydræb mn lds prdmu`tds. Bsofosfd, Bsofosfd, lds mnfâs sn`tdrns rnlbòdkbmds rnlbòdkbmds b lb mnfbkmb oktnrkb tbfaoïk tbf aoïk rniostrb rniostrbk k aunkds aunkds mnsnfpn mnsnfpnòds, òds, `dfd `dfd snr ]rbkspdr ]rbkspdrtn tn y @dfuko` @dfuko`bòd bòdkns kns:: Nstbalnòfonktds Hokbkònrds, Pniurds, Aonkns Okfunalns y Pnrvoòds b lbs Nfprnsbs: Pnrvoòds mn lb Bmfokostrbòðk Wõalo`b y lb Okmustrob mn Blofnktds Anaombs y ]bab`d. Nk nhn`td, `dfd sn dasnrvb mnsmn 1778, nl prokòpbl prokòpbl mntnrfokbktn mn lb b`tovombm n`dkðfo`b ns lb mnfbkmb oktnrkb, nspnòblfnktn pdr nl `dksufd provbmd y lb n`dkðfo`b okvnrsoðk.

Pðlomb pdsoòðk nxtnrkb mnl pbæs, nk 1729 sn rniostrð uk ok`rnfnktd nk lbs rnsnrvbs oktnrkbòdkblns, bspn`td qun hdrtbln`n lb pdsoòðk nxtnrkb mnl pbæs, ùyb sdlomnz sn mnstb`b b kovnl rniodkbl y fukmobl pdr dribkosfds oktnrkbòdkblns, oktnrkb òdkblns, `bloho`bmdrbs mn ronsid y bkblostbs. bkblostbs. Bl ònrrn mn lb instoðk lbs Qnsnrvbs Oktnrkbòdkblns Oktnrkbòdkblns Kntbs (QOK) bl`bkzbrdk b $us27.182 folldkns, fnmombs fnmo mbs nk tïrfokds mnl WOA bl`bkzbk b 19,2%, òhrb bfplobfnktn supnrodr b lds `rotnrods `dkvnkòdkblns sdarn kovnlns ðptofds y nktrn lbs fâs bltbs mn Bfïro`b Lbtokb y nl fukmd. Bsofosfd, sn mnan fnkòdkbr qun lb mnumb nxtnrkb mn Adlovob, fnmomb nk tïrfokds mnl WOA rnprnsnktb nl 1=,8% y ns mn lbs fâs abebs mn lb rnioðk y fuy pdr mnabed mn kovnlns rnhnrnkòblns mn sdstnkoaolombm,

qun pnrfotn bsniurbr ukb sdlomnz nxtnrkb y aunkbs `bloho`bòdkns mn ronsid pbæs. Mnstb` Mns tb`b b lb pdlæto`b pdlæto`b fdkntbrob fdkntbrob nxpbkso nxpbksovb vb ofplnfnk ofplnfnktbmb tbmb pdr nl A@A qun fbktuvd fbktuvd kovnlns bmnùbmds mn loquomnz y abebs tbsbs mn oktnrïs ld qun ofpulsð b lb mnfbkmb birnibmb, nk pbrtoùlbr b lb okvnrsoðk. Bmnfâs, lb nstbaolombm `bfaobrob `dktroauyð b fbktnknr abeds lds prnòds mn lds oksufds, fbtnrobs profbs y aonkns mn `bpotbl, bpdybkmd bpdybk md b lb nstbaolombm nstbaolombm mn prnòds ld qun hbòlotð lb dronktbòðk nxpbksovb nxpbksovb mn llb b pdlæto`b fdkntbrob. Bsofosfd, mnstb`bk lds ofpulsds morn`tds bl `rnòfonktd, `dk nl hokbkòbfonktd mn ofpdrtbktns prdyn`tds mn mnsbrrdlld n okmustroblozbòðk: bmnfâs, mnl hokbkòbfonktd morn`td b prdirbfbs sdòblns.

Lbs tbsbs mn oktnrïs qun fbkneb nl Abk`d kd sdk tbk bltbs nk `dfpbrbòðk b dtrds pbæsns pbæ sns pdr tbktd, tbktd, fâs pnrsdkbs pnrsdkbs punmnk punmnk datnknr prïstbfds prïstbfds,, pdr nkmn, ns ukb dpdrtukombm dpdrtuk ombm pbrb ùblquo ùblquonr nr topd mn bmquoso` bmquosoòðk oðk d fdmoho`b fdmoho`bòðk òðk qun sn rnblo`n rnblo`n nk nl knidòd nstbalnòmd nk lb okmustrob mnl hotknss mnpdrtovd.

Lb okhlbòðk cb tnkomd vbrobalns pnqunòbs ld ùbl sn lb punmn bkblozbr `dfd

nstbaln`n nstbaln` n nk nl trbksùrsd mn lds bòds y tbktd `dfd lds prnòds mn lds prdmu`tds y snrvoòds kd cb bufnktbmd, ïstb ns ukb dpdrtukombm yb qun bl sbanr qun lb okhlbòðk ns `dkstbktn nl pdmnr bmquosotovd mn lbs pnrsdkbs kd cb `bfaobmd y punmnk mnstokbr lds fosfds hdkmds pbrb lb okmustrob mnl hotknss mnpdrtovd.

1.1.2.2.0

Hb`tdrns Pdòblns Nl mnsbrrdlld mn lds pbæsns nstâ `dkmoòdkbmd pdr nvnktds mnl pbsbmd rnònktn y lbs

dpdrtukombmns y lofotbòdkns qun punmnk prnsnktbrsn nk nl fnmobkd y lbrid plbzd, rbzðk pdr lb ùbl ns kn`nsbrod `dktbr `dk ukb vosoðk b huturd qun pnrfotb dronktbr lbs mnòsodkns mnòsodk ns prnsnktns pbrb rnhdrzbr lbs tnkmnkòbs tnkmnkòbs hbvdrbalns y nvotbr bqunllbs qun nktdrpnz`bk nktdrpnz `bk nl ldird mn uk fbydr aonknstbr pbrb lb pdalbòðk, daentovd `nktrbl mnl mnsbrrdlld.

Murbktn lds õltofds bòds sn cb mbmd uk hnkðfnkd mn foirbòðk mnsmn zdkbs rurblns cbòb zdkbs mn urabkbs y tbfaoïk ukb foirbòðk hunrb mn lbs hrdktnrbs: kd sn cbk prdmuòmd `bfaods soikoho`btovds nk nl nstold mn vomb mn lb pdalbòðk.

Nl mnpdrtn, `dfprnkmomd `dfd ukb b`tovombm lõmo`b, fdtdrb y mnpdrtovb nk tdmbs sus hdrfbs, punmn mnsbrrdllbr uk pbpnl mn irbk ofpdrtbkòb ofpdrtbkòb mostoktds `bfpds pbrb hbvdrn`nr nl mnsbrrdlld, mbmd qun sus fdmblombmns mn `dfuko`bòðk morn`tb, kd vnrabl, pnrfotnk supnrbr lbs abrrnrbs prnsnktns nk `bmb oktnktd mn moâldid y mn oktnirbòðk.

Kufnrdsbs dribkozbòdkns n okoòbtovbs sn nstâk mnsbrrdllbkmd nk nsn snktomd `dk nl hok mn prdfdvnr lb utolozbòðk mnl mnpdrtn `dfd okstrufnktd mn pbz y mnsbrrdlld, mbmbs lbs nxtrbdrmokb nxtrbdrmokbrobs robs pdtnkòblom pdtnkòblombmns bmns qun nl fosfd dhrn`n, dhrn`n, nk brbs mn bl`bkzb bl`bkzbrr lds “Daentovds mn mnsbrrdlld mnl folnkod‖.

Lb b`tovombm mnpdrtovb tonkn uk vbldr kdtdrobfnktn pdsotovd pbrb lb sblum. Wdr tbktd, so dronktbfds lb sblvbiubrmob mn lb sblum b ukb nktnkmomb `dfd aonk sdòbl, punmn dronktbfds `rn`nr lb btnkòðk pdr ukb sblum mokâfo`b qun vb fâs bllâ mn lb snkòllb busnkòb mn nkhnrfnmbmns, pbrb prdyn`tbr bl mnpdrtostb cbòb uk mnsùarofonktd y ukb vbldrbòðk mnl ùnrpd prdpod y mnl mn lds mnfâs, `dk `dksnùnkòbs ofpdrtbktns tbfaoïk nk nl plbkd pso`dlðio`d, nsporotubl y `dfukotbrod.

Nl pbrbmoifb nfnrinktn mn Bfïro`b mnl Pur y prdpobfnktn mnsmn Adlovob, mnan rnspdkmnrr nk `dktrbpdsoòðk rnspdkmn `dktrbpdsoòðk mofnksodkbmb nk nl âfaotd pdlæto`d nstrbtïio`d mn lds Nstbmds abed nl fdmnld mnl “Xovor Aonk‖ nl kunvd fdmnld mnl mnpdrtn adlovobkd sn sustnktb sustn ktb nk lb md`trokb mnl mnpdrtn, nl prdyn`td kbòdkbl y lb pdlæto`b kbòdkbl mnl mnpdrtn qun sn nstru`turb nstru`turb abed morn`tro`ns morn`tro`ns mnl bltd kovnl mnl mnpdrtn adlovobkd, adlovobkd, mnsbrrdlld mn lb ùlturb hæso`b y prâ`to`b mnpdrtovb, y lds ldirds supnrodrns mnl mnpdrtn mnl Nstbmd Wlurokbòdkbl mn Adlovob, lbs fosfbs sdk sustnktbmbs pdr lb dribkozbòðk mnl Postnfb Pos tnfb Wlurokb` Wlurokbòdkb odkbll mnl Mnpdrtn Mnpdrtn adlovobk adlovobkd, d, okhrbnst okhrbnstru`t ru`turb urb mn okstblb` okstblbòdk odkns ns mnpdrtovbs, nl prd`nsd mnpdrtovd mn lds ldirds supnrodrns y lb hdrfbòðk mn rnùrsds cufbkds.

=8

Pniõk lbs tnkmnkòbs mnl mnpdrtn nk Adlovob sn cb omd ok`rnfnktbkmd, lds adlovobkds yb kd sdld prb`to`bk nl mnpdrtn pdr rn`rnbòðk d nktrntnkofonktd, nk nl prnsnktn prb`to`bk nl mnpdrtn pdr sblum hæso`b y fnktbl y tbfaoïk pdr ukb hdrfb mn vomb, nstd prdfunvn b qun lb okmustrob mnl mnpdrtn bufnktn yb qun nl mnpdrtn tonkn fâs pnkntrbòðk nk nl fnr`bmd y kd sdld nk nl sn`tdr sdòbl mn `lbsn bltb, sokd qun tbfaoïk lbs dtrbs `lbsns sdòblns tonkn fâs `dkònkòb mnl mnpdrtn y sblum y pdr nkmn okvonrtnk fâs.

1.1.2.2.=

Hb`tdrns ]n`kdlðio`ds

^kd mn lds irbkmns rntds mn lbs nfprnsbs ns lb utolozbòðk mn lbs tn`kdldiæbs mn hdrfb nhoònktn, ns mnòr, qun mnrovn nk ukb fbydr `blombm nk lds prdmu`tds d snrvoòds bl usubrod hokbl. Lbs nfprnsbs `bmb vnz bsufnk uk fbydr ronsid nk nl prd`nsd tn`kdlðio`d mnaomd

hukmbfnktblfnktn hukmbfnkt blfnktn b qun lb tn`kdldiæ tn`kdldiæb b vb mnebkmd mn snr ukb hunktn mn vnktbeb `dfpntotovb.

Nl kovnl mn okhdrfbòðk y `dkdòfonktd nk tn`kdldiæb ns tdmbvæb oksuhoònktn nk lb

òumbm, pnrd mn snr mnsbrrdllbmd `rnbræb ukb vnktbeb pbrb lb nfprnsb. Nl kovnl tn`kdlðio`d pbrb lb nfprnsb snrâ ofpdrtbktn nk snktomd mn qun lb fbquokbrob hdrfb pbrtn mnl snrvoòd.

Mnsbrrdlld mn ibmints d okstrufnktds mnpdrtovds, cbk omd nvdluòdkbkmd y bpbrnònkmd nk pbrblnld b lb `bktombm mn pnrsdkbs qun okùrsodkbk nk nl mnpdrtn, vbrobs nfprnsbs nstâk sb`bkmd bl fnr`bmd mnpdrtovd vbrods prdmu`tds tn`kdlðio`ds qun byumbk b fnedrbr nl rnkmofonktd mnpdrtovd snb bfbtnur d prdhnsodkbl. @dk nl mnsbrrdlld mn nstds prdmu`tds sn nkùnktrb ukb dpdrtukombm pbrb nl knidòd yb qun prdpdròdkbk lb byumb kn`nsbrob pbrb nl `dkdòfonktd mn `ðfd trbabeb nl ùnrpd cufbkd y byumb bl hotknss mnpdrtovd b qun sus usubrods tnkibk uk fnedr rnkmofonktd y `dkdz`bk `ðfd trbabebk sus ùnrpds.

B``nsd b oktnrknt y usd mn sfbrtpcdkns5 nl usd mn oktnrknt ns fuy ofpdrtbktn nk nstb kunvb nrb mn tn`kdldiæb ld fosfd qun nl usd mn lds sfbrtpcdkns `dkn`tbmd b oktnrknt, nk kunstrd pbæs fuy utolozbmd bfads pdr lb pdalbòðk fntb mnl prdyn`td ld ùbl ns ukb dpdrtukombm pbrb lds kunvds knidòds yb qun punmnk b`nr`brsn fâs b sus usubrods y homnlozbrlds b trbvïs mn lb okhdrfbòðk.

1.1.2.2.>

Hb`tdrns N`dlðio`ds- fnmodbfaonktblns Adlovob cby pbsbmd pdr vbrobs rnhdrfbs nk sus Fokostnrods. Cdy nl ârnb mn

fnmod bfaonktn sn nkùnktrb nk nl Fokostnrod mn Mnsbrrdlld Qurbl, Birdpnùbrod y Fnmod Bfaonktn. Nk nl Fokostnrod, sn cb `rnbmd nl Xo`nfokostnrod Xo`nfokostnro d mn Aodmovnrsombm, Mnsbrrdlld

=9

Hdrnstbl y Fnmod Bfaonktn, nl daentovd prokòpbl ns okstotuor lb `dksnrvbòðk `dksnrvbòðk y prdtn`òðk prdtn`` oðk mnl Fnmod Bfaonktn y lds rnùrsds kbturblns, prdfdòdkbkmd lb `blombm bfaonktbl `dfd mnrn`cd `dkstotuomd b trbvïs mnl hdrtblnòfonktd y fnedrbfonktd mn lb instoðk bfaonktbl pbrb prnvnkor y fotoibr lds ofpb`tds bfaonktblns sdarn lds fnmods hoso`d-aodlðio`ds, sdòd-n`dkðfo`ds y ùlturblns, `dksomnrbkmd lb vulknrbaolombm mn lds n`dsostnfbs n`dsost nfbs y rnmuònkmd lbs bfnkbzbs b trbvïs mn lb prnvnkòðk, `dktrdl y hos`blozbòðk mn lb oktnrvnkòðk cufbkb. Lb prnsnrvb prnsnrvbòð òðk k mnl fnmod fnmod bfaonktn, bfaonktn, lb bmbptbò bmbptbòðk ðk bl `bfaod `bfaod `lofâto` `lofâto`d d sdk

tbfaoïk ronsids qun rnprnsnktbk rnprnsnktbk uk rntd pbrb lds õltofb @dkhnrnkòb @dkhnrnkòb Fukmobl sdarn nl nl

binktns n`dkðfo`ds. n`dkðfo`ds. Lb

@bfaod @lofâto`d cbk cbk blnrtbmd sdarn lb

rnspdks rns pdksbaol baolombm ombm mn lb sdònm sdònmbm bm hrnktn hrnktn b lds mnsbstr mnsbstrns ns n`d- lðio`ds lðio`ds y sdarn sdarn lb kn`nsombm mn `rnbr `dkònkòb rnspn`td b nlld. Lny mn Fnmod Bfaonktn (Lny 2000 mn 1= mn Barol mn 2??1), 2??1), tonkn pdr daentd lb

prdtn`òðk y `dksnrvbòðk mnl fnmod bfaonktn y lds rnùrsds kbturblns, rniulbkmd lbs b`òdkn b`` odknss mnl cdfarn `dk rnlb` rnlbòðk oðk b lb kbturbln kbturblnzb zb y prdfdvon prdfdvonkmd kmd nl mnsbrrdl mnsbrrdlld ld sdstnkoaln `dk lb hokblombm mn fnedrbr lb `blombm mn vomb mn lb pdalbòðk. Wbrb lds hokns mn lb Ln Lny, y, sn nkton nktonkmn kmn pdr mnsbrrd mnsbrrdlld lld sd sdst stnk nkoa oaln ln nl pr prd`n d`nsd sd fnmob fnmobktn ktn nl ùbl ùbl sn sbtoshb`nk lbs kn`nsombmns mn lb b`tubl inknrbòðk, sok pdknr nk ronsid lb sbtoshb`òðk mn kn`nsombmns mn lbs inknrbòdkns huturbs

Nstâ nk voinkòb nl Qnilbfnktd nk Fbtnrob mn @dktbfokbòðk Cæmro`b (3/21/2??>), mn lb Lny mn Fnmod Bfaonktn, ùyd daentovd ns rniulbr lb prnvnkòðk mn lb `dktbfokbòðk y `dktrdl mn lb `blombm `blomb m mn lds rnùrsds cæmro`ds. Mnhokn nl sostnfb sostnf b mn `dktrdl mn lb `dktbfokbòðk cæmro`b cæmro`b y lds læfotns pnrfosoalns mn lds pdtnkòblns nlnfnktds nlnfnktds `dktbfokbktns, bsæ `dfd mn lbs `dkmoòdkns hæso`d quæfo`bs qun mnan ùfplor uk nhlunktn pbrb snr vnrtomd nk ukd mn lds ùbtrd topds mn ùnrpds rn`nptdrns mnhokomds.

Lb pdlæto`b bfaonktbl plbktnb qun lb nmu`bòðk ns uk okstrufnktd hukmbfnktbl pbrb lb Instoðk Bfaonktbl y nl mnsbrrdlld kbòdkbl. Mn nlld mnrovb lb ofpdrtbkòb mn inknrbr prdpunstbs nmu`btovbs qun `dksomnrnk lb tnfâto`b bfaonktbl y prdvnbk b lb pdalbòðk mn okstrufnktds okstrufnktds pbrb nl fbkned sdstnkoaln mn lds rnùrsds kbturblns y lb `dksnrvbòðk bfaonktbl, b hok, bktn tdmd, mn fnedrbr su `blombm mn vomb.

1.1.2.2.8

Hb`tdrns Lniblns Lds nfprnkmnmdrns qun quonrnk `dkstotuorsn `dfd ukb nfprnsb lniblfnktn

nstbalnòmb nstbaln òmb nk Adlovob Adlovob tonknk qun `dk`rntbr 2= pbsds aurd`râto`ds nk mohnrnktns okstotuòdkns pbrb `dktbr `dk tdmds lds "pbpnlns nk drmnk".

^kb pnrsdkb qun quonrn baror ukb nfprnsb nk Adlovob, kn`nsotb cb`nr trâfotns nk lb kdtbræb, Ofpunstds Oktnrkds, Hukmnfprnsb, Postnfb Hokbkònrd, bl`blmæb, Fokostnrod mn

]rbabed, @beb mn Pniurd, BHW, nktrn dtrds, bmnfâs mnan cb`nr trâfotns nspnòblns sniõk nl topd mn knidòd qun quonrb nfprnkmnr.

Lb b`tovombm `dfnròbl nstâ rniomb pdr Nl @ðmoid mn @dfnròd, ns ukd mn lds polbrns pbrb nktnkmnr lb `dkhoiurbòðk mn nfprnsbs nk Adlovob y sus prokòpblns b`tovombmns. Wdr nsd nstâ æktofbfnktn rnlbòdkbmb b lb Lny 3=0 y Lny 1=?1, nl @ðmoid mn @dfnròd rniulb lbs rnlbòdkns euræmo`bs mnrovbmbs mn lb b`tovombm `dfnròbl.

Wdr su pbrtn nl @ðmoid ]roautbrod nk su Brt. 97 nstbaln`n lbs daloibòdkns mnl suentd pbsovd pbrtoùlbrfnktn pbrtoùlbrfnktn nl kufnrbl =, mntnrfokb rnspblmbr lbs b`tovombmns y dpnrbòdkns dpnrbòdk ns irbvbmbs , fnmobktn loards , rniostrds inknrbln inknrblnss y nspnòblns, nspnòblns, hb`turbs kdtbs hos`blns, bsæ `dfd dtrds mdùfnktds y/d okstrufnktds põalo`ds , `dkhdrfn sn nstbalnz`b nk lbs mospdsoòdkns kdrfbtovbs rnspn`tovbs.

Pn ùnktb `dk uk rnilbfnktd mn okhrbnstru`turb mnpdrtovb, pbrb nl usd mn okstblbòdkns mnpdrtovbs mnpnkmonktn mnl Fokostnrod mn Mnpdrtns qun fnkòdkb qun5 ]dmb pnrsdkb tonkn mnrn`cd bl mnpdrtn, b lb ùlturb hæso`b y b lb rn`rnbòðk. Nl Nstbmd ibrbktozb nl b``nsd bl mnpdrtn sok mostokòðk mn iïknrd, omodfb, rnloioðk, dronktbòðk pdlæto`b, uao`bòðk tnrrotdrobl, pnrtnknkòb sdòbl, ùlturbl d mn ùblquonr ækmdln.

Nl Nstbmd prdfdvnrâ, fnmobktn pdlæto`bs mn nmu`bòðk, rn`rnbòðk y sblum põalo`b, nl mnsbrrdlld mnsbrrdl ld mn lb ùlturb hæso`b y mn lb prâ`to`b mnpdrtovb mnpdrtovb nk sus kovnlns prnvnktovd, rn`rnbtovd, rn`rnbtov d, hdrfbtovd y `dfpntotovd, `dfpntotovd, `dk nspnòbl btnkòðk b lbs pnrsdkbs `dk mos`bpbòmbm. Nl Nstbmd ibrbktozbrâ lds fnmods y lds rnùrsds n`dkðfo`ds kn`nsbrods pbrb su nhn`tovombm.

1.1.1 WDQ]NQ

BKÂLOPOP MN LBP H^NQUBP H^NQUBP @DFWN]O]OXBP @DFWN]O]OXBP MN

Lb okmustrob mn lb ùbl sn cb`n nl soiuonktn bkâlosos ns bqunllb qun `dfprnkmn b lbs nfprnsbs qun sn mnmo`bk bl fosfd ruard d sofolbrns, nk nstn `bsd nfprnsbs qun arokmbk nl snrvoòd mn iofkbsod. Wbrb nl bkâlosos mnl sn`tdr sn cb nfplnbmd nl bkâlosos mn lbs òk`d hunrzbs mn Wdrtnr.

1.1.1.2

Wdmnr mn knidòbòðk mn lds `dfprbmdrns d `lonktns

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d mnanrâ `dktbr `dk pnrsdkbl bltbfnktn bltbfnktn `bloho`bmd `bloho`bmd qun fbr`brâ lb mohnrnkòb mohnrnk` ob nk lds `lonktns bl datnknr lds rnsultbmds nspnrbmds, nspnrbmds, nl snrvoòd snrvoòd nstbrâ moroiomd cbòb cbòb pnrsdkbs pnrsdkbs qun mnsnnk mnsnnk fnedrbr su nstbmd nstbmd hæso`d-fnktbl pdr fnmod mnl nenròòd y qun nstïk mospunstds b pbibr lds prnòds qun dhnrtn lb nfprnsb.

Lds `lonktns qun bsostbk bl iofkbsod bùâto`d, mnanrâk nstbr fuy aonk okhdrfbmds b`nr`b mn lds anknhoòds mn rnblozbr nenròòd nk nl fnmod bùâto`d hrnktn b lds nenròòds mn rnblozbrld nk tonrrb.

Bl snr nl iofkbsod iof kbsod bùâto`d ukb nfprnsb n fprnsb podknrb p odknrb nk n k lb òumbm, lds `lonktns `lo nktns kd k d tnkmrâk tnkm râk uk snrvoòd sofolbr pbrb pdmnr `dfpbrbrld.

1.1.1.1

Wdmnr mn knidòbòðk mn lds prdvnnmdrns d vnkmnmdrns

Lds okstru`tdrns d nktrnkbmdrns ùnktbk uk hunrtn pdmnr mn knidòbòðk pdrqun nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn kd nxostn bliukb okstotuòðk mn nspnòblozb nspnòblozbòðk òðk nk iofkbsob bùâto`b.

Lds nquopds kn`nsbrods pbrb rnblozbr lbs rutokbs mn nenròòds, pbrb ld ùbl sn tonkn prdvnnmdrns prdvnnm drns ld`blns y kbòdkblns qun sdk lds qun ofpdrtbk lds nquopds kn`nsbrods kn`nsbrods pbrb lb rnblozbòðk mn lds nenròòds.

Lds fbtnroblns mn lofponzb kn`nsbrods pbrb fbktnknr nl biub mn lb posòkb y lbs okstblbòdkns nk ðptofbs `dkmoòdkns pbrb nl usd mn lbs fosfbs, pbrb nstn `bsd sn ùnktbk `dk vbrods prdvnnmdrns ld`blns qun dhrn`nk movnrsds prnòds y hbòlombmns mn pbid, rnspn`td bl vdlufnk mn `dfprbs.

1.1.1.0

Bfnkbzb mn kunvds nktrbktns

N`dkdfæbs N`dkdfæ bs mn Ns`blb, nl iofkbsod bùâto`d tonkn tonkn uk irbk `dstd pdr ld qun lbs nfprnsbss qun quonrbk cb`nr lb `dfpntnkòb mnanrâk nktrbr `dk uk irbk `dstd nfprnsb hokbkònrd.

Mohnrnkòbòðk mnl Wrdmu`td, nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn sn punmnk dasnrvbr iofkbsods `dk irbkmns okhrbnstru`turbs nkhd`bmds b mntnrfokbmds ko`cds mn fnr`bmd, nk nstn `bsd su nstrbtniob ns lb mohnrnkòbòðk lb fosfb qun ns bl`bkzbmb pdr su `dstdsb okvnrsoðk, b`dfpbòbmb mn fbquokbrob y nquopds mn tn`kdldiæb, tbfaoïk sn dasnrvbk iofkbsods `dk okhrbnstru`turbs fdmnstbs qun kd ùnktbk `dk lds nquopds kn`nsbrods y ðptofds pbrb lb rnblozbòðk mn lbs rutokbs.

Kn`nsombmns Kn`nsom bmns mn @bpotbl, pbrb nfprnkmnr nk nl knidòd mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d, nl fdktd mn lb okvnrsoðk ns nlnvbmd, pbrb pdmnr `dfpntor nk nl fnr`bmd mnl hotknss nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, sn kn`nsotb tnknr ukb okstblbòðk `dkhdrtbaln y uao`bmb nk ukb zdkb nstrbtïio`b qun `bptn lb btnkòðk mn lds `lonktns.

Mnsvnktbeb nk @dstds okmnpnkmonktnfnktn mn lb Ns`blb, pbrb lb rnblozbòðk mnl snrvoòd,, lb `bpbòtbòðk snrvoòd `bpbòtbòðk mnl rnùrsd cufbkd ns ofprnsòkmoaln pdrqun ns nl `dfpdknktn `dfpdk nktn prokòpbl nk lb prnstb` prnstbòðk oðk mnl snrvoòd, snrvoòd, pdr ld qun cbarâ qun okùrror nk `dstds `dktbktns mn `bpbòtbòðk.

Lds okstru`tdrns bl prnstbr nl snrvoòd, nstâk nk `dktb`td morn`td `dk lds `lonktns pdr ld qun mnan okvnrtorsn nk lb prnpbrbòðk y `bpbòtbòðk mnl fosfd, bsofosfd lds ibstds nk

sunlmds y sblbrods mn lds fosfds mnank snr btrb`tovds pbrb ldirbr su pnrfbknkòb nk lb nfprnsb, tdfbkmd nk ùnktb qun lb mnfbkmb mn okstru`tdrns ns bltb, mnaomd b qu qun n nk lb òumbm kd nxostnk okstotuòdkns mn hdrfbòðk nspnòblozbmbs nk iofkbsob.

B``nsd b lds @bkblns mn Mostroauòðk, nl iofkbsod bùâto`d bl snr uk snrvoòd, kd rnqunrorâ mn ukb hunrtn rnlbòðk `dk lds `bkblns mn mostroauòðk.

Wdlæto`b Iuanrkbfnktbl, lbs rnstro`òdkns nstâk mbmbs aâso`bfnktn pdr lds vbrods rnquosotdss prnvods b lb okoòbòðk mn uk knidòd, lbs lnyns nk fbtnrob troautbrob y rnquosotd bliukbs pdlæto`bs iuanrkbfnktblns qun mnsfdtovbk b lb okvnrsodkostb b inknrbr fâs rnùrsds y `dktroauor bl mnsbrrdlld mnl pbæs.

Lds iofkbsods nspnòblozbmds tonknk uk irbmd abed pbrb lb nktrbmb mn kunvds pbrtoòpbktns qun nl jkdw-cdw punmn snr `dfplned so sdk kunvbs fdmblombmns mn hotknss.

1.1.1.=

Bfnkbzb mn prdmu`tds sustotutds

Lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkblns sdk pdsoalns sustotutds, pdrqun dhrn`nk bltnrkbtovbs mn nenròtbòðk sok nfarbid nstds iofkbsods vbk moroiomds pbrb lbs pnrsdkbs qun yb rnblozbk bliõk topd mn b`tovombm hæso`b y qun kd cbk suhromd kokiukb lnsoðk nk nl ùnrpd, nk `bfaod lb iofkbsob bùâto`b, ns bptb pbrb tdmbs lbs pnrsdkbs ok`lusd pbrb bqunllbs qun cbk suhromd bliukb lnsoðk hæso`b.

Lbs nsùnlbs mn kbtbòðk tbfaoïk sdk `dksomnrbmbs `dfd `dfpntnkòb pdr ùbktd dhrn`nk snrvoòds rnblozbmds abed nl biub y ns bptb pbrb tdmbs lbs nmbmns y qun tnkibk d kd lnsodkns hæso`bs.

Dtrd snrvoòd sustotutd, pnrd kd morn`td sdk lds spbs qun dhrn`nk uk snrvoòd mn rnlbebòðk, rnlbeb` oðk, pnrd kd mn nenròtbòðk, nenròtbòðk, sok nfabrid bl tnknr prnòds rnlbtovds nk nl fnr`bmd y pdmnr sbtoshb`nr lb fosfb kn`nsombm ns ukb bfnkbzb cbòb nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, nl idaonrkd tonkn ukb hunrtn `bfpbòb nk lb ùbl okòtb b lb pdalbòðk b prb`to`br mnpdrtn y nenròòd hæso`d, pdr nstb rbzðk ns qun lb fbydræb mn nstds tonknk uk ârnb mn b`dkmoòdkbfonktd b`dkmoòdkbfonktd hæso`d `dk ukb snron mn fâquokbs mospdkoalns tdmd nl tonfpd. ]bfaoïk fu`cbs mn lbs pnrsdkbs sunlnk nvotbr lds iofkbsods yb qun prnhonrnk rnblozbr nenròòd bl born loarn.

1.1.1.>

Qovblombm nktrn lds `dfpntomdrns- `dfpntnkòb

@dfpntomdrns kufnrdsds d mn oiubl hunrzb, kd nxostnk iofkbsods bùâto`ds nk lb b`tublombm b`tublombm nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, sok nfabrid cby snrvoòds qun pdmræbk pdmræbk snr sustotutds `dfd snr lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkblns (tonrrb) y lds spb.

Bl snr uk snrvoòd õko`d nk lb òumbm kd nxostn `dfpntomdr morn`td, kd pdmrâ cbanr `dfpbrbòðk mn prnòds, pnrd so sn cbrâ ïkhbsos nk lb mohnrnkòbòðk mnl snrvoòd.

Lnktd `rnòfonktd mn lb okmustrob, nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn sn dhrn`n snrvoòds btnkmonkmd b lb ùlturb mn aonknstbr y sblum, pdr ld qun cby cby iofkbsods qun dhrn`nk b`tovombmns `dfd nl spokkoki, `brmodvbsùlbrns, nt`. ]bfaoïk sn nkùnktrbk lds spbs qun dhrn`nk snrvoòds mn fbsbens rnmu`tdrns. rnmu`tdrns. Pok nfabrid bõk sn tonkn ònrtd irbmd mn mnsokhdrfbòðk b`nr`b mn lbs kunvbs tnkmnkòbs nk nenròòds qun btonkmbk nl fnr`bmd mnl hotknss.

Bltds `dstds hoeds d mn blfb`nkbfonktd, blfb`nkbfon ktd, nl iofkbsod bùâto`d rnqunrorâ mn `dstds bltds nk snrvoòds aâso`ds y fbktnkofonktd mn lbs okstblbòdkns.

Busnkòb mn mohnrnkòbòðk, lds iofkbsods nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn ùnktbk `dk okstru`tdrns nk `bmb ukb mn nllbs qun aus`bk llnvbr b`bad lbs rutokbs mn lb fbknrb fâs nhoònktn, pbrb ldirbr `dksniuor lb homnlozbòðk mn lds fosfds.

1.1.1.>.2

Bkâlosos mn lb @dfpntnkòb

1.1.1.>.2.2 Idlm Iyf Hrnyb Nstn iofkbsod sn nkùnktrb uao`bmd nk lb `blln ldb Kµ 9>2 lds cdrbrods mn btnkòðk bl `lonktn sdk mn 9bf cbstb 12507 pf. Wbrb nl snrvoòd sn ùnktb `dk okstru`tdrns pbrb nl iofkbsod tdmd nl mæb y lbs mnfâs tï`ko`bs nk lds mostoktds cdrbrods. B lbs pnrsdkbs pnr sdkbs qun sn oks`roank o ks`roank okfnmobtbfnktn okfnm obtbfnktn sn lns dtdrib uk `brknt qun lns snrvorâ snrvo râ pbrb nl `dktrdl mn bsostnkòb y nl okirnsd bl rnòktd.

]BALB K· 2 ]Ï@KO@B

WQN@OD FNP

Iyf + bnrdao`

3>

Iyf+tbn ad

3>

Iyf + bpbrbtds

27

]dmbs tï`ko`bs

28

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Pnrvoòds bmoòdkblns5 Qnstburbkt vnintbrobkd, biub votbfæko`ds, vnktb mn tbalntbs (bfokdâòmds, bkbaðlo`ds, cdrfdkbs) Pus okstblbòdkns okstblbòdkns nstâk `dkhdrfbmbs pdr 0 sblbs (iofkbsod, tbnad, bnrdao`s y abòds mn pbrbhokb, 2 sblb mn nstbr, 0 abòds, 2 vnstomdr, 2 `dfputbmdrb, 2 nquopd mn fõso`b, 2 rnhroinrbmdr y 2 votrokb)

1.1.1.>.2.1 Fus`lnfbi Iyf Nstn iofkbsod ùnktb `dk 1 iofkbsods: ukd uao`bmd nk nl `nktrd mn lb òumbm (`blln Eukæk nsq. Qbvnld) y dtrd nk nl fnr`bmd `bfpnsokd nk lb `blln Cds`cfbk. Nl bkâlosos sn ld rnblozbrb nk `dkeuktd punstd qun fbkneb lb fosfb pdlæto`b y dhrn`n lds fosfds snrvoòds. Pus cdrbrods mn btnkòðk sdk mn 9 bf b 27 pf dhrn`n lds snrvoòds mn iofkbsod tbn-ad, y bnrðao`ds, lds mds õltofds sdld nk cdrbrods mn lb kd`cn. @unktb `dk uk okstru`tdr tdmd nl mæb y ns nl nk`bribmd mn nksnòbr nl usd mn lds nquopds y prdpdròdkbr ukb montb Nk bmfokostrbòðk sn pumn dasnrvbr ukb votrokb nxcoaonkmd trdhnds y fnmbllbs qun cbk datnkomd, bsæ `dfd tbfaoïk tbalntbs `dfd snr5 nknriozbktns kbturblns, bfokdâòm bfokdâòmds ds bkbaðlo`ds y uk nquopd mn fõso`b.

]BALB K· 1 ]Ï@KO@B

WQN@OD FNP

Iofkbsod

27

] b n Ad

27

Bnrðao`d

27

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Pn ùnktb `dk uk nquopd mn fõso`b pbrb fnedrbr nl bfaonktn, `bmb ukd mn lds iofkbsods ùnktb `dk mds bfplods bfaonktns, ukd pbr fâquokbs y dtrd pbrb bnrðao`ds. Nl sostnfb mn `dktrdl mn bsostnkòb sn ld rnblozb fnmobktn tbrentbs qun sn ld nktrnib nk nl fdfnktd mn lb oks`ropòðk.

1.1.1.>.2.0 ]oaurðk Iyf Nstâ uao`bmd nk lb `blln Nmubrmd Anrmnòd K· >2>, sus cdrbrods mn btnkòðk sdk mn 8 bf, b 27 pf, dhrn`n lds snrvoòds mn iofkbsod `dk 0 okstru`tdrns qun ùarnk 0 turkds nk tdmd nl mæb. Pus mosòplokbs sdk5 Bnrdao`s y tbn ad pdr lbs fbòbkbs y kd`cns, b`dfpbòbmd mn bsnsdrbfonktd kutroòdkbl, lds prnòds sdk lds soiuonktns5

]BALB K· 0 ]Ï@KO@B

WQN@OD FNP

Iy f

37

Bnrdao`s

37

] b n Ad

37

Bfads

277

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Nl prnòd pdr mæb ns mn As. 27 pbrb lbs pnrsdkbs qun kd tonknk `dktokuombm pdr ukd u dtrd fdtovd. Wbrb rnblozbr lbs b`tovombmns b`tovombmns mn iofkbsod ùnktb `dk 1 sblbs bfplobs y dtrb sblb pbrb bnrðao`ds uao`bmd nk lb plbktb bltb. Nl iofkbsod tonkn 2 `dfputbmdrb, 2 tnlïhdkd y dhrn`n b lb vnktb biub foknrbl.

1.1.1.>.2.= Nlotn Iyf Hotknss @lua Potubmd nk lb `blln Eukæk hrnktn bl nmohoòd `nktrbl mn lb ukovnrsombm, barn sus punrtbs mn 9bf cbstb 27 pf., sn dhrn`n lds snrvoòds snrvoòds mn iofkbsod `dk nl okstru`tdr okstru`tdr tdmd nl mæb, tbn ad, bnrdsblsb, bnrðao`ds tonkn okstru`tdrns sniõk sus cdrbrods. Bl oks`roaorsn sn dtdrib ukb ho`cb qun sorvn mn `dktrdl mn bsostnkòb.

]BALB K· = ]Ï@KO@B

WQN@OD FNP

Iofkbsod

277

] b n Ad

37

Bnrdsblsb

37

Bnrdao`s

37

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Nl prnòd pdr mæb ns mn As. 2>, tbfaoïk sn dhrn`n pbrb lb vnktb tbalntbs (bfokdâòmds, bkbaðlo`ds, `rnfbs rnmu`tdrbs y loùbmds qun sdk votbfæko`ds), auzds tïrfo`ds y b``nsdrods mnpdrtovds. Pn tonkn ukb sblb pbrb lbs mohnrnktns tï`ko`bs y dtrb sblb mn iofkbsod, bmnfâs mn `dktbr `dk mds abòds pbrb lds mostoktds snxds.

