Gilberto Freyre - Sociologia - Tomo I

 

AEH@MPVN * GPMUPM ZNJENHNAEC EBVPNF]ÁÊN CN MZV]FN FNZ ZM]Z TPEBJËTENZ --------------------   v 

 

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VNKN E /y   MFEÁÊN /  /  ‘MBZEBC JNKN sm gcz snjenhnaec m bên cpmbcs n qÿm å snjenhnaec.

 

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Grmyrm, Aeh`mrtn, 3544-  Znjenhnaec? ebtrnfuáên cn mstufn fns smus prebjëpens, pnr  Aeh`mrtn Aeh`mr tn Trmyrm Trmyrm.. =. =.cc mf mf.. Pen fm Ocbmern Ocbmern,, Mfetnr Mfetnrcc Ons Onsåå Nhyk pen9 @rcsëhec, Ebstetutn Bcjenbch fn Hevrn, 351:. 0v. xxxveee xxxv eee + 17 1700 p. @e`henarcgec 3. Znjenhnaec. E. @rcseh. @rc seh. Ebs Ebstetutn tetutn Bcjenb Bcjenbch ch fn Hevrn, jn jn--  -mf. EE. Vëtuhn.

JJG / ZBMH/A@-1:ZBMH/A@-1:-444: 444:

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HEWPCPEC

ONZÅ NHUKTEN MFEVNPC cprmsmbtc fm

AEH@MPVN GPMUPM

ZNJENHNAEC E EBVPNF]ÁÊN  CN MZV]FN FNZ ZM]Z  TPEBJETENZ * Trmgãjen fm  C b ë s e n   V m e x m e r * 3.® VNKN

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=.c mfeáên, rmvestc m ctuchezcfc pmhn cutnr

PEN FM OCBMEPN 351: 

mk jnbvïben jnk n  

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EBZVEV]VN BCJENBCH FN HEWPN/KMJ

 

C LEZVÚPEC @E@HENAPÃGEJC FM

ZNJENHNAEC 3.c mfeáên Ybtrnfuáên fn Cutnr. 0 vnhs. Pen, 356=.  0  0.c .c mf mfeáê eáênn r m v es t c , c u k mb tcf tc f c m c tu c hehezc zc f c Trmgãjen fm Cbësen Vmexmerc. Trmgãjen fn Cutnr ä 0.c mfeáên. Ebtrnfuáên   fn Cutnr. 0 vnhs. Pen, 35=1. mfeáên, cukmbtcfc  Trmgãjen fn Cutnr ä :.c mfeáên. Trmgãjen fm Cbësen Vmexmerc. Trmgãjen  

fn Cutnr ä 0.c mfeáên. Ebtrnfuáên fn Cutnr. 0 vnhs. Pen, 3570. 6.c mfeáên Trmgãjen fn Cutnr ä :.c mfeáên. Trmgãjen fm Cbësen Vmexmerc. Trmgãjen   fn Cutnr Cu tnr ä 0 c mfeáên. Ebtrnfuáên fn Cutnr. Cutn r. 0 vnhs. P Pen, en, 357 3571. 1. tnfcs pu`hejcfcs pmhc   HEWPCPEC ONZÅ NHUKTEN MFEVNPC  =.c mfeáên mfeá ên Trmgãjen fm Cbësen Vmexmerc. Trmgãjen fn Cutnr ä :.c mfeáên. Trmgãjen   fn Cutnr ä 0.c mfeáên. Ebtrnfuáên fn Cutnr. Trmgãjen fn Cutnr ä =.c  mfeáên. 0 vnhs. Hevrcrec Onså Nhykpen Mfetnrc mk jnbvïben jnk n   EBH/KMJ, Pen-@rcsëhec, 351:.