1.1.1.>.2.> Wo``dld Ynllkns @lua Bmnfâs mn prnstbr p rnstbr snrvoòds mn wblly wbll y y rbqunt, sn cb ofplnfnktbmd ofpl nfnktbmd nl iofkbsod, sn nkùnktrb nkùnk trb nk lb `blln Nlodmdrd @bfb`cd K· 0>, lds cdrbrods sdk mn 9 bf. Cbstb 27 pf. Wbrb mnsnfpnòbr lbs b`tovombmns mn iofkbsod, sn ùnktb `dk mohnrnktns sblbs mdkmn nstâk lds nquopds y fbquokbrobs `dk okstru`tdr pbrb tdmd nl mæb, sonkmd nstb pnrsdkb lb nk`bribmb mn bsnsdrbr `dk lb kutroòðk y montb sonkmd nstb pnrsdkb lb nk`bribmb mn bsnsdrbr `dk lb kutroòðk y montb b lds `lonktns. Wbrb lb vnktb vnktb sn tonkn tonkn ibllntbs ibllntbs biub y fultovotbfæ fultovotbfæko`d ko`ds, s, bfokdâòmds bfokdâòmds,, nt`, nt`, bmnfâs bmnfâs mn ofplnfnktds pbrb cb`nr mnpdrtn `dfd tdbllbs y iubktns. ^kd pbrb bnrðao`ds, tbn ad, hbn md, y dtrb pbrb ns`blbmdrns d spokkoki, lds prnòds sdk lds soiuonktns5

]BALB K· > ]N@KO@B

WQN@OD FNP

Iofkbsod Bnrdao`ds Iyf + Bnrdao`ds Ns`blbmdrns- `brmod Ppokkoki

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

1.1.1.>.2.8 Hlnx Iyf

Nstâ uao`bmd nk lb `blln Qniofonktd @cbr`bs 28 mn Okhbktnræb, sus cdrbrods mn btnkòðk sdk mn 9 bf, b 27 pf, dhrn`n lds snrvoòds mn iofkbsod `dk okstru`tdrns qun b`dfpbòbk nl snrvoòd. Pus mosòplokbs sdk5 Bpbrtds y bnrdao`s pdr lbs fbòbkbs y kd`cns, lds prnòds sdk lds soiuonktns5

]BALB K· 8 ]N@KO@B

WQN@OD FNP

Bpbrbtds Bnrdao`s

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 1.1.1.>.2.9 Id Hot Ynllkns @lua âo`bmd nk lb `blln @bfbrid K· 1, nstn iofkbsod ùnktb `dk okstru`tdrns qun b`dfpbòbk nk lbs mohnrnktns mosòplokbs, sn ùnktb `dk bsnsdr kutroòdkbl quonk cb`n sniuofonktd snfbkbl mn lbs montbs dtdribmbs b lds `lonktns, ùnktb `dk vbrobs sblbs mdkmn sn nkùnktrbk lds bpbrbtds, ùnktb `dk uk quods`d qun prdpdròdkb `dfomb sblumbaln, tonkn `bsollnrds, mu`cbs, vnstubrods. Pus cdrbrods mn btnkòðk sdk mn 8 mn lb fbòbkb b 27 mn lb kd`cn, lb hdrfb mn pbid punmn snr nk nhn`tovd d `dk tbrentb mn `rïmotd, ùnktb `dk mohnrnktns prdfdòdkns y mnsùnktds mn bùnrmd b lb hn`cb y cdrbrod mn btnkòðk.

]BALB K· 9 ]N@KO@B

WQN@OD FNP

Ppokkoki Hoict Md Uufab Bnrdao`s @brmod Bpbrbtds

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

1.1.1.>.2.3 Hotknss @lua Fnibtlðk Pu`rn âo`bmd nk lb `blln Nstbmds ^komds nsq. @dldfaob, pnrtnknònktn b lb `bmnkb mn iofkbsods Wrnfonr Hotknss @lua qun sn nkùnktrb nk Nl Bltd, Lb Wbz, Ruollb`dlld, @d`cbabfab, Pbktb @ruz y Fdktnrd, nstn iofkbsod ùnktb `dk okstru`tdrns okstru`tdrns qun b`dfpbòbk nk lbs mohnrnktns mosòplokbs, sn ùnktb `dk bsnsdr kutroòdkbl quonk cb`n sniuofonktd snfbkbl mn lbs montbs dtdribmbs b lds `lonktns, ùnktb `dk vbrobs sblbs mdkmn sn nkùnktrbk lds bpbrbtds, ùnktb `dk uk quods`d qun prdpdròdkb `dfomb sblumbaln, tonkn `bsollnrds, mu`cbs, vnstubrods, y pdr lb `dfdmombm mnl luibr sn punmn nstbòdkbr nk lbs bhunrbs mnl iofkbsod. Lb hdrfb mn pbid punmn snr nk nhn`tovd d `dk tbrentb mn `rïmotd, ùnktb `dk mohnrnktns prdfdòdkns y mnsùnktds mn bùnrmd b lb hn`cb y cdrbrod mn btnkòðk, nl iofkbsod tonkn cdrbrods mn btnkòðk mn lukns b vonrkns mn lukns b vonrkns mn 8 bf ‐ 11 pf, sâabmds mn 9 bf ‐ 28 pf y mdfokids mdfokid s mn ? bf ‐ 20 pf.

]BALB K· 3 ]N@KO@B

WQN@OD FNP

]QS suspnksoðk trbokoki

077

Uufab

077

Jrbkjoki

077

Bpbrbtds

077

Hoict Md

077

@brmod

077

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 1.1.1.>.2.? Wosòkb Fukoòpbl Wbrqun Adlovbr

âo`bmd nk lbs okfnmobòdkns mnl pbrqun Adlævbr, ns b`tublfnktn bmfokostrbmd pdr lb Enhbturb mn Mnpdrtns mnl Idaonrkd Butðkdfd Butðkdfd Fukoòpbl mn Pu`rn, mo`tb `lbsns pbrb koòds, bmdlns`nktns nk cdrbrods mn lb fbòbkb y tbrmns, y lb fnksublombm tonkn uk `dstd mn As. 177.

1.1.1.>.2.27 Bùâto`b mn kbtbòðk Mo`tb ùrsds mn kbtbòðk mn lukns b vonrkns, murbktn ukb cdrb y fnmob: lb fnksublombm ns As 077 y lb fbtræùlb As 277. Pn rnòan b koòds b pbrtor mn lds ùbtrd bòds mn nmbm. Lb nsùnlb sn nkùnktrb nk lb `blln Wbmollb K· >92. Lds cdrbrods mn btnkòðk sdk mn 3577 b ?507: ?577 b 27507: mn 27577 b 22507: mn 22577 b 21507: mn 2=577 b 2>507: mn 2>577 b 28507: mn 28577 b 29507 y mn 29577 b 23507.

1.1.1.>.2.22 Alun wnllknss `nktnr âo`bmd nk lb `blln Bvbrdb Kµ 89?, arokmb snrvoòds nk sus posòkbs btnfpnrbmbs, sbukb n comrdfbsben, dhnrtb btnkòðk m b pbrtor mn lds > bòds `dk lb nksnòbkzb mn ùrsds mn kbtbòðk `dk ukb fnksublombm mn As. 077, bsæ tbfaoïk mn zufab bùâto`b pbrb lds bmultds mn lukns b vonrkns mn 27507 b 21 y pdr lbs tbrmns mn 2? b 17 cdrbs nl `dstd ns mn As. 0>7 lb fnksublombm. ^kb vnz bkblozbmd lds òk`d puktds mn Wdrtnr sn `dk`luyn qun ns ukb dpdrtukombm hb`toaln nl nstbaln`nr uk knidòd moroiomd bl hotknss mnpdrtovd yb qun lds hb`tdrns b tdfbr nk ùnktb `dfd

okirnsd, `dfpntnkòb, `lonktns, nstâk uao`bmds euktd `dk lb okmustrob nk ukb ntbpb mn `rnòfonktd nk lb ùbl lb rnktbaolombm mnl knidòd mnpnkmn fu`cd mn lbs nstrbtniobs tbktd mn fbrjntoki `dfd pualoòmbm y tbfaoïk lb dhnrtb mnl snrvoòd cbòb lds `lonktns.

1.1.0

OKXNP]OIB@ODK MN FNQ@BMDP

Lb nkùnstb sn nlbadrð tdfbkmd `dfd absn lds daentovds mn lb okvnstoibòðk, pbrb lb ofplnfnktbòðk mn lb nfprnsb, sn tdfð nk ùnktb ld soiuonktn5

Drmnkbr lbs prniuktbs nfpnzbkmd pdr lb okhdrfbòðk aâso`b, `lbsoho`bòðk y mn omnktoho`bòðk.

Lb rnmb`òðk pbrb lbs prniuktbs mnank snr `lbrbs y `dkòsbs.

Mnan prdpdròdkbr lb okhdrfbòðk kn`nsbrob pbrb nl prdyn`td.

Mnanrâ `dmoho`brsn pbrb lb trbks`ropòðk mn rnsultbmds.

1.1.0.2

Mnhokoòðk Mn Lb Funstrb

Wbrb lb mntnrfokbòðk mn lb nkùnstb sn cb utolozbmd lb okhdrfbòðk mn mbtds prdpdròdkbmds pdr nl Okstotutd Kbòdkbl mn Nstbmæsto`b, ld qun sn rnquonrn `dkd`nr ns nl kõfnrd mn nkùnstbs qun kn`nsotb rnblozbr pbrb nstofbr nl pdr`nktben mn pnrsdkbs qun nstbræbk mospunstbs b b``nmnr bl snrvoòd.

1.1.0.2.2

Mntnrfokbòðk mnl ]bfbòd mn lb Funstrb ]BALB Kµ ?

WQD_N@@OÐK ]D]BL WDQ BÒDP @BLNKMBQOD, PNIÕK IQ^WDP RÔKR^NKBLNP MN NMBM Qbk d mn Nmbm Mn 7 b 21 Mn 20 b 29 Mn 23 b 1= Mn 1> b 07 Mn 02 b =7 Mn =2 b >8 Mn >9 b 8? Mn 97 bmnlbktn ] dtbl

Fu nrns 07=28 20877 11717 22172 29218 2?92? >82= >8=8

Cdfarns

21>0=1

220>>

Hunktn.- Okstotutd Kbòdkbl mn Nstbmæsto`b 1721.

Nl rbkid mn nmbm pbrb lb nlbadrbòðk mn lb nkùnstbs, nstbrâ `dfprnkmomd nktrn lds 20 b 8? bòds mn nmbm. Nktdk`ns lb pdalbòðk tdtbl pbrb lb funstrb snrâ5 283.7?9 y lb hðrfulb ns lb soiuonktn5

1

ÙKÙW Ùq 6 1 1 N ( ∑ 2 ) + Ù Ù

k 6 Kõfnrd mn nlnfnktds d tbfbòd mn lb funstrb K 6 Kõfnrd mn nlnfnktds mn lb pdalbòðk d ukovnrsd. (Kõfnrd tdtbl 6 283.7?9) qun `drrnspdkmn b lbs pnrsdkbs `dfprnkmombs nktrn cdfarns y fuenrns qun vovnk nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn y qun nstïk `dfprnkmomds nktrn 20 b 8? bòds mn nmbm. U 6 Fbrink mn `dkhobaolombm d kovnl mn prnòsoðk qun sn rnquonrn mnl nstofbmd ?>% nxprnsbmd nk mnsvobòðk nstâkmbr (2,?8) N 6 Nrrdr mn nstofbòðk, d fâxofd mn nrrdr pdsoaln pdr ukombm >% W6 Wrdabaolombm mn ïxotd >7% d 7,> nxprnsbmd nk mnòfblns R6 Wrdabaolombm Wrdabaolombm mn hrb`bsd >7% d 7,> nxprnsbmd nk mnòfblns Qnnfplbzbkmd nk lb hðrfulb5 (2,?8)1 Ù 283.7?9 Ù 7,> Ù 7,> 6 (7,7>)1 (283.7?9 ∑ 2) + (2,?8)1 Ù 7,> Ù 7,>

6

1.1.0.1

0,3=28 Ù 283.7?9 Ù 7,> Ù 7,> 6 030 7,771> (283.7?9 ∑ 2) + 0,3=28 Ù 7,> Ù 7,>

Qn`dln`òðk y Wrd`nsbfonktd mn Mbtds

Lbs nkùnstbs pbrb mntnrfokbr mntnrfokbr nl irbmd mn b`nptbòðk sdarn nl snrvoòd, sn rnblozbrbk mn hdrfb pnrsdkbl pomonkmd bl nkùnstbmd nkùnstbmd `dktnstbr mn lb fbknrb fâs sok`nrb pdsoaln, `dk lb hokblombm mn datnknr rnsultbmds rnblns, snrâk pbrtn mn lb nkùnstb lbs pnrsdkbs qun vovbk nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn nk luibrns `dfd iofkbsods, hbùltbmns, `nktrds mn nstïto`b, nt`. (Xnr bknxd 2)

^kb vnz qun sn cbk nhn`tubmd lbs nkùnstbs sn cb prd`nmomd b rnblozbr uk bkâlosos mn `bmb ukb mn lbs prniuktbs `dktnkombs nk lbs fosfbs, qun sn mntbllbk nk nl soiuonktn nkukòbmd.

1.1.0.0

Bkâlosos n Oktnrprntbòðk mn lds Qnsultbmds

1.1.0.0.2

Bkâlosos mnl Qnsultbmd mn lb Nkùnstb

1.1.0.0.2.2 Bsostn ustnm b uk Iofkbsod IQÂHO@D Kµ 2 BPOP]N ^P]NM B ^K IOFKBPOD (FÊNQNP)

Kd 1?% Po 92%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob ]balb mn `dktokinkòb Bsostn Bsostn ustnm b uk iofkbsod - Iïknrd

Qnùnktd Bsostn ustnm b uk iofkbsod ]dtbl

Po Kd

Hnfnkokd 281 8>

]dtbl

119

Bkâlosos.- Lb nkùnstb rnblozbmb nxpdkn qun nl 92% mn fuenrns so bsostnk b uk iofkbsod y nl 1?% kd bsostnk b uk iofkbsod.

IQÂHO@D Kµ 1 BPOP]N ^P]NM B ^K IOFKBPOD (CDFAQNP) Kd 0=%

Po 88%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob ]balb mn `dktokinkòb Bsostn Bsostn ustnm b uk iofkbsod - Iïknrd

Qnùnktd Bsostn ustnm b uk iofkbsod ]dtbl

Po Kd

Fbsùlokd 278 >=

Bkâlosos.- Pn nxpdkn tbfaoïk qun nl 88% mn lds nkùnstbmds cdfarns so bsostnk b uk iofkbsod, fonktrbs qun nl 0= % kd bsostnk b uk iofkbsod.

]dtbl

287

1.1.0.0.2.1 Po su rnspunstb ns “KD‖ ùblns lbs rbzdkns

IQÂHO@D Kµ 0 QBUÐK WDQ LB R^N KD BPOP]N BL IOFKBPOD (CDFAQNP) 22% 0>%

22%

29% 11%

=% Hbltb mn ]onfpd

@dstd

âo`bòðk

Lnsodkns Fusùlbrns d fdvolombm

Kd ln oktnrnsb

Dtrds

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd Hbltb mn ]onfpd

Iïknrd Fbsùlokd 2?

@dstd âo`bòðk Lnsodkns Fusùlbrns d fdvolombm

21 1 ?

Kd ln oktnrnsb Dtrds

8 8

]dtbl

>=

Bkâlosos.- Lbs rbzdkns pdr lbs qun lds nkùnstbmds kd bsostnk bl iofkbsod, sdk pdr lbs soiuonktns rbzdkns5 nk profnr luibr nl 0>% pdr hbltb mn tonfpd, 11% kd bsostn pdr nl `dstd 29% kd bsostnk pdr prdalnfbs mn fdvolombm d mn lnsodkns fusùlbrns, 22% rnblozbk dtrds mnpdrtns, 22% kd ln oktnrnsb, y hokblfnktn =% kd bsostn pdr lb uao`bòðk.

IQÂHO@D Kµ = QBUÐK WDQ LB R^N KD BPOP]N BL IOFKBPOD (FÊNQNP)

8% 11%

29%

1?%

18%

Hbltb mn ]onfpd @dstd âo`bòðk Lnsodkns Fusùlbrns d fdvolombm Dtrds

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd Hbltb mn ]onfpd

Iïknrd Hnfnkokd 2?

@dstd âo`bòðk Lnsodkns Fusùlbrns d fdvolombm

29 22 2=

Dtrds

= ]dtbl

8>

Bkâlosos.- Nk nl `bsd mn lbs fuenrns sn punmn dasnrvbr qun nl 1?% kd bsostn b uk iofkbsod pdr hbltb mn tonfpd, 18% pdr nl `dstd mnl snrvoòd, 11% kd bsostnk pdr prdalnfbs mn fdvolombm d lnsodkns, 29% kd bsostn pdr lb uao`bòðk mnl iofkbsod nl 8% pdr dtrbs rbzdkns d rnblozbk dtrds mnpdrtns.

1.1.0.0.2.0 Po lb rnspunstb ns “PO‖ snòbln lbs rbzdkns

IQÂHO@D Kµ > QBUÐK WDQ LB R^N PO BPOP]N BL IOFKBPOD (CDFAQNP) 9%

>% 13%

17%

=7%

@uombr su sblum @uombr su bpbronkòb hoso`b Wdr Cdaay Mostrb`òðk Dtrds

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd @uombr su sblum @uombr su bpbronkòb hæso`b Wdr Cdaay Mostrb`òðk Dtrds

Iïknrd Fbsùlokd 07 =1 12 3 >

]dtbl

278

Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds mn lb nkùnstb rnblozbmb, rnblozbmb, `dk`luynk qun nl =7% mn lds cdfarns bùmnk pdr ùombr su bpbronkòb hæso`b, fonktrbs qun nl 13% ld cb`n pdr ùombr su sblum, 17% bùmnk bl iofkbsod pdr cdaay, 9% bùmnk bl iofkbsod pdr mostrb`òðk oiubl qun nl >% bsostn pdr rbzdkns mohnrnktns.

IQÂHO@D Kµ 8 QBUÐK WDQ LB R^N PO BPOP]N BL IOFKBPOD (FÊNQNP) 0% 22%

1?%

2>%

=1%

@uombr su sblum

@uombr su bpbronkòb hoso`b

Wdr Cdaay

Mostrb`òðk

Dtrds

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd @uombr su sblum

Iïknrd Hnfnkokd =9

@uombr su bpbronkòb hæso`b Wdr Cdaay Mostrb`òðk

83

Dtrds

= ]dtbl

1> 23

281

Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds mn lb nkùnstb rnblozbmb, `dk`luynk qun nl =1% mn lbs fuenrns qun bsostnk bl iofkbsod ld cb`n pdr ùombr su bpbronkòb hæso`b, 1? % mn lbs fuenrns bùmnk pdr ùombr su sblum, 2>% ld cb`n pdr cdaay, 22% ld cb`n pdr mostrb`òðk y hokblfnktn 0% bùmn pdr dtrbs rbzdkns.

1.1.0.0.2.= B ùâl iofkbsod bsostn ustnm b`tublfnktn IQÂHO@D Kµ 9 B @^ÂL IOFKBPOD BPOP]N ^P]NM B@]^BLFNK]N >%

3%

28%

?% 29%

27% 8% 27%

2?%

Fnibtlðk

Id Hot Ynllkns @lua

Wo``dld Ynllkns

Nlotn Hotkns @lua

]oaurdk Iyf

Hlnx Iyf

Idlm Iyf Hrnyb

Fus`nlbfi Iyf

Dtrds

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Qnùnktd Wo``dld Ynllkns Id Hot Ynllkns @lua Fnibtlðk Nlotn Hotkns @lua Hlnx Iyf Idlm Iyf Hrnyb

>2 =8 == 13 18 1=

Wdr`n vâlo 2?, 29, 28, 27, ?, ?,

11 2> 21

3, >, =,

183

277

Hrnùnkòb

Fus`nlbfi Iyf ]oaurðk Iyf Dtrds ] dtbl

Bkâlosos.- Mn lds mbtds datnkomds fnmobktn lb nkùnstb sn punmn dasnrvbr qun nl 2?% mn lds qun bsostnk b uk iofkbsod ld cb`nk Wo``dld Ynllkns, Ynllkns, nk sniukmd luibr `dk nl 29,1% bsostnk b Id Hot Ynllkns @lua, 28,=% bsostnk b Fnibtlðk, 27,=% hrnùnktbk Nlotn Hotkns @lua, ?,9% bùmnk b Hlnx Iyf ,?% bsostnk b Idlm Iyf Hrnyb, 3,1% ld cb`nk b Fus`lnfbi Iyf, >,8% bùmnk b ]oaurðk Iyf, hokblfnktn =,>% bùmnk b dtrds iofkbsods mn lb òumbm.

1.1.0.0.2.> Ruï topd mn b`tovombm hæso`b rnblozb nk nl iofkbsod IQÂHO@D Kµ 3 R^Ï ]OWD MN B@]OXOMBM QNBLOUB NK NL IOFKBPOD (CDFAQNP) >% 20%

3% 02%

?% 0=%

Bnrdao`s

Qnsostnkòb fusùlbr

Wdtnkòb fusùlbr

Hoict Md

Ppokkoki

Jo`j Adxoki

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd Wdtnkòb fusùlbr Qnsostnkòb fusùlbr Ppokkoki Hoict Md Jo`j Adxoki Bnrdao`s ]dtbl

Iïknrd Fbsùlokd 08 00 2= 27 3 > 278

Bkâlosos.- Mn lds mbtds sn punmn dasnrvbr qun lb b`tovombm prnhnromb mn lds cdfarns `dk nl 0=% ns lb pdtnkòb pdtnkòb fusùlbr, 02% qun ld cb`nk pdr rnsostnk` rnsostnkòb ob fusùlbr, uk 20% rnblozb spokkoki, uk ?% rnblozb hoict md, 3% rnblozb jo`j adxoki, hokblfnktn uk >% rnblozb bnrdao`s.

IQÂHO@D Kµ ? R^Ï ]OWD MN B@]OXOMBM QNBLOUB NK NL IOFKBPOD (FÊNQNP) 0=%

1?%

27% 29%

Bnrdao`s

Wolbtns

27%

Hoict Md

]bnad

Ppokkoki

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Qnùnktd

Iïknrd

Ppokkoki

Hnfnkokd >8

Bnrdao`s ]bnad Wolbtns Hoict Md

=9 19 28 28

]dtbl

281

Bkâlosos.- Lb b`tovombm prnhnromb pbrb lbs fuenrns ns nl spokkoki `dk nl 0=%, uk 1?% prnhoronrn rnblozbr bnrdao`s, 29% rnblozb tbnad, 27% prb`to`b hoitc md bl oiubl qun uk 27% polbtns.

1.1.0.0.2.8 @ðfd `bloho`b ustnm nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod iofkbsod bl qun bsostn IQÂHO@D Kµ 27 @DFD @BLOHO@B BL IOFKBPOD R^N BPOP]N (NRÔWDP) 22% =2% =3%

Fuy Aunkd

Aunkd

Qniulbr

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Qnùnktd Fuy Aunkd Aunkd Qniulbr

Hrnùnkòb

] dtbl

183

21? 222

Bkâlosos.- Pn punmn dasnrvbr qun lb `bloho`bòðk mn lds nkùnstbmd cbòb lds iofkbsods b lds qun bsostnk nk ld rnhnrnktn b lds nquopds qun ïstds dhnrtbk, nl =3% fnkòdkbk qun sdk aunkds, =2% fnkòdkbk qun lds nquopds sn nkùnktrbk nk nstbmd rniulbr y 22% fnkòdkbk qun lds nquopds mn lds iofkbsods sdk fuy aunkds.

IQÂHO@D Kµ 22 @DFD @BLOHO@B BL IOFKBPOD R^N BPOP]N (OKP]Q^@]DQNP) >% ?% =8%

=7%

Fuy Aunkd

Aunkd

Qniulbr

Fbld

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd

Hrnùnkòb

Fuy Aunkd Aunkd Qniulbr Fbld

273 21=

] dtbl

183

Bkâlosos.- Pn punmn dasnrvbr qun lb `bloho`bòðk mn lds nkùnstbmd cbòb lds iofkbsods b lds qun bsostnk nk ld rnhnrnktn b lds okstru`tdrns qun ofpbrtnk lbs `lbsns ns rniulbr `dk =8%, sniuomd mn =7% qun ld `bloho`bk `dfd aunkd, ?% `bloho`bk b lds okstru`tdrns `dfd aunkds y hokblfnktn >% `dksomnrbk nl snrvoòd mnl okstru`tdr fbld.

IQÂHO@D Kµ 21 @ÐFD @BLOHO@B BL IOFKBPOD BL R^N BPOP]N (PNQXO@ODP) 20% 18%

82%

Aunkd

Qniulbr

Fbld

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Qnùnktd Aunkd Qniulbr Fbld

Hrnùnkòb

] dtbl

183

280

`dk`nrkonktn b lds snrvoòds bmoòdkblns nk nl iofkbsod `dfd pdr nenfpld Bkâlosos.- Nk ld `dk`nrkonktn `bhntnræb, nstbòdkbfonktd nk uk 82% ns `bloho`bmd `dfd rniulbr, nk uk 18% `dfd fbld y nl 20% `dfd aunkd.

IQÂHO@D Kµ 20 @ÐFD @BLOHO@B BL IOFKBPOD BL R^N BPOP]N (LOFWONUB) =% 17%

98%

Aunkd

Qniulbr

Fbld

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd Aunkd Qniulbr Fbld

Hrnùnkòb

] dtbl

183

Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds mn lb nkùnstb rnhnrnktn b lb lofponzb mn lds iofkbsods b lds qun bsostnk funstrbk qun nk uk 98% nl snrvoòd mn lofponzb ns aunkd, 17% `dfd rniulbr y hokblfnktn =% `bloho`b nl snrvoòd mn lofponzb `dfd fbld.

IQÂHO@D Kµ 2= @DFD @BLOHO@B BL IOFKBPOD R^N BPOP]N (ÂO@B@OÐK) 17%

22%

8?%

Fbld

Qniulbr

Aunkd

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd

Hrnùnkòb

Aunkd Qniulbr Fbld

238

] dtbl

183

Bkâlosos.- Lb uao`bòðk mnl iofkbsod pbrb lds nkùnstbmds, nxpdkn nk uk 8?% qun ns rniulbr, 17% lb uao`bòðk ns aunkb y hokblfnktn uk 22% lb uao`bòðk mn lds iofkbsods ns fbld. IQÂHO@D Kµ 2> @DFD @BLOHO@B BL IOFKBPOD R^N BPOP]N (CDQBQOD) >% 00%

81%

Aunkd

Qniulbr

Fbld

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Bkâlosos.- Lds nkùnstbmds nxpdknk qun uk 81% lds cdrbrods sdk rniulbrns, uk 00% sdk aunkds d `ðfdmds y uk >% fnkòdkbk qun nl cdrbrod nk lds iofkbsods ns fbld.

1.1.0.0.2.9 Cb dmod dmod ustnm ustnm cbalbr sdarn nl snrvoòd mn Iofkbsod Bùâto`d IQÂHO@D Kµ 28 CB DOMD CBALBQ MN ^K IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D Kd =8%

Po >=%

Po

Kd

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Qnùnktd Po

Hrnùnkòb 173

Kd

29? 039

Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds b trbvïs mn lb nkùnstb rnblozbmb funstrbk qun nl >=% mn lds nkùnstbmds qun cb`nk b 173 pnrsdkbs fnkòdkbk qun kd cbaæbk dæmd cbalbr b`nr`b mn lds snrvoòds mn uk iofkbsod bùâto`d, fonktrbs nl =8% qun cb`nk b 29? pnrsdkbs fnkòdkbk qun kd dynrdk b`nr`b mn uk iofkbsod bùâto`d.

1.1.0.0.2.3 Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr b`tovombmns hæso`bs nk uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d

IQÂHO@D Kµ 29 LN OK]NQNPBQÆB BPOP]OQ B ^K IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D (BPOP]NK B ^K IOFKBPOD) Kd 1?%

Po 92%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Qnùnktd Po

Hrnùnkòb 19>

Kd

221 039

Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds fnmobktn lb nkùnstb, funstrbk qun uk 92% nstâ oktnrnsbmd nk rnblozbr b`tovombmns b`tovombmns bùâto`bs, fonktrbs qun nl 1?% kd nstâ oktnrnsbmd nk bsostor b uk iofkbsod bùâto`d.

1.1.0.0.2.? @dk quï hrnùnkòb bsostoræb ustnm b uk `nktrd mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b IQÂHO@D Kµ 23 @DK R^Ï HQN@^NK@OB BPOP]OQOB BL IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D @bmb fns >%

D`bsodkblfnktn =%

Hokns mn snfbkb 2>%

Mobrobfnktn 0?%

]rns vn`ns pdr snfbkb 11% Mds vn`ns pdr snfbkb 2>%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob ]balb mn `dktokinkòb @dk quï hrnùnkòb bsostoræb b uk iofkbsod bùâto`d

Qnùnktd Ln oktnrnsbræb bsostor b uk iofkbsod bùâto`d Po

]dtbl

Kd

@dk qun hrnùnkòb bsostoræb b uk iofkbsod

Mobrobfnktn Mds vn`ns pdr

278 =1 snfbkb

07 3

bùâto`d

]rns vn`ns pdr

82 snfbkb

7

Hokns mn

=7 snfbkb

8>

@bmb fns D`bsodkblfnktn

2> 22

]dtbl

3 2 19>

221

0?%, uk 2>% Bkâlosos.- Lds nkùnstbmds bsostoræbk bl iofkbsod bùâto`d mn hdrfb mobrob `dk 0?%, bùmn trns vn`ns b lb snfbkb, 11% mds vn`ns pdr snfbkb, 2>% lds hokns mn snfbkb, >% `bmb fns y =% d`bsodkblfnktn.

1.1.0.0.2.27 Pnòbln lds mæbs nk lds qun ustnm bsostoræb bl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d IQÂHO@D Kµ 2? @DK R^Ï HQN@^NK@OB BPOP]OQOB BL IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D Pbabmd 20%

Mdfokid 1%

Lukns 17%

Xonrkns 20% Fbrtns 10%

Eunvns 2>% Fonr`dlns 2=%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd

Hrnùnkòb

Lukns Fbrtns Foïr`dlns Eunvns Xonrkns Pâabmd Mdfokid 19>

Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds b`nr`b mn lds mæbs mn bsostnkòb nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, funstrb qun nl mæb fbrtns snræb nl fâs hrnùnktbmd `dk 10%, uk 17% bsostoræb nl mæb lukns, nl 2>% nl mæb eunvns, 2=% nl mæb foïr`dlns, 20% nl mæb vonrkns, 20% mæb sâabmd y uk 1% bsostorâ nk mæb mdfokid.

1.1.0.0.2.22 @uâl snræb nl cdrbrod nk nl qun bsostoræb bl `nktrd mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b IQÂHO@D Kµ 17 @^BL PNQOB NL CDQBQOD NK NL R^N BPOP]OQOB BL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D Mn 8507 b 9507 bf 2>%

20%

Mn 3577 b ?577 bf 2=%

27% 20%

Mn ?507 b 27507 bf Mn 22577 b 21577 bf

?%

Mn 2=577 b 2>577 pf 2=%

21%

Mn 2>507 b 28507 pf Mn 29577 b 23577 pf Mn 23507 b 2?507 pf

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd @uâl ns su dùpbòðk Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr b`tovombmns nk iyf bùâto`d Mn 8507 b 9507 bf Mn 3577 b ?577 bf Mn ?507 b 27507 bf Mn 22577 b 21577 bf Po Mn 1577 b 0577 Mn 05pf 07 b =507 pf Mn >577 b 8577 pf Mn 8507 b 9507 pf ]dtbl

Nstumobktn mn snùkmbrob 7

Nstumobktn ukovnrsotbrod 7

Nfplnbmd mnpnkmonktn põalo`d 8

Nfplnbmd mnpnkmonktn Knidòd prdpod provbmd ? 21

?

20

8

8

7

7

=

03

7

23

8

7

7

7

1

18

8

27

8

7

8

7

8

0=

29

28

>

7

7

7

7

03

29

=

8

7

8

7

1

0>

?

3

7

7

7

7

=

27

3

27

=

8

81

9?

=0

1>

13

Lbadrns Md`nkòb mn `bsb = =

27

Bkâlosos.- Lds nkùnstbmds funstrbk ukb prnhnrnkòb mnl cdrbrod mn bsostnkòb nk uk 2>% mn 23507 b 2?507 pf, nl 2=% mn 2=577 b 2> pf, nl 2=% mn 3577 b ?577 bf, nl 20% mn 8507 b 9507 bf, 20% mn 2>507 b 28507 pf, 21% mn 22577 b 21577 bf, y hokblfnktn 27% mn 29.77 b 23577 pf.

27 7 13

]dtbl 0>

19 =1 19>

1.1.0.0.2.21 Ruï topds mn b`tovombmns hæso`bs ln iustbræb iustbræb prb`to`br nk nl Iofk Iofkbsod bsod Bùâto`d IQÂHO@D Kµ 12 R^N B@]OXOMBMNP QNBLOUBQOB NK NL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D Bnrdao` bùâto`d Aboln bùâto`d Qncbaolotbòðk bùâto`b

27%

?%

Adxnd bùâto`d

3%

22%

]dko`bòðk nk nl biub

27%

9%

@bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub

9%

22% 27%

Bqubnrdao` `dk stnp

8%

9%

Bqublõmo`b Nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd

=%

Cymrd ydib Cymrd spokkoki Cymrd trnnjoki

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob ]balb mn `dktokinkòb Run topd mn b`tovombm ln iustbræb cb`nr nk iyf bùâto`d * @ubl ns su dùpbòðk * Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr b`tovombmns b`tovombmns nk iyf bùâto`d Qnùnktd @uâl ns su dùpbòðk Nfplnbmd Nfplnbmd mnpnkm. Knidòd mnpnkm. provbmd prdpod Md`nkòb põalo`d

Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr b`tovombmns nk iyf bùâto`d Bnrdao` bùâto`d Aboln bùâto`d

Nstumobktn mn snùkmbrob

Nstumobktn ukovnrsot.

21 8

3 28

8 7

7 7

7 7

7 7

]dtbl 18 7 11 7

Qncbaolotbòðk bùâto`b Adxnd bùâto`d ]dkoho`bòðk nk nl biub @bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub Bqubnrdao` `dk stnp Bqublõmo`b Nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd Cymrd ydib Cymrd spokkoki Cymrd trnnjoki

7 ? 7

7 29 7

7 7 =

3 = =

21 7 7

1 7 1

8 7 8

13 07 28

8

0

9

7

7

7

1

23

8

2=

=

0

7

7

7

19

7 ?

7 >

7 =

7 7

3 7

7 7

= 7

21 23

= 8 27

1 3 22

> = 8

0 > 1

= 7 7

7 = 7

2 0 7

2? 07 1? 19>

]dtbl

Lbadrns mn `bsb

Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds nk lb nkùnstb rnblozbmb funstrbk qun uk 22% rnblozbræb cymrd spokkoki, uk 22% nlnioræb rnblozbr cymrd trnnjoki, nl 27% bqubnrdao` `dk stnp oiubl qun rncbaolotbòðk rncbaolotb òðk bùâto`b, uk ?% tdkoho`bòðk tdkoho`bòðk nk nl biub, 3% aboln bùâto`d, 9% rnblozbræbk rnblozbræbk nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd, cymrd ydib, adxnd bùâto`d, 8% bnrdao` bùâto`d, y uk =% mn lds nkùnstbmds rnblozbræb bqublumo`b.

1.1.0.0.2.20 Ruï snrvoòds bmoòdkblns ln iustbræb iustbræb nk`dktrbr nk nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d IQÂHO@D Kµ 11 R^N PNQXO@ODP BMO@ODKBLNP LN I^P]BQÆB NK NL IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D Qdpb mnpdrvb y b``nsdrods 29% Nstbòdkbfonktd prdpod >%

Iuæb kutroòdkbl =>%

Pbukb ?%

@bhntnræb 1=%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd Iuæb kutroòdkbl @bhntnræb Pbukb Nstbòdkbfonktd prdpod Qdpb mnpdrtovb y b``nsdrods

Bkâlosos.- Lds snrvoòds bmoòdkblns qun lds nkùnstbmds quosonrbk ns nk profnr luibr `dk nl =>% `dktbr `dk uk iuæb kutroòdkbl, kutroòdkbl, nl 1=% quonrn nl snrvoòd mn `bhntnræb, 29% mn rdpb mnpdrtovb y b``nsdrods, ?% quosonrbk `dktbr `dk uk sbukb, y uk >% rnquonrn nstbòdkbfonktd prdpod.

Hrnùn 21>

1.1.0.0.2.2= @uâktd nstbræb mospunstd b pbibr pdr uk fns mn snrvoòd nk nl Iofk Iofkbsod bsod Bùâto`d IQÂHO@D Kµ 10 @^BK]D NP]BQOB MOPW^NP]D B WBIBQ WDQ ^K FNP MN PNQXO@OD Nktrn 177 y 1>7 23%

Nktrn 072 b 0>7 0>%

Nktrn 1>2 b 077 =9%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Qnùnktd Nktrn 177 y 1>7 Nktrn 1>2 b 077 Nktrn 072 b 0>7

Hrnùnkòb >2 21? ?> 19>

Bkâlosos.- Nl `dstd qun nstbræb mospunstd b pbibr pdr nl snrvoòd mn hdrfb fnksubl nl nkùnstbmd dsòlb nktrn lds As. 1>2 b 077 `dk uk =9% mn b`nptbòðk, 23% pbibræb nktrn As. 177 y 1>7 y nl 0>% pbibræb pdr uk fns mn snrvoòd nktrn As. 072 b 0>7.

1.1.0.0.2.2> ^stnm prnhnroræb rnblozbr nl pbid mnl snrvoòd IQÂHO@D Kµ 1= ^P]NM QNBLOUBQOB NL WBID Mobrod 20% Pnfbkbl 28% Fnksubl 81%

Ruok`nkbl ?%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd Mobrod Pnfbkbl Ruok`nkbl Fnksubl

Hrnùnkòb 08 => 1= 297 19>

Bkâlosos.- Lbs pnrsdkbs nkùnstbmbs nk uk 81% fnkòdkbk qun prnhnroræbk cb`nr nl pbid mnl snrvoòd mn iofkbsod bùâto`d nk hdrfb fnksubl, nl 28% cbræb nl pbid nk hdrfb snfbkbl, 20% nk hdrfb mobrob y ?% mn lds nkùnstbmds quosonrb pbibr mn hdrfb quok`nkbl.

1.1.0.0.2.28 Pnòbln nl fnmod mn `dfuko`bòðk `dfuko`bòðk pdr nl qun ustnm `dkd`n d sn okhdrfb mn lds snrvoòds

IQÂHO@D Kµ 1>

PNÒBLN LDPPN FNMODP MN MN @DF^KO@B@ODK WDQ LDP R^N OKHDQFB LDP PNQXO@ODP ]nlnvosoðk 3%

Wnrodmo`ds 2>%

Qbmod 2=%

Qnvostbs 9% Qnmns sdòblns 09% Wbkhlntds

Qn`dfnkmbòdk mn bfoids 28%

0%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd ]nlnvosoðk Qbmod Qnvostbs Qn`dfnkmbòðk mn bfoids Wbkhlntds Qnmns sdòblns Wnroðmo`ds

fnmo d mn `dfuko`bòðk Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds mn lb nkùnstb rnblozbmb b`nr`b mnl fnmod snòblbk qun nl 09% sn okhdrfb mn lds snrvoòds pdr lbs rnmns sdòblns Hb`naddj, twotnr, wcbtsbpp, nt`., 28% pdr rn`dfnkmbòðk mn bfoids, 2>% pdr lds pnroðmo`ds,2=% pdr nfosdrbs rbmoblns, 3% pdr lb tnlnvosoðk y uk 0% pdr pbkhlntds.

Hrnùn

1.1.0.0.2.29 Nk quï rbkid mn nmbm sn nkùnktrb b`tublfnktn IQÂHO@D Kµ 18 QBKID MN NMBM Mn >9 bmnlbktn Mn =2 b >8 >% 21%

Mn 20 b 29 11%

Mn 02 b =7 2>% Mn 23 b 1= 1>% Mn 1> b 07 12%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob ]balb mn `dktokinkòb Nk qun rbkid mn nmbm sn nkùnktrb b`tublfnktn * Iïknrd

Qnùnktd Iïknrd Nk qun rbkid mn nmbm sn nkùnktrb b`tublfnktn

Mn 20 b 29 Mn 23 b 1= Mn 1> b 07 Mn 02 b =7 Mn =2 b >8 Mn >9 bmnlbktn

]dtbl

Hnfnkokd

Fbsùlokd =1 13 08

=> 89 =>

1= 17 27

0> 19 3 287

119

Bkâlosos.- Lds mbtds datnkomds pdr fnmod mn lb nkùnstb b lds cdfarns, funstrbk qun nl 1>% nkùnstbmds sn nkùnktrbk nk uk rbkid mn nmbm mn 23 b 1= bòds, uk 11% sn nkùnktrbk nktrn lds 20 b 29 bòds, nl 12% sn nkùnktrbk nktrn 1> b 07 bòds, uk 2>% mn lds nkùnstbmds sn nkùnktrbk nkùnktrb k nktrn 02 y =7 bòds, =2 b >8 bòds dùpbk nl 21% y hokblfnktn nl > >% % mn lds nkùnstbmds sn nkùnktrbk nktrn lb nmbm mn >9 bmnlbktn.

]dtb

1.1.0.0.2.23 @uâl ns su prdhnsoðk y/d su dùpbòðk IQÂHO@D Kµ 19 @^BL NP P^ D@^WB@ODK B@]^BL

Lbadrns mn `bsb 21% Md`nkòb 0% Knidòd prdpod 21%

Nstumobktn mn snùkmbrob 12%

Nfplnbmd mnpnkmonktn provbmd ?% Nfplnbmd mnpnkmonktn põalo`d 21%

Nstumobktn ukovnrsotbrod 02%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd Nstumobktn mn snùkmbrob Nstumobktn ukovnrsotbrod Nfplnbmd mnpnkmonktn põalo`d Nfplnbmd mnpnkmonktn provbmd Knidòd prdpod Md`nkòb Lbadrns mn `bsb

Bkâlosos.- Lb dùpbòðk mn lds nkùnstbmds nk uk 02% `drrnspdkmn b nstumobktns ukovnrsotbrods, ukovnrsotbr ods, uk 12% `drrnspdkmn `drrnspdkmn b nstumobktns nstumobktns mn snùkmbrob, snùkmbrob, sniuomd mn uk 21% qun tonknk uk knidòd knidòd prdpod, uk 21% `drrnspdkmn `drrnspdkmn b nfplnbmds mnpnkmonktns mnpnkmonktns põalo`ds,21% põalo`ds,21% lbadrns mn `bsb ?% sdk nfplnbmds mnpnkmonktns provbmds , 0% `drrnspdkmnk b md`nktns.

Hrnùnkò

1.1.0.0.2.2? Nk ùâl mn lds iïknrds sn nkùnktrb nkùnktrb ustnm IQÂHO@D Kµ 13

INKNQD Fbsùlokd =2% Hnfnkokd >?%

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Qnùnktd Fbsùlokd

Hrnùnkòb 287

Hnfnkokd

119 039

Bkâlosos.- Mn lds mbtds datnkomds fnmobktn lb nkùnstb sn punmn dasnrvbr qun nl >?% `drrnspdkmnk bl iïknrd hnfnkokd, y nl =2% mn lds nkùnstbmds `drrnspdkmnk bl iïknrd fbsùlokd.

MOPNÒD MN LB NK]QNXOP]B B LDP WQOK@OWBLNP WQO K@OWBLNP @DFWN]OMDQNP 2. ´@uâlns sdk lbs mds `brb`tnræsto`bs fâs ofpdrtbktns ofpdrtbk tns qun ustnm omnktoho`b omnktoho `b nk sus `lonktns b`tublns4 1. ´@uâlns sdk lds hb`tdrns fâs ofpdrtbktns mn mohnrnkòbòðk mohnrnkòbò ðk mn su snrvoòd4 0. ´B quoïkns `dksomnrb `dksomnrb sus prokòpblns `dfpntomdrns y pdrqun4 =. ´@uâlns sdk lds prdalnfbs fâs ofpdrtbktns qun cbyb tnkomd su knidòd4 >. ´Ruï rbzdkns `rnn ustnm qun tonkn pbrb cb`nr usd mn su snrvoòd4 8. ´@uâl ns lb prdfdòðk qun lns cb pnrfotomd `bptbr uk fbydr kõfnrd mn `lonktns4 9. ´Ruï fnmod mn pualoòmbm b fnkumd utolozb pbrb mohukmor su snrvoòd4 snrvoòd 4 3. ´@dksomnrb qun sus prnòds nstâk bl bl`bk`n mn uk irupd rnmuòmd mn `lonktns d b ukb irbk fbydræb4 ´Wdr quï4..

?. ´@dksomnrb qun lb uao`bòðk mn su knidòd ns uk hb`tdr mntnrfokbktn nk nl ïxotd mn su nfprnsb4 27. @uâl mn lbs soiuonktns nstrbtniobs `dksomnrb qun su nfprnsb bplo`b5

Lomnrbzid nk `dstds

Mohnrnkòbòðk Nkhd`bmd nk uk ko`cd mn fnr`bmd

QNP^L]BMDP DA]NKOMDP MN LB NK]QNXOP]B B WDPOALNP WD POALNP @DFWN]OMDQNP Lb nkùnstb hun bplo`bmb b 0 mn lds pdsoalns y prokòpblns `dfpntomdrns (Wo`dlld, Id Hot, Fnibtlðk) y lbs `dk`lusodkns hunrdk datnkombs hunrdk lbs soiuonktns5

Lds prokòpblns `lonktns mn nstds knidòds sn `brb`tnrozbk pdr tnknr pdmnr bmquosotovd y lb kn`nsombm mn fbktnknrsn nk hdrfb. Lds hb`tdrns mn mohnrnkòbòðk mnl snrvoòd sdk5 `blombm y vbronmbm, lbs rbzdkns qun lds `lonktns tonknk pbrb cb`nr usd mn sus snrvoòds sdk5 lb `blombm b tdmd kovnl, tbktd nk lb nstru`turb, nk lds nquopds, nl pnrsdkbl y nl cdrbrod dhrnòmd. Lds fnmods mn pualoòmbm utolozbmds sdk5 tnlnvosoðk ld`bl, rnvostbs, rnmns sdòblns y lb nxpnronkòb mn lds `lonktns. Nl ïxotd mn nstn knidòd sn mnrovb mn lb uao`bòðk nstrbtïio`b. Lb nstrbtniob nfplnbmb pdr nstds knidòds nstâ nkhd`bmb b uk ko`cd mn fnr`bmd nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn.

@DK@L^PODKNP MN LDP QNP^L]BMDP DA]NKOMDP

Lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs prokòpblns nk lb fbydræb mn lbs pnrsdkbs nkùnstbmbs, sdk bqunllbs qun pnrtnkn`nk bl sn`tdr n`dkðfo`bfnktn b`tovd mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn y sn

nkùnktrbk nk nl rbkid mn nmbm mn 20 bòds nk bmnlbktn. Mnl tdtbl mn lbs pnrsdkbs pnrsdkbs nkùnstb nkùnstbmbs mbs nl 92% nstbræbk nstbræbk mospuns mospunstbs tbs b rnblozbr rnblozbr b`tovombmns hæso`bs nk uk iofkbsod bùâto`d, ns mnòr nxostn ukb mnfbkmb pdtnkòbl.

Lbs rbzdkns prokòpblns pdr lbs ùblns bsostoræbk sdk5 pdr ùombr su sblum y su bpbronkòb hæso`b.

^kb mn lbs rbzdkns mntnrfokbktns pbrb qun ukb pnrsdkb kd rnblo`n kokiukb b`tovombm ns pdr hbltb mn tonfpd, nl `dstd mnl snrvoòd y pdr tnknr bliukb lnsoðk d fblnstbr qun ofpomb rnblo`n nl nenròòd mn fbknrb trbmoòdkbl.

Lb hrnùnkòb mn bsostnkòb mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d ns mn lukns b vonrkns nk cdrbrods mnsmn lbs 8507 b 21577 nk lbs fbòbkbs, y mn 1577 b 2?507 pdr lbs tbrmns.

Nktrn lbs b`tovombmns hæso`bs dptbmbs pdr lds nkùnstbmds, pbrb snr rnblozbmbs nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn tonkn5 Cymrd spokkoi, cymrd trnnjoki, bmnfâs mn bqunllbs qun `dktnkibk bliõk bpbrbtd pbrb snr mnsbrrdllbmd mnktrd mnl biub.

Lds snrvoòds bmoòdkblns qun fâs b`diomb tonknk pdr pbrtn mn lds `lonktns pdtnkòblns, ns nl iuæb kutroòdkbl, y lb `bhntnræb `dk blofnktds sblumbalns.

Nl prnòd qun lb fbydræb mn nkùnstbmds nstâ mospunstd b pbibr ns mn 077 pdr ukb snsoðk mn ukb cdrb nk uk iofkbsod bùâto`d, rnblozbkmd uk pbid fnksubl nk nhn`tovd.

Lds fnmods mn `dfuko`bòðk fâs utolozbmds pdr lds nkùnstbmds pbrb okhdrfbrsn sdarn bliõk snrvoòd sdk5 prnksb n oktnrknt, lds fosfds qun sn pdmrâk nk `dksomnrbòðk pbrb cb`nr `dkd`nr nl iofkbsod bùâto`d.

QN@DFNKMB@ODKNP Wbrb qun nl iofkbsod, sblib mn lb fosfb rutokb qun dhrn`nk lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkb trbmoòdkblns lns `rnbrnfds uk Kunvd Iofkbsod `dk tï`ko`bs y nenròòds bùâto` bùâto`ds ds qun vb b sbtoshb`nr lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds `lonktns yb qun nstds snrâk fâs nhoònktns qun lds nenròòds trbmoòdkblns pdr ld ùbl rn`dfnkmbfds5

Mbr b `dkd`nr ld anknhoòds mn lds nenròòds bùâto`ds.

Ldirbr `bptbr lb btnkòðk mnl `lonktn fnmobktn ukb aunkb pualoòmbm.

Qnblozbr uk sniuofonktd mn tdmbs lbs b`tovombmns qun sn rnblo`nk mnktrd mn lbs okstblbòdkns.

Dhrn`nr uk snrvoòd mn `blombm. Fbktnknr uk aunk prnòd mn fnr`bmd.

Mnsbrrdllbr nstrbtniobs qun pnrfotbk ibkbr `lonktns pdtnkòblns lb homnlombm mn

lds b`tublns.

1.1.=

BKBLOPOP HDMB

HDQ]BLNUBP

Pnrvoòd okkdvbmdr, õko`d nk lb òumbm Aunkbs Okstblbòdkns Dhnrtb mn mosòplokbs hæso`bs fdmnrkbs Pnrvoòd `dk nquopds mn õltofb tn`kdldiæb b`drmn b lds snrvoòds Pnln`òðk mnl pnrsdkbl bltbfnktn nspnòblozbmd, nhoònktn y mokâfo`d Bltd kovnl nk lb l b `blombm mnl snrvoòd snrvo òd cbòb nl `lonktn Fnr`bmd, `dk pdsoaolombm mn `rnòfonktd Cdrbrods hlnxoalns mn snrvoòd Wdsoaolombm mn bfplobòðk b snrvoòds bmoòdkblns mn bùnrmd b lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds `lonktns

MNAOLOMBMNP

Bltds `dstds mn okvnrsoðk okvnrso ðk pbrb lb okhrbnstru`turb Hbltb mn `bpotbl y hokbkòbfonktd prdpod

Ldirbr ukb mohnrnkòbòðk mnl snrvoòd pbrbfbydr qun snb fâs nx`lusovd Ok`luor b bmultds fbydrns y koòds

DWDQ]^KOMBMNP

Fnr`bmd kd nxpldtbmd nk nl sn`tdr mnl hotknss Aunkb prâ`to`b y câaotd cbòb nl nktrnkbfonktd hæso`d Bltd kovnl mn snmnktbrosfd snmn ktbrosfd pdr hbltb hbl tb mn tonfpd Kn`nsombm mn lbs pnrsdkbs mn vnrsn y snktorsn aonk Kd nxostn `dfpntnkòb morn`tb. Wõalo`d mn sn`tdrns `nr`bkds sn pdmræbk sufbr. Lds nquopds n oksufds sn lds punmn bmquoror mnktrd mnl pbæs

BFNKBUBP

Okstru`tdrns `dk hunrtn pdmnr mn knidòbòðk bl kd nxostor okstotuòðk mn nspnòblozbòðk nk iofkbsob bùâto`b. B`tovombmns sustotutovbs sustotut ovbs b lb kunstrb nxostnktn nk lb òumbm iofkbsods, spbs, nt`. Ok`rnfnktd mn ofpunstds pdr pbrtn mnl idaonrkd. Hoebòðk mn prnòds pdr pbrtn mn lds snrvoòds sustotutds Nkhrnktbr lb rnsostnkòb bl `bfaod qun ofplo`b uk snrvoòd okkdvbmdr. Wdsoaolombm mn ofotbòðk. Kd cby uk bktn`nsdr nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn qun kds sorvb mn iuæb

@BWO]^LD OOO 0

WQ WQDW DW^N ^NP]B P]B MN MNL L WLBK WLBK MN N NFWQ FWQNP NPB B WBQB WBQB ^K ^K IOFK IOFKBP BPOD OD B@^B]O@D

@bpotbl Bqubiyf & Ynllknss , ns uk `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b qun nstbrâ uao`bmd nk lb

`blln Inkdvnvb Qæds `bso nsquokb Kbròsd @bfpnrd, zdkb Cubllpbrrofb`co , nstâ nkhd`bmd b cdfarns y fuenrns mn 20 bòds nk bmnlbktn qun vovnk nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn. Nl snrvoòd qun dhrn`n aâso`bfnktn ns lb rnlbòðk mn nenròòds nk nl fnmod bùâto`d. Lbs snsodknss murbk ukb cdrb y nstâk moroiombs pdr uk okstru`tdr qun mosnòbk sus `lbsns snsodkn b`drmn b lbs `bpbòmbmns mn lds `lonktns.

0.2

WLBK MN DWNQB@ODKNP

Nk nl plbk mn dpnrbòdkns sn bkblozbrâ lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs y tï`ko`bs hukòdkblns mnl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d, `dfd tbfaoïk lb uao`bòðk indirâho`b mnl fosfd.

0.2.2

LD@BLOUB@OÐK

Qnblozbmb Qnblozbm b lb okvnstoibòðk okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds sn pumd dasnrvbr qun uk 8% mn lds nkùnstbmds nkùnstbmds cdfarns qun b`tublfnktn b`tublfnktn kd bsostnk bl iofkbsod ns pdr lb uao`bòðk uao`bòðk mn lds fosfds, y sn punmn dasnrvbr qun nl 29% mn lbs fuenrns kd ld cb`n pdr lb fosfb rbzðk. Pn pumd dasnrvbr tbfaoïk qun lb prnhnrnkòb mn bsostnkòb mn lds nkùnstbmds b lds iofkbsods ns movnrsb y kd bsæ `dk`nktrbmb `dk`nktrbmb nk nl `nktrd mn lb òumbm ns fâs vbldrbmb lb `blombm mnl snrvoòd b lb uao`bòðk. Lb ld`blozbòðk mnl tnrrnkd sn nkùnktrb nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, @blln Inkdvnvb Qæds `bso Nsq. Kbròsd @bfpnrd, Udkb Cubllpbrrofb`co, punstd qun yb sn ùnktb `dk lb bmquosoòðk mnl tnrrnkd nk ukb supnrhoòn mn 0>7 fntrds y snrâ mnl bpdrtn mn ukd mn lds sdòds mnl prdyn`td. Nl tnrrnkd ùnktb `dk snrvoòds põalo`ds kn`nsbrods `dfd snr5 biub pdtbaln, nln`troòmbm, pbvofnktbòðk, tnlïhdkd, oktnrknt nktrn dtrds.

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d nstâ uao`bmd nk ukb zdkb `dfnròbl bfplobfnktn `dkùrromb, y mn hâòl b``nsd b lds `lonktns qun nk su fbydræb snrâk nstumobktns mn `dlniod, ukovnrsombm, nfplnbmds põalo`ds y provbmds, qun pdmræbk dptbr pdr nl snrvoòd põalo`d (fo`rds, tbxos, nt`.) ld qun pnrfotorâ uk fbydr kõfnrd mn pnrsdkbs sn pnr`btn mn lb nxostnkòb mnl iofkbsod y hbòlotbrb lb `bptbòðk mn mnfbkmbktns mn nstn topd mn snrvoòd.

HOI^QB Kµ 0 @ÔMBM MN P^@QN

Hunktn5 Iddiln Fbps

HOI^QB Kµ = LD@BLOUB@ODK MNL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D

Hunktn5 Iddiln Fbps

0.2.1

MN]NQFOKB@ODK MN LB MNFBKMB

Nl tbfbòd y lb `bpbòmbm sn mntnrfokbrâk tdfbkmd nk ùnktb lb pdròðk mn lb mnfbkmb oksbtoshn`cb y lb mofnksoðk `dk lb qun ùnktb nl tnrrnkd pbrb lb okstblbòðk mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d.

MNFBKMB WDQ CDQB MN LDP ^P^BQODP CB@OB NL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D ]balb mn `dktokinkòb Nk qun cdrbrods bsostoræb bl iofkbsod bùâto`d * @ubl ns su dùpbòðk * Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr b`tovombmns nk iyf bùâto`d Qnùnktd @uâl ns su dùpbòðk Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr nk iyfb`tovombmns bùâto`d Mn 8507 b 9507 bf Mn 3577 b ?577 bf Mn ?507 b 27507 bf Mn 22577 b 21577 bf Po Mn 1577 b 0577 pf Mn 0507 b =507 pf Mn >577 b 8577 pf Mn 8507 b 9507 pf ]dtbl

Nstumobktn mn Nstumobktn snùkmbrob ukovnrsotbrod 7 7

Nfplnbmd

Nfplnbmd

mnpnkmonktn põalo`d 8

mnpnkmonktn provbmd ?

Knidòd prdpod Md`nkòb Lbadrns mn `bsb 21 = =

?

20

8

8

7

7

=

7

23

8

7

7

7

1

8

27

8

7

8

7

8

29

28

>

7

7

7

7

29

=

8

7

8

7

1

?

3

7

7

7

7

=

27

3

27

=

8

Nl tnrrnkd tonkn ukb supnrhoòn mn 0>7 fts. ùbmrbmds, lb supnrhoòn b snr `dkstruomb ns mn 0=> fts., nl fosfd snrvorâ pbrb ukb huturb bfplobòðk. Nl fnr`bmd mn lb mnfbkmb mn iofkbsob bùâto`b nstâ `dkhdrfbmd pdr lds cbaotbktns mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn y mn quonkns ld vosotbk pbrb lds ùblns ns ofpdrtbktn nl ùombr su bspn`td `drpdrbl bsæ `dfd su sblum fnmobktn nl nenròòd hæso`d, sus `brb`tnræsto`bs sn absbk nk qun sdk pnrsdkbs mn okirnsds fnmods - bltds y qun iustbk mnl nenròòd hæso`d d mn ùombr su sblum. Wbrb lb mntnrfokbòðk mn lb mnfbkmb huturb sn rnblozð sdarn lb absn mn kõfnrd mn pnrsdkbs qun bsostorâk bl iofkbsod bùâto`d, ns mnòr sniõk lbs nkùnstbs rnblozbmbs sn mntnrfokð qun uk tdtbl mn 19> pnrsdkbs nstbræbk mospunstds b bsostor bl iofkbsod bùâto`d pdr mæb. Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d `dkstb mn mds posòkbs mn 27x8 fts. `bmb ukd y `dk ukb prdhukmombm mn 2,37 fts. fosfbs qun tonknk ukb `bpbòmbm pbrb okstblbr 0> fâquokbs mn cymrdspokk cymrdspokkoki oki n cymrdtrnnjoki pdr `bmb ukb mn lbs posòkbs y nk `bsd mn snr lbs b`tovombmns sok nquopds y sdld b``nsdrods, pdmrâk b``nmnr mn =7 b >7 pnrsdkbs pdr `bmb posòkb `ðfdmbfnktn sotubmbs. Qnsultbmd mn lb nkùnstb b lb oktnrrdibktn ústnm bsostoræb b uk iofkbsod bùâto`d4 Pn datuvd qun uk 92% nstbræb mospunstd ns mnòr 19> pnrsdkbs pdr mæb, ld qun cbræb uk bprdxofbmd mn 0= pnrsdkbs pdr cdrb.

27 7

]dtb

Pniõk lb nkùnstb tbfaoïk sn mntnrfokð lb prnhnrnkòb mn bsostnkòb nk lds cdrbrods tbktd nk nl turkd mn lb fbòbkb `dfd nk nl turkd mn lb tbrmn, sonkmd uk fækofd mn bsostnkòb mn 18 pnrsdkbs y uk fâxofd mn =1 pnrsdkbs nk cdrbs po`d. @bmb ukb mn lbs posòkbs nstbrâ snpbrbmbs pdr ukb abrrb qun lbs movomorâ nk mds, nstd pbrb pdmnr rnblozbr mds rutokbs nk `bmb ukb mn lbs posòkbs sofultâknbfnktn.

0.2.0

BKBLOPOP MN LB DHNQ]B

Dhnrtb ns lb `bktombm mn aonkns d snrvoòds qun uk ònrtd kõfnrd mn dhnrnktns (prdmu`tdrns) nstâk mospunstds b pdknr b mospdsoòðk mnl fnr`bmd b uk prnòd prn òd mntnrfokbmd. @lbsoho`b @lb soho`b lb dhnrtb mn lb soiuonktn fbknrb5 f bknrb5 dhnrtb rnbl, dhnrtb pdtnkòbl y dhnrtb dhn rtb prdyn`tbmb. (Ab`b I. , Nvblubòðk mn Wrdyn`tds, 1778)

Lb dhnrtb mn snrvoòds mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d `dksostn nk uk `dkeuktd d rutokb mn nenròòds qun sn lds rnblozb nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, euktd `dk bliukds snrvoòd nenròòds snrvoòdss bmoòdkblns `dfd snr snrvoòd mn `bhntnræb y btnkòðk kutroòdkbl pnrsdkblozbmb.

Lb dhnrtb nk lb okmustrob mn hotknss ns movnrsb punstd qun sn ùnktb `dk vbrobs bltnrkbtovbs qun pdmræbk snr sustotutds nk nl fnr`bmd mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, `dfd pdr nenfpld lds iofkbsods y lbs nsùnlbs mn kbtbòðk, qun rnblozbk rutokbs sofolbrns b lbs dhnrtbmbs pdr nl iofkbsod bùâto`d mdkmn lb mohnrnkòb sn fbr`b nk qun sn dhrn`n uk snrvoòd mdkmn mdkmn sn dasnrvbrâ uk fnedr rnsultbmd `dk fnkdr nshunrzd y nk fnkdr tonfpd, lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkblns dhnrtbk dhnrtbk nl snrvoòd nk nl fnmod tnrrnstrn y nl iofkbsod bùâto`d ld dhnrtb nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, uk snrvoòd okkdvbmdr bl snr nl profnr nstbalnòfonktd `dk nstbs `brb`tnræsto`bs nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn.

Dtrds snrvoòds dhnrtbmds nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn qun pdmræbk snr sustotutds sdk lds `nktrds mn nstïto`b spb, `nktrds mn fbsbens rnmu`tdrns nktrn dtrds, sok nfabrid nl iofkbsod iofk bsod bùâto` bùâto`d d

bl arokmbr arokmbr nl snrvoòd snrvoòd bplo`br bplo`brâ â nl snrvoòd snrvoòd cbòb nl bl`bk`n bl`bk`n mnl

aonknstbr aonknst br hæso`d- fnktbl punstd qun bl nstbr okfnrsds nk nl biub, sn datonkn lb trbkquolombm y rnlbebòðk, `dksoiuonkmd nlofokbr nl nstrïs mn ukb hdrfb kbturbl y prâ`to`b, nl fnedr fïtdmd pbrb `dksniuorld ns fnmobktn ukb rutokb mn nenròòd `dfd lb iofkbsob bùâto`b.

0.2.=

OKINKONQOB MNL WQD_N@]D

Wbrb lb okinkonræb mnl prdyn`td sn mntbllb lb fbquokbrob y nquopds kn`nsbrods pbrb lb `dkstru`òðk mn lb posòkb, bsæ `dfd lds nquopds y b``nsdrods kn`nsbrods pbrb nl mnsbrrdlld mn lbs rutokbs mn

nenròòds, sn mntnrfokbrâ lb `brb`tnræsto`b mn lb nmoho`bòðk y lb mostroauòðk mnktrd mnl iofkbsod, dptofozbkmd nl usd mnl ârnb mnl tnrrnkd.

0.2.=.2

Fbtnrobl mn `dkstru`òðk okhrbnstru`turb

Lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs mn lbs okstblbòdkns y lds snrvoòds bknxds mn lb posòkb mnank ibrbktozbr lb prnvnkòðk mn ronsids sbkotbrods, b`òmnktns y hbvdrn`nk nl aonknstbr mn lds usubrods. (@dlbmd & Fdrnkd, 177>)

0.2.=.2.2

@brb`tnræsto`bs mn lbs okstblbòdkns

Lbs supnrhoòns mn tdmds lds nlnfnktds qun oktnirbk lbs okstblbòdkns y lds nquopds mn lb posòkb mnank snr mn fbtnroblns rnsostnktns b lds binktns quæfo`ds, mn `dldr `lbrd y mn hâòl lofponzb y mnsokhn`òðk. Lds pbvofnktds, lbs ns`blnrbs, mnank `dkstruorsn `dk fbtnroblns bktomnslozbktns. Lds pbvofnktds mnank nstbr mdtbmds mn mnsbiüns y su mosnòd mnan ibrbktozbr lb ok`lokbòðk suhoònktn pbrb nvotbr lb hdrfbòðk mn `cbr`ds. Nk tdmbs lbs ârnbs y mnpnkmnkòbs mn lbs okstblbòdkns mnan mospdknrsn mn suhoònktns puktds mn olufokbòðk pbrb pnrfotor mnsbrrdllbr lb b`tovombm b qun sn mnstokbk.

0.2.=.2.1

Mosnòd mn lb posòkb

Lb posòkb mnan prdyn`tbrsn prdyn`tbrsn y `dkstruorsn `dkstruorsn bmdptbkmd lbs fnmombs bmnùbmbs bmnùbmbs pbrb5 b) Lofotbr lb bpdrtbòðk mn `dktbfokbktns bl biub mn lbs posòkbs fnmobktn, lb mospdkoaolombm mn vnstubrods y snrvoòds sbkotbrods bmnùbmds pbrb lds `lonktns, nk hukòðk mn su `bpbòmbm fâxofb. a) Nlofokbr lb `dktbfokbòðk rnsomubl, nl mosnòd mnan prnvnr ukds b`babmds mn pbvofnktds y rnvnstofonktds qun pnrfotbk ukb lofponzb y mnsokhn`òðk nho`bz. @dk nl hok mn ibrbktozbr ukb aunkb `dkmoòðk coioïko`b sbkotbrob mn lb posòkb ns ofpdrtbktn lb `dlbadrbòðk mn lds `lonktns b lds qun mnan okhdrfbrsn b trbvïs mn lbs kdrfbs mn usd oktnrkd. Wbrb lb rnblozbòðk rnblozbòðk mn lds nenròòds bùâto`ds prdpunstds prdpunstds sn kn`nsotbrb ukb posòkb mn prdhukmombm b mnskovnl mn 2,27f b 2,>7f, lb tnfpnrbturb rn`dfnkmbaln ns mn 1>µ b 02µ@. Wbrb lb `dkstru`òðk mn lbs posòkbs sn tdfbrbk tdmbs lbs `dksomnrbòdkns mn ofpnrfnbaolozbòðk mn posd y pbrnmns.

HOI^QB Kµ > HB@CBMB WQOK@OWBL IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D

HOI^QB Kµ 8 XOP]B MN LBP WOP@OKBP MNL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D

Hunktn5 Nfprnsb @dkstru`tdrb “NW@ Wbtoòd‖

Pn utolozbrâk `blnktbmdrns b ibs qun sdk nquopds qun nk lb b`tublombm sn utolozbk `dk hrnùnkòb pdr nl abed `dstd mn fbktnkofonktd y nhn`tovombm nk rnkmofonktd `bldræho`d.

0.2.=.2.0

@dkmoòdkns mn fbktnkofonktd

Fbktnkofonktd bmnùbmd mn lds nquopds, tbktd mnl nquopd mn trbtbfonktd mnl biub `dfd mn lds nquopds y mn `blnktbfonktd mnl biub nk lb posòkb. Lofponzb y mnsokhn`òðk mn lb okstblbòðk (posòkbs, mu`cbs, snrvoòds sbkotbrods, nt`.). Lofponzb y mnsokhn`òðk mnl fbtnrobl mn nksnòbkzb y nenròtbòðk. Blfb`nkbfonktd Blfb`nkbfo nktd bmnùbmd mn lds prdmu`tds pr dmu`tds quæfo`ds.

0.2.=.2.=

Xoiolbkòb sbkotbrob

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d `dktbrâ `dk uk adtoquæk pbrb nfnrinkòbs y profnrds buxolods.

0.2.=.1

Nquopds y B``nsdrods pbrb rnblozbr Nenròòds Bùâto`ds

Lds `lonktns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d `dktbrâk `dk ld soiuonktn pbrb lb rnblozbòðk mn lbs mohnrnktns lbs rutokbs mn nenròòd (Xnr bknxd Kµ 1 bl =)

@^BMQD Kµ 2 NRÔWDP _ B@@NPDQODP WBQB QNBLOUBQ NENQ@O@ODP B@^Â]O@DP Kµ 2 1 0 = > 8 9 3 ? 27 22 21 20 2= 2> 28 29 23

MNP@QOW@ODK

^KOMBM

@BK]OMBM

Ptnps bùâto`ds Wnsbs bùâto`bs Fbkùnrkbs mn hldtbòðk Hldtbmdr lufabr Wlbk`cb mn rnlbebòðk Abrrbs mn rncbaolotbòðk Abkmbs nlâsto`bs Wnldtbs fnmobkbs Iubktns mn nktrnkbfonktd bùâto`d @okturðk mn hldtbòðk ]daollnrbs bùâto`bs Nquopd bùâto`d pbrb spokkoki Nquopd bùâto`d pbrb trnnjoki Nquopd mn sdkomd Wbrlbktns Aâsùlb mn pnsd ]v Wlbsfb mn =1" Nquopd mn `blnktbfonktd posòkb

^kombm Wbr ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm

Wbr ^kombm Wbr ^kombm ^kombm Nquopd Nquopd ^kombm ^kombm Nquopd

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

0.2.=.0

Nmohoòd n Okhrbnstru`turb

Lb mostroauòðk y nl mosnòd mn lbs okstblbòdkns okstblbòd kns mnank tnknr lb hukòdkblombm y nstïto`b qun dptofo`n lb mostroauòðk nhoònktn mn lbs ârnbs qun tnkmrâ nl iofkbsod bùâto`d. Lbs mofnksodkns mofnksodkns mnl iofkbsod iofkbsod bùâto`d bùâto`d nstbrâk nstbrâk mostroauomb mostroauombss mn lb fnedr fbknrb fbknrb pdsoaln bprdvn`cbkmd bprdvn`cb kmd lds nspbòds y rnùrsds qun sn mospdkn, fbktnkonkmd lbs `dkmoòdkns mn sniuromb sniu rombm m y aonknst aonknstbr br pbrb lds `lonktn `lonktnss y mn bùnrmd bùnrmd b lbs kdrfbs mn `dkstr `dkstru`ò u`òðk ðk nstbalnòmbs. Nl mosnòd mn lb okstblbòðk y lb nhoònktn mostroauòðk mn lds nspbòds sdk ofpdrtbktns pbrb lb hukòdkblombm y nstïto`b mn lb nfprnsb, pdr ld qun lbs ârnbs mostroauombs sdk5

0.2.=.0.2

Mostroauòðk Hæso`b

Lb okhrbnstru`turb ùnktb `dk lbs soiuonktns ârnbs (Xnr bknxds >, 8 y 9) Lb rn`npòðk / sn`rntbrob sn nkùnktrb bl okirnsd mn lb okstblbòðk, sn ùnktb `dk lb rn`npòðk mdkmn nspnrbrbk lds `lonktns pbrb nl okirnsd bl iofkbsod bùâto`d. Wdstnrodrfnktn sn nkùnktrbk uao`bmds lds vnstubrods mdkmn sn uao`brbk lds `bsollnrds fntâlo`ds pbrb pbrb mbfbs y b lbmd lds sbkotbrods mn lbs fosfbs, b lbmd sn nkùnktrbk lds vnstomdrns `dk sus rnspn`tovds `bsollnrds y sbkotbrods pbrb cdfarns. Bl hdkmd mn lb okhrbnstru`turb sn nkùnktrb nl ùbrtd pbrb nl nk`bribmd mn lb voiolbkòb y sniurombm mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d. Nk lb pbrtn mnrn`cb mnl okirnsd bl iofkbsod sn nkùnktrbk lbs dhoòkbs bmfokostrbtovbs mdkmn nstbrâk nl inrnktn y nl `dktbmdr. Nl tn`cd mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn nkùnktrb nk ldsb, nstd pbrb okvnrtor nk huturbs bfplobòdkns `dkhdrfn b lb mnfbkmb.

0.2.=.0.1

Ofpb`td Bfaonktbl

Nl biub qun sn dùpbrâ nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, prdvonkn mnl biub pdtbaln mn NLBWBP lb fosfb qun sn utolozbrâ ukb vnz holtrbmb, puroho`bmb, lds mnsn`cds snrâk nlofokbmds b trbvïs mnl bl`bktbrollbmd fukoòpbl.

0.2.=.=

Wrd`nsd Wrdmu`tovd

Nl hlued mn prd`nsd prdmu`tovd qun sn rnblozbrâ nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d okoòb mn lb soiuonktn fbknrb5

0.2.=.=.2

Kunvd ^subrod

@ubkmd nl kunvd `lonktn okirnsn bl iofkbsod bùâto`d, lb rn`npòdkostb sn nk`bribrâ mn arokmbr lb okhdrfbòðk sdarn lbs b`tovombmns dhnrtbmbs nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d.

0.2.=.=.1

Qnvosoðk kutroòdkbl

Qnblozbmd pdr nl kutroòdkostb, sn barorâ ukb ho`cb kutroòdkbl mnl kunvd `lonktn, sn ln nktrnibrâ uk plbk mn kutroòðk b`drmn b sus kn`nsombmns pbrb nl pnrodmd mn uk fns `ddrmokbkmd `dk nl plbk mn nktrnkbfonktd. (Xnr bknxd 3)

0.2.=.=.0

Qnvosoðk Hosodtnrbpostb

Po bliõk `lonktn bsostonrb bl iofkbsod bùâto`d bùâto`d pdr p prdalnfbs rdalnfbs mn lnsodkns y rnquonrb mn nenròòds mn rncbaolotbòðk d tnrbpob, mnanrâ bùmor prnvobfnktn b uk hosodtnrbpostb quonk ln rnblozbrâ uk mobikðsto`d y rn`dfnkmbrâ lds nenròòds pnrtoknktns b su `bsd.

0.2.=.=.=

Okstru`tdrns

Lunid mn rnòaor lb ho`cb fnmo`b mnl kunvd `lonktn, lds okstru`tdr okstru`tdrns ns bkblozbrbk lb ho`cb y mntnrfokbrâ nl plbk mn nktrnkbfonktd b`drmn b lbs kn`nsombmns mnl `lonktn.

0.2.=.=.>

Okirnsd Bl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d

@dk nl plbk mn kutroòðk y nktrnkbfonktd nl kunvd `lonktn nstâ bptd pbrb bsostor b lbs mohnrnktns rutokbs mn b`tovombmns bùâto`bs.

IQBHO@D Kµ 1? WQD@NPD WQDM^@]OXD K^NXD ^P^BQOD

QNXOPOÐK K^]QO@ODKBL

QNXOPOÐK HOPOD]NQBWOP]B (NS]NQKD)

HO@CB K^]O@ODKBL

QN@DFNKMB@OÐK MN LBP Q^]OKBP WDQ LDP OKP]Q^@]DQNP

WLBK MN NK]QNKBFONK]D OKIQNPD BL IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.2.=.=.8

Qniostrd

@ubkmd nl `lonktn llniun bl iofkbsod bùâto`d mnanrâ prnsnktbr su `rnmnkòbl `dk nl cdrbrod y hn`cb rnsnrvbmb, sn ln nktrnibrâ ukb ho`cb y uk `bkmbmd pbrb qun iubrmn sus pnrtnknkòbs nk uk `bsollnrd y pdstnrodrfnktn mnvdlvnrâ lb ho`cb mnspuïs mn lb rutokb.

0.2.=.=.9

@bfaod mn Xnstubrod

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d ùnktb `dk vnstubrods y `bsollnrds pbrb qun lds `lonktns punmbk pdknrsn lb rdpb bmnùbmb pbrb rnblozbr lbs rutokbs nk lb posòkb.

0.2.=.=.3

Fbtnroblns

Mn bùnrmd bl cdrbrod nstbalnòmd pbrb lbs rutokbs, lds okstru`tdrns nlniorâk lds fbtnroblns qun snrâk utolozbmds.

0.2.=.=.?

@blnktbfonktd

Nl `lonktn nfpnzbrb lb hbsn nstorbfonktds, nstds sn llnvbrbk b `bad nk nl adrmn mn lb posòkb, mdkmn sn tnkmrâ uk bpdyd hoed, ns ofpdrtbktn pbrb nvotbr lnsodkns tnkmokdsbs y fusùlbrns, pbsbkmd b lb b`tovbòðk, ns mnòr lb hbsn mn `blnktbfonktd qun byumbrâ b pbsbr mn ukb hbsn pbsovb b ukb b`tovb, bufnktbkmd bufnktbkmd irbmublfnktn lb tnfpnrbtu tnfpnrbturb rb `drpdrbl y bmnùbkmd bmnùbkmd lds fõsùlds, tnkmdkns, brtoùlbòdkns bl kovnl qun mn mnsnb bl`bkzbr.

0.2.=.=.27 Fõso`b Nl okstru`tdr sn nk`brib mn snln`òdkbr lb fõso`b pbrb ldirbr ukb fbydr fdtovbòðk fdt ovbòðk mn lbs pnrsdkbs pdr lb `lbsn, kdrfblfnktn sn utolozb fõso`b qun sn `dkhoiurb nk aldquns `dkhdrfbmds mn uk idlpn hunrtn sniuomd mn ukd mïaol, lb fõso`b nln`trðko`b ns lb omnbl pbrb nstn topd mn nenròòds lb ùbl mnan tnknr ukb murbòðk mn bprdxofbmbfnktn 87 fokutds pbrb tnknr ukb rutokb nhn`tovb sok oktnrrupòdkns. Bl hokblozbr lbs rutokbs fâs pnsbmbs mn bltd ofpb`td, nl okstru`tdr pdkn fõso`b fâs subvn pbrb rnlbebr lds fõsùlds. (@dlbmd & Fdrnkd, 177>)

0.2.=.=.22 Qutokb Nl okstru`tdr okoòb lb `lbsn `dk lb rutokb mobrob, sn punmnk `dfaokbr `dk nl usd mn fbtnroblns, nstbs tï`ko`bs sn `dfaokbk d pbrb qunfbr lb irbsb ld`blozbmb, lbs rutokbs snrâk mohnrnkòbmbs mn bùnrmd b lds daentovds mn lds fosfds. Ns lb hbsn mn fbydr b`tovbòðk nk lb qun ns ofpdrtbktn fbktnknr nl `dktrdl mn lb rnsporbòðk.

0.2.=.=.21 Qnlbebfonktd Hokblozbmb lb rutokb sn pbsb b lb hbsn mn rnlbebòðk mdkmn sn rnblozb uk pd`d mn nlbstoòmbm pbrb abebr nl rotfd `brmob`d, nstorbfonktds nstorbfonktds y rnlbebòðk, rnlbebòðk, byumbmd pdr lb fõso`b (fõso`b mn rnlbebòðk) mdkmn lds `lonktns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d rnlbebk tdmds lds fõsùlds . @dk`luomb lb rnlbebòðk sn mb pdr tnrfokbmb lb `lbsn.

0.2.=.=.20 Xnstomdrns

Nl `lonktn, tnrfokbmb lb rutokb punmn pbsbr b lds vnstomdrns pbrb `bfaobrsn, prnsnktbkmd bl nk`bribmd nk rn`npòðk lb ho`cb `drrnspdkmonktn.

0.2.=.=.2= Qn`npòðk y Pblomb

Nl `lonktn rn`din nl `rnmnkòbl nktrnibkmd lb ho`cb y nl `bkmbmd qun rnòaoð bl rniostrbrsn y sn rntorb mn lbs okstblbòdkns.

IQBHO@D Kµ 07 HLÊD MNL PNQXO@OD MN IOFKBPOB B@^B]O@B

QNIOP]QD @QNMNK@OBL

XNP]OMDQNP

F^PO@B @BLNK]BFONK]D FB]NQOBLNP

Q^]OKB MN NENQ@O@ODP

XNP]OMDQNP

QNLBEBFONK]D

HOK MN LB @LBPN

@QNMNK@OBL M^@CBP

QN@NW@OÐK

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

PBLOMB

0.1

WLBK MN FBQJN]OKI

Wbrb nl Wlbk mn Fbrjntoki, sn hdrfulbrâk lbs nstrbtniobs qun sn ofplnfnktbrbk nk nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d mnktrd mn lb okmustrob mnl hotknss mnpdrtovd, lbs nstrbtniobs qun sn vbk b mnsbrrdllbr snrâk absbmbs nk lb okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmd rnblozbmb, nk forbs mn ldirbr ukb `bptbòðk y pnkntrbòðk nk nl fnr`bmd.

0.1.2

DAEN]OXDP MNL WLBK MN FBQJN]OKI Wlbktnbr lbs nstrbtniobs mn fbrjntoki b ofplnfnktbr nk nl knidòd nk absn b lb okhdrfbòðk datnkomb mn lb okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds.

Mbr b `dkd`nr nl knidòd y pdsoòdkbrld mnktrd mnl fnr`bmd mnl hotknss mnpdrtovd. Pbtoshb`nr lbs kn`nsombmns mnl fnr`bmd daentovd, nk ùbktd hotknss mnpdrtovd, sblum, mn fbknrb rnktbaln.