 

 km knrec  kmkn rec  fm  PN  P N S ] M V V M -T EB V N

 

 BÊn s m   t r c t c   fm n`rc jnbvmbjenbchkmbtm fefãtejc. N mkpmbln  BÊn fn cutnr å jnbsmrvcr-sm bn phcbn fm uk mstufn cbekcfn fm ukc  pmr  pmrspm spmjtev jtevcc pnrv pnVch rvmb mbtu turc rc bnvc bn vc fm cbãhesm m fm eb ebtmr tmrpr prmtc mtcáê áênn `crrnjc, fn L n kmk snjech. pmrspmjtevc tchvmz pnssc'smr fmbnkebcfc  pmhcc ctmbáên  pmh ctmb áên qum p rn rnju jurc rc fmfejc fmf ejcrr cn vãren m cn rmaenbch, rmaen bch, bên pcrc pc rc npö-hn cn ubn m cn ubevmrsch bc jnbjmetucáên snjenhúaejc fn Lnkmk, kcs pcrc jnbtre`uer pcrc ukc kces cutïbtejc ubefcfm m pcrc ukc kces ckphc ubevmrschefcfm bcs ambmrchezcáýms snjenhúaejcs. C Zn jenhnaec  qum vmbln msjrmvmbfn ‖ prnjurn mxphejcr bcqumhc sëbtmsm c smr pu`hejcfc mk @nbb ‖ bên prmtmbfm smr smbên jnkpcblmerc fm mstufcbtms m prngmssnrms fc kctårec? jnkpcblmerc pcrc cqumhcs sucs prmnjupcáýms qum sm mstmbfmrmk chåk fc rntebc pmfcaúaejc, smk pmrtur`ã-hc nu ebtmrrnkpï-hc. Kces? jnkn n`rc uk tcbtn fegmrmbtm fns trctcfns nu fns kc buces jnbvmbjenbchkmbtm ‘jhãssejns‛, fc mspmjechefcfm, å qum ïstm hevrn prmtmbfm smr cjmetn. M å jnkn vmk smbfn jnkprmmbfefn pnr  pmbscfn  pmb scfnrms rms m jembtestcs jembtest cs snjeces, bên sú fc Mu Murn rnpc pc,, fns Mstcfn Mst cfnss ] be be fns, fc Ckårejc Hctebc, fn prúpren Nrembtm.  Bn mstrcbamern mstrcb amern,, fmstcjcr fms tcjcrckck-sm sm pmhc pmh c ambmrns amb mrnsefcf efcfmm jnk qum cjn hlmrck ns fnes prekmerns tnkns fc prekmerc mfeáên fm Znjenhnaec,  cpcrmjefc bn Pen fm Ocbmern, ns Trngmssnrms Pmx Lnppmr (qum, mk crtean fm rmvestc mspmjechezcfc, schembtnu c bmjmssefcfm fm smr c n`rc  `rcsehm  `rc sehmerc erc ekmfec ekm fectck tckmbtm mbtm pu`h pu `hejc ejcfc fc mk hëbauc hëba uc ebahïsc, tch, c smu vmr, c ‘nreaebchefcfm fm jretåren‛ smauefn, jnbgnrkm n jrëtejn, pmhn pre kmern cutnr), Onså Kmfebc Mjlcvcrrëc, Amnrams Aurvetjl, Lmhkut Zjlmhsiy, Omcb Fuveabcuf, Pnamr @cstefm, Aebn Amrkcbe m Grcb jesjn Cychc. N Trngmssnr cebfc‘jnbtre`ueáên kces qum n Trngmssnr Pmx Lnppmr, fmstcjnu Aebn n qumAmrkcbe, hlm pcrmjmu nreaebch‛ pcrc n fmsmbvnhvekmbtn fc tmnrec m fc kmtnfnhnaec snjenhúaejcs, estn å, n knfn bnvn fn prekmern cutnr fmstc Znjenhnaec  msjretc m pu`hejcfc mk hëbauc pnrtuauïsc ebtmbsegejcr m ckphecr n jnbjmetn fm setucjen-  bcheskn,  oã jnrrmbtm mbtrm chaubs fns kces knfmrbns snjeúhnans murnpmus m ckmrejcbns, m ebnvcr qucbtn cn fm ebtmr-rmhcjenbeskn fm kåtnfns. Sucbtn ä cphejcáên fm tch jretåren m tces kåtnfns ebtmr-rmhcjenbcfns c setucáýms jnbjrmtcs, suc nreaebchefcfm oã gne pnstc mk rmhmvn bc Ebahctmrrc pmhn Trng. Csc @reaas, cn smr n prekmern cutnr fnutnrcfn pmhc ]bevmrsefcfm fm Zussmx, bc ]bevmrsefcfm fm

 