0.1.1

NP]QB]NIOB MN FBQJN]OKI

Wbrb nstbaln`nr lb nstrbtniob mn fbrjntoki qun iuborb b lb nfprnsb, sn tdfbrbk nk ùnktb bqunllds hb`tdrns `lbvn mn ïxotd qun pnrfotbk `dfpntor b lb nfprnsb n okirnsbr bl fnr`bmd mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn `dk uk snrvoòd kdvnmdsd y mohnrnktn mn lds yb nxostnktns. Ns pdr nstbs rbzdkns qun sn bprdvn`cbrbk bprdvn`cbrbk prokòpblfnktn prokòpblfnktn bqunllbs hdrtblnzbs hdrtblnzbs uao`bmbs nk lds qun vonkn b snr lb mohnrnkòbòðk mn snrvoòds qun dhnrtbk b`tublfnktn lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkblns. Lbs nstrbtniobs qun snrâk mnsbrrdllbmbs snrâk absbmbs nk lb okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmd rnblozbmb nk nl prnsnktn trbabed, nk forbs mn ldirbr ukb `bptbòðk y pnkntrbòðk nk nl fnr`bmd. Ns ofpdrtbktn mnhokor nl rufad qun tdfbrâ lb nfprnsb `dk rnspn`td b lds `lonktns qun btnkmnrâ y lds `dfpntomdrns `dk quonkns `dfpbrtorâ nl fnr`bmd ns mnòr lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkblns trbtbkmd mn datnknr fnedrns anknhoòds, puns sn tdfbrb nk ùnktb lbs b`òdkns b ofplnfnktbr mnktrd uk fbrjntoki nstrbtïio`d qun nstbrâk dronktbmbs b mnhokor nl fnr`bmd fntb bl ùbl moroiorsn, mbmb lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs y mohnrnkòbòðk mn snrvoòds qun fbknen lb nfprnsb, uk pdsoòdkbfonktd pdsoòdkbfonktd mnktrd mnl snifnktd qun dpnrn y su pdstnrodr `dksdlombòðk `dksdlombòðk nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, pbrb ld ùbl lds rnsultbmds mn lb okvnstoibòðk mn fnr`bmds snrâ mn votbl ofpdrtbkòb. Po aonk kd nxostnk `dfpntomdrns morn`tds bl nfprnkmofonktd, puns kd nxostn nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn ukb nfprnsb qun dhrnz`b nl snrvoòd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b, lb `dfpntnkòb okmorn`tb nstbrâ prnsnktn fnmobktn lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkblns qun yb tonknk trbyn`tdrob y nxpnronkòb nk nl fnr`bmd mnl hotknss, pdr tbktd mohnrnkòbrsn mohnrnkòbrsn mn nstn irupd snrâ su prokòpbl vnktbeb `dfpntotovb y qun punmb mbrln b lb nfprnsb ukb pdsoòðk nstrbtïio`b y bmnùbmb.

0.1.1.2

Nstrbtniob @dfpntotovb

Lb nstrbtniob inknrbl qun sn utolozbrâ ns mn Mohnrnkòbòðk yb qun sn mnhokn `dfd “@dkeuktd mn b`òdkns plbkoho`bmbs plbkoho`bmbs mn fbrjntoki qun pnrfotnk ldirbr ukb pnr`npòðk qun mostokib d mohnrnkòn prdmu`tds y/d snrvoòds mn lb `dfpntnkòb‖ Nk nstb ntbpb sn aus`brâ dhrn`nr uk prdmu`td qun snb pnròaomd pdr nl `dksufomdr `dksufomdr `dfd mohnrnktn y pdr nl ùbl nstâ mospunstd b pbibr fâs. @dktroauynk b homnlozbr b lds `lonktns y b fbktnknr ukb pdsoòðk hunrtn bktn lb `dfpntnkòb Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, nk so yb ns uk snrvoòd mohnrnkòbmd mn lds mnfâs knidòds mnl hotknss mnpdrtovd yb qun sus b`tovombmns nstâk `nktrbmbs kntbfnktn mnktrd mnl biub y `dfd prokòpbl vnktbeb `dfpntotovb sn tonkn lb vbronmbm mn b`tovombmns bùâto`bs sok ofpb`td, bsæ lbs pnrsdkbs punmnk rnblozbr trbkquolbfnktn su nenròòd hæso`d sok prndùpbòðk mn `drrnr nl ronsid mn suhror bliõk topd mn prdalnfb nk sus brtoùlbòdkns, `dk nstn snrvoòd sn prntnkmn llnibr lbs pnrsdkbs b pbrtor mn lds 20 bòds nk bmnlbktn. Nstb nstrbtniob ns lb fâs bmnùbmb bl knidòd yb qun lb omnb mn knidòd ns okkdvbmdrb y kd nxostn nk nl fnr`bmd mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, pdr ld tbktd su `brtnrb mn knidòd ns mohnrnktn b lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkblns mn lb òumbm.

0.1.1.1

Wdsoòdkbfonktd

Mnsmn nl puktd mn vostb mn qun nl snrvoòd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b, kd prnsnktb uk `dfpntomdr morn`td nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn y ld qun sn prntnkmn ns dhnrtbr uk snrvoòd kunvd y mohnrnkòbmd pbrb pbr b lb òumbm òumbmbkæ bkæb, b, lb nstr nstrbtn btniob iob mn pdsoòdkbfonk pdsoòdkbfonktd td pbr pbrb b lb kunvb kunvb nfprnsb nfprnsb ns lb rnlbòdkbmb b lds “anknhoòds qun dhrn`n d lbs kn`nsombmns qun sbtoshb`n‖, sok mnebr bl fbrink lb `blombm nk lb prnstbòðk mnl snrvoòd. Mn nstb nstb fbknrb fbknrb pbrb pdmnr omnktoho` omnktoho`brsn brsn mnsmn mnsmn uk prokòpod prokòpod nk nl fnr`bmd fnr`bmd sn nstbaln` nstbaln`n n nl soiuonktn kdfarn, ldidtopd y hrbsn mn pdsoòdkbfonktd5

0.1.1.1.2

Kdfarn y Ldidtopd mnl Pnrvoòd

Wbrb mntnrfokbr nl kdfarn mn lb nfprnsb sn tdfb nk ùnktb nlnfnktds qun pbrtoòpbk nk nl prd`nsd mn snrvoòd `dfd snr5 aonknstbr, sblum, nenròòd, nktrntnkofonktd, kbturblnzb, pdr ld qun sn `dksomnrð bprdpobmd nl kdfarn mn “@bpotbl Bqubiyf & Ynllknss‖ qun sn rnlbòdkb nk

profnr luibr `dk nl nenròòd nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, nl aonknstbr nk lb sblum hæso`b `dfd fnktbl y sn bòbmn lb pblbarb `bpotbl, pdr snr lb òumbm mn Pu`rn `bpotbl mnl Nstbmd Wlurokbòdkbl mn Adlovob.

LDID]OWD _ HQBPN MN LB NFWQNPB

PLDIBK MN LB NFWQNPB NFWQNPB

Nl fnksben sldibk mnl iofkbsod iofkbsod bùâto`d bùâto`d nstâ nk blusoð blusoðk k bl ùombmd ùombmd mnl ùnrpd ùnrpd mn fbknrb sblumbaln.

0.1.0

PNIFNK]B@OÐK MN FNQ@BMD

Wbrb lb snifnktbòðk mnl fnr`bmd pbrb lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, sn tdfbrâk nk ùnktb lbs soiuonktns `brb`tnræsto`bs cdfarns y fuenrns qun rnsombk nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, y qun nstïk `dfprnkmomds mn 20 bòds mn nmbm nk bmnlbktn.

0.1.=

FNQ@BMD FN]B

Nl fnr`bmd fntb pbrb nl iofkbsod bùâto`d ns lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, moroiomd b pnrsdkbs `dfprnkmombs nktrn 20 bòds nk bmnlbktn, qun rnblozbk nenròòd y sn vnk btrbæmbs b kunvbs hdrfbs mn nenròtbòðk lbs fosfbs qun kd tnkibk kokiõk topd mn lnsoðk , tbfaoïk nstâk lbs pnrsdkbs qun cbk suhromd bliõk topd mn lnsoðk y pdr ld qun rnblozbr b`tovombmns nk tonrrb lns

d`bsodkbræb uk mbòd `drpdrbl, lbs pnrsdkbs qun kd rnblozbk kokiõk topd mn b`tovombm hæso`b y sn vnk btrbæmbs pdr rnblozbr nenròòds qun kd prdmuz`bk kokiõk topd mn nhn`td snùkmbrod, pdr lb vomb snmnktbrob qun llnvbk. Ponkmd qun nk lb b`tublombm lb pdalbòðk su`rnksn su`rnksn kd ùnktb `dk uk snrvoòd nx`lusovd nx`lusovd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b qun sbtoshbib nstb b`tovombm, sn cb`n tnktbtovb y btrb`tovb lb prdpunstb b snr ofplnfnktbmb.

0.1.> 0.1.>.2

FBQJN]OKI FOS MN PNQXO@ODP WQDM^@]D/PNQXO@OD

Pn dhrn`nrâ uk snrvoòd nspnòblozbmd n okkdvbmdr “iofkbsob bùâto`b‖ `dk nl daentovd mn nxpldtbr uk fnr`bmd kd nxostnktn nk lb òumbm mnkdfokbmd “@b “@bpot potbl bl Bqu Bqubiy biyf f & Ynllknss‖.

Lb dhnrtb mnl snrvoòd bl snr õko`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, nstbrâ absbmd nk mohnrnkòbrsn mn lds snrvoòdss sustotutds nxostnktns snrvoòd nxostnktns nk nl fnr`bmd, pdr fnmod mn lds okstru`tdrns qun arokmbk lbs rutokbs mn iofkbsob bùâto`b, mnl nktdrkd hæso`d, nl pnrsdkbl snrâ `bpbz y `dkhobaln cbòb lds `lonktns, nl nktdrkd nk nl qun sn mnsbrrdllbrb nl snrvoòd snrâ nk uk bfaonktn btrb`tovd btrb`tovd y fdmnrkd y nstbrâ mosnòbmd mn bùnrmd b lbs kn`nsombmns mnl `lonktn. “@bpotbl Bqubiyf & Ynllknss‖ bl snr uk snrvoòd qun rnquonrn lb prnsnkòb mnl `lonktn, ukd mn

lds hb`tdrns qun sn `dksomnrbrb `dfd okvnrsoðk ns lb mn`drbòðk mn lb okhrbnstru`turb, pbrb mn nsb fbknrb arokmbr uk bfaonktn mn `blombm absbmd nk lb rnlbebòðk, rnkdvbòðk y brfdkæb.

0.1.>.2.2

Mns`ropòðk mnl Pnrvoòd/Wrdmu`td

“@bpotbl Bqubiyf & Ynllknss‖ ns uk `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b qun nstbrâ uao`bmd nk lb

òumbm mn Pu`rn nk nl sn`tdr mn

@blln Inkdvnvb Inkdvnvb Qæds s/k `bso nsquokb Kbròsd

@bfpnrd, Udkb Cubllpbrrofb`co. Nl snrvoòd qun dhrn`n aâso`bfnktn ns lb rnlbòðk mn nenròòds nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, lbs snsodknss murbk bprdxofbmbfnktn 2 cdrb y nstâk moroiombs pdr uk okstru`tdr qun mosnòb sus snsodkn `lbsns b`drmn b lbs `bpbòmbmns mn lds `lonktns. Pn dhrn` dhrn`nrâ nrâ b lds lds `lonkt `lonktns ns `dfd `dfd prok` prokòp opbl bl snrvo` snrvoòd od lb iofkbs iofkbsob ob b` bùâto uâto`b `b nk sus mohnrnktns `btnidræbs qun sn mntbllbk b `dktokubòðk5

0.1.>.2.2.2 Bqubnrdao` d bnrðao`d bùâto`d

Lds prdirbfbs mn bqubnrdao` d bnrðao`d bùâto`d nstâk hdrfbmds pdr uk `dkeuktd mn b`tovombmns bnrðao`bs rnblozbmbs nk nl biub y b`dfpbòbmbs pdr fõso`b. Wdr su fntdmdldiæb sn b`dfdmb b tdmd topd mn pnrsdkbs, ok`luynkmd b tdmbs bqunllbs qun punmnk tnknr rnstrokiomd nl trbabed nk nl fnmod tnrrnstrn. Bsæ puns, nl bqubnrdao` `dksost `dksostn n nk rnblozbr ukb iofkbsob bùâto`b ok`nktovbmb `dk fõso`b. Pn pdmræb mnòr qun ns nl bnrdao` trbslbmbmd bl biub. Nk nl bqubnrdao` sn pnrsoiunk vbrods daentovds5 mnsbrrdlld mn lb nxprnsoðk `drpdrbl y snktomd mnl rotfd, bmnfâs mn lb bsofolbòðk mn nenròòds, fnedrb mn lbs ùblombmns hæso`bs y cbaolombmns nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, tdmd nlld nk uk bfaonktn mostnkmomd mostnkmomd mdkmn lds blufkds sn oktnirbk o ktnirbk tdtblfnktn, nkvunltds nkvunltds pdr lb fõso`b y pdr lb btnkòðk qun nstb nxoin. Ns ukb b`tovombm b`tovombm qun punmnk rnblozbr pnrsdkbs mn ùblquonr nmbm, iïknrd y kovnl nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, qun sn rnblozb nk posòkb pd`d prdhukmb. (Pdvb Q. , 2??0)

HOI^QB Kµ 9 BNQDAO@ B@^Â]O@D

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt

0.1.>.2.2.1 Bqubmbkòki d aboln bùâto`d Pdk `lbsns mn aboln nk nl biub qun b pbrtor mn lb `dfaokbòðk mn movnrsds fbtnroblns y hdrfbs mn aboln sn prntnkmn fnedrbr nl nquoloarod fusùlbr lb hlnxoaolombm, lb hunrzb y lb biolombm.

HOI^QB Kµ 3 ABOLN B@^Â]O@D

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt

0.1.>.2.2.0 Qncbaolotbòðk bùâto`b Lb rncbaolotbòðk bùâto`b nk nl biub ns fuy rn`dfnkmbmb pdr lds fïmo`ds yb qun ùbkmd ns kn`nsbrod hdrtbln`nr fusùlbturb pbrb prdtninr brtoùlbòdkns, cunsds, `dlufkb u dtrds ðribkds,, nl biub vonkn b ùfplor ukb hukòðk profdrmobl dhrnònkmd, ukb rnsostnkòb ðribkds suhoònktnfnktn hunrtn pbrb hdrtbln`nr, nvotbkmd nl ofpb`td pdr irbvnmbm bl b`tubr `dfd suhoònktnfnktn nlnfnktd bfdrtoiubmdr.

HOI^QB Kµ ? QNCBAOLO]B@OÐK B@^Â]O@B

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt

0.1.>.2.2.= Bqubadxoki d adxnd bùâto`d B trbvïs mn fdvofonktds mn adxnd sok `dktb`td, sn prdpdròdkb uk trbabed inknrblozbmd mn tdkoho`bòðk fusùlbr bmbptâkmdld b ùblquonr kovnl mn b`dkmoòdkbfonktd hæso`d.

HOI^QB Kµ 27 ADSND B@^Â]O@D

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt 0.1.>.2.2.> ]dkoho`bòðk nk nl biub Ns uk fïtdmd mnsbrrdllbmd pdr (Lnabz, 2?33), qun tonkn `dfd daentovd lb fusùlbòðk y nsùlturb mnl ùnrpd nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, (sn hukmbfnktb nk lb rnsostnkòb qun dhrn`n nl biub b lds

fdvofonktds). Nstb rnsostnkòb nstâ nk rnlbòðk b lb vnldòmbm mn nenùòðk mnl fdvofonktd y b lb pdsoòðk mn lbs brtoùlbòdkns. Ns puns, uk fïtdmd mn fusùlbòðk fusùlbòðk prdirnsovb `dk lb pbrtoùlbrombm pbrtoùlbrom bm mn qun nl biub nvotbrâ uk prdirbfb pnrsdkblozbmd, lbrid, mohæ` mohæòlol y b fnkumd mdldrdsd, sn rnblozb `dk pnsbs bùâto`bs bùâto`bs omnblns pbrb nl hdrtblnòfonktd y rncbaolotbò rncbaolotbòðk ðk mn lbs nxtrnfombmns okhnrodrns, bnrðao`ds, tnrbpob y nenròòds pbrb vnldòmbm.

HOI^QB Kµ 22 ]DKOHO@B@ODK NK NL BI^B

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt 0.1.>.2.2.8 @bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub Lds pbrtoòpbktns qun rnblozbk `bfokbtb y trdtn nk nl biub sn lnvbktbk y sblnk pbròblfnktn mn lb fosfb fonktrbs bvbkzbk pdr nllb, mbk zbk`bmbs fdvoïkmdsn fdvoïkmdsn cbòb btrâs, bmnlbktn bmnlbktn y lbtnrblfnktn `dk lds tbldkns mbkmd pbtbmbs cbòb btrâs y cbòb brroab, `dk lbs rdmollbs lnvbktbmbs bl hrnktn, `dk lbs rdmollbs cbòb lds lbmds, `dk lbs ponrkbs nxtnkmombs, d `drronkmd sdarn lbs puktbs mn lds pons d sdarn lds tbldkns, punmn utolozbrsn lds hldtbmdrns lufabrns qun ns omnbl pbrb utolozbr `dfd nlnfnktd mn rnsostnkòb y hldtbòðk, pbrb `rnbr trbabeds mn hunrzb. (Pdvb Q. , 2??0)

HOI^QB Kµ 21 @BFOKBQ _ ]QD]BQ NK NL BI^B

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt 0.1.>.2.2.9 Bnrdao` `dk stnp @dksostn nk snsodkns mn nenròòds qun ofotbk lb prunab mn hotknss `brmodrrnsporbtdrod `brmodrrnsporbtdrod,, nl nktrnkbfonktd mn stnp dùpb tdmb lb pbrtn bnrðao`b mn lb snsoðk. Mosnòbmd pbrb trbabebr nk lb zdkb abeb mn lb posòkb nk mdkmn lds blufkds cb`nk pon, fbktonkn nl pnsd mn lds ùnrpds pbrbmds nk lb plbtbhdrfb plbtbhdrfb sok ok`dkvnkonktns, ofplo`b suaor y abebr mn ukb plbtbhdrfb qun punmn snr beustbaln, beustbaln, fonktrbs qun sofultâknbfnktn sn punmnk rnblozbr fdvofonktd fdvofonktdss pbrb hdrtbln`nr lb pbrtn supnrodr mnl ùnrpd bl rotfd mn lb fõso`b. Fdvnrsn vnrto`blfnktn `dktrb lb irbvnmbm `rnb uk nenròòd bnrðao`d oktnksd qun sn `dk`nktrb nk lb pbrtn okhnrodr mnl ùnrpd. Pn trbtb mn ukb snsoðk mn bltb oktnksombm y abed ofpb`td.

HOI^QB Kµ 20 BNQDAO@ @DK P]NW

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt 0.1.>.2.2.3 Bqublõmo`b Ns

uk ukb b

prdp prdpun unst stb b

mnst mnstok okbm bmb b

b

pnrs pnrsdk dkbs bs fbyd fbydrn rns. s.

Ld

qu qun n

pr prnt ntnk nkmn mn

ns

uk ukb b

bprdxofbòðk bprdxofb` oðk ildablozbmb bl nktdrkd bùâto`d mn tbl fbknrb qun ln pnrfotb mnsùarorld y moshrutbrld, qun hbòlotbk lb `dkònkòb `drpdrbl y sotubòdkns lõmo`bs qun profbk lb ok`drpdrbòðk mn snksbòdkns mn plb`nr y aonknstbr, lb butdkdfæb nk nl nspbòd, lb rnlbòðk `dk lds mnfâs y lb b`tubòðk b`tubòðk rn`rnbtovb. Wnrfotn lb `dkhn`òðk mn irupds nk lds qun cbyb pbrtoòpbktns qun snpbk kbmbr y dtrds qun kd y `dk mostoktds kovnlns mn nkvnenòfonktd aodlðio`d pso`dfdtroz.

HOI^QB Kµ 2= BR^BLÕMO@B

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt 0.1.>.2.2.? Nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd Nl prdirbfb `dksostn nk bnrðao`ds qun `dfaokbk nl nktrnkbfonktd nktrnkbfonktd mn hunrzb y nl b`dkmoòdkbfonktd bnrðao`d. Nl nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd, sniõk (Pdvb Q. , 2??0), tonkn luibr murbktn lb pbrtn bnrðao`b mn uk nktrnkbfonktd `brmodrrnsporbtdrod. Lds prb`to`bktns nenròtbk uk irupd fusùlbr, nk inknrbl `dk fbtnrobl, nktrn 07 y 87 sniukmds, y lunid pbsbk b lds nenròòds bnrðao`ds nktrn 2 y 0 fokutds. B `dktokubòðk mnl oktnrvbld bnrðao`d, lds prb`to`bktns nenròtbk dtrd irupd fusùlbr, nstd sn `dktokõb cbstb cbanr nenròtbmd tdmds lds irupds fusùlbrns nktrn 17 y =7 fokutds.

HOI^QB Kµ 2> NK]QNKBFONK]D NK @OQ@Ô]D

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt 0.1.>.2.2.27 Cymrdydib Ns uk prdirbfb mn ydib bùâto`d bùâto`d mdkmn sn bmbptbk lbs pdsturbs mnl sunld, utolozbkmd utolozbkmd lbs prdponmbmnss hæso`bs mnl biub, `dk pdsturbs aâso`bs y sus vbrobòdkns, prdponmbmn vbrobòdkns, `dk lb utolozbòðk utolozbòðk mn mohnrnktns fbtnroblns pbrb lbs `lbsns, ns uk kunvd prdirbfb mn trbabed nk nl biub mdkmn sn rnblozbk ukb snron mn tï`ko`bs `drpdrblns `dk pdsturbs mn ydib, qun llnvbk nl `dktrdl mn lb rnsporbòðk, mn lb fusùlbturb vdluktbrob y mnl hlued `brmob`d, bmbptbaln b ùblquonr pdalbòðk.

HOI^QB Kµ 28 C_MQD_DIB

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt 0.1.>.2.2.22 Cymrdspokkoki Nstn ns nl prdirbfb mn ò`losfd nstbòdkbrod bùâto`d, nk mdkmn lds ò`lostbs pnmblnbk nstbkmd okfnrsds nk nl biub pbrb datnknr vnktbebs nk nl bfaonktn bùâto`d, utolozbkmd lbs prdponmbmns mnl fnmod sn rnblozbk nenròòds prdpods mnl nktrnkbfonktd nktrnkbfonktd mnl ò`losfd `dfaokbmds `dk fdvofonktds mnl trnk supnrodr y mnl trdk`d pbrb nl b`dkmoòdkbfonktd oktnirbl mnl ùnrpd. Lb `lbsn murb bprdxofbmbfnktn => fokutds. Lunid mn beustbr lb aoò`lntb b lbs `brb`tnræsto`bs `brb`tnræsto`bs prdpobs mnl ò`lostb, sn bmdptb pdsoòðk okoòbl snktbmb nk nl bsonktd, `dk nl kovnl mn biub nktrn nl `dmd y nl pn`cd. Lds profnrds fokutds mnl nenròòd sn mnstokbk b lb nktrbmb nk `bldr y lunid sn `dfaokbk rutokbs `dk `bfaods mn hrnùnkòb hrnùnkò b y/d oktnksombm pbrb nl nktrnkbfonktd `brmodvbsùlbr, `brmodvbs ùlbr, nl `dksufd mn `bldræbs cdrb ns supnrodr supnrodr b lbs >77 `bl/c `dk uk ofpb`td brtoùlbr fækofd. Nspnòblfnktn Nspnòb lfnktn okmo`bmb pbrb pïrmomb mn pnsd, hosodtnrbpob, brtrdsos, hotknss bùâto`d, tnr`nrb nmbm, trbtbfon trbtbfonktd ktd mn vbro`ns vbro`ns,, rnmu`òð rnmu`òðk k mn `nluloto `nlulotos, s, nkhnrfnm nkhnrfnmbmns bmns rnufâto` rnufâto`bs bs y b`dkmoòdkbfonktd hæso`d nk inknrbl.

HOI^QB Kµ 29 C_MQDPWOKKOKI

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt 0.1.>.2.2.21 Cymrdtrnnjoki Nl bkmbr d `drrnr nk nl biub ns nl nenròòd fâs kbturbl qun pdmnfds rnblozbr. Lb okirbvomnz mnl biub kds bpdrtb rnsostnkòb nk hukòðk mn lb vnldòmbm mn fdvofonktd, nlofokb tdtblfnktn nl ofpb`td brtoùlbr, brtoùlbr , nspnòblfnktn okmo`bmd pbrb pnrsdkbs `dk bliukb mdlnkòb d lofotbòðk hæso`b. Lb `dfaokbòðk `brmodvbsùlbr pnrhn`tb ns lb sufb mn òktb, nlæpto`b y aoò`lntb, nl `dksufd mn `bldræbs ns supnrodr bl fosfd nenròòd rnblozbmd hunrb mnl biub, bprdxofbmbfnktn bprdxofbmbf nktn 377 `bl/Cdrb.

HOI^QB Kµ 23 C_MQD]QNNJOKI

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt Nl snrvoòd qun sn dhrn`nrâ nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d tnkmrâ ukb murbòðk bprdxofbmb mn ukb cdrb y nstbrâk moroiombs pdr uk okstru`tdr qun mosnòn lbs `lbsns b`drmn b lbs `bpbòmbmns mn lds `lonktns, lds cdrbrods mn btnkòðk snrâk lds soiuonktns5

]BALB Kµ 27 CDQBQOD MN B]NK@ODK MNL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D CDQBQODP Mn 8507 b 9507 bf

Bnrdao` bùâto`d

Mn 3577 b ?577 bf

Qncbaolotb òðk

Mn ?507 b 27507 bf Mn 22577 b 21577 bf Mn 1577 b 0577 pf Mn 0507 b =507 pf Mn >577 b 8577 pf Mn 8507 b 9507 pf

L^KNP

FBQ]NP

Cymrd spokkoki

Cymrd trnnjoki

Adxnd bùâto`d

Adxnd bùâto`d

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd spokkoki

bùâto`b ]dkoho`bò ðk nk nl biub

Bqublõmo` b

@bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub

Aboln bùâto`d

Cymrd ydib

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd trnnjoki

@bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub

Aboln bùâto`d

Cymrd trnnjoki

FONQ@DLNP Bnrdao` bùâto`d

E^NXNP

XONQKNP

Cymrd spokkoki

Cymrd trnnjoki

Adxnd bùâto`d

Adxnd bùâto`d

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd spokkoki

bùâto`b ]dkoho`bò ðk nk nl biub

Bqublõmo` b

@bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub

Aboln bùâto`d

bùâto`b ]dkoho`bò ðk nk nl biub

Bqublõmo` b

Nktrnkbfo nktd nk òrùotd

Cymrd ydib

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd trnnjoki

Nktrnkbfo nktd nk òrùotd

Cymrd ydib

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

]dkoho`bò ðk nk nl biub

Bqublõmo` b

@bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub

Aboln bùâto`d

]dkoho`bò ðk nk nl biub

Bqublõmo` b

@bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub

Aboln bùâto`d

Nktrnkbfo nktd nk òrùotd

Cymrd ydib

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd trnnjoki

Nktrnkbfo nktd nk òrùotd

Cymrd ydib

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd trnnjoki

Nktrnkbfo nktd nk òrùotd

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd spokkoki

Qncbaolotb òðk bùâto`b

Adxnd bùâto`d

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd spokkoki

Qncbaolotb òðk bùâto`b

Adxnd bùâto`d

Bqubnrdao ` `dk stnp

Cymrd spokkoki

Cymrd trnnjoki

Adxnd bùâto`d

Bnrdao` bùâto`d

Cymrd spokkoki

Cymrd trnnjoki

Adxnd bùâto`d

Bnrdao` bùâto`d

Cymrd spokkoki

Cymrd trnnjoki

Adxnd bùâto`d

Qncbaolotb òðk

Bnrdao` bùâto`d Qncbaolotb òðk

Cymrd spokkoki Adxnd bùâto`d

CDQBQODP Mn 3577 b ?577 bf

PBABMD Qncbaolotbòðk bùâto`b

Adxnd bùâto`d

Mn ?507 b 27507 bf

Cymrd tr nnjoki

Bqublõmo`b

Mn 22577 b 21577 bf

Cymrd ydib

Bqubnrdao` `dk

Cymr d spokkoki

Aboln bùât o` d

Mn 1577 b 0577 pf Mn 0507 b =507 pf

Cymrd trnnjoki

Nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd

Mn >577 b 8577 pf

Bqubnrdao` `dk stnp

Cymrd spokkoki

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Lds cdrbrods mn btnkòðk, btnkòðk , `drrnspdkmnk b lds mæbs lukns b vonrkns mn 8507 b 21577 pdr lbs fbòbkbs y mn 1577 b 9507 pdr lbs tbrmns, lds mæbs sâabmds lds cdrbrods mn btnkòðk snrâk mn 3577 bf cbstb 21577 bf., pdr lbs tbrmns mn 1577 b 8577 pf, lds mdfokids kd cbarâ btnkòðk pdr ùbktd lb nkùnstb funstrb ukb abeb prnhnrnkòb mn rnùrrnkòb. Pn `dktbrb `dk snrvoòds snrvoòds bmoòdkblns bmoòdkblns `dfd snr5 lb btnkòðk mn uk kutroòdkostb kutroòdkostb,, bmnfâs mn lb vnktb mn biub, anaombs rnhrns`bktns y lb vnktb mn b``nsdrods pbrb lb rnblozbòðk mn lbs rutokbs `dfd snr5 idrrds mn abòd, tdbllbs, ibhbs pbrb nl biub, zbpbtollbs d sbkmblobs pbrb lbs posòkbs, iubktns pbrb suenòðk mn lds nquopds, nt`.

HOI^QB Kµ 2? XNK]B MN ANAOMBP NKNQIOUBK]NP _ B@@NPDQODP WBQB NL ^PD MN LBP WOP@OKBP

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt

HOI^QB Kµ 17 K^]QO@ODKOP]B

Hunktn.- Oktnrknt Nl kutroòdkostb sn nk`bribrâ mnl ârnb mn kutroòðk nvblubkmd, prnvokonkmd, trbtbkmd y mbkmd sniuofonktd mn tdmds bqunllds hb`tdrns d nlnfnktds qun nk `dkeuktd `dk movnrsds nstbmds pbtdlðio`ds, yb snb `dfd `busb d nhn`td, okhluynk, fdmoho`bk d mntnrodrbk lb `dfpdsoòðk `drpdrbl mnl `lonktn, fnmobktn nsqunfbs mn blofnktbòðk b`drmns b lbs `dkmoòdkns pbrtoùlbrns mn lds fosfds. Nl snrvoòd arokmbmd pdr nl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn `brb`tnrozbrâ `brb`tnrozbrâ pdr nktrnibr uk snrvoòd mn `blombm, mdkmn lbs nxpn`tbtovbs mn lds `lonktns pdr ld inknrbl sn hdrfbk pdr lb nxpnronkòb, lbs rn`dfnkmbòdkns mn bfoids y pualoòmbm mn lb nfprnsb.

Lb bpbronkòb mn lbs okstblbòdkns hæso`bs, oksufds mn iofkbsob bùâto`b y fbtnroblns mn `dfuko`bòðk snrâk mn votbl ofpdrtbkòb pbrb lb pnr`np` pnr`npòðk oðk mnl snrvoòd snrvoòd nk nl

`lonktn. ^kb ùblombm mn lds nfplnbmds snrâ lb nfpbtæb, sn tnkmrâ nspnòbl ùombmd y btnkòðk pnrsdkblozbmd b lds `lonktns.

Bl snr nl iofkbsod bùâto`d ukb nfprnsb mn snrvoòds nstbrâ b lb vbkiubrmob pbrb nlnvbr lb prdmu`tovombm mnl snrvoòd.

Mosnòbr uk snrvoòd nho`bz qun funstrn lbs vnktbebs mn rnblozbr nenròòd hæso`d nk nl biub,

`dk ukb morn`tb rnlbòðk cbòb nl nstbmd mn sblum y aonknstbr mn lds `lonktns. Lb vnktb mn snrvoòds nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn rnblozbrâ nk su fbydræb mn hdrfb fnksubl, mn bùnrmd b rnsultbmds datnkomds mnl nstumod mn fnr`bmd, tbfaoïk sn pdmrâ rnblozbr mn hdrfb mobrob, snfbkbl mn bùnrmd b lb prnhnrnkòb mn lds `lonktns, rnblozbkmd nl pbid nk nhn`tovd.

^kb vnz tnrfokbmd nl ùrsd, sn pdmrâ rnblozbr uk sniuofonktd tnlnhðko`d bl `lonktn pbrb datnknr ukb rntrdblofnktbòðk y homnlozbòðk mnl `lonktn b trbvïs mn prdfdòdkns nspnòblns b`nr`b mnl snrvoòd.

Pn cbrâ ïkhbsos nk qun nl pnrsdkbl mn lb dribkozbòðk trbaben `dk nhoònkòb, pbrb ld ùbl sn llnvbrb b `bad uk prd`nsd mn snln`òðk y `bpbòtbòðk nho`bz y nhoònktn qun pnrfotb oktnirbr b lb nfprnsb lds `bkmombtds omðknds pbrb lbs mostoktbs pdsoòdkns.

0.1.>.2.1

@brb`tnræsto`bs mnl Pnrvoòd

0.1.>.2.1.2 Oktbkioaolombm mn lds Pnrvoòds Bl snr nl snrvoòd mn iofkbsod bùâto`d ukb prnstbòðk oktbkioaln, nl `lonktn aus`brb soikds d nvomnkòbs mn lb `blombm mnl snrvoòd, pdr nkmn @bpotbl Bqubiyf & Ynllknss,

pnrfot pnrfotorâ orâ

supdknr lb `blombm b pbrtor mn lb okhrbnstru`turb, okhrbnstru`turb, pnrsdkbl `bloho`bmd, `bloho`bmd, oksufds o ksufds mn iofkbsob bùâto`b, fbtnrobl fbtnrobl mn `dfuko`bòðk, `dfuko`bòðk, sæfadlds y prnòds mn ld qun vnk. Lbs nvomnkòbs mn pdsnsodkbr nl snrvoòd `dfd nspnòblozbmd y mn `blombm. Lb `brib `bn prokòpblfnktn sdarn lb prdfdòðk, lb pualoòmbm y lb hunrzb mn vnktbs qun sn mnank `dk`nktrbr nk lbs vnktbebs qun arokmbk lds snrvoòds prnstbmds, fâs qun nk mnstb`br nl snrvoòd fosfd.

0.1.>.2.1.1 Oksnpbrbaolombm mnl Pnrvoòd Nl `lonktn nstbrâ prnsnktn fonktrbs sn prdmu`n nl snrvoòd, pdr ld tbktd lb oktnrsn`òðk nktrn `lonktn y prdvnnmdr (okstru`tdr) bhn`tbrbk bl rnsultbmd mnl snrvoòd. Lb nfprnsb b trbvïs mn lds nfplnbmds sn pdsnsodkbrâ nk lb prnhnrnkòb mn lds `lonktns fnmobktn lb oktnrb`òðk nk nl mnsbrrdlld mn lb rutokb (okstru`tdr ‐ `lonktn), pbrb mnsbrrdllbr lb `dkhobkzb b trbvïs mn lb prnstbòðk mnl snrvoòd.

0.1.>.2.1.0 Xbrobaolombm mnl Pnrvoòd Bl snr nk inknrbl i nknrbl lds snrvoòds fuy vbrobalns @bpotbl Bqubiyf & Ynllknss, ofplnfnktbrb trns pbsds cbòb nl `dktrdl mn `blombm. b.

Okvnrtor nk ukb aunkb snln`òðk y `bpbòtbòðk mn pnrsdkbl, tdfbkmd nk ùnktb lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds fosfds.

a.

Nstbkmbrozbr nl prd`nsd mn nenùòðk mnl snrvoòd nk tdmb lb dribkozbòðk, pbrb ld ùbl sn prnpbrbrb uk plbk plbk mn snrvoòd b trbvïs mn uk hluedirbfb qun mns`roan tbktd lds prd`nsds prd`ns ds mnl snrvoòd `dk lb hokblombm mn rn`dkd`nr lds puktds pdtnkòblns mn hbllbs nk nl snrvoòd.

`. Fbktnknr lbs okstblb` okstblbòdkns odkns nk nk pnrhn`tbs pnrhn`tbs `dkmoòdkns `dkmoòdkns fnmobktn lb lofponzb lofponzb `dktokub `dktokub mn mu`cbs y abòds.

0.1.>.2.1.= @bmuòmbm mnl Pnrvoòd Po lb mnfbkmb mnl snrvoòd mn @bpotbl Bqubiyf & Ynllknss, llnibrâ b hlu`tubr nk lds cdrbrods mn fbydr mnfbkmb nk ïpd`b mn vbrobòdkns vbrobòdkns prokòpblfnktn prokòpblfnktn lb nstrbtniob b sniuor nktrn lb mnfbkmb y lb dhnrtb mn lb nfprnsb snrâ5

Wdr nl lbmd mn lb mnfbkmb5

@ultovbr ukb mnfbkmb hunrb mn lbs hunrb mn lbs cdrbs po`d, `rnbkmd mnsùnktds nspn`æho`ds nk lbs fosfbs.

Wdr nl lbmd mn lb dhnrtb5

@dktrbtbr so ns kn`nsbrod okstru`tdrns mn tonfpd pbròbl pbrb btnkmnr lb mnfbkmb po`d. Oktrdmuòr rutokbs mn nhoònkòb nk lbs cdrbs po`d.

0.1.>.1

WQN@OD

Nl daentovd qun nl iofkbsod bùâto`d aus`b b trbvïs mn lb hoebòðk mn prnòds, ns nl lomnrbzid nk lb `blombm mnl snrvoòd. Lb snksoaolombm mn lds `lonktns hrnktn bl prnòd, mnpnkmnrâ mn lb `blombm mnl snrvoòd y btnkòðk, dhnrtbmd pdr nl iofkbsod bùâto`d. Bliukds mn lds hb`tdrns qun pdmræbk bhn`tbr lb snksoaolombm mnl prnòd sdk lds soiuonktns5 Nhn`td mnl vbldr õko`d, puns fonktrbs fâs mohnrnkòbaln snb nl snrvoòd, nl `lonktn ns fnkds

snksoaln bl prnòd, ns bsæ qun lb nfprnsb sniuorâ okkdvbkmd lb ibfb mn snrvoòds pbrb arokmbr fâs dpòdkns pbrb nl `lonktn. Nhn`td mn `dkònkòb mn sustotutds, lds `lonktns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn fdstrbrâk fâs

snksoalns bl prnòd nk lb fnmomb nk qun tnkibk okhdrfbòðk `dfplntb `dfplntb y b`nrtbmb mn lbs bltnrkbtovbs qun arokmbk lds snrvoòds sustotutds. Nhn`td mn lb `dfpbrbòðk mohæòl, lds `lonktns snrâk fnkds snksoalns bl prnòd ùbkmd

omnktohoqunk omnktohoqun k y sn rnlbòdknk `dk lb `blombm `blombm mnl snrvoòd qun arokmbrâ nl iofkbsod bùâto`d puns lns snrâ mohæòl `dfpbrbr nl snrvoòd qun nstn arokmb `dk lb `blombm mn lds snrvoòds sustotutds.

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d mnanrâ fbr`br sus prnòds hrnktn b lds prnòds mn lds snrvoòds sustotutds pbrb `dkd`nr so nstâ dpnrbkmd `dk uk prnòd `dk vnktbebs d mnsvnktbebs.

]BALB Kµ 22 BKBLOPOP MN WQN@ODP MN LB @DFWN]NK@OB (IOFKBPODP) MNP@QOW@ODK

@DP]D FNKP^BL

Id Hot Ynllknss @lua Fnibtlðk Wo``dld Ynllknss

]BALB Kµ 21 BKBLOPOP MN WQN@ODP MN LB @DFWN]NK@OB (NP@^NLBP MN KB]B@ODK) MNP@QOW@ODK Wosòkb Fukoòpbl mn Kbtbòðk Bùâto`b mn Kbtbòðk Alun Ynllknss @nktnr

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Mn bùnrmd b lds prnòds mn lds snrvoòds sustotutds, sn cb `dksomnrbmd uk puktd mn rnhnrnkòb pbrb lb hoebòðk mn prnòds nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, bl snr ukb bltnrkbtovb mn nenròòd mohnrnktn pnrd nkhd`bmd b uk fosfd fnr`bmd mn `lonktns. Nk ld rnhnrnktn b lbs Wdlæto`bs mn hoebòðk mn prnòds mn lb `dfpbòæb , nl prnòd mnl snrvoòd qun dhrn`nrâ nl iofkbsod bùâto`d nstbrâ mn bùnrmd b lbs pdlæto`bs mn lb nfprnsb, qun ln snb rnmotubaln b lb fosfb y rbzdkbaln pbrb nl `lonktn. Nk hukòðk bl nstumod mn fnr`bmd sn mntnrfokð qun uk 23% pbibræb 1>7 adlovobkds, uk =9% pbibræb 077 adlovobkds y uk 0>% pbibræb 0>7 adlovobkds pdr ld nstb snrâ lb absn mn `âlùld pbrb nl nstbalnòfonktd mn prnòds `dk nl daentovd mn `bptbr nl fbydr kõfnrd pdsoaln mn `lonktns mn bùnrmd b su n`dkdfæb.

@DP]D F

]BALB Kµ 20 WQN@ODP MOHNQNK@OBMDP WBQB NL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D

BÒD

@LONK]NP BL MOB

>7

2=3.>77,7

077,77

03.99>,77

=8>.077,7

?8

0>7,77

00.839,>7

=7=.1>7,7

>8

1>7,77

2=.279,>7

28?.1?7,7

2=9

077,77

==.170,>7

>07.==1,7

227

0>7,77

03.=70,9>

=87.3=>,7

1>7,77

28.731,>>

2?1.??7,8

283

077,77

>7.0?2,??

87=.970,3

21>

0>7,77

=0.937,13

>1>.080,0

1>7,77

23.00=,22

117.77?,1

2?2

077,77

>9.==8,39

83?.081,=

2=0

0>7,77

=?.?7?,>2

>?3.?2=,2

1>7,77

17.?77,33

1>7.327,>

123

077,77

8>.=3?,=0

93>.390,2

280

0>7,77

>8.3?8,3>

831.981,2

8=

90 =

3= >

OKIQNPDP BK^BLNP

21.09>,77

2

0

OKIQNPDP WDQ FNP

1>7,77

21?

1

WQN@OD MNL PNQXO@OD WDQ FNP

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Lds snrvoòds d rutokbs bùâto`bs mn bùnrmd b lds prnòds snrâk lds soiuonktns5 0>7 adlovobkds5 Cymrd spokkoki, Cymrd trnnjoki, adxnd bùâto`d, rncbaolotbòðk bùâto`b 077 adlovobkds5 ]dkoho`bòðk nk nl biub, brndao` `dk stnp, bqublumo`b,

cymrdydib,

nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd 1>7 adlovobkds5 Bnrdao` bùâto`d, bùâto`d, aboln bùâto`d, `bfokbr y trdtbr nk bl biub Nk lb tbalb mn bkâlosos mn prnòds mn lb `dfpntnkòb, sn cb`n rnhnrnkòb b ukb `dfpbrbòðk `dk lds prnòds mn lb `dfpntnkòb mnfdstrbkmd qun nl prnòd fnksubl hoebmd pbrb lds snrvoòds qun arokmbrâ, sn nkùnktrbk nk nstds rbkids, `rnbkmd ukb vnktbeb `dfpntotovb hrnktn b lds prokòpblns `dfpntomdrns, nl prnòd qun sn nstofb pbrb @bpotbl Bqubiyf & Ynllknss , nstâ nk nl prdfnmod mn prnòds mn lb okmustrob hotknss mn lb òumbm bso `dfd mn lbs nsùnlbs mn kbtbòðk mn lb òumbm, ld qun mnfunstrb qun nstn snrvoòd sn vnkmnrâ b uk prnòd `ðfdmd y bl qun lds `lonktns nstâk b`dstufarbmds b pbibr pdr lds snrvoòds sustotutds.

0.1.>.0

WLBUB

Lds daentovds mnl `bkbl pbrb nl nstbalnòfonktd, sn nstbaln`nk nk tïrfokds mn lds kovnlns mn prnstbòðk mn snrvoòd. Lb plbknbòðk nhn`tovb mnl `bkbl ok`luyn nl snifnktd mn fnr`bmd bl qun sn vb b snrvor y lds fnedrns `bkblns qun sn punmnk utolozbr nk nstn `bsd. Lbs okstblbòdkns okstblbòdkns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn nk`dktrbrâk nk`dktrbrâk nk uk luibr nstrbtïio`d mn lb òumbm, nk lb `blln Inkdvnvb Qæds `bso nsquokb Kbròsd @bfpnrd, zdkb Cubllpbrrofb`co. Mnòsodkns sdarn nl mosnòd mn `bkbl, lb `dfprnksoðk mn quï, mðkmn, pdr quï, ùâkmd y `ðfd `dfprbk lds `lonktns fntbs mnl knidòd ns mn votbl ofpdrtbkòb pbrb mnhokor nl mosnòd mnl `bkbl mn fnr`bmnd, pdr ld qun nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn cb omnktoho`bmd lds soiuonktns kovnlns mn prnstbòðk mn snrvoòds. ]onfpd mn nspnrb, nl tonfpd prdfnmod nk qun lds `lonktns rnòaorâk nhn`tovbfnktn nl snrvoòd ns mn bprdxofbmbfnktn 2 cdrb, qun ns nl tonfpd nstofbmd mn ukb rutokb mn nenròòds. Xbronmbm mn snrvoòds, rnprnsnktb lds movnrsds snrvoòds qun prdpdròdkb ns iofkbsod iofk bsod bùâto`d, bùâto`d, pdr ld rniulbr rniulbr lds `lonktns `lonktns prnhonrnk prnhonrnk ukb fbydr bltnrkbt bltnrkbtovb ovb mn snrvoòds pdrqun bufnktb lb prdabaolombm mn nk`dktrbr nxb`tbfnktn ld qun kn`nsotbk.

0.1.>.=

WQDFD@OÐK _ WÂLO@OMBM

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d bùâto`d bl snr uk snrvoòd kunvd kunvd nk nl fnr`bmd mn lb òumbm mn P Pu`rn, u`rn, tonkn `dfd daentovd okhdrfbr b lds pdtnkòblns pdtnkòblns `lonktns sdarn nl snrvoòd snrvoòd b dhrn`nr, btrbynkmd btrbynkmd su btnkòðk, mnsbrrdllbkmd su oktnrïs y mnspnrtbkmd su mnsnd pdr cb`nr usd mnl iofkbsod. Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn nkùnktrb nk ntbpb mn `rnbòðk pdr ld qun lb nfprnsb mnan b``nmnr b lb pualoòmbm d prdfdòðk pbrb `rnbr ukb `dkònkòb mn `dksufd nk nl `lonktn, lb `bktombm mn rnpntoòd rnpn toòdkns kns nk lds fnmods fnmods mn `dfuko`b `dfuko`bòð òðk k snrâ mntnrfokbmd mntnrfokbmd pdr nl prnsupun prnsupunstd std mn pualoòmbm pualoòm bm qun pdmræb snr fnksubl, nl iofkbsod bùâto`d ns uk knidòd okkdvbmdr nk nl fnr`bmd mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn y fnmobktn lb pualoòmbm sn mbrâk b `dkd`nr lds snrvoòds qun sdk õko`ds nk lb òumbm. Mntnrfokbòðk mn bumonkòbs , lb pualoòmbm qun nl iofkbsod bùâto`d utolozb vb moroiomb b uk sn`tdr mn fnr`bmd mn `lbsn fnmob, fnmob bltb, nktrn lds 20 b >9 d fâs bòds mn nmbm, qun iustb mn ùombr su ofbink y sblum fnmobktn lb prâ`to`b mn movnrsds nenròòds hæso`ds. Nl fnksben qun nl iofkbsod iofkbsod bùâto`d bùâto`d dhrn`nrâ dhrn`nrâ b lds `lonktns ns nl mn rnsbltbr lb ofpdrtbkòb ofpdrtbkòb qun tonkn nl ùombmd mn lb sblum y mn lb bpbronkòb hæso`b `dk nl hok mn datnknr uk aonknstbr hæso`d y

fnktbl rnblozbkmd nenròòds nenrò òds bùâto`ds qun lns prdpdròdkn lbs cnrrbfonktbs pbrb `dksniuor sbtoshb`nr lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds `lonktns. Lb `dkònkòb mnl põalo`d snrâ fbydr, ùbktd fbydr snb nl bl`bk`n, lb hrnùnkòb y nl ofpb`td mn lbs nxpdsoòdkns nk lds fnmods mn `dfuko`bòðk. Pok nfabrid pdr snr nl iofkbsod bùâto`d uk snrvoòd kunvd nk nl fnr`bmd nl bl`bk`n ns fâs ofpdrtbktn, yb qun ns lb `bktombm mn pnrsdkbs u cdibrns mohnrnktns nxpunstds b ukb prdirbfbòðk pbrtoùlbr mn lds fnmods pdr ld fnkds ukb vnz murbktn uk pnrodmd nspnòho`d. Wbrb llnibr b uk fnr`bmd bfplod mn huturds `lonktns, nl iofkbsod bùâto`d rnùrrorâ b ukb `bfpbòb oktnksovb nk lds fnmods mn `dfuko`bòðk, ns pdr nstb rbzðk qun cb `dksomnrbmd sniõk lb `bpbòmbm `bpbòmbm pbrb dhrn`nr bl`bk`n, hrnùnkòb hrnùnkòb n ofpb`td lds soiuonktns fnmods pbrb prnsnktbr su pualoòmbm.

Wnroðmo`d, lb rnvostb @drrnd mnl Pur, mn òrùlbòðk ld`bl `dkstotuyn ukb aunkb dpòðk pbrb lb prdfdòðk mn lb nfprnsb, òrùlb b mobrod y ùnktb `dk @lbsoho`bmds “Br`b mn Kdï‖ mdkmn sn dhnrtb snrvoòds rnlbòdkbmds rnlbòdkbmds `dk lb anllnzb, anllnzb, fnmoòkb, kutroòðk y dtrds tnfbs bhokns bl aonknstbr mnl snr cufbkd, bmnfâs mn dhnrtbs mn movnrsb ækmdln mn trbabed pdr ld qun tonkn irbk fnr`bmd sdarn tdmd lds hokns mn snfbkb.

Qbmod, nl rnblozbr bkukòds pdr fnmod mn lb rbmod ns ukb aunkb bltnrkbtovb bltnrkbtovb pbrb mbr b `dkd`nr lds anknhoòds mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d pdr ld qun sn prnsnktbrâ bkukòds nk lb soiuonktn nfosdrb5 Qbmod Lb Arueb, nl põalo`d bl qun vb moroiomd sdk cdfarns y fuenrns nk nmbmns qun dsòlbk nktrn lds 20 b 13 b fâs bòds mn nmbm, qun sn nkùnktrbk nk nl nstbalnòfonktd nmu`btovd, luibrns mn nktrntnkofonktd, nktrntnkofonktd, nt`. Pu prdirbfbòðk prdirbfbòðk dhrn`n prdirbfbòðk prdirbfbòðk fuso`bl fdmnrkb y tnfbs mn oktnrïs pbrb lds eðvnkns.

Oktnrknt, pbrb mbr b `dkd`nr lds anknhoòds mn bsostor bl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn rnùrrorâ b `rnbr ukb pâiokb nk nl Hb`naddj y ukb pâiokb wna, mbkmd b `dkd`nr lb uao`bòðk, `brb`tnræsto`bs y anknhoòds mn lds snrvoòds qun snrâk dhnrtbmds.

]ræpto`ds, lds træpto`ds nxpdkmrâk lb okhdrfbòðk b`nr`b mn lb nfprnsb, `dktnkmrâ ofâinkns mnl snrvoòd ld qun pnrfotorâ b lds rn`nptdrns hdrfbrsn ukb omnb mnl snrvoòd prdfdòdkbmd, nl træpto`d mnanrâ nstbr b`drmn `dk lb nsnkòb mn lb nfprnsb pbrb `dksni `dksniuor uor lb `rnmoaolombm y snronmbm mn lb nfprnsb. Nk uk `dfonkzd ns kn`nsbrod, qun nl kunvd nfprnkmofonktd snb pnròaomd `dfd ukb bltnrkbtovb mohnrnktn y õko`b, pnrsdkblozbmb y nspnòblozbmb nk ònrtds snrvoòds d mosòplokbs mnl bqub hotknss, qun sn `dfplnfnktbrbk `dk lb vnktb mn nknriozbktns y biub y prdmu`tds kn`nsbrods pbrb nl okirnsd b lb posòkb, `dk nl daentovd mn pdsoòdkbrkds mnktrd mnl ruard mnl hotknss nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn.

Wbrb prdfdòdkbr nl snrvoòd sn rnùrrorâ b nstrbtniobs pbrb mbr b `dkd`nr lds snrvoòds y `dksniuor lb homnlozbòðk mn lds `lonktns `dfd snr5

Pnsoðk irbtos

Pn dhnrtbrâ ukb snsoðk irbtuotb b lds `lonktns ùfplomds nl profnr fns mn snrvoòd, `dfd ukb rntroauòðk pdr su homnlombm cbòb nl iofkbsod bùâto`d.

Mnsùnktd pdr hbfolobrns d bfoids

Pn dtdribrâ uk mnsùnktd mnl 1>% pdr uk fns, b bqunllds `lonktns qun btrboibk cbòb iofkbsod bùâto`d b sus pbronktns y bfoids.

Pdrtnds

Pn rnblozbrâ sdrtnds fnksublns prnfobkmd b lb homnlombm mn lds `lonktns `dk ùpdkns mn mnsùnktd nk lbs mosòplokbs qun nloebk, y sn sdrtnbrbk b``nsdrods qun `brb`tnro`nk bl iofkbsod bùâto`d.

Xb`bòdkns

Nk ïpd`bs mn vb`bòdkns okvnrkblns y mn hok mn bòd, sn dptbrb pdr rnùrror b lb oks`ropòðk mn 1x2, lb prdfdòðk snrâ vâlomb pdr lb murbòðk mn lbs vb`bòdkns.

Cdrbrod mohnrnkòbmd

Wbrb bqunllbs cdrbs qun kd cuaonsn fu`cb bhlunkòb mn `lonktns nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, sn rnùrrorâ bl cdrbrod mohnrnkòbmd, ns mnòr nl `dstd mn lb rutokb snrâ fnkdr nk uk 07% pbrb bsniurbr ukb rdtbòðk bltb mn lds `lonktns.

Wbrtoòpbòðk nk nvnktds fbsovds

Pn dtdribrâ nl snrvoòd irbtuotd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b b lds pbrtoòpbktns mn Foss @cuquosb`b y Fostnr @cuquosb`b murbktn lb murbòðk mnl nvnktd `dk ukb cdrb mobrob, ld qun pnrfotorâ pnrfoto râ lb pualoòmbm nk mo`cb `dfpntnkòb.

Wbquntn ùfplnbòds

Pn dtdribrb nl >7% mn mnsùnktd nk lb fnksublombm pdr nsn fns, so sn oks`roan nk nl fns mn su ùfplnbòds.

HOI^QB Kµ 12 ]QOW]O@D IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D

0.1.>.> WNQPDKBP Nl pnrsdkbl mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d mnsnfpnòb ukb hukòðk mn `dktb`td `dk nl `lonktn, su `dfpdrtbfonktd ns ofpdrtbktn pdrqun okhluorâ b lb `blombm pnròaomb mnl snrvoòd. Nl pnrsdkbl mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d ok`luyn b bqunllds fonfards mn lb dribkozbòðk qun nstâk nk `dktb`td morn`td `dk nl `lonktn y b bqunllds fonfards qun kd nstâk nk `dktb`td morn`td `dk nl `lonktn.

Nl pnrsdkbl mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d `dktbrâ `dk nl `dkdòfonktd, `drtnsæb y su `bpbòmbm pbrb trbksfotor `dkhobkzb b sus `lonktns.

Nl pnrsdkbl qun trbaben nk lb nfprnsb, snrâ nlniomd b trbvïs mn uk prd`nsd mn snln`òðk y `bpbòtbòðk nho`bz y nhoònktn qun pnrfotb oktnirbr b lb `dfpbòæb lds `bkmombtds omðknds.

0.1.>.8

NXOMNK@OB HÆPO@B

Nl bspn`td hæso`d nxtnrodr mn ukb nfprnsb mn snrvoòds punmn okhluor nk lb ofbink. Lb nstru`turb hæso`b mn uk nmohoòd, ok`luynkmd su tbfbòd, su hdrfb, nl topd mn fbtnroblns usbmds nk lb `dkstru`òðk, y su btrb`tovd `dfpbrbtovd nk rnlbòðk `dk nmohoòds vnòkds sdk hb`tdrns qun `dkhdrfbk lbs pnr`npòdkns mn lds `lonktns.

Nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, lds `dldrns qun prnmdfokbrâk nk lb okhrbnstru`turb snrâk nl bzul qun sofadlozb sofadlozb lb snrnkombm, brfdkæb, sok`nrombm, sok`nrombm, rnspdksbaolombm rnspdksbaolombm nstn `dldr trbkquolozb lb fnktn y mosopb lds tnfdrns.

Qded, qun sofadlozb nknriæb, votblombm, hunrzb ns usbmd pbrb oktnksoho`br nl fntbadlosfd mnl ùnrpd.

Lb btfðshnrb punmn bhn`tbr nk lb pnr`npòðk mn lds `lonktns: punmn `dkd`nrsn lb nfprnsb pdr lb btfðshnrb, punmn `dksomnrbrsn `dfd `âlomb d nhusovb, punmn ldirbrsn b`diofonktd, nt`.

Nstofulbr pnrfbknktnfnktn lb fnedrb `dktokub mn lds rnsultbmds `dk `blombm, okkdvbòðk, soknriob y trbabed nk nquopd.

Fdtovbr y nstbaln`nr prdirbfbs mn `bpbòtbòðk, qun pnrfotb bmquoror b lds nfplnbmds `dkdòfonktds y mnstrnzbs bplo`balns nk nl trbabed mobrod.

Nl snrvoòd qun dhrn`nrâ nl iofkbsod bùâto`d rnquonrn lb prnsnkòb mnl `lonktn, ukd mn lds hb`tdrns ofpdrtbktns ofpdrtbktns b `dksomnrbr `dksomnrbr nl lb mn`drbòðk mn lb okhrbnstru`turb okhrbnstru`turb pbrb bsæ arokmbr uk bfaonktn mn `blombm absbmd nk lb rnlbebòðk, rnkdvbòðk y brfdkæb.

Lb nvomnkòb hæso`b n ofâinkns sn `dld`brbk nk snktomd bastrb`td `dk lb hokblombm mn

pdsnsodkbr nl snrvoòd `dfd nspnòblozbmd y mn `blombm. Bl fbknebr uk iofkbsod iofk bsod bùâto`d, bùâto`d , sn `dkllnvb b lb l b kn`nsombm mn pdknr pdkn r b mospdsoòðk mn lds `lonktns, ukb `bhntnræb nk lb ùbl nllds punmbk rnùpnrbr nknriæb `dksufonkmd prdmu`tds rn`dfnkmbalns pbrb nl topd mn nenròòds qun rnblozbk.

Wdr fnmod mn lb pualoòmbm sn prntnkmn nktrbr nk lb fnktn mnl `dksufomdr `dfd uk snrvoòd qun arokmb `dfd rnsultbmd sblum hæso`b fnktbl datnkonkmd aonknstbr nk su mobrod vovor.

0.1.>.9

WQD@NPD D @BLOMBM

Lds prdirbfbs mn rn`lutbfonktd, snln`òðk, `bpbòtbòðk y mnsbrrdlld tonknk qun beustbrsn b lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds snrvoòds qun sn nstâk prnstbkmd.

Lds nfplnbmds mn snrvoòd nk su pbpnl mn vokùlbr lb dribkozbòðk `dk lds `lonktns,

`dk hrnùnkòb tonknk qun snr fâs hlnxoalns y bmbptbrsn fâs qun lds dtrds nfplnbmds. Nl pnrsdkbl mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d nstbrâ mnaombfnktn omnktoho`bmd pdr fnmod mn ibhntns mn omnktoho`bòðk.

Bmnfâs nl pnrsdkbl llnvbrâ okmufnktbrob bprdpobmb pbrb lb prnstbòðk mnl snrvoòd, llnvbkmd nl ldid mn lb nfprnsb nk lb okmufnktbrob rnspn`tovb.

0.0

WLBK MN QN@^QPDP C^FBKDP

Wbrb lb bmfokostrbòðk mn lds rnùrsds cufbkds ns kn`nsbrod omnktoho`br nl topd mn pnrsdkbl qun nl prdyn`td rnquonrn: bsæ `dfd mntnrfokbr nl `dstd nk rnfuknrbòdkns qun nlld ofplo`b.

0.0.2 0.0.2.2

@DKP]O]^@ODK MN LB NFWQNPB D KNID@OD Pdònmbm Mn Qnspdksbaolombm Lofotbmb

Pdk sdònmbmns sdònmbmns mn pnrsdkbs y mn `bpotbl, hdrfbmd hdrfbmd pdr mds d fâs pnrsdkbs qun sn uknk `dld`bkmd bpdrtns mn `bpotbl pbrb bplo`brlds b uk hok mntnrfokbmd y anknhoòbrsn d sdpdrtbr lds rnsultbmds ldirbmds. Lds sdòds rnspdkmnk pdr lbs daloibòdkns sdòblns cbstb n fdktd mn sus bpdrtns, nl hdkmd `dfõk kd punmn rnprnsnktbrsn pdr b`òdkns d tætulds vbldrns, nl `bpotbl sdòbl nstâ movomomd nk ùdtbs mn oiubl vbldr, qun snrâk mn 27 d fõltoplds mn 27 y mnank pbibrsn nk su oktnirombm, snb nstn nk moknrd d nspnòn, nk nl b`td mn `dkstotuòðk sdòbl, lb bmfokostrbòðk mn lb sdònmbm nstbrâ b `brid mn ukd d fâs inrnktns qun punmnk snr sdòds d pnrsdkbs benkbs b lb sdònmbm. Lb PQL llnvbrb lb mnkdfokbòðk d rbzðk hdrfbmb `dk nl kdfarn mn ukd d bliukds sdòds, b lb mnkdfokbòðk d b lb rbzðk sdòbl sn ln birnibrâ lb soilb PQL. Nk ùbktd b lb b`tovombm troautbrob hos`bl ns kn`nsbrod prnòsbr qun sn nkùnktrb pbsoaln b lds fosfds troautds qun roink pbrb lbs dtrbs hdrfbs sdòntbrobs (`dk nx`npòðk mn lb ukopnrsdkbl) lniblfnktn rn`dkdòmbs nk nl drmnkbfonktd euræmo`d `dfnròbl voinktn nk nl pbæs. Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d snrâ ukb nfprnsb provbmb `dk hokns mn lu`rd, pdr ld qun sn `dksomnrð bprdpobmd dptbr pdr lb Pdònmbm mn Qnspdksbaolombm Lofotbmb, punstd qun lb kdrfbtovb voinktn tonkn `dfd `brb`tnræsto`b nsnkòbl lb lofotbòðk mn lb rnspdksbaolombm b lb `bktombm mn bpdrtns qun sn rnblozb bl fdfnktd mn `dkstotuor lb nfprnsb y sok bhn`tbr nl pbtrofdkod mn lds sdòds, qun ns mn fu`cb ofpdrtbkòb bl fdfnktd mnl bkâlosos mn su okvnrsoðk, lb trbkshnrnkòb trbkshnrnkòb mn lbs ùdtbs mn `bpotbl ns fnkds `dfplneb, nk lb b`tovombm troautbrob sn nkùnktrb pbsoaln b lds fosfds troautds qun roink pbrb lbs dtrbs hdrfbs mn sdònmbmns nx`nptubkmd lbs sdònmbmns ukopnrsdkblns.

0.0.2.1

Qnquosotds pbrb `rnbr ukb nfprnsb d knidòd nk Adlovob

Lds rnquosotds pbrb `rnbr ukb nfprnsb nk Adlovob, pbrb nstbaln`nr ukb nfprnsb mn bltd mnsnfpnòd `dfpntotovd ns kn`nsbrod snr rn`dkdòmd pdr nl fbr`d okstotuòdkbl qun rniulb lb b`tovombm nfprnsbrobl.

0.0.2.1.2 Hukmnfprnsb Ln dtdrib lb Fbtræùlb Fbtræùlb mn @dfnròd, sorvn pbrb bmquoror lb `blombm mn `dfnròbktn `dfnròbktn `dk rn`dkdòfonktd lnibl mnl Nstbmd pbrb mnsbrrdllbr sus b`tovombmns nfprnsbroblns, pbrb nstn `bsd sn oks`roaorâ lb nfprnsb `dfd ukb Pdònmbm mn Qnspdksbaolombm Lofotbmb ‐ PQL Nstb dpòðk mn sdònmbm, rnsultb snr lb fâs bprdpobmb pbrb nl mnsbrrdlld n ofplnfnktbòðk mnl prdyn`td, punstd qun lb kdrfbtovb voinktn qun roin pbrb nstb hdrfb sdòntbrob, sdòntbro b, tonkn `dfd `brb`tnræsto`bs nsnkòblns lb lofotbòðk mn lb rnspdksbaolombm b lb `bktombm mn bpdrtn qun sn rnblozb bl fdfnktd mn `dkstotuor lb nfprnsb, sok bhn`tbr nl pbtrofdkod prdpod mn lds sdòds qun lb `dkstotuynk, bspn`td mn sokiulbr ofpdrtbkòb ofpdr tbkòb nk ùnktd bl bkâlosos mn ronsid mn lds okvnrsodkostbs. Lb trbkshnrnkòb mn lbs ùdtbs mn `bpotbl ns snkòllb, ld qun rnprnsnktb rnprnsnktb dtrb vnktbeb nk nl snktomd snkt omd mn prnsnktb prnsnktbrsn rsn `dktoki `dktokinkò nkòbs bs nk lb nenùòð nenùòðk k mn prdyn`t prdyn`td d rnquonrb rnquonrbk k `bfaods `bfaods mn okvnrsodkostbs. Nk ùbktd b lb b`tovombm troautbrob hos`bl ns kn`nsbrod prnòsbr qun sn nkùnktrb pbsoaln b lds fosfds troautds qun roink pbrb lbs dtrbs hdrfbs sdòntbrobs (`dk nx`npòðk mn lb ukopnrsdkbl) lniblfnktn rn`dkdòmbs nk nl drmnkbfonktd euræmo`d `dfnròbl voinktn nk nl pbæs.

0.0.2.1.1

Pnrvoòd Kbòdkbl mn Ofpunstds Kbòdkblns

Oks`roan bl Wbmrðk Kbòdkbl mn @dktroauynktns pbrb lb datnkòðk mnl KO] qun ns nl kõfnrd mn omnktoho`bòðk troautbrob, sorvn pbrb nstbr rniostrbmd y pdmnr hukòdkbr lniblfnktn, lb nfprnsb nstbrâ abed nl Qïiofnk Inknrbl ùyds rnquosotds sdk5 Ns`roturb mn @dkstotuòðk mn Pdònmbm, Lny, Mn`rntd, Qnsdluòðk d @dktrbtd, sniõk `drrnspdkmb Hunktn mn fbkmbtd mnl Qnprnsnktbktn Lnibl (Wdmnr, B`tb mn Morn`tdrod, Nstbtutd d @dktrbtd) y Mdùfnktd mn Omnktombm voinktn.

Hb`turbs d prn-hb`turbs mn `dksufd mn nknriæb nlï`tro`b qun b`rnmotnk nl kõfnrd mn fnmomdr mnl mdfoòlod cbaotubl mnl rnprnsnk rnprnsnktbktn tbktn lnibl, mdfoòlod hos`bl y suùrsblns (so `drrnspdkmn) `drrnspdkmn) mdkmn mnsbrrdllb su b`tovombm n`dkðfo`b. Lbs daloibòdkns ofpdsotovbs qun okùrrorâ lb nfprnsb sdk5 Ofpunstd b lbs ]rbksb`òdkns (O]) 0%, Ofpunstd bl Xbldr Birnibmd (OXB) (OXB) 20% qun snrâ `bk`nlbmd `bk`nlbmd mn hdrfb fnksubl y nl Ofpunstd sdarn lbs ^tolombmns mn lbs Nfprnsbs O^N 1>% `bk`nlbmd bkublfnktn.

0.0.2.1.0

Lo`nkòb mn hukòdkbfonktd

Butdrozb lb bpnrturb bp nrturb mn ukb u kb b`tovombm n`dkðfo`b, sorvn pbrb datnknr lb butdrozbòðk fnmobktn lb Lo`nkòb y pbrb nl hukòdkbfonktd hukòdkbfonktd Fukoòpbl, mn `dkhdrfombm b lb mn`lbrbòðk mn`lbrbòðk eurbmb.

0.0.2.1.=

@beb Kbòdkbl mn Pblum

Bholob bl nfplnbmdr y bl trbabebmdr b lb @beb Kbòdkbl mn Pblum, sorvn pbrb qun su pnrsdkbl bùmb nk `bsd mn nkhnrfnmbmns y b`òmnktns `dfukns qun kd kn`nsbrobfnktn tonknk rnlbòðk `dk lb b`tovombm lbadrbl ko lbs `dkmoòdkns mn trbabed.

0.0.2.1.>

Bmfokostrbmdrbs mn Hdkmds mn Wnksodkns BHW

Qniostrb nk nl Pniurd Pdòbl Daloibtdrod, sorvn pbrb nl aonknstbr mn sus nfplnbmds `dk pnksodkns eustbs y moikbs “Lbs Bmfokostrbmdrbs mn Hdkmds mn Wnksodkns sdk lbs nk`bribmbs mn bmfokost bmfokostrbr rbr lds rnùrsd rnùrsdss mn lds trbabebmdrn trbabebmdrnss ùbkmd ùbkmd lds fosfds fosfds llniunk b ukb nmbm bvbkzbmb. Nl prokòpbl daentovd ns ok`rnfnktbr nl kovnl mn bcdrrd mnl pbæs, tdmbs lbs nfprnsbs nstâk daloibmbs b rniostrbrsn bktn lbs BHW‟s, ns mn `brâ`tnr pnrfbknktn, snb qun nl bholobmd bholo bmd sn fbktnkib d kd trbabebkmd nk rnlbòðk mn mnpnkmnkòb lbadrbl, nenrzb ukb d vbrobs b`tovombmns sofultâknbfnktn y tnkib vbrods d kokiõk nfplnbmdr.

0.0.1

QNR^NQOFONK]D MN WNQPDKBL

Wbrb nl hukòdkbfonktd hukòdkbfonktd mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d ns kn`nsbrod `dktbr `dk nl soiuonktn soiuonktn pnrsdkbl5

@^BMQD Kµ 1 QNR^NQOFONK]D MN WNQPDKBL WNQPDKBL

@BK]OM

Inrnktn Inknrbl @dktbmdr (fnmod tonfpd) Lo`. Nk Kutroòðk y Montïto`b (fnmod tonfpd) Okstru`tdrns mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b Pn`rntbrob rn`npòdkostb Nk`bribmd mn voiolbkòb y lofponzb ]D]BL WNQPDKBL

9

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

0.0.1.2

Qn`lutbfonktd y Pnln`òðk mn Wnrsdkbl

0.0.1.2.2

Qn`lutbfonktd

Bl`bk`n, snrâ bplo`baln b tdmds lds punstds mn lb nfprnsb pbrb nl mnsnfpnòd mnsnfpnòd mn lbs

hukòdkns mnktrd mn lbs fosfbs. nstbaln`nrâ lds rnquosotds kn`nsbrods kn`nsbrods pbrb dùpbr nl punstd Wdlæto`bs, nl inrnktn inknrbl nstbaln`nrâ `drrnspdkmonktn qun nstuvonsn vb`bktn nk lb nfprnsb. Wrd`nmofonktd, lb inrnkòb snrâ lb nk`bribmb mn rn`lutbr b lds `bkmombtds b trbvïs mn bkukòds

nk nl pnroðmo`d d b trbvïs mn `dktb`tds `dk okstotuòdkns sofolbrns.

0.0.1.2.1

Pnln`òðk mnl pnrsdkbl

sdloòtumns mn nfplnd mnanrâk snr nvblubmbs nk hukòðk mn lds rnqunrofonktds Bl`bk`n, lbs sdloòtumns nstbalnòmds pbrb `bmb punstd y snrâk snpbrbmbs bqunllbs sdloòtumns qun kd `blohoqunk, lds `bkmombtds snln`òdkbmds snrâk sdfntomds b lb nktrnvostb okoòbl `dk nl hok mn vblombr sus mbtds inknrblns, prnpbrbòðk, nxpnronkòbs, nxpn`tbtovbs n oktnrnsns. Wdlæto`bs, lds `bkmombtds qun `blohoqunk, snrâk sdfntomds bl prd`nsd mn nvblubòðk tï`ko`b

sniõk nl pnrhol y lbs prunabs pbrb `bmb punstd y sn nlbadrbrâ uk okhdrfn okmovomubl `dk lds rnsultbmds mn `bmb prunab, sn sdloòtbrâk sdloòtbrâk mds b trns rnhnrnkòbs mn lds õltofds trbabeds dùpbmds pdr nl `bkmombtd, nk `bsds qun lds cuaonrn. Wrd`nmofonktd, nl inrnktn inknrbl okhdrfbrâ bl `bkmombtd snln`òdkbmd b`nr`b mn su punstd, su

sblbrod, `dkmoòdkns mn trbabed y hn`cb mn okirnsd.

0.0.1.1

Mnsoikbòðk @dktrbtbòðk n Okmu`òðk mnl Wnrsdkbl

Bl`bk`n, snrâ bplo`baln b tdmd nfplnbmd snln`òdkbmd y `dktrbtbmd pdr tonfpd

mnhokomd. Wdlæto`bs, nl kdfarbfonktd mnl kunvd nfplnbmd snrâ mnsoikbmd pdr lb inrnkòb inknrbl b

trbvïs mnl `dktrbtd mn trbabed, qun `dktnkib nl kdfarn mnl punstd, su sblbrod, nl tonfpd mn `dktrbtbòðk y tdmb lb okhdrfbòðk rnqunromb pdr lb Lny Inknrbl mnl ]rbabed. Wrd`nmofonktd, nl nk`bribmd mn prnsnktbr bl kunvd nfplnbmd b lds fonfards mnl pnrsdkbl mn

lb nfprnsb y arokmbr lbs okhdrfbòðk inknrbl sdarn lbs pdlæto`bs, kdrfbs y prd`nmofonktds, prd`nmofonktds, vosoðk, fosoðk, lb nstru`turb driâko`b bl`bk`n mnl punstd b dùpbr mnanrns y mnrn`cds, nstbrâk b `brid mnl Inrnktn Inknrbl mn lb nfprnsb.

0.0.1.0

Nvblubòðk mnl Mnsnfpnòd

Wdlæto`bs, nl Inrnktn Inknrbl snrâ nl rnspdksbaln mn rnblozbr lb nvblubòðk mnl mnsnfpnòd mnl

pnrsdkbl b su `brid. Bl`bk`n, lb nvblubòðk mnl mnsnfpnòd snrâ bplo`baln bkublfnktn b lds nfplnbmds mn tdmds

lds kovnlns mn lb nfprnsb d ùbkmd bsæ ld `dksomnrn kn`nsbrod lb inrnkòb mn lb nfprnsb. Wrd`nmofonktd, nl Inrnktn Inknrbl ns nl rnspdksbaln mn `ddrmokbr nl prdirbfb mn nvblubòðk

mnl mnsnfpnòd, sn nlbadrbrâ uk fbkubl qun `dktnkib lds pbrâfntrds mn `bloho`bòðk `bloho`bòðk d okmo`bmdrns mn fnmoòðk.

0.0.1.=

@bpbòtbòðk y Mnsbrrdlld mnl Wnrsdkbl

Bl`bk`n, lb `bpbòtbòðk y mnsbrrdlld, mnsbrrdlld, ns bplo`baln b tdmd nl pnrsdkbl mn lb

nfprnsb. `bpbòtbòðk, snfokbrods bl pnrsdkbl, nk lbs Wdlæto`bs, lb nfprnsb pdmrâ dhrn`nr ùrsds mn `bpbòtbòðk, ârnbs rnlbòdkbmbs `dk su hukòðk pbrb nl fnedr mnsbrrdlld mnktrd mn lb nfprnsb. okstotuòdkns pbrb llnvbr b `bad lb Wrd`nmofonktd, lb inrnkòb inknrbl mnsoikbrâ lbs okstotuòdkns `bpbòtbòðk, nl fosfd nkvobrâ lb `dfuko`bòðk mn lb `bpbòtbòðk bl nfplnbmd, snòblbkmd nl kõfnrd mn cdrbs, luibr y dtrds mntbllns.

0.0.0

NP]Q^@]^QB DQIBKOUB@ODKBL IQBHO@D Kµ 02 NP]Q^@]^QB DQIBKOUB@ODKBL

Bsbfalnb mn Pdòds

Inrnktn Inknrbl

Pn`rntbrob rn`npòdkostb

Lo`. nk Kutroòðk y Montïto`b

Nk`bribmd mn Xoiolbkòb y Lofponzb

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk Wrdpob

Okstru`tdrns mn Iofkbsob B.

@dktbmdr

0.0.=

MNP@QOW@ODK MN @BQIDP ]BALB Kµ 2= BPBFALNB MN PD@ODP

0.0.=.2 Bsbfalnb mn sdòds Mnanrns y rnspdksbaolombmns

Inknrbr vbldr y `dktrdl b lb instoðk mn lb nfprnsb, pdr fnmod mn rnukodkns pnroðmo`bs `dk lb bmfokostrbòðk mnl iofkbsod nk nl ùbl sn nvblõb nl

mnsnfpnòd dpnrbtovd, nl hlued mn `beb y lb loquomnz. @ufplofonktd mn lb fosoðk y vosoðk mn lb nfprnsb.

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

]BALB Kµ 2> FBK^BL MN H^K@ODKNP- INQNK]N INKNQBL Kdfarn mnl @brid 0.0.=.1 Inrnktn Inknrbl Mnpnkmnkòb Bsbfalnb mn sdòds

Mnanrns y rnspdksbaolombmns Wbrtoòpbr nk nl `rnòfonktd mn lb Nfprnsb y hdrfbr pbrtn b`tovb mn lb fosfb, `ddrmokbr lbs hukòdkns bmfokostrbtovbs hokbkònrbs mn lb nfprnsb, `ddrmokbr lbs b`tovombmns llnvbmbs b `bad pdr lds nktrnkbmdrns hæso`ds y nl fïmo`d kutroòdkostb b hok mn bsniurbr nl bprdvn`cbfonktd bmnùbmd mn lds rnùrsds hokbkònrds y cufbkds.

Qnprnsnktbr lniblfnktn b lb Nfprnsb

Wbrtoòpbr nk lb nlbadrbòðk y plbkoho`bòðk nstrbtïio`b mn lb Nfprnsb Mnsbrrdlld y bmfokostrbòðk mn lb nstrbtniob mn knidòds

Nhn`tubr lb nvblubòðk mnl fnr`bmd, `dfpntnkòb, pdsoòdkbfonktd y lb nvblubòðk mnl `lonktn

Nlbadrbr nl bkâlosos HDMB Qnblozbr lb snln`òðk mnl pnrsdkbl

Mnhokor lbs rnspdksbaolombmns mn tdmds lds nfplnbmds

Pupnrvosbr lds okhdrfns y nl mnsnfpnòd mn tdmds lds nfplnbmds

Nlbadrbr nl prnsupunstd mn lb nfprnsb

Nstbalnòfonktd mn lbs læknbs inknrblns mnl plbk mn fbrjntoki, pdlæto`b mn snrvoòd, pdlæto`b

mn prnòd, pdlæto`b mn mostroauòðk, pdlæto`b mn `dfuko`bòðk.

Wbrtoòpbòðk nk lb mnhokoòðk mn pdlæto`b mn prnòds y `dkmoòdkns `dfnròblns.

Fbkned mn rnlbòdkns põalo`bs `dk nl `lonktn

@ublquonr dtrb hukòðk qun sn ln bsoikn okcnrnktn bl `brid

Nspnòho`bòdkns mnl `brid Nl Inrnktn Inknrbl nstâ nk rnlbòðk morn`tb `dk lbs mospdsoòdkns nfotombs pdr lb Bsbfalnb mn sdòds y tonkn b su fbkmd bl @dktbmdr, Lo`. nk kutroòðk y montïto`b , Okstru`tdrns, nl nk`bribmd mn `bhntnræb y nl nk`bribmd mn voiolbkòb y lofponzb mn lb nfprnsb.

Nstumods rnblozbmds Nstumods supnrodrns nk Okinkonræb @dfnròbl d `brrnrbs bhokns.

Nxpnronkòb lbadrbl 1 b 0 bòds nk pdsoòdkns sofolbrns Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

]BALB Kµ 28

FBK^BL MN H^K@ODKNP- PN@QN]BQOB QN@NW@ODKOP]B Kdfarn mnl `brid

0.0.=.0 Pn`rntbrob Qn`npòdkostb Mnpnkmnkòb Inrnktn Inknrbl

Mnanrns y rnspdksbaolombmns Ldirbr uk nhoònktn hukòdkbfonktd mn lb rn`npòðk mnl iofkbsod bsæ `dfd snr lb sn`rntbrob mn lb inrnkòb, btnkmonkmd lbs kn`nsombmns n okquontumns mn lds `lonktns.