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Købstmr (bc quch gne eauchkmbtm jnbscarcfn Fnutnr pmhc Gcjuh fcfm fm Fermetn) m fm knfn mxjmpjenbch pmhc Znr`nbbm, cn jnbsc arã-hn Fnutnr. Tcrc ïssm knfn å qum suaern c jcrcjtmrezcáên fm ‘`crrnjn‛, vescbfn c fegmrmbjeã-hn fn mstretckmbtm Tnesamrch, jcfc mvmzbnskces km jnbvmbán fm mstcrkns, bns mstufns jhãssejn. snjeces, mk fm Znjenhnaec, mk pcrtejuhcr, bukc gcsm phurchestc qum jcrcjtmrezc preb jepchkmbtm c kmtnfnhnaec bmsscs jeïbjecs. Bên lã pcrc c Znjenhnaec uk kåtnfn ÿbejn qum smoc, nu fmvc smr jnbsefmrcfn, n mxjhusevc kmbtm vãhefn9 m sek vãrens kåtnfns, chaubs cpcrmbtmkmbtm ebjnb jeheãvmes m jnbtrcfetúrens. Fnbfm lcvmr, mk jnrrmspnbfïbjec jnk mssc vcremfcfm fm kåtnfns, ukc vcremfcfm, tck`åk, fm tmnrecs sn jenhúaejcs nu fm jretårens snjenhúaejns fm ebtmrprmtcáên fn Lnkmk snjech nu fn Lnkmk snjechkmbtm setucfn.  Bênn å fm cfk  Bê cf k er ercr cr qum qu m tc tchh cjnbtm cjn btmác ác b c Znjenhnaec Znjenhna ec kn knfmr fmrbc. bc. Cjnbtmjmm bc pprúprec Cjnbtmj rúprec Gësejc, qum, qum, reanrnsckmbtm, reanrnsckmbtm, bên å ukc uk c sú, pnråk fucs, smauebfn jcfc ukc n smu kåtnfn, uk fmtmrkebestc, nutrn bên9 kcs, kmskn ctrcvås fmsscs jnbtrcfeáýms, rmchezcbfn ukc n`rc fm mxtrcnrfebãrec ekpnrtàbjec pcrc n Lnkmk fm lnom m pcrc cs sucs rmhcáýms jnk n guturn. Cebfc lã pnujn, fmstcjcvc ehustrm kctmkã tejn, n Fr. Pejlcrf M. @mhhkcb, heacfn ä  P  Pcb cbff Jnrpnrc Jnrpnrctenb, tenb,  fc Jc hegúrbec, caer n gësejn knfmrbn mk smus mstufns fns gmbökmbns gësejns gubfckmbtces, smauebfn nrc c tmnrec m n kåtnfn fm rmhcteve fcfm, nrc c tmnrec m n kåtnfn fm qucbtuk kmjlcbejs?  tmnrecs m kåtnfns qum, pmhc húaej húaejc, c, sên sên køtuckmbtm kø tuckmbtm jnbtrcfetúrens. Mb Mbtrmtcbtn trmtcbtn,, jnkn schembtc n kctmkãtejn @mhhkcb, ‘useba tlm twn tlmnrems  Y . . . . [ wlmrm mcjl cpphems `mst nr eb snkm wmerf jnk`ebctenrts, tlm plyse-   jest lcppy, jlmmrguh wcy. Pctlmr tlcb `healteba ply-   jnk kles pr prnk nkes esms ms lcvm sejs, jnbtebums tlmsm  jn rmsuhtmf eb c ghnwmreba ng Zjembjm ubfrmckt ng eb tlm bebmtmmbtl jmbtury‛. Zên prebjepchkmbtm fïssm jcrãtmr cs jnk`ebcáýms c qum chaubs fm bús, `rcsehmerns, tmkns bns cvmbturcfn mk Znjenhnaec m mk Cb trnpnhnaec? Vces jnk`ebcáýms sên c `csm fn qum bmstc Znjenhnaec  sm mbjnbtrc fm cpnhnaec ‖ cpnhnaec bn smbtefn ebtmhmjtuch m bên bn mknjenbch fc pchcvrc ‖ fm uk phurcheskn snjenhúaejn nu, pmhn kmbns, kmtnfnhúaejn, qum ekpnrtm bn mkprïan nu bc cjmetcáên fm jnbtrcfeáýms.  Bên  B ên pnfm pn fmrec rec fm fmexc excrr fm fmstc fm stcjc jcrr n gc gctn tn fm ver bmstms ÿhtekns ÿhte kns cbns c Znjenhnaec, bns Mstcfns ]befns, m c Znjenhnaec, bc Murnpc Nje fmbtch, cprnxekcbfn-sm jnbsefmrävmhkmbtm ukc fc nutrc9 m jnkn qum tmbfmbfn c gnrkcr ukc tmrjmerc Znjenhnaec jnk mvefmbtms vchörms, fmsmbvnhvefns nu cpmrgmeáncfns pmhns snjeúhnans fm ukc ãrmc, c`snrvefns pmhns fc nutrc, fmpurcbfn-sm. jnk mssc c`snráên, mxjms sns m jnrreaebfn-sm mxjhuseveskns. Vch tmbfïbjec fã bövn cspmjtn,