Qn`nptbr lds pbids rnblozbmds pdr lds `lonktns d nfplnbmds mn lb nfprnsb, fbktnkonkmd uk fbkned nxb`td y âiol mnl moknrd mn `beb.

Qnòaor lbs llbfbmbs tnlnhðko`ds mnl põalo`d y `bkblozbrlbs Btnkmnr lb rn`npòðk rn`npò ðk mnl iofkbsod iofkbso d bùâto`d

Mbr okhdrfbòðk mnl iofkbsod bùâto`ds b lds oktnrnsbmds

Xnroho`br okhdrfbòðk y mdùfnktbòðk Llnkbr ho`cb y `brknt mnl kunvd `lonktn

Qnòaor b lds `lonktns bktns mn `bmb `lbsn sdloòtâkmdln su `brknt

Qnòaor pbids mn fnksublombmns mn lds `lonktns

Qnòaor pbids pdr `dksufds mn `bhntnræb

Qnblozbr nl ònrrn mn `beb

Dribkozbr `lonktns pdr irupds y cdrbrods

Nkvobr y rnòaor `drrnspdkmnkòb

@ublquonr dtrb hukòðk qun sn ln bsoikn okcnrnktn bl `brid

Nspnòho`bòdkns mnl `brid Lb sn`rntbrob- rn`npòdkostb tnkmrâ rnlbòðk morn`tb mn mnpnkmnkòb `dk lbs mospdsoòdkns nfotombs pdr lb Inrnkòb Inknrbl.

Cdrbrod bsoikbmd ]nkmrâ nl cdrbrod b`drmn b lb btnkòðk bl põalo`d mnl iofkbsod

Nstumods rnblozbmds Hdrfbòðk nk sn`rntbrobmd , fbkned mn utolotbrods mn Fo`rdsdht Dhho`n

Nxpnronkòb lbadrbl 2 b 1 bòds nk pdsoòdkns sofolbrns Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

]BALB Kµ 29 FBK^BL MN H^K@ODKNP- @DK]BMDQ Kdfarn mnl `brid

0.0.=.= @dktbmdr (fnmod tonfpd) Mnpnkmnkòb Inrnktn Inknrbl

Mnanrns y rnspdksbaolombmns Nenùtbr Nenùt br lds prd`nsds prd`nsds `dktbalns mnl ârnb, bplo`bkmd lbs kdrfbs y prd`nmofonktds mnhokomds, nlbadrbkmd mdùfnktbòðk kn`nsbrob, rnvosbkmd `âlùlds, b hok mn mbr ùfplofonktd b `bmb ukd mn nsds prd`nsds, ldirbr rnsultbmds dpdrtukds y ibrbktozbr lb prnstbòðk nhn`tovb mnl snrvoòd.

Qniostrbr lds fdvofonktds `dktbalns mn lb Nfprnsb nk lb mnaomb hdrfb, `dk nl ùfplofonktd mn lds prokòpods inknrblns mn `dktbaolombm

Llnvbr lds loards d rniostrds mn `dktbaolombm mn lb nfprnsb, rniostrbkmd lds fdvofonktds fdkntbrods mn aonkns y mnrn`cds mnrn`cds,, nlbadrbòðk y pbid mn ofpunstds bktn lb butdrombm `dfpntnktn.

Nlbadrb Nlb adrbrr lds nstbmds nstbmds `dktbaln `dktbalnss d nstbmds nstbmds hokbkònrd hokbkònrds, s, lds prnsupun prnsupunstd stdss y lbs rnkmoòdkns mn ùnktbs d ablbk`ns mn nenùòdkns prnsupunstblns.

Wrnsnktbr lds nstbmds hokbkònrds `dkhdrfn b lb kdrfbtovb bplo`baln lds fdvofonktds u dpnrbòdkns n`dkðfo`ds n`dkðfo`ds qun cb`n lb Nfprnsb, mn hdrfb qun sn punmbk pualo`br nsds rnsultbmds `dk vostbs b okhdrfbr b b`òdkostbs, okvnrsdrns, prdvnnmdrns y mnfâs pnrsdkbs oktnrnsbmbs

Nlbadrbr hdrfulbrods hdrfulbro ds mn ðrmnkns mn pbid pdr mohnrnktns `dk`nptds, tblns `dfd5

pbids b prdvnnmdrns, pbids mn snrvoòd, nt`. Nktrnibr lds `cnquns `drrnspdkmonktns b lb kðfokb, rnvosbr lds rnòads y nkvobrlds bl br`covd `drrnspdkmonktn

]rbfotbr lds mnpðsotds abk`brods y llnvbr rniostrd mn lds fosfds

Nlbadrb sdloòtum mn `dtozbòdkns b lds prdvnnmdrns prnvobfnktn snln`òdkbmds

@ublquonr dtrb hukòðk qun sn ln bsoikn okcnrnktn bl `brid

Nspnòho`bòdkns mnl `brid Nl @dktbmdr nstâ nk rnlbòðk morn`tb `dk lbs mospdsoòdkns nfotombs pdr nl Inrnktn Inknrbl.

Cdrbrod bsoikbmd Nl cdrbrod mnl `dktbmdr mnktrd lb nfprnsb ns mnsmn lbs 1577 crs. Cbstb lbs 23577 crs.

Nstumods rnblozbmds Lo`nkòbmd nk @dktbmuræb Wõalo`b , bmfokostrbòðk d rbfbs bhokns

Nxpnronkòb lbadrbl 1 bòds Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

]BALB Kµ 23 FBK^BL MN H^K@ODKNP- K^]QO@ODKOP]B Kdfarn mnl `brid

0.0.=.> Lo`. nk Kutroòðk y Montïto`b (fnmod tonfpd) Mnpnkmnkòb Inrnktn Inknrbl

Mnanrns y rnspdksbaolombmns Pn nk`bribrâ mnl ârnb mn kutroòðk nvblubkmd, prnvokonkmd, trbtbkmd y mbkmd sniuofonktd mn tdmds bqunllds hb`tdrns d nlnfnktds qun nk `dkeuktd `dk movnrsds nstbmds pbtdlðio`ds, yb snb `dfd `busb d nhn`td, okhluynk, fdmoho`bk d mntnrodrbk lb `dfpdsoòðk `dfpdsoòðk `drpdrbl mnl `lonktn(nstbmd `lonktn(nstbmd d `dkmoòðk `dkmoòðk kutroòb).

Nvblubr mnsmn nl puktd mn vostb kutroòdkbl b lds `lonktns

Mosnòbr nsqunfbs mn blofnktbòðk b`drmns b lbs `dkmoòdkns hosodpbtdlðio`bs

Ofplnfnktbr fnmombs prnvnktovbs y tnrbpïuto`bs `dk lb hokblombm mn dptofozbr y `drrnior bltnrbòdkns nk nl nstbmd kutroòdkbl y montïto`d

Wrns`ropòðk mn nsqunfbs mn bpdyd kutroòdkbl montïto`d

Xoiolbr lb `drrn`tb nenùòðk mn lds nsqunfbs mn blofnktbòðk Wrdfdòðk mnl aonknstbr fnmobktn uk bmnùbmd nstbmd kutroòdkbl montïto`d

Llnvbr nl `dktrdl kutroòdkbl mn lds `lonktns mnl iofkbsod y btnkmnr ùblquonr mn lbs okquontumns qun `dkònrknk b su prdhnsoðk

@ublquonr dtrb hukòðk qun sn ln bsoikn okcnrnktn bl `brid

Nspnòho`bòdkns mnl `brid Nl kutroòdkostb nstâ nk rnlbòðk morn`tb `dk lb Inrnkòb Inknrbl.

Cdrbrod bsoikbmd ]nkmrâ nl cdrbrod b`drmn b lb btnkòðk bl põalo`d, fnmod tonfpd. Nstumods rnblozbmds Lo`nkòbmd nk kutroòðk y montïto`b

Nxpnronkòb lbadrbl 1 bòds Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

]BALB Kµ 2? FBK^BL MN H^K@ODKNP- OKP]Q^@]DQNP Kdfarn mnl `brid 0.0.=.8 Okstru`tdrns mn Iofkbsob Bùâto`b Mnpnkmnkòb Inrnktn Inknrbl

Mnanrns y rnspdksbaolombmns ]dfbr nl fbkmd mn lb `lbsn bsoikbmb, nlbadrbkmd nlbadrbkmd lb rutokb pbrb `bmb ukb mn nllbs y fbktnkoïkmdlbs nktrntnkombs sok mnsùombr nl daentovd prokòpbl mn fnedrbr lb sblum mnl `lonktn, `ddrmokbr nl fbkned mn rutokbs mn lds mostoktds nenròòds y prdirbfbs mn `bmb `lonktn, bsæ `dfd nl ùfplofonktd mn sus b`tovombmns, sus fntbs y daentovds.

Qnblozbr nl `blnktbfonktd nspn`æho`d pbrb nl nenròòd d rutokb b okoòbrsn Wdknr nk prâ`to`b lds plbkns mn fdtovbòðk pnrsdkbl

Okoòbr lb `lbsn `dk nenròòds mn abed ofpb`td n or bufnktbkmd pbulbtokbfnktn

Llnvbr lb `lbsn sniõk nl plbk nlbadrbmd, supnrvosbmd qun lds nenròòds sn rnblo`nk

`drrn`tbfnktn pbrb nvotbr lnsodkns nk lds blufkds

]nrfokbr lb `lbsn sbtoshb`nr ùblquonr okquontum mnl `lonktn

Pupnrvosbr y `dktrdlb lbs rutokbs mn lds mohnrnktns `lonktns Xnlbr pdr nl ùfplofonktd mn lbs fntbs y daentovds mn lds `lonktns

Qnblozbr nktrnvostbs pnroðmo`bs b lds `lonktns

Xnroho`br nl `drrn`td hukòdkbfonktd y nl nstbmd ðptofd mn lbs fâquokbs y nquopds.

@ublquonr dtrb hukòðk qun sn ln bsoikn okcnrnktn bl `brid

Nspnòho`bòdkns mnl `brid Lds okstru`tdrns mn iofkbsob bùâto`b nstâk nk rnlbòðk morn`tb `dk Inrnktn Inknrbl y lbs mospdsoòdkns nfotombs pdr nl kutroòdkostb.

Cdrbrod bsoikbmd Lds okstru`tdrns mn iofkbsob bùâto`b tnkmrâk nl cdrbrod b`drmn b lb btnkòðk bl põalo`d

Nstumods rnblozbmds ]ætuld ukovnrsotbrod mn Wrdhnsdr nk Nmu`bòðk Hæso`b, Mnpdrtns y Qn`rnbòðk d ]ï`ko`d Pupnrodr nk Nmu`bòðk Mnpdrtovb.

Nxpnronkòb lbadrbl 1 bòds Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

]BALB Kµ 17 FBK^BL MN H^K@ODKNP- NK@BQIBMD MN XOIOLBK@OB Kdfarn mnl `brid 0.0.=.9 Nk`bribmd Xoiolbkòb y Lofponzb Mnpnkmnkòb Inrnktn Inknrbl

Mnanrns y rnspdksbaolombmns Qnspdkmnr pdr nl bsnd, voiolbkòb y ùombmd mn lb okhrbnstru`turb mn lb Nfprnsb y ârnbs qun ln snbk bsoikbmbs.

Qnblozbr nl bsnd y nl ùombmd mn lb okhrbnstru`turb mn lb Nfprnsb y ârnbs qun ln snbk bsoikbmbs, pbrb qun mæb b mæb snbk `dkùrrombs pdr nl pnrsdkbl mn lb nfprnsb `dfd lds `lonktns mn lb fosfb.

Okhdrfbr sdarn ùblquonr kdvnmbm dùrromb nk lb zdkb d nk lds nquopds abed su ùombmd.

Mnmo`br tdmd nl tonfpd mn lb edrkbmb lbadrbl nk su zdkb d ârnb

Nspnòho`bòdkns mnl `brid Nl nk`bribmd mn lofponzb nstâ nk rnlbòðk morn`tb `dk lbs mospdsoòdkns nfotombs pdr `dktbmdr mn lb nfprnsb.

Cdrbrod bsoikbmd ]nkmrâ nl cdrbrod b`drmn b lb btnkòðk bl põalo`d y voiolbkòb kd`turkb.

Nstumods rnblozbmds Kd sn rnquonrn

Nxpnronkòb lbadrbl Kd sn rnquonrn Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

0.0.>

@LOFB DQIBKOUB@ODKBL DQIBKOUB@O DKBL

Nl `lofb dribkozbòdkbl ns uk bsuktd mn ofpdrtbkòb pbrb bqunllbs dribkozbòdkns `dfpntotovbs qun aus`bk ldirbr ukb fbydr prdmu`tovombm prdmu`tovombm y fnedrb nk nl snrvoòd dhrnòmd, pdr fnmod mn nstrbtniobs oktnrkbs. Idzbr mn uk aunk `lofb lbadrbl ns ofprnsòkmoaln pbrb qun lbs tbrnbs sn rnblo`nk mn fbknrb hbvdrbaln pbrb lb `dksnùòðk mn lds daentovds, mnl nktdrkd lbadrbl mnpnkmn nl ïxotd y hrb`bsd mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d, pdr nsd nl inrnktn mnan vbldrbrld, `bfaobrld d fnedrbrld pbrb qun lds trbabebmdrns sn sonktbk b iustd y rokmbk mn fbknrb ðptofb. Nk profnr luibr sn mnanrâ pdsnnr ukb ùlturb mn nfprnsb, oktrdmu`òðk y daentovds aonk mnhokomds, `dktbr `dk uk hunrtn lomnrbzid, sbanr instodkbr `drrn`tbfnktn b nquopds y pnrsdkbs y bplo`br lbs okkdvbòdkns bmnùbmbs pbrb `rnbr uk `lofb sonfprn hbvdrbaln. Wbrb uk `dktrdl bmnùbmd mnl `lofb lbadrbl, sn mnanrâ sbanr so lds nfplnbmds sn nkùnktrbk rnblfnktn b iustd `dk lb nfprnsb y sbanr quï `bfaobræbk mnl `lofb b`tubl, mnpnkmn mn lb sbtoshb`òðk mn lds nfplnbmds sn tnkmrâ uk fbydr rnkmofonktd, fbydr btnkòðk b lds `lonktns y fbydr `dfprdfosd, pdr ld qun sn pdmrâ rnùrror b nkùnstbs y ùnstodkbrods, nktrnvostbs pnrsdkblns, mokâfo`bs y rnukodkns mn irupd.

Nl `lofb lbadrbl tbfaoïk babr`b lbs nstru`turbs hæso`bs nk lbs qun sn funvnk lds nfplnbmds b mobrod, lds fbtnroblns qun sn nfplnbk pbrb trbabebr `drrn`tbfnktn, lbs okstblbòd okstblbòdkns kns bmnùbmbs, lb `drrn`tb olufokbòðk pbrb rnblozbr lbs `lbsns, nl sdkomd, nl nspbòd, lb uao`bòðk mn lbs pnrsdkbs nk sus punstds mn trbabed. Lds nfplnbmds mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d sn snktorâk fnedr so sn lds vbldrb, b trbvïs mnl fbrjntoki oktnrkd, qun sn absb nk ùombr bl trbabebmdr nk tdmds lds bspn`tds, lb nfprnsb trbksfotorâ lb fbr`b, lds daentovds, lb omnktombm `drpdrbtovb, lds prdyn`tds y tdmb lb okhdrfbòðk qun bhn`tb b lb nfprnsb y morn`tbfnktn bl nfplnbmd. Nl prdpðsotd ns qun nl nfplnbmd sn omnktohoqun `dk lb ofbink mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d y `dk tdmds bqunllds snrvoòds qun sn dhrn`nk b lds `lonktns, pbrb qun snpb trbksfotorld fu`cd fnedr b lds mnfâs.

0.0.8 0.0.8 NFWQNPBQOBL

QNPWDKP QNPWDKPBAOL BAOLOMBM OMBM

PD@OBL PD@OBL

Lb Qnspdksbaolombm Pdòbl Nfprnsbrobl Nfprnsb robl sn mnhokn `dfd5 nl hnkðfnkd vdluktbrod qun aus`b `dkòlobr nl `rnòfonktd y lb `dfpntotovombm, oktnirbkmd bl fosfd tonfpd nl `dfprdfosd `dk nl mnsbrrdlld sdòbl y lb fnedrb mnl fnmod bfaonktn. Po aonk lbs nfprnsbs nstâk okùrsodkbkmd nk su bplo`bòðk, pdr `dksomnrbr lbs vnktbebs qun `dkllnvb su prâ`to`b, ns ofpdrtbktn cb`nr kdtbr qun nstb holdsdhæb nfprnsbrobl mnan snr `dfpbrtomb y prb`to`bmb mn fbknrb rnspdksbaln pdr `bmb ukd mn lds fonfards qun lb `dfpdknk, pdr nlld kd ofpdrtb so lb nfprnsb ns irbkmn d pnqunòb, nl okoòd mn su prâ`to`b punmn nfpnzbr ùbkmd lb nfprnsb ld mnòmb d nstï prnpbrbmb, sok nfabrid `dk pnqunòbs b`òdkns ns uk aunk `dfonkzd, ldirbkmd bfplobr su fbikotum y su nhn`td b ld lbrid mn lds bòds mn `rnòfonktd mn lb fosfb. @ubkmd ukb nfprnsb prb`to`b mn fbknrb `dktokub nstn topd mn b`òdkns y prdyn`tâkmdsn pbrb fnedrbr bliukds mn lds anknhoòds qun sn punmnk dasnrvbr nstâk5

Fbydr nhoònkòb, b trbvïs mn fnedrns `dkmoòdkns pbrb nl `lonktn oktnrkd d nfplnbmds qun `dkmu`n b fnedr rntnkòðk mn tblnktds y pdr nkmn fnkdrns ækmo`ns mn rdtbòðk.

Ofplnfnktbr ukb pdlæto`b mn prnvnkòðk mn ronsids, b trbvïs mn `cbrlbs mn sniurombm b ld lbrid mn lbs dpnrbòdkns pbrb rnmuòr lb hrnùnkòb mn b`òmnktns. Lnbltbm mnl `lonktn, sbtoshbònkmd sus kn`nsombmns bmnfâs mn mbrln `blombm y

prnòd bmnùbmd. @rnmoaolombm, bqunllb nfprnsb qun ns rnspntudsb mn lbs pnrsdkbs, fnmod bfaonktn y lb sdònmbm nk su `dkeuktd prdyn`tb ukb rnputbòðk qun ln ibrbktozb fbydr sdstnkoaolombm nk nl tonfpd, inknrbkmd `dkhobkzb.

0.=

WLBK N@DKDFO@D HOKBK@ONQD

0.=.2

WQNP^W^NP]D D MN]NQFOKB@ODK MN LB OKXNQPODK

0.=.2.2

Okvnrsoðk Hoeb

Wbrb nl iofkbsod bùâto`d sdk fuy ofpdrtbktns lbs mnòsodkns mn okvnrsoðk puns ofplo`b nl mnsnfadlsd mnsnfadls d mn irbkmns sufbs mn moknrd pdr uk pnrodmd mn lbrid plbzd, y sn mntnrfokb lb ùbktoho`bòðk mn ld qun lb nfprnsb rnquonrn pbrb dpnrbr y inknrbr nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d.

@^BMQD Kµ 0 OKXNQPODK HOEB (NP]OFBMB NK ADLOXOBKDP) @DP]D ]D]BL

MNP@QOW@ODK ]nrrnkd

089.>77,77

Nmoho`bòdkns Fbquokbrob y Nquopd Nquopds mn `dfputbòðk Nquopds mn Dhoòkb Funalns y Nksnrns

087.9>1,11 28?.077,77 =.177,77 3=7,77 3.317,77

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.=.2.2.2 ]nrrnkd Ns lb nxtnksoðk mn ârnb rnqunromb pbrb qun uk prdyn`td nfpon`n b hukòdkbr, sn mnkdfokb tnrrnkd b ukb nxtnksoðk mn tonrrb. Nl tnrrnkd punmn tnknr mostoktds topds mn rnlonvn y tnknr mostoktds topds mn utolombmns n`dkðfo`bs. (mnhokoòdk.fx, s.h.)

@^BMQD Kµ = ]NQQNKD (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP)

Kµ 2

BQNBP ]nrrnkd OKXN QPODK ] D] BL

^KOMBM F1

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

FNMOMB 0>7,77

@BK] OMBM 27>7

XBLDQ ]D]BL NK F1 089.>77,77 089.>77,77

0.=.2.2.1

Nmoho`bòdkns

Wbrb lb mntnrfokbòðk mn lds `dstds mn `dkstru`òðk sn rnùrroð b lb nlbadrbòðk mnl prnsupu prns upunst nstd d inknrbl inknrbl pdr pbrtn pbrtn mn lb @dkstru @dkstru`td `tdrb rb N.W.@. N.W.@. Wbtoòd Wbtoòd (Xnr (Xnr bknxd bknxd ?) mn bùnrmd bl topd mn `dkstru`òðk, mnksombm y b`babmds, y sniõk lbs nspnòho`bòdkns nspnòho`bòdkn s mn ld qun nl iofkbsod bùâto`d prdyn`tb dhrn`nr `dfd okhrbnstru`turb sn mntbllb ld soiuonktn5

@^BMQD Kµ > WQNP^W^NP]D INKNQBL MN LB @DKP]Q^@@ODK @DKP]Q^@@ODK (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) ADLOXOBKDP) Kµ

BQNBP

^KOMBM FNMOMB

@DP]D ]D]BL

2

Nmoho`bòdkns F1 OKXNQPODK ]D]BL Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk “Nfprnsb @dkstru`tdrb NW@ WB]OÒD‖

0=>

087.9>1, 087.9>1,

0.=.2.2.0 Fbquokbrob y nquopd Lb fbquokbrob y nquopd kn`nsbrod pbrb lb `dkstru`òðk mn lb posòkb, dhoòkbs, `bhntnræb snrâ mn lb soiuonktn fbknrb5

@^BMQD Kµ 8 NRÔWBFONK]D WBQB NL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) Kµ

MNP@QOW@ODK

2 1 0 = > 8

Ptn s bùâto`ds Wnsbs bùâto`bs Fbkùnrkbs mn hldtbòðk Hldtbmdr lufabr Wlbk`cb mn rnlbebòðk Abrrbs mn rncbaolotbòðk

9 A Ab bkmbs nlâsto`bs 3 Wnldtbs fnmobkbs Iubktns mn nktrnkbfonktd ? bùâto`d 27 @o @okturðk mn hldtbòðk 22 ]daollnrbs bùâto`bs 21 Nquopd bùâto`d pbrb spokkoki 20 Nquopd bùâto`d pbrb trnnjoki 2= Nquopd mn sdkomd 2> Wbrlbktns 28 Aâsùlb mn pnsd 29 ]v Wlbsfb mn =1" 23 Nquopd mn `blnktbfonktd posòkb

]D]BL

^KOMBM

@DP]D ^KO]BQOD

@BK]OMBM

@DP]D ]D]BL

^kombm Wbr ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm

07 17 27 27 27 17

87 87 =7 217 277 37

2.377,77 2.177,77 =77,77 2.177,77 2.777,77 2.877,77

^kombm ^kombm

27 17

>7 >7

>77,77 2.777,77

Wbr ^kombm Wbr ^kombm ^kombm Nquopd Nquopd ^kombm ^kombm Nquopd

07 27 27 07 07 2 2 2 2 2

>7 2>7 2>7 1>77 1=77 2377 >77 077 1>77 =777

2.>77,77 2.>77,77 2.>77,77 9>.777,77 91.777,77 2.377,77 >77,77 077,77 1.>77,77 =.777,77

28?.077 77

0.=.2.2.=

Nquopds mn `dfputbòðk

Nl pnrsdkbl mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d rnqunrorâ mnl soiuonktn nquopd mn `dfputbòðk.

@^BMQD Kµ 9 NRÔWDP MN @DFW^]B@ODK (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) ^KOMBM @DP]D @DP]D Kµ MNP@QOW@ODK @BK]OMBM FNMOMB ^KO]BQOD ]D]BL @dfputbmdr @drn O>, fbs 2 ofprnsdrb fultohukòdkbl fultohukò dkbl y mnfâs b``nsdrods ^kombm 1 1.277,77 =.177,77 ]D]BL =.177,77 Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.=.2.2.>

Nquopds mn dhoòkb

Nl ârnb bmfokostrbtovb y mn dpnrbòdkns kn`nsbrob pbrb nquopbr nl iofkbsod bùâto`d mnanrâ `dktbr `dk lds soiuonktns brtæùlds mn dhoòkb, qun sn mntbllbk nk lb soiuonktn tbalb5

@^BMQD Kµ 3 NRÔWDP MN DHO@OKB (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) Kµ 2 1 0 = > 8

^KOMBM @DP]D @BK]OMBM FNMOMB ^KO]BQOD

MNP@QOW@ODK ]nlïhdkd Nkirbfpbmdrb Wnrhdrbmdrb @blùlbmdrb @beb rniostrbmdrb Õtolns mn dhoòkb

]D]BL 0.=.2.2.8

^kombm ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm Pn t

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

2 2 2 2 2 2

@DP]D ]D]BL 2>7,77 07,77 07,77 07,77 >77,77 277,77

3=7,77

Funalns y nksnrns

Nl iofkbsod bùâto`d, kn`nsotbrâ pbrb nl bfdalbmd mn lbs dhoòkbs mnl ârnb bmfokostrbtovb bmfokostrbto vb y dpnrbtovb, sn `dktbrb bmnfâs `dk ukb sblb mn rn`npòðk y sollbs mostroauombs pdr vbrobs pbrtns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d.

2>7,77 07,77 07,77 07,77 >77,77 277,77

@^BMQD Kµ ? F^NALNP _ NKPNQNP (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) ADLOX OBKDP) Kµ

MNP@QOW@ODK

2 Ns`rotdrod pbrb dhoòkb 1 Pollbs iorbtdrobs 0 Nstbktn pbrb dhoòkb Xotrokb pbrb vnktb mn = b``nsdrods > Funalns mn rn`npòðk 8 Fnsb mn plâsto`d @bsollnrds fntâlo`ds 28 , Bltd 2,?7 fts x Bk`cd 9 2,70fts x 7,>1 `fs. Pollbs mn plbsto`d mn = 3 ukombmns (pbrb rn`npòðk) ]D]BL

^KOMBM @DP]D @DP]D @BK]OMBM FNMO FN MOMB MB ^KO] ^KO]BQ BQOD OD ]D]B ]D]BL L ^kombm 2 >77,77 >77,77 ^kombm 1 177,77 =77,77 ^kombm 2 2.777,77 2.777,77 ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm

2 2 2

2.177,77 2.177,77 2.277,77 2.277,77 117,77 117,77

Eunid

=

2.777,77 =.777,77

Eunid

2

=77,77

=77,77 3.317,77

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

0.=.2.1

Okvnrsoðk nk @bpotbl mn ]rbabed

0.=.2.1.2

B``nsdrods pbrb nl usd usd mn lb lb posòkb y vnktb mn anaombs nknriozbktns nknriozbktns

Lds fbtnroblns morn`tds `dk lds qun lb `bhntnræb nfpnzbrb sus dpnrbòdkns sdk lds blofnktds hotknss qun sn vnkmnrâk bllæ, nstds fbtnroblns sn trbkshdrfbk nk blofnktds sblumbalns pbrb lb vnktb b lds `lonktns mnl iofkbsod. Lb vnktb mn anaombs nknriozbktns sn rnblozbrâ nk rn`npòðk mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d, bsofosfd sn dhrn`nrâ b lb vnktb b``nsdrods b``nsdrods pbrb nl okirnsd b lbs posòkbs `dfd snr iubktns, ibhbs, tdbllbs, zbpbtollbs, idrrds pbrb posòkbs.

@^BMQD Kµ 27 XNK]B MN ANAOMBP NKNQIOUBK]NP _ B@@NPDQODP WBQB IOFKBPOB B@^B@]O@B FNMOMB

MN XNK] B

FNKP ^BL

BK^BL

Anaombs y biub nknriozbktns

Biub nfadtnllbmb Anaombs nknriozbktns

Adtnllb Adtnllb

87 87

9 22

=17,77 887,77

>.7=7,77 9.?17,77

Wbr

87

>7

0.777,77

08.777,77

Ibhbs pbrb biub

^kombm

87

>7

0.777,77

08.777,77

]dbllbs

^kombm

87

=7

1.=77,77

13.377,77

Wbr

87

0>

1.277,77

1>.177,77

^kombm

87

87

0.877,77

=0.177,77

B``nsdrods pbrb okirnsd b iyf bùbto`d

Iubktns pbrb iofkbsob bùbto`b

Ubpbtollbs d sbkmblobs pbrb posòkb Idrrds pbrb biub ]D]BL

231.287,77

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.=.2.1.1

Wnrsdkbl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d

Lb fbkd mn darb morn`tb ld `dkhdrfb lds okstru`tdrns, yb qun sdk cnrrbfonktb prokòpbl pbrb mohukmor nl snrvoòd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b, fnmobktn sus okstru`tdrns y nksnòbkzbs qun ns lb absn prokòpbl, nsnkòb mnl snrvoòd qun sn arokmb nk nl iofkbsod bùâto`d. Lds `dstds mn lb fbkd mn darb okmorn`tb sn lds `btbldib nk nstb `btnidræb, pdrqun sdk nl sdpdrtn mn lds okstru`tdrns, okstru`td rns, yb qun sn tdfb nk ùnktb su mobikðst mobikðsto`d o`d pbrb pdmnr nktbalbr lbs rutokbs mn nenròòd pbrb `bmb `lonktn.

@^BMQD Kµ 22 P^NLMDP WNQPDKBL IOFKBPOD (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) @BQID

Lo`. nk kutroòðk y montïto`b (fnmod tonfpd) Okstru`tdr mn iofkbsob bùâto`b 2 Okstru`tdr mn iofkbsob bùâto`b 1 ]D]BL

@BK]OMBM

]D]BL IBKBMD

BWDQ]NP @KP (27%)

QONPID WQDHN PODKBL BHW (2,92%)

BWDQ]N WB]QDK. PDLOMBM. 0%

WQDXOXONKMB (1%)

WQNXOPODK WBQB OKMNFKOUB @OÐK (3,00%)

BIÔKBL MD (3,00%)

]D]BL FNKP^BL

]D]BL BK^BL

2

1.777,77

177,77

0=,17

87,77

=7,77

288,87

000,17

1.30=,77

0=.773,77

2

0.>77,77

0>7,77

>?,3>

27>,77

97,77

1?2,>>

>30,27

=.?>?,>7

>?.>2=,77

2

0.>77,77

0>7,77

>?,3>

27>,77

97,77

1?2,>>

>30,27

=.?>?,>7

>?.>2=,77

?.777,77

?77,77

2>0,?7

197,77

237,77

9=?,97

2.=??,=7

21.9>0,77

2>0.708,77

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

0.=.2.1.0

@dstds okmorn`tds

Nstds `dstds sn rnhonrnk b lds kn`nsbrods pbrb fbktnknr lb lofponzb y nstbmd mn lb posòkb, snrâk mnsnfadlsbmds mnsnfadlsbmds fnksublfnktn. Lb rnpbrbòðk y fbktnkofonktd fbktnkofonktd mn lds nquopds y fbquokbrob nstâk mbmds nk hukòðk b lds b`tovds hoeds qun `dkhdrfbk lb okhrbnstru`t okhrbnstru`turb urb mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d.

@^BMQD Kµ 21 @DP]DP OKMOQN@]DP (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) MNP@QOW@ODK Fbktnkofonktd y rnpbrbòðk Mnsokhn`tbktn Aodscnlm- Bliuoòmb ]rbpnbmdr Ns`dabs Ablmns ]bd`lscbdsspmbnrbabasbusrubrb A Bfaonktbmdr Ebadkòllds Wbpnl coioïko`d ]ro`ldrd Irbkulbmd Pulhbtd mn blufokod Mntnrinktn Lofpobmdrns ]D]BL

^KOMBM @BK]OMBM

@DP]D @DP]D @DP]D FNKP^BL BK^BL ^KO]BQOD

Ildabl

2

177,77

177,77

1=77

^kombm ^kombm ^kombm ^kombm

> 27 > >

0>,77 23,77 27,77 17,77

217,77 237,77 >7,77 277,77

2==7 1287 877 2177

W^bkqoumnbtmn ^kombm Wbquntn Wbquntn Joldirbfd Joldirbfd ^kombm ^kombm

> > > 27 2 > > 2 2

07 7,,7 77 7 2> >7 7,,7 77 7 2 17,77 277,77 17,77 177,77 13,77 13,77 277,77 >77,77 277,77 >77,77 >7,77 >7,77 >7,77 >7,77 1.193,77 19.008,77

28 37 77 7 2177 1=77 008 8777 8777 877 877

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.=.2.1.=

Wrnsupunstds mn Ibstds

Pdk tdmds bqunllds ibstds kn`nsbrods pbrb qun sn punmbk llnvbr b `bad lbs b`tovombmns tbktd bmfokostrbtovbs, inknrblns y mn vnktbs `dfd bpdyd pbrb nl mnsbrrdlld mnl nfprnkmofonktd mnl snrvoòd (Ynstdk & @dpnlbkm, 2??=). Ok`luyn5 sunlmds mnl pnrsdkbl bmfokostrbtovd bmfokostrbtovds, s, vnktbs, ibstds mn pualoòmbm, pbid mn snrvoòds aâso`ds, mnprnòbòdkns, sufokostrds, nktrn dtrds ibstds.

0.=.2.1.=.2 Ibstds inknrblns @^BMQD Kµ 20 IBP]DP INKNQBLNP (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) ^KOMBM FNMOMB

MNP@QOW@ODK Biub pdtbaln Oktnrknt Ib s ]nlïhdkd Luz Nlï`tro`b

f0 Fa f0 J wc J wc

@DP]D FNKP^BL

@DP]D BK^BL

2.077,77 207,77 277,77 >7,77 1>7,77

2>.877,7 2.>87,7 2.177,7 877,7 0.777,7

]D]BL

12.?87,7 Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Pdk lds `dstds nk lds qun okùrrorâ nl iofkbsod bùâto`d `dfd snr biub, tnlïhdkd, luz nlï`tro`b, ibs n oktnrknt. 0.=.2.1.=.1 Ibstds mn pualoòmbm

@^BMQD Kµ 2= IBP]DP MN WÂLO@OMBM (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) WÂLO@OMB

M

Qbmod Wnroðmo`d ]ræpto`ds

@DP]

@DP]D FNKP^BL 277 >7 2>7

]D]BL

0.87 Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

0.=.2.1.=.0 Ibstds mn Bmfokostrbòðk Pn nkùnktrbk `dkstotuomds pdr bqunllds ruards qun sn mnank okùrror pbrb nl hukòdkbfonktd mn lbs b`tovombmns bmfokostrbtovbs ildablns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d, lbs ùblns sn funstrbk b `dktokubòðk5

2.17 87 2.37

@^BMQD Kµ 2> IBP]DP MN BMFOKOP]QB@ODK (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) ]D]BL IBKBMD

BWDQ] NP @KP (27%)

QONPID WQDHN PODKBL BHW (2,92%)

BWDQ]N WB]QDKBL PDLOMBQOD 0%

WQDXOXON KMB (1%)

WQNXOPODK WBQB OKMNFKOUB @OÐK (3,00%)

BIÔKBL MD (3,00%)

]D]BL FNKP^BL

]D]BL BK^BL

@BQID

@BK]

Inrnktn Inknrbl

2

0.877,77

087,77

82,>8

273,77

91,77

1??,33

>??,98

>.272,17

82.12=,=7

@dktbmdr (fnmod tonfpd)

2

1.277,77

127,77

0>,?2

80,77

=1,77

29=,?0

0=?,38

1.?9>,97

0>.973,=7

Pn`rntbrob/rn`npò dkostb

2

1.777,77

177,77

0=,17

87,77

=7,77

288,87

000,17

1.30=,77

0=.773,77

2

1.777 1.777,77 ,77 ?.977,77

177,77 ?97, 77

0=,17 28>, 39

87,77 1?2, 77

=7,77 2?=, 77

288,87 373, 72

000,17 2.828,71

1.30=,77 20.9==,?7

0=.773 0=.773,77 ,77 28=.?03,37

@dksnren ]D]BL

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.=.2.1.=.= Ibstds Hokbkònrds Pdk lds ibstds nk qun sn mnan okùrror pdr nl prïstbfd bmquoromd `dk lb fnmod mn lb Abk`b Wrovbmb, nk nstn `bsd suinromd b trbvïs mnl Abk`d `dfd abk`b mn profnr posd utolozbmb pbrb nl mnsnfadlsd mnl prïstbfd, ns mnòr sdk lds oktnrnsns qun sn cbk inknrbmd pdr nstb dpnrbòðk `dfd rnsultbmd mnl hokbkòbfonktd. Nl fdktd mnl prïstbfd pbrb nl prdyn`td ns mn As. >77.777,77 Oktnrïs5 9% @udtb Hoeb ]rofnstrbl5 Oktnrïs fâs `bpotbl Murbòðk mnl `rïmotd. > bòds Kufnrd mn ùdtbs5 17

0.=.2.0

Hokbkòbfonktd

Pn rnhonrn bl `dkeuktd mn b`òdkns, trâfotns y mnfâs b`tovombmns mnstokbmbs b lb datnkòðk mn lds hdkmds kn`nsbrods pbrb hokbkòbr lb okvnrsoðk: pdr ld inknrbl sn rnhonrn b lb datnkòðk mn prïstbfds. (Fnknsns, 1772)

@^BMQD Kµ 28 NP]Q^@]^QB MNL @QNMO]D- WLBK MN WBIDP @^D]B HOEB (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) Kµ 2 1 0 = > 8 9 3 ? 27 22 21 20 2= 2> 28 29 23 2? 17

OK]NQNP 3.9>7,77 3.037,30 3.77>,2? 9.811,?? 9.10=,7? 8.303,0? 8.=0>,98 8.718,7? >.87?,1> >.23>,22 =.9>0,>> =.02=,== 0.389,8> 0.=20,70 1.?>7,=8 1.=9?,37 1.777,3? 2.>20,82 2.729,37 >20,01

@BWO]BL 12.7?>,82 12.=8=,9? 12.3=7,=1 11.111,80 11.822,>1 10.779,11 10.=7?,3> 10.32?,>1 1=.108,08 1=.887,>7 1>.7?1,78 1>.>02,29 1>.??9,?9 18.=01,>3 18.3?>,2> 19.08>,31 19.3==,91 13.001,77 13.319,32 1?.001,07

@^D]B

PBLMD

1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,81 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,81 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.38>,81 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,81 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,82 1?.3=>,81

=93.?7=, =>9.=0?, =0>.>??, =20.098, 0?7.98>, 089.9>9, 0==.0=9, 017.>13, 1?8.1?1, 192.802, 1=8.>0?, 112.773, 2?>.707, 283.>?9, 2=2.971, 22=.008, 38.=?1, >3.287, 1?.001,

Hunktn5 Abk`d Mnsbrrdlld Wrdmu`tovd 0.=.2.0.2

Hunktns mn hokbkòbfonktd

]dmb nfprnsb, põalo`b d provbmb, kn`nsotb rnùrsds hokbkònrds (moknrd) yb snb pbrb rnblozbr sus hukòdkns b`tublns, b`tublns, pbrb bfplobrlbs, bsæ `dfd pbrb nl okoòd o koòd mn kunvds prdyn`tds qun rnquonrbk okvnrsoðk. @ublquonrb qun snb nl `bsd, lds fnmods pdr lds ùblns lbs pnrsdkbs hæso`bs d fdrblns sn cb`nk llnibr rnùrsds hokbkònrds hokbkònrds nk su prd`nsd mn dpnrbòðk, `rnbòðk d nxpbksoðk, nk ld oktnrkd d nxtnrkd, b `drtd, fnmobkd y lbrid plbzds, sn ln `dkd`nr `dfd hunktns mn hokbkòbfonktd. (Mn lb ]drrn & Ubfbrrðk, 1771) Lb nstru`turb mn lbs hunktns mn hokbkòbfonktd nstâ mbmb pdr rnùrsds prdpods y mn tnr`nrds, lds fosfds qun pnrfotnk hokbkòbr lbs dpnrbòdkns pbrb nl hukòdkbfonktd mn lb nfprnsb.

@^BMQD Kµ 23 NP]Q^@]^QB MNL HOKBK@OBFONK]D (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) NP]Q^@]^QB MNL HOKBK@OBFONK]D @DK@NW] D Bpdrtn Wrdpod @rïmotd Abk`brod

OFWDQ]N 332.8=0,71 >77.777,77

OKXNQPODK QNR^NQOMB

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.=.2.0.1

@rdkdirbfb mn Okvnrsodkns

“Bmnfâs mn lb rnukoðk y sostnfbtozbòðk mn tdmds lds bktn`nmnktns bktn`nmnktns `drrnspdkmonktns `drrnspdkmonktns b lbs okvnrsodkns okoòblns nk b`tovds hoeds, mohnromds y `bpotbl mn trbabed mnl prdyn`td, sn mnan nlbadrbr uk `blnkmbrod mn okvnrsodkns prnvobs b lb dpnrbòðk, qun omnktohoqun lds fdktds pbrb okvnrtor nk `bmb pnrodmd bktnrodr b lb punstb nk fbr`cb mnl prdyn`td‖. (Fnknsns, 1772)

@^BMQD Kµ 2? @QDKDIQBFB MN OKXNQPODKNP fby-23 @DK@NW]D

72 71

70

euk-23 7=

72 71

70

eul-23 7=

72 71

70

@dkstotuòðk lnibl mn lb Nfprnsb Lo`nkòb mn `dkstru`òðk

@dktrbtd mn luz y biub

@dkstru`òðk okhrbnstru`turb @dktrbtbòðk y `bpbòtbòðk mnl pnrsdkbl (Okstru`tdrns) Bmquosoòðk mn fdaolobrod y nquopd Bmquosoòðk mn fbtnroblns oksufds @dktrbtbòðk mnl pnrsdkbl bmfokostrbtovd

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk Wrdpob

bid-23 7=

72 71

70

snp-23 7=

72 71

70

d`t-23 7=

72 71

70

0.=.2.=

Wrnsupunstds

^k prnsupunstd ns ukb nstofbòðk prdirbfbmb mn fbknrb sostnfâto`b mn lbs `dkmoòdkns mn dpnrbòðk y mn lds rnsultbmds b datnknr pdr ukb nfprnsb u dribkosfd dribkosfd nk uk pnrodmd mntnrfokbmd. (Ynstdk & @dpnlbkm, 2??=). Nl cdrozdktn pbrb rnblozbr nl prnsupunstd prnsupunstd mnl prnsnktn nstumod ns mn > bòds, qun cb somd mntnrfokbmd pdr nl tonfpd mn vomb mn lb fbquokbrob y nquopd.

0.=.2.=.2

Wrnsupunstd mn Okirnsds

Ns lb plbkoho`bòðk mn lb nfprnsb nk prdyn`òðk bl `dfpdrtbfonktd nk òk`d bòds mnl hlued mn nhn`tovd, pdr `dk`nptd mn lbs vnktbs mnl snrvoòd. (Fnknsns, 1772) Ns mnòr qun lds okirnsds sdk prdvnkonktns mn lb `dfnròblozbòðk mn lds snrvoòds mn nenròtbòðk nenròtb` oðk bùâto`b, bmoòdkbl bmoòdkbl sn tonkn lds okirnsds prdvnkonktns prdvnkonktns mn lb vnktb mn anaombs nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods pbrb nl okirnsd bl iofkbsod bùâto`d. Nstn prnsupunstd prnsnktb nl fdktd mn okirnsds inknrbmds pdr lb vnktb mn lds snrvoòds qun sn dhrn`nk nk nl iofkbsod. ]dtbl pnrsdkbs nkùnstbmbs 6 039 Wdr`nktben mn b`nptbòðk cbòb snrvoòd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b 6 92% ]dtbl pnrsdkbs qun bsostorâk bl iofkbsod bùâto`d pdr mæb 039* 92% 6 19> ]dtbl pnrsdkbs qun bsostorâk pdr cdrb 19> / 3 6 0= @rnòfonktd bkubl nk kõfnrd mn `lonktns nspnrbmd 2=%

@^BMQD Kµ 17 OKIQNPD WDQ XNK]BP IOFKBPOD (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) ADLO XOBKDP) BÒD

@LONK]NP BL MOB

WQN@OD MNL PNQXO@OD

OKIQNPDP WDQ FNP

OKIQNPDP WBQ@OBL BK^BL

WDQ FNP

2

1

0

=

>

OKIQNPDP BK^BL ]D] BL

>7

1>7,77

21.09>,77

21?

077,77

03.99>,77

=8>.077,77

?8

0>7,77

00.839,>7

=7=.1>7,77

>8

1>7,77

2=.279,>7

28?.1?7,77

2=9

077,77

==.170,>7

>07.==1,77

227

0>7,77

03.=70,9>

=87.3=>,77

8=

1>7,77

28.731,>>

2?1.??7,87

283

077,77

>7.0?2,??

87=.970,33

21>

0>7,77

=0.937,13

>1>.080,07

90

1>7,77

23.00=,22

117.77?,13

2?2

077,77

>9.==8,39

83?.081,=1

2=0

0>7,77

=?.?7?,>2

>?3.?2=,28

3=

1>7,77

17.?77,33

1>7.327,>3

123

077,77

8>.=3?,=0

93>.390,28

280

2.287.>99,77

2.010.7>9,93

2.>73.13>,39

2.92?.==>,3?

0>7,77Nlbadrbòðk >8.3?8,3prdpob > 831.981,2= Hunktn5

@^BMQD Kµ 12 OKIQNPD WDQ XNK]BP ANAOMBP NKNQIOUBK]NP _ B@@NPDQODP MNP@QOW@ODK

^KOMBM WQN@OD @BK]OMBM FNMOMB MN XNK]B

OKIQNPD FNKP^BL

OKIQNPD BK^BL

Anaombs y biub nknriozbktns

Biub nfadtnllbmb Anaombs nknriozbktns

Adtnllb Adtnllb

87 87

9 22

=17,77 887,77

>.7=7,77 9.?17,77

Wbr

87

>7

0.777,77

08.777,77

Ibhbs pbrb biub

^kombm

87

>7

0.777,77

08.777,77

]dbllbs

^kombm

87

=7

1.=77,77

13.377,77

Wbr

87

0>

1.277,77

1>.177,77

^kombm

87

87

0.877,77

=0.177,77

B``nsdrods pbrb okirnsd b iyf bùbto`d

Iubktns pbrb iofkbsob bùâto`b

Ubpbtollbs d sbkmblobs pbrb posòkb Idrrds pbrb biub ]D]BL

231.287,77

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

0.=.2.=.1

Mnprnòbòðk Mn B`tovds Hoeds

Lb Mnprnòbòðk kd ns sokd lb nstofbòðk mnl mnsibstn d pïrmomb mnl vbldr qun suhrn uk b`tovd hoed pdr su utolozbòðk nk lb b`tovombm prdmu`tovb, pdr nl pbsd mnl tonfpd d pdr lb bpbroòðk mn fïtdmds mn prdmu`òðk fâs nhoònktns. (Fnknsns, 1772) Nk ùbktd b lb bfdrtozbòðk sn punmn mnòr qun ns lb pïrmomb mn vbldr mn uk b`tovd hokbkònrd pdr fnmod mn su pbid, ns bplo`baln pbrb lds b`tovds mohnromds, ns mnòr lds b`tovds tbkioalns qun `dkstotuynk pbrtn oktnirbktn mnl prdyn`td. Wdr ld tbktd `dksostn nk or mbkmd mn abeb bl b`tovd mohnromd mn bùnrmd b lb kdrfb mn `dktbaolombm. (Fnknsns, 1772) Nl fïtdmd nfplnbmd pbrb su `âlùld ns nl llbfbmd Fïtdmd mn Læknb Qn`tb qun ofplo`b nl usd mn tbsbs mn mnprnòbòðk y bfdrtozbòðk mn b`tovds, mnsoikbmbs pdr lb Lny mnl Ofpunstd Pdarn lb Qnktb, qun sn bplo`bk b lds b`tovds hoeds y mohnromds mn uk prdyn`td

@^BMQD Kµ 11 @^BMQD MN MNWQN@OB@ODK MNWQN@OB@ODK MN LDP B@]OXDP HOEDP (NP]OFBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) MNP@QOW@ODK Nmo`bòdkns Fbquokbrob y nquopd Nquopds mn `dfputbòðk Funalns y nksnrns ]D]BL

XBLDQ MNL B@]OXD (AP.)

XOMB Õ]OL (BÒDP)

]BPB MN MNWQN@. (%)

087.9>1,11

=7

28?.077,77

XBLDQ MN PBLXBFNK]D (AP.)

BÒD 2

BÒD 1

BÒD 0

BÒD =

BÒD >

1,>

?.723,32

?.723,32

?.723,32

?.723,32

?.723,32

02>.8>3,2?

3

21,>

12.281, >7

12.281, >7

12.281,>7

12.281, >7

12.281, >7

80.=39, >7

=.177,77

=

1>,7

2.7>7,77

2.7>7,77

2.7>7,77

2.7>7,77

7,77

3.317,77

27

27,7

331,77

331,77

331,77

331,77

331,77

=.=27,77

01.220,02

01.220,02

01.220,02

01.220,02

02.780,02

030.>>>,8?

>=0.791,11

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.=.2.>

Nstbmds Hokbkònrds

Lb nenùòðk mn uk prdyn`td `dktnfplb lb nxostnkòb mn fu`cbs kn`nsombmns y rnùrsds lofotbmds, nl ldirbr nl nquoloarod nktrn nstds mds bspn`tds, `dkstotuyn nl bspn`td `nktrbl mn lb nvblubòðk mnl prdyn`td. Nl nvblubmdr mnan `nròdrbrsn mn qun nl prdyn`td inknrn hdkmds suhoònktns pbrb ùaror ùaro r lbs daloibòdkns hokbkònrbs y lb rnktbaolombm fâs b`nptbaln pbrb nl okvnrsodkostb, ukb vnz qun sn nkùnktrn nk hukòdkbfonktd. Nl Ablbk`n Inknrbl, nl Nstbmd mn Wïrmombs y Ibkbkòbs y nl Hlued mn @beb prdyn`tbmd pnrfotnk nvblubr lbs kn`nsombmns huturbs mn rnùrsds hokbkònrds. (Fnknsns, 1772)

7,77

0.=.2.>.2

Ablbk`n Inknrbl

Nl Ablbk`n Inknrbl prnsupunstbmd tonkn su droink nk lds hlueds hokbkònrds mn dpnrbòðk, sonkmd nstds lds qun mntnrfokbk nl vbldr mn `bmb ukb mn lbs ùnktbs mnl ablbk`n pbrb `bmb pnrædmd qun sn cbyb prnvostd. (Honrrd, 177=). Ns nl mdùfnktd mdùfnktd `dktbaln qun rnhlneb lb sotubòðk pbtrofdkobl pbtrofdkobl mn ukb nfprnsb nk fdfnktd mnl tonfpd. @dkstb mn mds pbrtns, b`tovd y pbsovd. Nl b`tovd funstrb lds nlnfnktds pbtrofdkoblns mn lb nfprnsb, fonktrbs qun nl pbsovd mntbllb su droink hokbkònrd.

@^BMQD Kµ 10 ABLBK@N INKNQBL (NSWQNPBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) B@]OXDP

WBPOXDP

B`tovd @drron ktn

Wbsovds b lbrid plbzd

@beb

]dtbl B`tovd @drronktn B`tovd Ho ed ]nrrnkd Nmoho`bòdkns Fbquokbrob y Nquopd Nquopds mn Dhoòkb Nquopds mn `dfputbòðk Funalns y nksnrns ]dtbl B`tovd Hoed

]D]BL B@]OXDP

0.=.2.>.1

=97.107,37

Wrïstbfd b lbrid plbzd

>77.777,77

=97.107,37

]dtbl Wbsovd Lbrid Wlbzd

>77.777,77

WB]QOFDKOD ]dtbl @bpotbl sdòbl

332.8=0,71

089.>77,77 087.9>1,11 28?.077,77 3=7,77 =.177,77 3.317,77

?22.=21,11 ]D]BL WBPOXD _ 2.032.8=0,71 WB]QOFDKOD Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

2.032.8=0,71

Nstbmd mn Qnsultbmds

Nl Nstbmd mn mn Qnsultbmds d Nstbmd mn Ibkbkòbs y Wïrmombs, ns ukd mn lds nstbmds hokbkònrds aâso`ds, nl ùbl funstrb llb b utolombm d d pïrmomb datnkomb nk uk pnrædmd mntnrfokbmd pdr b`tovombmns drmokbrobs y nxtrbdrmokbrobs. Pn cbalb mn uk pnrædmd mntnrfokbmd, pdr ùbktd ukb utolombm d pïrmomb sn datonkn pdr b`tovombmns mn movnrsb kbturblnzb y rnblozbmbs y rnblozbmbs b ld lbrid mnl tonfpd. Mnsmn Mnsmn nl puktd mn vostb hokbkònrd, rnvostn ukb ofpdrtbkòb hukmbfnktbl nl mntnrfokbr lb `drrnspdkmnkòb mn okirnsds, okirnsds, `dstds y y ibstds nk nk mohnrnktns mohnrnktns pnrædmds. pnrædmds. (fdkdirbhobs.`df, (fdkdirbhobs.`df, 1727)

@^BMQD Kµ 1= NP]BMD MN QNP^L]BMDP (NSWQNPBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) @DK@NW] D Ok rnsds rnsds ofkbsod ofkbsod vnktb vnktb `dk (OXB)

BÒD 2

BÒD 1

BÒD 0

BÒD =

BÒD

2.723.7>7,77

2.287.>99,77

2.010.7>9,93

2.>73.13>,39

2.92?.=

231.287,77

179.881,=7

108.90>,2=

18?.393,78

079.8

2.177.127,77

2.083.10?,=7

2.>>?.9?1,?1

2.993.280,?1

1.719.2

2>8.719,07 2.7==.231,97

299.392,21 2.2?7.083,13

171.990,73 2.0>9.72?,3=

102.282,02 2.>=9.771,82

180.> 2.980.>

@DP] DP HOEDP

>77.=78,>9

>29.3>1,7?

>08.28?,?7

>>>.=70,80

>9=.>

Punlmds bl pnrsdkbl

029.?9=,37

000.390,>=

0>7.>89,11

083.7?>,>3

038.>

0.877,77

0.937,77

0.?8?,77

=.289,=>

=.0

Oktnrns mn lb mnumb

01.9>?,72

18.>0=,00

2?.381,0>

21.927,?=

>.7

Bfdrtozbòdk mn lb mnumb

38.810,=>

?1.3=3,22

??.>17,7?

278.892,>1

22=.0

Mnprnòbòðk mn lds b`tovds

01.220,02

01.220,02

01.220,02

01.220,02

02.7

@dstd okmorn`td mnl snrvoòd

19.008,77

13.971,37

07.209,?=

02.8==,3=

00.1

Ibstds inknrblns Fbtnrobl morn`td anaombs nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods

12.?87,77

10.7>3,77

1=.127,?7

1>.=12,=>

18.8

??.087,77

27=.013,77

27?.>==,=7

22>.712,81

217.9

=11.=>8,20

>=>.207,2?

839.7?=,80

3>2.2>>,?1

2.7=2.>

Okirnsds vnktbs anaombs y b``nsdrods `dk (OXB) Okirnsds pdr vnktb mn snrvoòds (-)Ofpunstd bl Xbldr Birnibmd (OXB) ^] OLOMBM KN] B POK ((OOXB)

Wualoòmbm

OFW ^NP] DP (-) Ofpunstd b lbs trbksb`òdkns 0% (-) Ofpunstd b lbs utolombmns 1>%

21.890,83

28.0>0,?2

17.821,3=

1>.>0=,83

02.1

27>.82=,70

208.131,>>

292.990,88

121.933,?3

187.0

^] OLOMBM KN] B (+) Mnprnòbòðk

028.3=1,27 01.220,02

=73.3=9,8= 01.220,02

>2>.017,?3 01.220,02

803.088,?= 01.220,02

932.2 02.7

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob 0.=.2.>.0

Hlued mn @beb

Lb prdyn`òðk mnl hlued hl ued mn `beb ns lb absn pbrb nl nstumod mn vobaolombm mn m n uk prdyn`td, lb okhdrfbòðk aâso`b pbrb rnblozbr nstb prdyn`òðk nstâ `dktnkomb nk lds nstumods mn fnr`bmd y nl fdktd mn okvnrsoðk okoòbl. (Ynstdk & @dpnlbkm, 2??=)

@^BMQD Kµ 1> HLÊD MN @BEB (NSWQNPBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) @DK@NW]D OKIQNPDP NHN@]OXDP @DK (OXB)

B D7

B D2

B D1

B D0

B D=

B D>

2.1 2.177. 7.12 127, 7,77 77

2. 2.0083. 3.10 10?, ?,=7 =7

2. 2.>>>?. ?.9? 9?1, 1,?1 ?1

2. 2.99 993. 3.28 280, 0,?1 ?1

1.7 .7119. 9.27 278, 8,39 39

2.723.7>7,77

2.287.>99,77

2.010.7>9,93

2.>73.13>,39

2.92?.==>,3?

231.287,77

179.881,=7

108.90>,2=

18?.393,78

079.887,?3

@DP]DP HOEDP Punlmds bl pnrsdkbl Wualoòmbm Oktnrïs mn lb mnumb @dstd okmorn`td mnl snrvoòd

=20.930,21 029.?9=,37 0.877,77 01.9>?,72 19.008,77

=1>.770,?3 000.390,>= 0.937,77 18.>0=,00 13.971,37

=08.8=?,32 0>7.>89,11 0.?8?,77 2?.381,0> 07.209,?=

==3.901,22 083.7?>,>3 =.289,=> 21.927,?= 02.8==,3=

=87.121,23 038.>77,08 =.09>,31 >.7=>,81 00.119,73

Mnprnòbòðk mn lds b`tovds

01.220,02

01.220,02

01.220,02

01.220,02

02.780,02

Ibstds inknrblns @dstd anaombs nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods

12.?87,77

10.7>3,77

1=.127,?7

1>.=12,=>

18.8?1,>1

??.087,77

27=.013,77

27?.>==,=7

22>.712,81

217.991,97

191.8?0,31

00=.=?3,18

=7>.8=?,77

=39.=3>,0?

>32.?88,73

38.=80,3? 2?.?>0,12 288.198,91 0?1.=20,78 38.810,=>

278.787,=0 1=.=9>,=3 170.?81,08 =32.0>2,28 ?1.3=3,22

213.817,=2 1?.832,80 1=9.0=8,?> >30.903,37 ??.>17,7?

2>=.>83,>= 0>.88?,88 1?9.1=9,2? 972.>70,08 278.892,>1

23=.>1>,30 =1.>31,33 0>=.3>9,09 309.=80,0? 22=.008,30

07>.93?,82 07>.93?,82

033.>70,7> 8?=.1?1,88

=3=.123,92 2.293.>22,03

>?=.302,3= 2.990.0=0,11

910.218,>8 1.=?8.=8?,93

Okirnsds i ofkbsob pdr bùvnktb bto`b mn snrvoòds Okirnsds pdr vnktb mn anaombs nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods

Okvnrsodkns hoebs @bpotbl mn trbabe d

Ofpunstds voinktns Wbid mnl OXB (Mnaotd-@rïmotd Hos`bl) Ofpunstd b lbs trbksb`òdkns Ofpunstd b lbs ^tolombmns HLÊD MN @BEB KN]D Bfdrtozbòðk HLÊD MN @BEB MNPW^NP MN BFDQ]. Okirnsds B B`ùfulbmds

?22.=21,11 =97.107,37

-2.032.8=0,71

-2.032.8=0,71

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Nl hlued mn `beb ns pdsotovd pbrb tdmds lds bòds mn vomb mnl prdyn`td, tdfbkmd nk ùnktb qun sn tonkn uk prïstbfd mn òk`d bòds y qun nl pbid mn oktnrnsns ns bfdrtozbaln trofnstrblfnktn.

0.=.2.>.=

]bsb mn @drtn mnl Wrdyn`td

Ns ofpdrtbktn mnhokor lb tbsb mn `drtn pbrb nl prdyn`td, ld ùbl sn mntnrfokb mn lb nstru`turb mn hokbkòbfonktd hokbkòbf onktd mnl prdyn`td. Wbrb nl `âlùld sn mnan `dksomnrbr nl `dstd mn `bpotbl y nl rnkmofonktd hokbkònrd qun nspnrbk tnknr lds okvnrsodkostbs.

0.=.2.>.>

@dstd Wrdfnmod Wdkmnrbmd mn @bpotbl

Nl `dstd mn `bpotbl mnrovb mn lb fultoplo`bòðk fultoplo `bòðk mn `bmb hunktn mn hokbkò hokbkòbfonktd bfonktd pdr su rnspn`tovd `dstd y lunid lb sufb mn lds rnsultbmds mn bfabs hunktns mn hokbkòbfonktd, ld qun vnkmræb b snr nl `dstd prdfnmod mnl `bpotbl. @^BMQD Kµ 18 @DP]D WQDFNMOD WDKMNQBMD MN @BWO]BL

@BWO]BL Bpdrtn Wrdpod

% 80.9=

@rïmotd Abk`brod 08.18 ]D]BL 277 Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

0.=.2.>.8

@DP]D >,> 9

]bsb ronsid pbæs

Lb `bloho`bòðk qun ln bsoikbk lds dribkosfds oktnrkbòdkblns b Adlovob pbrb lb sniurombm mn lb okvnrsoðk ns mnl 27%.

0.=.2.>.9

]bsb mn Mnsùnktd pbrb nl Wrdyn`td

Lb tbsb mn mnsùnktd pbrb nl prdyn`td, ns nl rnsultbmd mn lb sufb nktrn nl `dstd prdfnmod pdkmnrbmd mnl `bpotbl y lb tbsb mn ronsid pbæs, pdr ld qun lds hlueds mnanrâk snr mns`dktbmds y utolozbmds nl 28.7>%.

0.=.2.>.3

@rotnrods mn nvblubòðk

Lb nvblubòðk hokbkònrb mnl m nl prdyn`td ns lb pbrtn hokbl mn tdmb lb snùnkòb mnl bkâlosos mn hb`toaolombm. hb`toaolom bm. Mnspuïs mn cbanr mntnrfokbmd mntnrfokbmd lds hlueds mnl prdyn`td y mnl okvnrsodkostb okvnrsodkostb pbrb òk`d bòds mn dpnrbòðk ns kn`nsbrod vnroho`br so lb okvnrsoðk n`dkðfo`b ns rnktbaln d kd. Nl XBK y nl ]OQ sdk mds cnrrbfonktbs hokbkònrbs prd`nmnktns mn lbs fbtnfâto`bs hokbkònrbs qun kds pnrfotnk nvblubr lb rnktbaolombm mn uk prdyn`td mn okvnrsoðk, nktnkmoïkmdsn pdr prdyn`td mn okvnrsoðk prdyn`td okvnrsoðk kd sdld `dfd lb `rnbòðk mn uk kunvd knidòd, sokd tbfaoïk, `dfd okvnrsodkns qun

@WW 0 1

pdmnfds cb`nr nk uk knidòd nk fbr`cb, tblns `dfd nl mnsbrrdlld mn uk kunvd prdmu`td, lb bmquosoòðk mn kunvb fbquokbrob, nl okirnsd nk uk kunvd ruard mn knidòd, nt`.

0.=.2.>.3.2 Xbldr B`tubl Kntd @dksostn nk mntnrfokbr nl vbldr prnsnktn mn lds hlueds mn okirnsds y ibstds inknrbmds murbktn nl pnrodmd mn vomb õtol mnl prdyn`td y `dfpbrbrlds `dk lb okvnrsoðk okoòbl. Nl XBK mn uk prdyn`td mn okvnrsoðk ns nl vbldr fnmomd nk moknrd mn cdy, ns mnòr, ns nl nquovblnktn nquovblnktn nk mðlbrns b`tublns mn tdmds lds okirnsds y nirnsds, prnsnktns y huturds, qun `dkstotuynk nl prdyn`td. Nl XBK ns uk okmo`bmdr hokbkònrd qun fomn lds hlueds mn lds huturds okirnsds y nirnsds qun tnkmrâ uk prdyn`td, pbrb mntnrfokbr, so lunid mn mns`dktbr lb okvnrsoðk okoòbl, kds qunmbræb bliukb ibkbkòb. Po nl rnsultbmd ns pdsotovd, nl prdyn`td ns vobaln. Lb hðrfulb mnl XBK ns5

XBK 6 AKB ‐ Okvnrsoðk Mdkmn nl anknhoòd kntd b`tublozbmd (AKB) ns nl vbldr b`tubl mnl hlued mn `beb d anknhoòd d anknhoòd kntd prdyn`tbmd, nl ùbl cb somd b`tublozbmd b trbvïs mn ukb tbsb mn mnsùnktd. @dk nstn fïtdmd sn mnhokn lb b`nptbòðk d rn`cbzd mn uk prdyn`td mn bùnrmd `dk lds soiuonktns `rotnrods mn nvblubòðk5

Po nl XBK ns < 7, sn rn`cbzb nl prdyn`td.

Po nl XBK ns 6 7, nl prdyn`td ns okmohnrnktn. Po nl XBK ns ; 7, sn b`nptb nl prdyn`td

@^BMQD Kµ 19 XBLDQ B@]^BL KN]D (NSWQNPBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) HLÊD KN]D MN

BÒD 7 2 1 0 = >

XK B Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

-2.032.8=0,71 07>.93?,82 033.>70,7> =3=.123,92 >?=.302,3= 910.218,>8 2>0.923,>7

@BEB

Wbrb nl iofkbsod bùâto`d nl XBK b ukb tbsb mn mnsùnktd mnl 28.7=% ns mn 2>0.923,>7 adlovobkds, nstn okmo`bmdr funstrb lb rnktbaolombm mnl prdyn`td, yb qun õko`bfnktn sn rnquonrn mn uk XBK fbydr b 7 pbrb b`nptbrld y mn snr fbydr nl ofpdrtn puns ln ns fâs `dkvnkonktn .

0.=.2.>.3.1 ]bsb Oktnrkb mn Qntdrkd “Nl `rotnrod mn lb tbsb oktnrkb mn rntdrkd (]OQ) nvblõb nl prdyn`td nk hukòðk mn ukb õko`b tbsb mn rnkmofonktd pdr pnrædmd, `dk ld ùbl lb tdtblombm mn lds anknho` anknhoòds ods b`tublozb b`tublozbmds mds sdk nxb`tbfnktn oiublns b lds mnsnfadlsds nxprnsbmds nk fdknmb b`tubl. “Lb tbsb oktnrkb mn rnkmofonktd, tbfaoïk `dkdòmb `dfd tbsb oktnrkb mn rntdrkd, ns uk okmo`bmdr hokbkònrd hokbkònrd qun fomn nl rnkmofonktd mn lds hdkmds qun sn prntnkmnk okvnrtor nk uk prdyn`td. Ns lb tbsb qun oiublb lb sufb mn lds hlueds mns`dktbmds b lb okvnrsoðk okoòbl: nk lb ùbll sn supdkn ùb supdkn qun nl moknrd moknrd qun sn ibkb bòd `dk bòd, sn rnokvon rnokvonrtn rtn nk su tdtblombm. tdtblombm. Mn tbl fbknrb qun sn trbtb mn lb tbsb mn rnkmofonktd inknrbmb nk nl oktnrodr mn lb nfprnsb pdr fnmod mn lb okvnrsoðk. Lds `rotnrods pbrb mnòmor lb b`nptbòðk d rn`cbzd mn uk prdyn`td pdr nstn fïtdmd sn funstrbk b `dktokubòðk5 Po lb ]OQ < b lb tbsb fækofb b`nptbaln mn rnkmofonktd mnl prdyn`td prdyn`td (]FBQ), sn rn`cbzb,, yb qun nl prdyn`td inknrb fnkds anknhoòds qun nl oktnrïs pbibmd pdr lb rn`cbzb abk`b: bktn ld ùbl snræb fâs btrb`tovd mnpdsotbr nl fdktd mn lds rnùrsds mospdkoa mospdkoalns lns nk nl abk`d d aonk, dptbr pdr ukb bltnrkbtovb mn okvnrsoðk rnktbaln. Po lb ]OQ 6 b lb tbsb fækofb b`nptbaln mn rnkmofonktd mnl prdyn`td, nl prdyn`td ns okmohnrnktn. Mn tbl fbknrb qun lds anknhoòds mnl prdyn`td sðld pbibrâk lds `dstds. Po lb ]OQ ; b lb tbsb fækofb b`nptbaln mn rnkmofonktd mnl prdyn`td, nl prdyn`td sn b`nptb. Ld qun soikoho`b qun nl anknhoòd rnbl qun sn datonkn `dk nl prdyn`td ns fbydr b lb

tbsb mn oktnrïs qun pbibk lds abk`ds.

@^BMQD Kµ 13 ]BPB OK]NQKB MN QN]DQKD (NSWQNPBMD ( NSWQNPBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) HLÊD KN]D MN @BEB BÒD 7 -2.032.8=0,71 2 07>.93?,82 1 033.>70,7> 0 =3=.123,92 = >?=.302,3= > 910.218,>8 ]OQ 17% Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Lb ]OQ pnrfotn vnr lb rnktbaolombm datnkomb nk prdpdròðk morn`tb bl `bpotbl okvnrtomd, pbrb nl prdyn`td lb ]OQ ns mnl 17% nstn rnsultbmd ns fbydr b lb ]bsb mn mnsùnktd mnl 28.7=% ld qun ofplo`b qun nl prdyn`td ns rnktbaln.

0.=.2.>.3.0 Qnlbòðk Anknhoòd @dstd “Lb rbzðk anknhoòd/`dstd nxprnsb nl rnkmofonktd nk tïrfokds mn vbldr b`tubl kntd XBK, qun inknrb nl prdyn`td pdr ukombm okvnrtomb. Lb rbzðk A / @ mnan snr fbydr qun lb ukombm pbrb b`nptbr nl prdyn`td, ld qun b su vnz soikoho`b qun nl vbldr b`tubl kntd ns pdsotovd, nk `bsd `dktrbrod sn mnan rn`cbzbr nl prdyn`td‖. Pn lb mnhokn `dfd lb rnlbòðk nktrn nl Xbldr B`tubl Kntd mn lds hlueds inknrbmds pdr nl prdyn`td y lb Okvnrsoðk okoòbl. Lb rnlbòðk anknhoòd-`dstd ns uk okmo`bmdr qun snòblb lb utolombm qun sn datnkmrâ `dk nl `dstd qun rnprnsnktb lb okvnrsoðk: ns mnòr, qun pdr `bmb pnsd okvnrtomd, ùâktd ns ld qun sn ibkb. Nl rnsultbmd mn lb rnlbòðk anknhoòd-`dstd ns uk ækmo`n qun rnprnsnktb nl rnkmofonktd datnkomd pdr `bmb pnsd okvnrtomd. Po lb rnlbòðk A/@ ns < 2, sn rn`cbzb nl prdyn`td. Po lb rnlbòðk A/@ ns 6 2, lb mnòsoðk mn okvnrtor ns okmohnrnktn. Po lb rnlbòðk A/@ ns ; 2, sn b`nptb nl prdyn`td. Ld bktnrodr soikoho`b qun ùbkmd nl ækmo`n rnsultbktn mn lb rnlbòðk anknhoòd-`dstd snb fbydr d fnkdr b lb ukombm, ns lb rnktbaolombm d pïrmomb qun tonkn uk prdyn`td pdr `bmb pnsd okvnrtomd nk ïl.

@^BMQD Kµ 1? QNLB@ODK ANKNHO@OD @DP]D (NSWQNPBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) HLÊD KN]D MN @BEB BÒD 7 -2.032.8=0,71 2 07>.93?,82 1 033.>70,7> 0 =3=.123,92 = >?=.302,3= > 910.218,>8 QA@ 2,22 Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob Lb rnlbòðk anknhoòd/`dstd funstrb qun ns supnrodr b lb ukombm ld qun okhonrn qun pdr `bmb 2 adlovobkd okvnrtomd sn tnkmrâ uk okirnsd mn 2,22 adlovobkds.

0.=.2.>.3.= Wnrædmd mn Qnùpnrbòðk mn lb Okvnrsoðk

Nl plbzd mn rnùpnrbòðk (WQO) mn ukb okvnrsoðk ns nl tonfpd rnqunromd pbrb datnknr nl fdktd okvnrtomd. Nstn fïtdmd `dksostn nk nstbaln`nr uk pnrodmd fâxofd pbrb rnùpnrbr lbs okvnrsodkns.. Nl `rotnrod mn mnòsoðk ns b`nptbr bqunllds prdyn`tds okvnrsodkns prdyn`tds ùyb rnùpnrbòðk r nùpnrbòðk sn rnblozb nk uk pnrodmd fnkdr bl fâxofd nstbalnòmd. Nl fïtdmd kd tdfb nk ùnktb nl tonfpd nk qun sn mbk lds hlueds mn nhn`tovd y nl plbzd mn rnùpnrbòðk kd tonkn nk ùnktb nl hlued mn nhn`tovd mnspuïs qun sn rnùpnrb lb okvnrsoðk. (Mn lb ]drrn & Ubfbrrðk, 1771). Nstn pnrædmd nstâ mntnrfokbmd pdr nl tonfpd qun mnan trbksùrror trbksùrror pbrb rnùpnrbr lb okvnrsoðk, ns mnòr nk mdkmn nl hlued bùfulbmd sn `dkvonrtn nk pdsotovd b pbrtor mn nsn fdfnktd lb nfprnsb `dktbræb `dk lds rnùrsds pbrb ùaror lds nirnsds kn`nsbrods murbktn lb vomb õtol mnl prdyn`td.

@^BMQD Kµ 07 WNQODMD MN QN@^WNQB@ODK MN LB OKXNQPODK (NSWQNPBMD NK ADLOXOBKDP) WNQODMD

OKXNQPODK

HLÊD MN @BEB

OKIQNPDP B@^F^LBMDP

7 2

-2.032.8=0,71 -2.79>.3>0,=2

07>.93?,82

07>.93?,8

1

-839.0>7,08

033.>70,7>

8?=.1?1,8

0

-170.202,8=

=3=.123,92

2.293.>22,0

>

2.22=.318,98

910.218,>8

1.=?8.=8?,9

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk prdpob

Wbrb nl iofkbsod iofkbsod bùâto`d, bùâto`d, nl Wnrodmd mn Qnùpnrbòðk Qnùpnrbòðk mn lb Okvnrsoðk Okvnrsoðk ns mn = bòds, bòds, quonrn mnòr qun ùbkmd nl prdyn`td mnl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d tnkib yb nk fbr`cb ùbtrd bòds sn ùaroræb nl ofpdrtn okvnrtomd.

0.=.2.>.3.> Ækmo`n mn Qnktbaolombm Nl ækmo`n mn rnktbaolombm fomn lb `bktombm nk qun bufnktb lb okvnrsoðk nk nk rnlbòðk `dk `bmb ukombm fdkntbrob okvnrtomb. Ïstds ækmo`ns mn rnktbaolombm ``dfprnkmnk dfprnkmnk bqunllds rbtods qun rnlbòdkbk ibkbkòbs mn mn ònrtd pnrædmd `dk bliukbs pbrtombs mnl Nstbmd mn Qnsultbmd, `dfd bsæ tbfaoïk mn Potubòðk Wbtrofdkobl.

Qnktbaolombm Kntb

mnl B`tovd 6

  

 



+



Qnnfplbzbkmd lds mbtds nk lb hdrfulb, sn oknrn qun lb rnktbaolombm qun fbr`b lb l b nfprnsb nstâ nk nl 1>,1>% sdarn lds b`tovds. 0.=.2.>.3.8 Bkâlosos mn Pnksoaolombm “Nl bkâlosos mn snksoaolombm pnrfotn `dkd`nr nl ofpb`td qun tnkmrâk lbs movnrsbs vbrobalns mn rnktbaolombm mnl prdyn`td‖. (Fnknsns, 1772) Nl “bkâlosos mn snksoaolombm mn uk prdyn`td ns uk prd`nmofonktd fnmobktn fnmo bktn nl ùbl sn punmn mntnrfokbr ùâktd sn bhn`tb (quï tbk snksoaln ns) lb ]OQ bktn `bfaods nk ònrtbs vbrobalns mnl prdyn`td‖ (Ab`b ^raokb, 1777) n ok`drpdrb nlnfnktds mn ok`nrtomufarn qun b`tõbk `dfd hb`tdrns mn ronsid pbrb prnòsbr nk quï fnmomb nl rnkmofonktd mn uk prdyn`td sn vunlvn snksoaln b `dksnùnkòb mn òrùkstbkòbs òrùkstbkòbs (`bfaods d `dfpdrtbfonktds `dfpdrtbfonktds mn hnkðfnkds n`dkðfo`ds) qun nstïk hunrb mnl `dktrdl mnl nfprnsbrod, ld qun pnrfotn `dkd`nr quï vbrobalns y nk quï fnmomb fdmoho`bk nl rnkmofonktd mn uk prdyn`td nk pbrtoùlbr.

BKBLOPOP MN PNKPOAOLOMBM (@DK OK@QNFNK]D NK LDP @DP]DP DWNQB]OXDP) XK B ]bsb mn mnsùnktd ]OQ QA@

Bl rnblozbr rnblo zbr nl bkâlosos mn snksoaolombm snksoaolomb m `dk uk ok`rnfnktd ok`rnfn ktd mnl >% mn `dstds dpnrbtovds, sn punmn dasnrvbr qun buk lb tbsb oktnrkb mn rntdrkd ns supnrodr b lb tbsb mn mnsùnktd, pdr ld qun nl prdyn`td `dktokõb sonkmd rnktbaln. (Xnr Bknxd 27)

89.031,> 28 23 2 ,7

BKBLOPOP MN PNKPOAOLOMBM (@DK OK@QNFNK]D NK LBP OKXNQPODKNP) XKB ]bsb mn mnsùnktd ]OQ

9=.908,=9 28% 23%

QA@ Nl bkâlosos mn snksoaolombm `dk uk ok`rnfnktd mnl >% nk lbs okvnrsodkns, sn punmn dasnrvbr qun lb tbsb oktnrkb mn rntdrkd ns supnrodr b lb tbsb mn dpdrtukombm, pdr ld qun nl prdyn`td ns rnktbaln. (Xnr Bknxd 22)

2,7>

@DK@L^PODKNP _ QN@DFNKMB@ODKNP

@DK@L^PODKNP

B trbvïs mn lb nlbadrbòðk nlbadrb òðk mnl Wlbk Wl bk mn Nfprnsb Nfp rnsb sn nstbalnòð nstbal nòð qun nxostn nxo stn ukb mnfbkmb mnfbk mb pdtnkòbl mn bsostnkòb bl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d, mnaomd bl `rnòfonktd pdalbòdkbl y b lb kn`nsombm mn lbs pnrsdkbs pdr vnrsn, snktorsn aonk hæso`bfnktn y ùombr su sblum.

Nk `dksnùnkòb, `dksnùnkòb, lb nlbadrbòðk mnl plbk mn nfprnsb pbrb lb `rnbòðk y hukòdkbfonktd mn uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, cb mnfdstrbmd qun nk nl bspn`td n`dkðfo`d ns rnktbaln.

Nl rbkid mn nmbm mn lbs pnrsdkbs qun bsostoræbk bl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d nstâk `dfprnkmomds nktrn 20 bòds mn nmbm nk bmnlbktn y nstâk moroiomds tbktd b fuenrns `dfd b cdfarns.

Nl snrvoòd qun nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d dhrn`nrâ b lds `lonktns sn absbk nk lb rnblozbòðk rnblozb` oðk mn rutokbs mn iofkbsob nk nl fnmod bùâto`d y nstbrâ moroiomd pdr okstru`tdrns bltbfnktn `bpbòtbmds y mnaombfnktn bsnsdrbmds pdr uk kutroòdkostb, qun tnkmrâk `dfd daentovd sbtoshb`nr lbs kn`nsombmns mn lds `lonktns.

Wbrb `dfplnfnktbr nl snrvoòd sn dhrn`n tbfaoïk nl snrvoòd mn `bhntnræb `dk euids kbturblns y cbfauriunsbs cbf auriunsbs `dk prdmu`td prdmu`tdss loict.

Nl `dstd fnksubl mnl snrvoòd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b ns mohnrnkòbmd nk trns5 1>7, 077 y

0>7 adlovobkds mn bùnrmd b lb rutokb b rnblozbr. Lb pualoòmbm pbrb nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d sn rnblozbrâ fnmobktn spdts pualoòtbrods nk lb rbmod, vdlbktns pualoòtbrods, rnmns sdòblns, bsofosfd pdr nl pnroðmo`d mn òrùlbòðk ld`bl, y sn rnùrrorâ b nstrbtniobs mn prdfdòðk `dfd snr5 mnsùnktds pdr hbfolobrns y bfoids, cdrbrod mohnrnkòbmds, vb`bòdkns, nt`.

Lb `dfpntnkòb qun tnkmrâ nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d sdk lds iofkbsods trbmoòdkblns y lbs nsùnlbs mn kbtbòðk, mn sofolbrns `brb`tnræsto`bs pnrd qun kd dhrn`nk lb fosfb rutokb mn nenròòds, mohnrnkòb qun sn bprdvn`cbrâ pdr nl iofkbsod bùâto`d pbrb okirnsbr bl fnr`bmd mn lb òumbm mn Pu`rn

Lb `dktrbtbòðk mnl pnrsdkbl pbrb nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d sn rnblozbrâ fnmobktn lb snln`òðk mn lbs pnrsdkbs omðknbs y bptbs pbrb lds punstds mn trbabed y fnmobktn nl ùfplofonktd mn kdrfbs mn lb Lny Inknrbl mnl ]rbabed.