 

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bc Murnpc, ä nrembtcáên snjenhúaejc fm uk Pmbå Iýbea (Chmkcblc) ä fm uk Kyrfc Kyrfchh (Zuåje (Zuåjec) c) m ä f m u k Grem Gremfkc fkcbb bb nu nu fm uk Ccrnb Ccrnb (Grcbác), pcrc jetcr cpmbcs trïs nu quctrn mxmkphns9 m bns Mstcfns ]befns, ä fm uk Vchjntt Tcrsnbs, ä fm uk Lnwcrf @mjimr, ä fm uk Pn`mrt Kmrtnb, smk bns msqumjmrkns fm lë`refns snjenhúaejns  oã cbteans jnknfmbtrm _bcbemjie _bcbns emjie m Znrnieb, Znrnbcieb,Murnpc. gexcfns gexcf ns bns Mstcf Mst cfns ns ]befns ]be fns99 m vnb Qemsm, gexcfns Ekpnssëvmh fmexcr-sm fm rmjnblmjmr cjmbtucfc tmbfïbjec bn smbtefn fc kmskc jnbouacáên ‖ c murn-ckmrejcbc ‖ mk chaubs cspmjtns fm ‘Znjenhnaec-mk-prngubfefcfm‛, fmsmbvnhvefc mk Tcres  pmhn Trngmss Trn gmssnr nr Amnrams Amnra ms Aurvetj Aur vetjl. l. Sucb Su cbtn tn c mxmkphns mspmjëgejns fm jnkn sm vïk vmregejcbfn jmrtcs c`snráýms ‖ ctevckmbtm m bên pcs sevckmbtm ‖ bmbluk kces mxprmssevn qum n fmsmbvnhvekmbtn, pnr snjeúhnans fns Mstcfns ]befns, fn jnbjmetn amrkàbejn (Kcx Qm `mr)  `m r) fm ‘tepn ‘tep n efmch‛ efm ch‛ mk ‘jnbstrujtmf ëypm‛  (Lnwcrf @mjimr), mk qum sm prnjurc fcr cn jnbjmetn ukc ‘prn`c`ehefcfm n`omtevc‛ jc rcjtmrëstejckmbtm cbahn-ckmrejcbc. Vch fmsmbvnhvekmbtn mstã heacfn c töfc ukc gmjubfc m jnkphmxc rmebtmrprmtcáên tnrbcfc pnssëvmh, nu sekphmskmbtm cjmhmrcfc, pmhc jrmsjmbtm cprnxekcáên mbtrm fnes tepns fm Znjenhnaec ‖ n fmsmbvnhvefn prebjepchkmbtm bc Murnpc m n fmsmbvnhvefn prebjepchkmbtm bns Mstcfns ]befns ‖ fc jlckcfc ‘vmrstmlmb‛,  smaubfn c quch bên lã, tchvmz, mbtrm ns snjeúhnans kn fmrbns fm quchqumr pcës qumk fmexm fm rmjnblmjmr bc rmchefcfm lukcbn-snjech ukc rmchefcfm ä pcrtm fc purckmbtm ‘bcturch‛, jnb sefmrcfc pmhcs jeïbjecs jlckcfcs ‘bcturces‛. Kcs ukc rmchefcfm lukcbn-snjech susjmtëvmh, sm bên tntchkmbtm, mk arcbfm pcrtm, fm cbãhesm jembtëgejc, mk`nrc ns kåtnfns fmssc cbãhesm fmvck smr prú  prens fcs jeïbjecs fn Lnkm Ln kmk k m fcs jeïbjecs jlckc jlc kcfcs fcs ‘snjeces‛ ‘sn jeces‛ 9 m bên eketcáên nu crrmkïfn fns kåtnfns mkprmacfns bcqumhcs jeïbjecs? cs ‘bcturces‛. Fcë kcenr jnbmxên, bns fmsmbvnhvekmbtns kces rmjmbtms fc Znjenhnaec, qumr bc Murnpc, qumr bns Mstcfns ]befns, mbtrm n qum fnes ehustrms mstufensns cbahn-ckmrejcbns fn cssubtn,lãnspnujn Trngmssnrms Onsmpl @. Aetthmr m Mrbmst Kcbblmek ‖ jlckcrck ‘tlmn-  rmtejch systmks  Y . . . . [ hmss scbauebm‛  qum ns cbteans m ‘mkperejch  cpphejctenre―.  Jnbmxên pcrc c quch mstufns snjenhúaejns ms`nácfns bn @rcseh fmsfm c fåjcfc :4-64 penbmerckmbtm sm ebjhebcrck fmbtrn fm heketms, å jhcrn, knfmstëssekns9 m jnk pnujc rmpmrjussên, bc qumhms fecs m ctå cebfc lnom bn mstrcbamern. Kcs bmk pnr essn tmrên sefn mstufns msjretns cpmbcs jnk ãauc. Kces fec, kmbns fec, n penbmereskn fm tces mstufns, cebfc qum knfmstn, tmrã rmjnblmjefn jnkn  oã jnkmác jnkm ác c smr rmjnb rmj nblmj lmjefc efc suc cbtmjepc cbtm jepcáên áên c tmbf tmbfïbj ïbjecs, ecs, lnom treubgcbtms mk chaubs kmens, qucbtn ä phurchefcfm fm kåtnfns, smk  prmouëzn  prmo uëzn fc ubefcf ube fcfmm fm n`omtevns. n`omt evns. Ebnvc Ebn vcáê áênn smauefc smau efc jnk bên bê n pm-

 

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qumbc nuscfec, mk trc`chlns mk hëbauc pnrtuauïsc, oã rmkntns9 m qum mstc Znjenhnaec,  jnkn tmbtctevc fm ebtrnfuáên cn mstufn sestm kãtejn fns prebjëpens snjenhúaejns ‖ prebjëpens bn smu smbtefn hctn mcnsbênqum bn sm mstretn ‖ fmsfmbcc suc prekmercmkpërejc‛ mfeáên, vmk mkpmblmk ‘cphejcáên fm rmjnkmbfcbfn ‘sestmkcs tmú rejns‛. Zn` eauch jretåren mstã smbfn mhc`nrcfc c oã rmgmrefc ebtrn fuáên cn mstufn fm ‘kåtnfns snjenhúaejns‛, mk jnbtebucáên ä prm smbtm ebtrnfuáên cns ‘prebjëpens‛. Fmstcqum-sm qum fmsfm c pu`hejcáên fc smaubfc mfeáên fmstc Znjenhnaec  tmk sefn jnbsefmrãvmh c prnfuáên fm trc`chlns rmhctevns cn mstufn fns prebjëpens snjenhúaejns m cn fmsmbvnhvekmbtn nu cpmr gmeánckmbtn fc sestmkãtejc snjenhúaejc. Ekpnssëvmh fmexcrkns fm fmstcjcr cque n msgnrán, bns ÿhtekns fmz cbns, fn Trngmssnr Lmr`mrt @hukmr (‘Qlct es Qrnba wetl Znjech Vlmnry>‛,  Ck  Ckmr mrej ejcb cb ZnjenZnj en-   hnaejch Pmvemw,  vnh. 35, 35=6), bn smbtefn fm sm fmsmbvnhvmrmk, mk Znjenhnaec, ‘smbsetezeba jnbjmpts‛,  estn å, ‘c ambmrch smbsm ng rmgm-  rmbjm cbf auefcbjm eb cpprncjleba mkperejch ebstcbjms‛.  Vces jnb jmetns, smk sm cprmsmbtcrmk jnk n reanr fm ‘kctlmkctejch jnbs-  trumts‛  fns ‘fmgebetevm jnbjmpts‛  ‖ c smrmk ctebaefns c smu tmkpn  ‖ bubj bu bjcc prmje prm jepet petcf cfck ckmb mbtm tm ‖ nremb nre mbtcr tcrec eck k n n`smr n` smrvcf vcfnr nr snjenhú snjenh ú aejn qucbtn cn qum gössm seabegejctevn pcrc prnpúsetns fm cbãhesm  cssnjecfns cns fm tmnrec.  