@dk lb ofplnfnktbòðk mnl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d, sn inknrbrâk kunvbs hunktns mn trbabed y pdr nkmn nl prdirnsd mn lb òumbm.

Nl mosnòd y lb mostroauòðk mn lb okhrbnstru`turb sn rnblozbrâ mn fbknrb qun sn arokmn uk snrvoòd `ðfdmd pbrb qun lds `lonktns sn sonktbk aonk nk nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d, lb okhrbnstru`turb ùnktb tbfaoïk `dk snrvoòds sbkotbrods, `bsollnrds y vnstubrods.

B trbvïs mnl nstumod n`dkðfo`d hokbkònrd sn `dk`luyð qun pbrb lb okvnrsoðk tdtbl mnl prdyn`td sn sn rnquonrn

mn 2.032.8=0,71 (Pdk ^k follðk trnsònktds d`cnktb y uk fol

snosònktds ùbrnktb y trns 71/277 adlovobkds), mn lds ùblns nl 80.32% `dkstotuyn nl `bpotbl sdòbl mn lb nfprnsb fnmobktn nl bpdrtn mn lds sdòds y nl 08.2?% prdvonkn mnl `rïmotd abk`brod bmquoromd `dk hdkmds mn lb Abk`b Wrovbmb.

Mn bùnrmd bl bkâlosos mnl prdyn`td, lds okmo`bmdrns funstrbk qun nl Xbldr B`tubl Kntd ns mn 2>0.923,>7 (Pdk @onktd òkùnktb y trns fol sntnònktds monòd`cd >7/277 adlovobkds), lb ]bsb Oktnrkb mn Qntdrkd ns mnl 17% y nl Wnrodmd mn Qnùpnrbòðk mn lb Okvnrsoðk sn mb b lds ùbtrd bòds, lb Qnlbòðk Anknhoòd/ @dstd ns mn 2,22 adlovobkds, nl Ækmo`n mn Qnktbaolombm sdarn lds b`tovds funstrb uk 1>,1>%.

Pn dasnrvb tbfaoïk qun nl prdyn`td ns rnsostnktn b ukb mosfokuòðk b uk ok`rnfnktd

mnl >% nk `dstds dpnrbtovds y uk ok`rnfnktd mnl >% nk okvnrsodkns hoebs.

QN@DFNKMB@ODKNP

Wbrb `dksniuor lb homnlozbòðk mn lds `lonktns qun bsostbk bl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d sn arokmb `dfd bltnrkbtovb bmoòdkbl nl snrvoòd mn uk kutroòdkostb qun nlbadrbrâ euktd b lds okstru`tdrns rutokbs pnrsdkblozbmbs, sok `dstd bmoòdkbl pbrb nl `lonktn.

Hdrtbln`nr lb ùlturb y `dkònkòb mn lds `lonktns cbòb nl ùombmd mn lb bpbronkòb hæso`b y sblum, arokmbkmd mn fbknrb nhoònktn nl snrvoòd, ibrbktozbkmd lds rnsultbmds mbkmd sniuofonktd b trbvïs mnl snrvoòd pdst vnktb.

Pn rn`dfonkmb qun nl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d btonkmb tbfaoïk mn lukns b sâabmd nk cdrbrods hunrb mn dhoòkb pbrb qun lbs pnrsdkbs qun trbabebk bùmbk fbsovbfnktn bl knidòd.

Lb pualoòmbm mnl Iofkbsod Bùâto`d mnan snr llbfbtovd, okhdrfbtovd mnan trbksfotor lbs vnktbebs mn rnblozbr iofkbsob nk nl biub pbrb qun nl põalo`d sn oktnrnsn `dk nl snrvoòd.

Pn mnan mosnòbr nstrbtniobs mn prdfdòðk mdkmn lds `lonktns punmbk snr pbrtæòpns mn lds kunvds snrvoòds mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d sok `dstd bliukd, pbrb qun mn nstb fbknrb lds fosfds rn`dfonkmnk lds snrvoòds y bsæ `bptnk kunvds `lonktns.

Qnblozbr nvblubòdkns pnrfbknktns, nk`bfokbmbs b fnedrbr lds snrvoòds nk anknhoòd mn lds `lonktns, mn fdmd qun nstd ldirn su homnlombm cbòb nl iofkbsod.

Ofplnfnktbr bl iofkbsod bùâto`d `dk nquopds fdmnrkds y bfplobr lb vbronmbm mn rutokbs bùâto`bs, pbrb fdtovbr b lds kunvds `lonktns.

Arokmbr `dkhobkzb b lds `lonktns fnmobktn nl trbtd `drmobl y pnrsdkblozbmd mnsmn nl fdfnktd qun okirnsn b lbs okstblbòdkns, mnfdstrbkmd bsæ qun nl iofkbsod bùâto`d nstâ dronktbmd bl ùfplofonktd mn rnsultbmds.

Dronktbrsn cbòb nl mnsbrrdlld mn kunvds snrvoòds bprdvn`cbkmd lb pbrtn supnrodr mn lb okhrbnstru`turb, mn fbknrb qun b huturd sn vbyb datnkonkmd ukb utolombm supnrodr.

Qnblozbr uk bmnùbmd prd`nsd mn snln`òðk mn pnrsdkbl, `dktrbtbkmd b pnrsdkbs dronktbmbs bl ùfplofonktd ùfplofonk td mn lds vbldrns mnl iofkbsod bùâto`d, nstbalnò nstbalnòmds mds nk lb fosoðk y vosoðk mn fdmd qun su mnsnfpnòd nk lb nfprnsb inknrn lds fnedrns rnsultbmds.

Qnblozbr okvnstoibòdkns mn fnr`bmd `dktokubs pbrb sbanr lb sotubòðk b`tubl mnl fnr`bmd, lbs kn`nsombmns, iustds y prnhnrnkòbs qun pdsnn y nl kovnl mn sbtoshb`òðk mn lbs fosfbs.

Nstn prdyn`td tonkn fu`cd pdtnkòbl nk nl fnr`bmd bl snr iofkbsod õko`d y kn`nsotbmd pdr lbs pnrsdkbs.

Aoalodirbhæb

Biuolbr, I. (1771). Lb plbknbòðk nstrbtïio`b. Fïxo`d5 LOF^PB, 1mb nmoòðk . Bl`brbz, Q. (1772). Nl nfprnkmnmdr mn ïxotd, iuæb mn plbkns mn knidòds. Fïxo`d5 F` Irbw Coll, 1mb nmoòðk. Bssdòbtodk, B. F. (1779). Fbrjntoki. Ab`b, & Ibaronl. (1778). Nvblubòðk mn Wrdyn`tds. Fïxo`d5 F` Irbw Coll, >tb nmoòðk. Anrfned, F. (1770). Lb `rn`bòdk mn lb Nfprnsb Wrdpob . Nspbòb5 F` Irbw Coll. Anrkbl, @. (177=). Fntdmdldiob mn lb Okvnstoibòdk . Fnxo`d 5 Wnbrsdk . Arbkjbrm, F. y. (2?3?). L½bqubiyf. Nk F. y. Arbkjbrm, L½bqubiyf Aurabkd, E., & Drtoz, B. (1770). Nkhdqun fdmnrkd mn plbknbòðk y `dktrdl mn rnùrsds. @dldfaob5 F` Irbw Coll . @bfbrnrd, P., & ]nllb, X. (2??9). Nl kbòfonktd mn lbs b`tovombmns bùâto`bs. Xblnkòb5 Wrdfdloard. @cbok, P., & Pbpbi, @. (1770). Wrnpbrbòðk y Nvblubòðk mn Wrdyn`tds. Fïxo`d5 F`. Irbw Coll =tb nmoòðk. @om W, F. E. (1778). Hb`tdrns aodldio`ds y pso`dsdòblns prnmo`tdrns mnl nstold mn vomb. Qnvostb Fïmo`b @coln, 2=?2-?. @dlbmd, E. @., Eubk, F., & Xombl, E. (1777). Hotknss Bùbto`d5 ^kb bltnrkbtovb b lbs iofkbsobs mn fbktnkofonktd. Nspbòb. @dlbmd, E., & Fdrnkd, E. (177>). Hotknss Bùâto`d. Nspbòb5 OKMN. `rn`nknidòds. (10 mn Fbrzd mn 1727). www.`rn`nknidòds.`df/plbk-mn-knidòds-pbrtn-2nlnl- rnsufnk-nenùtovd/. rnsufnk-nenùtovd/. Qnùpnrbmd nl 13 mn d`tuarn mn 172=, mn mn cttp5//www.`rn`nknidòds.`df @ruzbo, W., & Ovâk. (2??9). Fntdmdldiæb mn lb okvnstoibòðk ònkto`b. Mboiknbult, M. (2??2). B l½nbu lb hdrfn! @bkbmb5 Iuy Pbokt - Enbk. Mbkonls, F., & Ibtns, Q. (2???). Okvnstoibòðk mn Fnr`bmds @dktnfpdrâknb. @dldfaob5 Oktnrkbtodkbl ]cdfsdk Nmoòdkns. Mbvom, H. Q. (2??9). @dk`nptds mn Bmfokostrbòðk Nstrbtïio`b. Fïxo`d 5 Wnbrsdk Nmu`bòðk, >tb nmoòðk . Mn lb ]drrn, E., & Ubfbrrðk, A. (1771). Nvblubòðk mn Wrdyn`tds mn Okvnrsoðk. Wrnkto`n Cbll.

Mnanriun, E. (2??2). Iyfkbstoqun Bqubtoqun. Wbros5 Bfpcdrb. mnkoòdk.fx. (s.h.). mnkoòdk.fx . Qnùpnrbmd nl 22 mn 27 mn 172=, 172= , mn cttp5//www.mnkoòdk.fx/tnrrnkd Mobz, L., & Fbrtoknz, F. (1720). Fntdmdldiob mn lb Okvnstoibòdk . Fnxo`d 5 nlsnvonr. Nl fbkned mn okvnrsodkns mn `bpotbl. (2?3=). Cbrvbrm Ausoknss P`cddl . Nstold mn Xomb y Pblum . (1778). Okvnrsblum . Hnrkbkmnz Drtnib, E. (177?). Wrdfdòðk mn b`tovombm so`b nk koòds y bmdlns`nktns. Qnvostb Nmu`bòdk y Mnpdrtn, 21?-08. Honrrd, B. (177=). Wlbknbòðk y Nvblubòðk Hokbkònrb. @dldfaob5 Lotdirbb Fnrùrod. Hlnotfbk, E. (1777). Knidòds Nxotdsds. Fnxo`d5 F`. Irbw Coll. Hrnm. Q., M. (2??9). @dk`nptds mn bmfokostrbòðk nstrbtïio`b. Fïxo`d5 Wnbrsdk Nmu`bòðk, >tb nmoòðk. Huknz Drnllbkb, E. (177?). @dktbaolombm Oktnrfnmob. @d`cbabfab5 Nmotdrobl Pbaomurob y @ulturb. Iblbrrntb, Q. (2??=). Fntdmdldiob mn lb okvnstoibòdk aoalodirbho`b . ]rueolld5 Drrnid . Iblokmd, N. (2???). Nstbmosto`b pbrb lb Bmfokostrbòðk y lb Okinkonræb. Nspbòb. Ibròb M, I. I. (1721). Mntnrfokbktns mn lds nstolds mn vomb y su ofplo`bòðk nk lb sblum mn lds edvnkns. Qnvostb cbòb lb prdfdòdk mn lb sblum , 28?-23>. Ibrotb Bzdhnotb, N. (1778). Fdtovds mn pbrtoòpbòðk y sbtoshb`òðk nk lb b`tovombm so`b. Qnvostb Fdvofonktd Cufbkd y Pblum , 29. Iotfbk, E., & F` Mbkonl, @. (1772). Nl huturd mn lds knidòds. Nmoòdk mnl Folnkod ]cdfsdk Oktnrkbtodkbl. Iutonrrnz, B. (1779). B`tovombmns nk nl fnmod bùbto`d. Oabònz, A. (2??8). Nl tknss nk nl biub5 Bqubto` Hotknss. Furòb5 HNK. o-kbtbòdk.`df. (1727). o-kbtbòdk.`df. Qnùpnrbmd nl = mn 22 mn 172=, mn cttp5//www.okbtbòdk.`df Jddktz, C., & Ynoc`ro`c. (1773). Bmfokostrbòðk, ukb pnrspn`tovb ildabl. Fnxo`d5 FÌrbw Coll, 1mb nmoòðk. Jdtlnr , W., & Jnllnr, J. L. (1721). Morn`òðk mn Fbrjntoki. Fnxo`d M.H.5 Wnbrsdk Nmu`bòðk. Jdtlnr, & Fblcdtrb. (2??9). Okvnstoibòdk mn fnr`bmds . Fïxo`d 5 FÌrbw Coll. Jdtlnr, W., & Brfstrdki, I. (1721). Fbrjntoki. Fïxo`d5 Wnbrsdk Nmu`btodk, 2=tb Nmoòðk.

Jrbenwsjo, L. (1777). Bmfokostrbòðk mn dpnrbòdkns. Fïxo`d5 Wnbrsdk Nmu`btoðk, >tb nmoòðk. Lb nkhnrfnmbm mnl soild SSO. (20 mn Fbrzd mn 1772). Lds ]onfpds. Lbfa, @., Cbor, E., & @., F. (1771). Fbrjntoki. @dldfaob5 ]drzðk 8tb nmoòðk. Lnabz. (2?33). Bqubauolmoki. Wbros5 @cordk. Lnfb Pdtd LH, P. ]. (177?). @dfpdrtbfonktd y sblum mn lds edvnkns ukovnrsotbrods. Wnksbfonktd Wso`dldio`d, 92-33. Lnfdokn, @. (2??1). Bqubiyf. Wbros5 NWP. Lnvo, ]. (177=). Lb fodpob nk nl Fbrjntoki . Lldrnt, F. (2??0). Lds prdirbfbs bùbto`ds mn sblum. OOO `dkirnsd mn b`tovombmns bùâto`bs. Abr`nldkb5 MNH/PNBN. Ldanld H, W. Q. (1778). @brib mn fdrtblombm bsdòbmb b lb okb`tovombm so`b. Qnvostb sblum põalo`b, 13-=2. fbphrn.ns. (21 mn 7? mn 1727). fbphrn.ns. Qnùpnrbmd nl 10 mn 7? mn 172=, mn cttp5//www.fbphrn.ns/sblum/ns/òkhdrfbtovd fbrjntoki.pdwnr. (7> mn 70 mn 1727). Qnùpnrbmd nl 1> mn 79 mn 172=, mn cttp5//www.fbrjntoki.pdwnr.`df Fbrtoknz Lnfds, Q. (177?). Wrnvblnkòb y hb`tdrns bsdòbmbs bl câaotd snmnktbrod nk lds ukovnrsotbrods. X @dkirnsd Bsdòbòðk Nspbòdlb mn @onkòbs mnl Mnpdrtn , (pâis. 2-3). 177?. Fnlibr, H. (7= mn 1727). ^k =7% mn lb pdalbòdk suhroræb mn dansombm . Qnùpnrbmd nl 21 mn 73 mn 172=, mn cttp5//www.hfadlovob.tv Fnknsns, N. (1772). Wrnpbrbòðk y Nvblubòðk mn Wrdyn`tds. Ruotd5 Rubloty Wrokt @nktrd mn Qnprdmu`òðk Moiotbl, 0rb Nmoòðk. Foktzanri, C., Ebfns, R., & Ecdk, X. (2??9). Nl prd`nsd nstrbtïio`d. Fïxo`d5 Wnbrsdk Nmu`btodk, 2rb nmoòðk. fdkdirbhobs.`df. (21 mn 7= mn 1727). Qnùpnrbmd nl 22 mn 27 mn 172=, mn fdkdirbbs.`df5

cttp5//www.fdkdirbbs.`df/trbabed08 Fdrnkd, _. (177=). ^k nstumod mn lb okunkòb mnl butd`dk`nptd fultomofnksodkbl sdarn nl nstold mn vomb. Xblnkòb5 Pnrvno mn Wualo`btodks. Kbrnsc J, F. (1777). Okvnstoibòðk mn Fnr`bmds. Fnxo`d5 Wnbrsdk Nmu`bòðk, Ruoktb Nmoòðk. Knw B`tovotons. (1778). Bfnro`bk @dllnin dh Ppdrts Fnmoòkn .

Dtrb nkhnrfnmbm rnùrrnktn nk Adlovob . (? mn 21 mn 1721). Lb Wbtrob , pâi. 21. Durlbdunk, I. (2?38). Biubiof. Wbros5 @cordk. Wblbd, E., & Idfnz, X. (177?). Bmfokostrn sus rnùrsds cufbkds `dk vosoðk y lomnrbzid. Lofb5 Nmotdrns PB@. Wbzfoòd @ruzbtto, O. (2??9). Fntdmdldiæb mn lb okvnstoibòðk ònktæ`b. Woint, W. E. (2??2). Bqub bnrdao`b . NPW, 102. Wdppnr, J. (2??2). Lb lðio`b mn lb okvnstoibòðk. Fnxo`d. Wdrtnr, F. (1771). Nstrbtniob @dfpntotovb. Fïxo`d5 @dfpbòob Nmotdrobl @dktoknktbl. pso`dldiobyfnktn. (22 mn 27 mn 1728). Datnkomd mn cttp5//pso`dldiobyfnktn.knt

Qdaaoks, P., & @dultnr, F. (1777). Bmfokostrbòdk. Fnxo`d MH5 Lotdirb`b OKIQBFNS P.B. Qdmroiunz O, @. O. (1779). Bl`dcdlosfd y bmdlns`nkòb, tnkmnkòbs b`tublns. Qnvostb mn Wsoquobtræb y Wso`dldiæb mnl Bmdlns`nktn , 03-8=. Quoz, Q. (1779). Nl Fntdmd @onkto`d y sus Ntbpbs . Fnxo`d . Pblvbmdr, N. y. (2??=). @urs B`tovotbts bqubtoquns y sblut. Xollbrnbl5 Pnrvno Fukoòpbl m½Nspdrts. Pbfponro, Q. C. (177=). Fntdmdldiob mn Okvnstoibòdk . Fnxo`d5 Nmbfsb Ofprnsodkns . Pbpbi @cbok, K., & Pbpbi @cbok, Q. (177=). Wrnpbrbòðk y Nvblubòðk mn Wrdyn`tds. Fïxo`d5 F`. Irbw Coll =tb nmoòðk. Pdvb, Q. (2??0). Nenròòds bùbto`ds . Abr`nldkb5 Wbomdtroad. Xbk Cdrkn, E., & Yb`cdwo`z, E. (2??=). Hukmbfnktds mn Bmfokostrbòdk Hokbkònrb. 3vb nmoòðk. Xnib, D. (1727). Wrokòpods y Bplo`bòðk pbrb nl ïxotd nfprnsbrobl . Ruotd5 Nmoòdkns Okmustrob Irâ`b. vovnsbkbfnktn.`df. (1> mn 71 mn 1773). Qnùpnrbmd nl 1> mn 78 mn 172=, mn vovonsbkbfnktn.`df5 cttp5//www.vovnsbkbfnktn.`df/nstold-mn-vomb Ynls`c, I. (2???). Wrnsupunstds, plbko`bòðk y `dktrdl mn utolombmns. Fïxo`d5 Wnbrsdk Nmu`btodk, >tb nmoòðk. Ynstdk, E., & @dpnlbkm, ]. (2??=). Fbkubl mn Bmfokostrbòðk Hokbkònrb. Unotcbfl. (177?). Fbrjntoki mn Pnrvoòds.

BKNSD Kµ 2 NK@^NP]B WBQB LB BWNQ]^QB MN ^K IOFKBPOD B@^Â]O@D NK LB @O^MBM MN P^@QN Aunkds mæbs, mnsnbfds `dkd`nr su dpokoðk sdarn lb prâ`to`b mn b`tovombmns hæso`bs nk nl fnmod bùâto`d, pbrb lb bpnrturb mn uk Iofkbsod Bùâto`d nk lb òumbm mn Pu`rn, irbòbs pdr tdfbrsn lb fdlnstob pbrb `dfplntbr nstbs prniuktbs. Pu dpokoðk ns mn f fu`cb u`cb ofpdrtbkòb.

Okstru`òðk.- Fbrqun `dk ukb (x) lb(s) bltnrkbtovb(s) Okstru`òðk.bltnrkbtovb(s) qun `dksomnrn `dksomnrn bmnùbmbs y `dfplntn. 2.- ´Bsostn ustnm b uk iofkbsod4 Pæ

Kd

1.- Po lb rnspunstb ns KD, snòbln lbs rbzdkns Hbltb mn tonfpd @dstd âo`bòðk Lnsodkns fusùlbrns d prdalnfbs mn fdvolombm Kd ln oktnrnsb Dtrds (nspnòhoqun) 0.- Po lb rnspunstb ns PO, snòbln lbs rbzdkns @uombr su sblum @uombr su bpbronkòb hæso`b Wdr cdaay Mostrb`òðk Dtrds (nspnòhoqun) =.- ´B quï iofkbsod bsostn ustnm nk lb b`tublombm4 Fnibtlðk Hot Ynllknss @lua

]oaurðk Iyf Id Hlnx Iyf Wo``dld

Idlm Iyf Hrnyb Nlotn Hotknss @lua

Fus`lnfbi Iyf Dtrds (nspnòhoqun)

>.- ´Ruï topd mn b`tovombm hæso`b rnblozb nk nl Bnrdao`s

Hoitc md

Qnsostnkòb fusùlbr

]bnad

Wolbtns

Ppokkoi

Wdtnkòb

Jo`j adxoki Dtrds (nspnòhoqun)

8.- ´@ðfd `bloho`b nl snrvoòd mnl iofkbsod bl qun ustnm bsostn4 Pnòbln `dk ukb (x) nk lb `bsollb rnspn`tovb

Mns`ropòðk

Fuy

Aunkd

Qniulbr

aunkd Okstru`tdrns Pnrvoòds bmoòdkblns (`bhntnræb, nt`.) Lofponzb mnl iofkbsod âo`bòðk Cdrbrods 9.- Ćb dæmd ustnm cbalbr sdarn nl snrvoòd mn uk iofkbsod bùâto`d4 Kd

3.- ´Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr b`tovombmns hæso`bs nk uk iofkbsod bùâto`d4 Pæ

Kd

?.- ´Ln oktnrnsbræb rnblozbr b`tovombmns hæso`bs nk uk `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b `dk fnkdr nshunrzd hæso`d y fâs râpomds rnsultbmds4 Pæ

Kd

Fuy fbld

Nquopds

Pæ

Fbld

Kd Pban

27.- ´@dk quï hrnùnkòb bsostoræb ustnm b uk `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b4 Mobrobfnktn Mds vn`ns pdr snfbkb

Hokns mn snfbkb @bmb fns

]rns vn`ns pdr snfbkb

D`bsodkblfnktn

22.- Pnòbln lds mæbs nk lds qun bsostoræb b uk `nktrd mn iofkbsob Lukns

Xonrkns

Fbrtns

Pâabmd

Foïr`dlns

Mdfokid

Eunvns 21.- Ńk quï cdrbrods bsostoræb ustnm bl `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b4 Mn 8507 b 9507

Mn 1577 b 0577

Mn 3577 b ?577

Mn 0507 b =507

Mn ?507 b 27507

Mn >577 b 8577

Mn 22577 b 21577

Mn 8507 b 9507

20.- ´Ruï topds mn b`tovombmns hæso`bs ln iustbræb prb`to`br nk uk `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b4, snòbln mds mn su prnhnrnkòb Bqubnrdao` (bnrdao` (bn rdao` bùâto`d)

Bqubnrdao` `dk stnp

Bqubmbkòki (aboln (a boln bùâto`d)

Bqublõmo`b

Qncbaolotbòðk bùâto`b Bqubadxoki (adxnd (a dxnd bùâto`d)

Nktrnkbfonktd nk òrùotd Cymrd ydib

Bqubauolmoki (tdkoho`bòðk (tdko ho`bòðk nk nl biub) bi ub)

Cymrd spokkoki

Ediiok (`bfokbr y trdtbr nk nl biub)

Cymrd trn`joki

2=.- ´Ruï snrvoòds bmoòdkblns ln iustbræb nk`dktrbr nk uk `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b4 Iuæb kutroòdkbl @bhntnræb Pbukb Nstbòdkbfonktd prdpod Qdpb mnpdrtovb y b``nsdrods Dtrds (nspnòhoqun) 2>.- ´@uâktd nstbræb mospunstd b pbibr pdr uk fns mn snrvoòd nk nl `nktrd mn iofkbsob bùâto`b4 Nktrn As. 177 b As.1>7 Nktrn As. 1>2 b As.077 Nktrn As. 072 b As.0>7

28.- ^stnm prnhnroræb rnblozbr uk pbid5 Mobrod

Fnksubl

Pnfbkbl

Pnfnstrbl

Ruok`nkbl 29.- Pnòbln nl fnmod mn `dfuko`bòðk pdr nl qun ustnm `dkd`n d sn okhdrfb mn bliõk snrvoòd. ]nlnvosoðk

Wbkhlntds

Qbmod

Qnmns Pdòblns

Qnvostbs

Wnroðmo`ds

Wdr rn`dfnkmbòðk mn bfoids 23.- Ńk quï rbkid mn nmbm sn nkùnktrb b`tublfnktn4 Mn 20 b 29 Mn 23 b 1=

Mn 02 b =7 Mn =2 b >8

Mn 1> b 07

Mn >9 bmnlbktn

2?.- @ubl ns su dùpbòðk5 Nstumobktn snùkmbrob

Knidòd prdpod

Nstumobktn ukovnrsotbrod

Md`nkòb

Nfplnbmd mnpnkmonktn põalo`d

Lbadrns mn `bsb

Nfplnbmd mnpnkmonktn provbmd

Dtrds (nspnòhoqun) (nspnòhoqun )

17.- Iïknrd Fbsùlokd

Hnfnkokd

Fu`cbs irbòbs pdr su `dlbadrbò ðk

BKNSD Kµ 1 NRÔWDP N OKP^FDP MN LB WOP@OKB

Hunktn5 Oktnrknt

NRÔWBFONK]D @BPOLLNQDP

Hunktn5 Oktnrknt

NRÔWDP MN C_MQD]QNNJOKI

Hunktn5 Oktnrknt

NRÔWDP MN C_MQDPWOKKOKI

Hunktn5 Oktnrknt

P]NWP B@^B]O@DP

FBK@^NQKBP B@^B]O@BP

Hunktn5 Oktnrknt WNLD]BP MN C_MQD_DIB

HLD]BMDQNP L^FABQNP

Hunktn5 Oktnrknt

WLBKD MN WLBK]B BL]B IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk “Nfprnsb @dkstru`tdrb NW@ WB]OÒD‖

BKNSD Kµ 8 WLBKD MN BFAONK]NP IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk “Nfprnsb @dkstru`tdrb NW@ WB]OÒD‖

BKNSD Kµ 9 WLBKD MN @OFONK]DP IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk “Nfprnsb @dkstru`tdrb NW@ WB]OÒD‖

BKNSD Kµ 3 HO@CB K^]QO@ODKBL MB]DP WNQPDKBLNP

Kdfarn

Nmbm Pnxd

CBAO]DP

B XN@NP

PO

KD

JI.

@F.

Wrdalnfbs rnsporbtdrods Lnsodkns hæso`bs

FNMOMBP

KD

Hufb @dksufn anaombs bl`dcðlo`bs Qnblozb b`tovombm hæso`b

BK]N@NMNK]NP FNMO@DP

PO

Wnsd Blturb Nspblbmb @okturb Bamdfnk @bmnrb

KOXNL MN FBPB F^P@^LBQ

WQNP^W^NP]D INKNQBL IOFKBPOD B@^B]O@D Kµ 2

Mns`ropòðk OKP]BLB@ODK MN HBNKBP

^kombm

@bktombm

^kotbrod

W br òbl

ILA

2,77

2.7=>,77

2.7=>,77

F1 F0 F0 F0 F0 F0 F0 F1 F0 F1 F0 F1 F1 F1 FL F1

89>,77 ??,=? 19=,01 11,?? ?,?0 1?,?7 ?,8? 1=,11 10,0= =?1,07 21,98 0>?,2= 131,87 =81,2? 110,?3 ==3,0?

=,82 =1,77 27,?7 2.>1>,1> 1.=10,37 093,32 8=>,98 0>,77 =?9,87 ?>,0= 1.738,>0 =3=,2> 0>7,80 28?,27 13,37 ?8,=0

0.222,9> =.293,>3 1.??7,7? 0>.78>,>7 1=.783,00 22.018,=1 8.1>9,=2 3=9,97 22.820,?3 =8.?0>,33 18.81=,21 290.399,80 ??.733,7= 93.2>8,00 8.=>7,81 =0.103,1>

F1 F1 F1 WUB FL FL FL WUB

7,3? 2.208,3> 072,?8 2,77 >1,83 0>,32 11,>3 =,77

020,9> 07,>> 0?,73 00?,77 19,79 17,=0 0=,>8 >20,>7

19?,1= 0=.907,99 22.377,87 00?,77 2.=18,7> 902,87 937,08 1.7>=,77

FBK^BL W^NQ]B FBMNQB QDALN ]OWD ]BA.+]QBIBLÛ+RÔ@BLL. XNK]BKB MN FBMNQB QDALN +RÔK@BLLNQOB QNEBP FN]BLO@BP XNK]BKBP @CBWB OK]NQODQ MN FBKOXNLB @CBWB NS]NQODQ (1 IDLWNP) WQDX. _ @DLD@. MN XOMQODP MDALNP (0 FF) WQDX _ @DLD@ MN QNEOLLB MN WOPD+POHDK WQDX @DL LBXBFBKDP @/WNMNP]BL+IQOHNQOB WQDX _ @DLD@ OKDMDQD ]BKR^N 0> ABED+WBWNLNQB 08 WQDX _ @DLD@ MN ^QOKBQODP+IQOHNQOB 09 WQDX. _ @DLD@. MN LLBXN MN WBPD

F0 F1 F1 F1 WUB WUB F1 WUB WUB

1?,>8 >1,=1 0?,21 0?,21 29,77 2,77 31,21 =,77 >,77

18,72 372,70 =>?,=7 2?7,03 190,77 07>,77 27?,17 93,77 >82,07

983,38 =2.?3?,?? 29.?92,90 9.==9,89 =.8=2,77 07>,77 3.?89,>7 021,77 1.378,>7

WUB WUB WUB

>,77 0,77 =,77

>11,77 >27,1> =3,97

1.827,77 2.>07,9> 2?=,37

03 FNMOMDQ MN LÛ _ @BEB NLN@]QO@B

WUB

2,77

83>,17

83>,17

1 0 = > 8 9 3 ? 27 22 21 20 2= 2> 28 29

QNWLBK]ND ]DWDIQBHO@D _ ]QBUBMD NS@BXB@ODK FBK^BL ]NQQNKD PNFO M^QD NS@BXB@ODK @DF^K @DK FBRÔKBQOB UBWB]BP MN Cµ Bµ ]OWD "B" @DL^FKBP MN Cµ Bµ ]OWD "B" @OFONK]DP MN Cµ @µ 87% W.M. ]OWD "A" PDAQN@OFONK]DP Cµ @µ ]OWD "A" >7% W.M. OFWNQFNBAOLOUB@ODK MN PDAQN@OFONK]DP F^QD MN Cd @d 87% W.M. ]OWD "A" F^QD LBMQOLLD IBFAD]N N67.21 F. XOIB MN CµBµ ]OWD "B" LDPB BLOXOBKBMB CD BD @/WLBP]DHDQF ]-B @ÂONQ]B MN WDLO@BQADKB]D+NP] FN]BLO@B WOPD MN @NQBFO@B NPFBL]BMB+NFWNMQBMD UD@BLD @NQBFO@B NPFBL]BMB QNXNP]OFONK]D @NQBFO@B NPFBL]BMB F^QDP FNPDKNP MN CµBµ- QNX.@NQ. 23 +FNQN]N+QNX._NPD 2? QNXDR. OK]. MN _NPD P/F^QD MN LBMQOLLD 17 QNXDR. FDQ]. @NFNK]D P/F^QD LBMQOLLD 12 FNMOMDQ MN BI^B M62/1"+@BEB FN]BLO@B 11 ]NKMOMD ]ÂNQOB WX@ M62/1" B.W. 10 ]NKMOMD ]ÂNQOB WX@ M61" W/MNPBI^N 1= ]NKMOMD ]ÂNQOB WX@ M6=" MNPBI^N 1> @BFBQB MN OKPW MN 87S87+MDALN ]BWB CµBµ QNLLNKD _ @DFWB@]BMD @DK NRÔWD

18 19 13 1? 07 02 01 00 0=

0? ]BALNQD MN ]NQFO@DP (8 LOKNBP)

WUB

2,77

>07,8>

>07,8>

=7 =2 =1 =0 ==

OL^FOKB@ODK HL^DQNP@NK]N (1S=7 Y.) ]DFB@DQQONK]NP MDALNP WOK]^QB LB]NS OK]NQODQNP WOK]^QB LB]NS NS]NQODQNP @DKNS.MDF. B.W. ([email protected]/FNM: OK@L. NS@. QNLL) @DKNS. PBKO]BQOB (]ÂD @NF. M68" => L68F+NS@X. QNLL.) =8 QN]OQD MN NP@DFAQDP @/@BQIÔD

W]D W]D F1 F1 ILA

07,77 =7,77 2.208,3> 2>1,0? 2,77

139,9> 2=0,7? 23,07 12,37 1==,98

3.801,>7 >.910,87 17.37=,08 0.011,27 1==,98

ILA F0

2,77 0>,>8

032,89 1?,0>

032,89 2.7=0,8?

=9 LOFWONUB INKNQBL

ILA

2,77

?37,77

?37,77

] dtbl prnsupunstd5

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk “Nfprnsb @dkstru`tdrb NW@ WB]OÒD‖

9>3.?22,>9

BKBLOPOP MN PNKPOAOLOMBM (@DK OK@QNFNK]D NK LBP OKXNQPODKNP) @DK@NW]D OKIQNPDP NHN@]OXDP @DK (OXB)

BÒD 7

Okirnsds i ofkbsob pdr bùvnktb âto`b mn snrvoòds Okirnsds pdr vnktb mn anaombs nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods

BÒD 2

BÒD 1

BÒD 0

BÒD =

BÒD >

2.1 .1777. 7.12 127, 7,77 77 2. 2.0083. 3.10 10?, ?,=7 =7

2. 2.>>>?. ?.9? 9?1, 1,?1 ?1

2. 2.9993. 3.28 280, 0,?1 ?1 1. 1.71 719. 9.27 278, 8,33

2.723.7>7,77 2.287.>99,77

2.010.7>9,93

2.>73.13>,39 2.92?.==>,3

231.287,77

179.881,=7

108.90>,2=

18?.393,78

Xbldr rnsomubl

079.887,? 030.>>>,8

Okvnrsodkns hoebs

?>8.?31,30

@bpotbl mn trbabe d

=97.107,37

@DP]DP HOEDP

=20.930,21

=0=.=91,19

=>8.2?>,33

=9?.77>,83

>71.?>>,?

Punlmds bl pnrsdkbl

029.?9=,37

000.390,>=

0>7.>89,11

083.7?>,>3

038.>77,0

0.877,77

0.937,77

0.?8?,77

=.289,=>

=.09>,3

Oktnrïs mn lb mnumb @dstd okmorn`td mnl snrvoòd

01.9>?,72 19.008,77

0=.0?8,?8 13.971,37

08.228,32 07.209,?=

09.?11,8> 02.8==,3=

0?.323,9 00.119,7

Mnprnòbòðk mn lds b`tovds

01.220,02

00.923,?9

0>.=7=,?1

09.29>,29

0?.700,?

Ibstds inknrblns @dstd anaombs nknriozbktns y vnktb mn b``nsdrods

12.?87,77

10.7>3,77

1=.127,?7

1>.=12,=>

18.8?1,>

??.087,77

27=.013,77

27?.>==,=7

22>.712,81

217.991,9

191.8?0,31

007.828,18

0?9.80>,22

=9>.790,11

>8=.==2,2

38.=80,3?

27=.31?,>>

218.79?,=0

2>7.801,?9

293.?8?,2

2?.?>0,12

1=.2?2,=0

1?.7?>,1>

0=.982,=8

=2.077,>

288.198,91 0?1.=20,78

172.>?>,13 =9>.98=,39

1=1.=87,=0 >91.178,81

13?.893,37 830.8=2,?8

0==.292,= 321.1==,>

38.810,=>

?1.3=3,22

??.>17,7?

278.892,>1

22=.008,3

07>.93?,82

031.?28,98

=91.838,>0

>98.?97,==

8?9.?79,9

07>.93?,82

833.978,09

2.282.0?1,?7

Wualoòmbm

Ofpunstds voinktns Wbid mnl OXB (Mnaotd-@rïmotd Hos`bl) Ofpunstd b lbs trbksb`òdkns Ofpunstd b lbs ^tolombmns HLÊD MN @BEB KN]D Bfdrtozbòðk HLÊD MN @BEB MNPW^NP MN BFDQ]. Okirnsds Bùfulbmds

-2.=19.120,80

-2.=19.120,80

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk “Nfprnsb @dkstru`tdrb NW@ WB]OÒD‖

2.903.080,0= 1.=08.192,7

BKBLOPOP MN PNKPOAOLOMBM (@DK OK@QNFNK]D NK LDP @DP]DP DWNQB]OXDP) @DK@NW]D

BÒD 7

OKIQNPDP NHN@]OXDP @DK (OXB) Okirnsds pdr vnktb mn snrvoòds iofkbsob bùâto`b Okirnsds pdr vnktb mn anaombs nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods

NIQNPDP NHN@]OXDP @DK (OXB)

BÒD 2

BÒD 1

BÒD 0

BÒD =

BÒD

2.177.127,77

2.083.10?,=7

2.>>?.9?1,?1

2.993.280,?1

1.719.27

2.723.7>7,77

2.287.>99,77

2.010.7>9,93

2.>73.13>,39

2.92?.==

231.287,77

179.881,=7

108.90>,2=

18?.393,78

079.88

2.032.8=0,71

Okvnrsodkns hoebs

?22.=21,11

@bpotbl mn trbabe d

=97.107,37

@DP]DP HOEDP

=01.388,82

=>=.>7?,?=

=99.10>,=0

>72.7?9,17

>18.2>

Punlmds bl pnrsdkbl

000.390,>=

0>7.>89,11

083.7?>,>3

038.>77,08

=7>.31

0.937,77

0.?8?,77

=.289,=>

=.09>,31

=.>?=

Oktnrïs mn lb mnumb

0=.0?8,?8

08.228,32

09.?11,8>

0?.323,93

=2.37?

@dstd okmorn`td mnl snrvoòd

13.971,37

07.209,?=

02.8==,3=

00.119,73

0=.333

Mnprnòbòðk mn lds b`tovds

01.220,02

00.923,?9

0>.=7=,?1

09.29>,29

0?.700

Ibstds inknrblns Fbt morn`td vnktb nknriozbktns y b``nsdrods

10.7>3,77

1=.127,?7

1>.=12,=>

18.8?1,>1

13.719

27=.013,77

27?.>==,=7

22>.712,81

217.991,97

218.322

181.031,>0

02?.93?,=2

038.188,?2

=80.208,81

>>2.?7

30.2?=,=8

272.0?8,8=

211.=9=,39

2=8.3=3,17

29=.??

2?.2?3,91

10.0??,11

13.180,=0

00.333,7>

2>?.?3?,0>

2?=.??0,>=

10>.>13,87

131.=77,03

008.>1

099.>9=,38

=87.23=,98

>>>.3=9,>2

888.=8=,3?

9?=.17

38.810,=>

?1.3=3,22

??.>17,7?

278.892,>1

22=.00

1?7.?>2,=2

089.008,8>

=>8.019,=1

>>?.9?0,09

89?.392

1?7.?>2,=2

8>3.133,78

2.22=.82>,=3

2.89=.=73,3=

1.0>=.137

Wualoòmbm

Ofpunstds voinktns Wbid mnl OXB (Mnaotd-@rïmotd Hos`bl) Ofpunstd b lbs trbksb`òdkns Ofpunstd b lbs ^tolombmns HLÊD MN MN @BEB KN KN]D Bfdrtozbòðk HLÊD MN @BEB MNPW^NP MN BFDQ]. Okirnsds Bùfulbmds

-2.032.8=0, 71

-2.032.8=0, 71

Hunktn5 Nlbadrbòðk “Nfprnsb @dkstru`tdrb NW@ WB]OÒD‖

=7.030

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