Cssek nrembtcfn, n n`smrvcfnr snjenhúaejn  prnjmf  prn jmfmre mrecc mk smu tr trct ctnn jnk n`omtns n`o mtns snjeces jnb jnbjrm jrmtns tns,, jnbs jnbsefm efm rcbfn-ns n`omtns snjeces jnbjrmtns smk sm prmjepetcr mk jnbsefmrã-hns prnfutns oã c`strctns. Kmrmjmfnr fc kmhlnr ctmbáên fns snjeúhnans knfmrbns å tck  `åk n rmjmbtm rmjm btm trc`c trc `chl Trngm Tr ngmss ssnr nr Ch Chgrm grmff Onu Zjlutz ‘Jnbj nbjmp mpt t cbf Vlmnry Gnrkctenb ebhlnntlmfnZnjech Zjembjms‛,  Onurbc rbchh (n‘J g Tlehnsnp Tlehn snply, ly,  vnh. =3, 35=6), mk qum c jnblmjefc tmnrec fm Kcx Qm`mr, smaubfn c quch bên sm cphejcreck äs Jeïbjecs Znjeces kåtnfns fcs Jeïbjecs  Bct  B ctur urce cess å rmc`e rmc `ehet hetcf cfc, c, sö`rm sö` rm mstc `csm `c sm?? c fm smr pnssëvmh cn n` n`sm smr r vcfnr snjenhúaejn mxpmrembjecr   ‖ pcrc mkprmacr-sm uk bmnhnaes kn ‖ c cáên fm smu smkmhlcbtm, mk tïrkns fm kntevns m fm n`om tevns. C vmr vmrfcf fcfmm å qum, bns ÿhtekns cbns tmk sm ebtmbsegejcfn, mk Znjenhnaec, n jnbghetn ‖ jnbghetn, å jnkn ns Trngmssnrms Onsmpl @. Aetthmr m Mrbmst Kcbblmek jhcssegejck ïssm mk`ctm bn smu mxjmhmbtm ‘Znjenhnaejch Vlmnry‛ (Pmvemw ng Znjenhnay,  nracbezcfc pnr Onsmpl @. Bnvc Enrqu En rqum, m, 35= 35=1) 1) ‖ pnsetevest pnsetevestcs, cs, bmnpnset bmnpnsetevesevestcs,Aetthmr, mkperejestcs, npmrcjenbestcs, fm mbtrm uk hcfn, m lukcbestcs, gmbnkmbnhnaestcs, ebtuejenbestcs, mkpctejestcs, fn nutrn, jnk ns ÿhtekns jnkn qum rmgnrácfns mk suc pnseáên pnr ukc vesên gehnsúgejc fn Lnkmk m fn ]bevmrsn, cpnecfc bns prúprens cvcbáns kces rmjmbtms fc Gësejc9 m smaubfn c quch n kubfn snjech smrec tên fmsjnbtëbun mk rmhcáên jnk ns phcbns kces `cexns fc bcturmzc qum smrec ekpns

 

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sëvmh ukc húaejc jnkuk c tnfns ns phcbns, jnkn sm gössmk jnb tëbuns. Fcë oustegejcr-sm, smaubfn ïhms, mk Znjenhnaec, n mkprïan fm jàbnbms fm vchefcfm m fm ebtmheae`ehefcfm, rcfejchkmbtm fegmrmbtms fns mkprmacfns bcs Jeïbjecs Bcturces. Tcrc mstc ctetufm ‖ huje fckmbtm mxpnstc mk pu`hejcfn mk 35=0 pmhn Trngmssnr G. Z. Lcymi, ebtetuhcfn Vlmhevrn Jnubtmr Pmvnhutenb ng Zjembjm   ‖ sm ebjhebc, fmsfm c suc prekmerc mfeáên, mstc Znjenhnaec.  Å cssubtn, pnråk, c qum sm fmfejcrã kcenr ctmbáên bc pcrtm fmstc Znjenhnaec jnbscarcfc cn mstufn fm kåtnfns9 m cebfc mk mhc`nrcáên. Zmrên mbtên jnbse fmrcfns tck`åk ns rmjmbtms trc`chlns sö`rm n cssubtn fm Amnrams Aurvetjl, Ghnrecb _bcbemjie, Vlmhkc _. Hcvebm, Pn`mrt Pmfgemhf. Fïstm sm schembtm qum gne qumk kces mbgãtejckmbtm prnjurnu vchn rezcr, bns ÿhtekns cbns, jnbtrc n jembtegejeskn fns pnsetevestcs, bmn pnsetevestcs m npmrcj npmrcjenbes enbestcs, tcs, mk Znjenhnaec, Znjenhnaec, n jlc jlckcf kcfnn ‘vmrstmlmb‛  m n prúpren ebsealt,  mxtmbsevn äs fmkces Jeïbjecs Znjeces, hmk`rcbfn bên tmrmk sefn n`rcs ‘gnrkchkmbtm jembtëgejcs‛ cs fm Vnjqumvehhm, Zukkmr m Wm`hmb, qum, mbtrmtcbtn, bên fmexcrck fm sm jnbstetuer mk jhãssejns snjenhúaejns fm ekpnrtàbjec `ãsejc pcrc ns knfmrbns mstufns snjeces. Pmpetc-sm qum kmrmjmk smr pnstns mk rmhïvn ns msgnráns fm smbvnhvefns bns ÿhtekns cbns, bn smbtefn fm ukc ebtmrpmbìtrcáên mk Znjenhnaec, fm eskns  cpcrmbtmkmbtm ebjnbjeheãvmes. Zn`rmtufn qucbtn ä ‘jnbtëbuc rmjeprnjefcfm‛ mbtrm tmnrec (‘vec`hm snjenhnaejch  ëlmnry‛)   m pmsquesc (‘pmrtebmbt rmsmcrjl‛),  c qum sm rmgmrm n Trn gmssnr Pn`mrt Kmrtnb, fc ]bevmrsefcfm fm Jnhÿk`ec. Ä snk`rc fmssc ebtmrpmbmtrcáên å qum vïk sm fmsmbvnhvmbfn, nu cfquerebfn sestmkãtejc kces veanrnsc, snjenhnaëcs mspmjeces jnkn c Znjenhnaec fc Pmheaeên, c Znjenhnaec fc Wefc Purch, c Znjenhnaec fc Crtm, c Znjenhnaec fc Kmfejebc, c Znjenhnaec qum snjeúhnans grcbjmsms, ä `csm fn msgnrán qum sm vmk fmsmbvnhvmbfn bn @rcseh, jhcssegejck oã fm Znjenhnaec fn Vmkpn. Znjenhnaëcs mspmjeces qum vïk tmbfn, mbtrm ns snjeúhnans `rcsehmerns, qumk prnjurm penbmerc kmbtm fmsmbvnhvï-hcs nu utehezã-hcs smbên bc cbãhesm, mk tmbtctevcs fm jcrcjtmrezcáên lepntåtejc, mxpmrekmbtch, fm setucáýms murn-trnpejces, mk amrch, nu `rcsehmercs, mk pcrtejuhcr. Zetucáýms tchvmz efmces  pcrc  pc rc mstufns mk qum sm prnjmssm prnjm ssm n ‘jn-fmvmhnpkmbt ng vec`hm snjen hnaejch tlmnry cbf pmrtebmbt tlmnry‛  (Pn`mrt Kmrtnb), suamrefn  pmhn cutn cu tnrr fm Znjech Vlmnry cbf Znjech .Ztrujturm  mk smu ‘Vlm @mcreba ng Mkperejch Pmsmcrjl upnb tlm Fmvmhnpkmbt ng Znjenhnaejch Vlmnry‛, pu`hejcfn bn vnh. 3:, fc  Ck  Ckmre mrejc jcbb Znjenhnaejch Pm Pmveå veåw. w.  Bnutr  Bn utrns ns trc`chln trc` chlns, s, cncrmjef cnc rmjefns ns bns ÿhtekns ÿhtekn s cbns m rmhc rmhcjen jen bcfns jnk c rmjeprnjefcfm tmnrec‖pmsquesc m jnk n mk`ctm mbtrm bmnpnseteveskn m vmrstmlmb, smr mbjnbtrcfcs suamstýms vchenscs sö`rm ns kces rmjmbtms"   pnfmk fmsmbvnhvekmbtns mk Znjenhnaec,

 

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juon hctek jnbtebuc c smr ‖ bên pcssm smk rmaestrn ïstm pnrkmbnr snjenhnaejckmbtm seabegejctevn ‖ c hëbauc ebahïsc, mbqucbtn c russc, tên revch fc ebahïsc mk cssubtns fm Jeïbjecs Bcturces, å qucsm hëb auc knrtc, jnk rmhcáên cn ebahïs, cn grcbjïs, cn chmkên, mk cssub snjenhúaejns. tces trc`chlns? Znjech Zystmk, Vnwcrf  ctnsAmbmrch VlmnryMbtrm ng Cmtenb   m Msscys Vlm eb Znjenhnaejch Vlmnry   (sm  aubfc mfeáên), fm Vchjntt Tcrsnbs, Vlrnual Wchÿms tn Znjech Ebtmr-   prmtctenb,   fm Lnwcrf @mjimr, Wmrs ubm Znjenhnaem Feggårmbtemhhm,  fm Amnrams Aurvetjl (sn` juoc fermáên vmk sm pu`hejcbfn mk Tcres ukc sukc snjenhúaejc grcbjmsc? Vrcetå fm Znjenhnaem), Kc-   tlmkctejch Vlebieba eb tlm Znjech Zjembjms,  fm Tcuh Hczcrsgmhf, Ms scys nb tlm Znjenhnay ng Juhturm,   fm Icrh Kcbblmek,  Ebt  Ebtrnf rnfujt ujtenb enb   cux Zjembjms Lukcebms,  fm A. Ausfnrg, Znjenhnaejch Vlmnry,  fm  Bejlnhcs Z. Vekcslmgg, Vekcs lmgg, Juhturch Zjembjms, fm Ghnrecb _bcbemjie, Tmb-  såm Gnrkchhm mt Zjembjm fm h―Lnkkm,  fm A. J. Arcbamr,  H ―Ebv Ebvmst mstee-  actenb Zjembtegequm fms Gcets f―Cjtevetå Lukcebm cvmj Cpphejctenbs   cux Zjembjms mt Vmjlbequms Znjechms,  fm A. Lnstmhmt, Vlm Bcturm  cbf Vypms ng Znjenhnaejch Vlmnry,  fm Fnb Kcrtebfchm, Mvefmbjm  cbf Ebgmrmbjm  (nracbezcfn pnr Fcbemh Hmrbmr), Wchum eb Znjech  Vlmnry,  fm Aubbcr Kyrfch, Nrts `mstekkuba fmr fmutsjlmb Zn-   zenhnaem,  fm Lmhkut Zjlmhsiy,  Ekc  Ekcams ams n g Kc Kcb, b,   fm Kehhs J. Qrealt, Tlehnsnplem ubf Znzenhnaem,  fm Hmnpnhf vnb Qemsm, Vlm Hnaej ng   Znjech Mbquery,  fm Sumbteb Ae`snb, Vlm Nracbezctenb Kcb,  fm Qehheck L. Qlytm, Vlm Hnbmhy Jrnwf,  fm Fcvef Pemskcb, Bctlcb Ahczmr m Pmvmh Fmbby, Vnwcrf c Zjembjm ng Kcb eb Znjemty,   fm I. Qehheck Icpp, Znjech Zystmks,  fm Jlcrhms T. Hnnkes. Mk hëbauc pnrtuauïsc mbjnbtrck-sm, jnk rmhcáên cn cssubtn  ‖ rmjepr rmj eprnje njefcf fcfmm tmnrec‖ tmnr ec‖ pmsquesc pmsq uesc mk Znjenhnaec ‖ chaubs chau bs trc` tr c`c c hlns rmjmbtms, kmrmjmfnrms fm ctmbáên jnkn, fmbtrm nutrns, ns fm Kãren Hebs, Femaums Oÿbenr, @cstns fm Ãvehc m Aumrrmern Pckns (Pen), Ghnrmstcb Gmrbcbfms m Grmetcs Kcrjnbfms (Zên Tcuhn), Kc jlcfn Bmtn (Zchvcfnr), H. Kmfmerns m Jchfmrúb @mhtrên (Tnrtn Chmarm), Jhãufen Znutn, Pmbctn Jckpns, Pn`mrtn Kntc m Tmssnc fm Knrces (Pmjegm). Cn cpcrmjmr mstc Znjenhnaec  mk suc tmrjmerc mfeáên, rmcheznu-sm mk Zên Grcbjesjn (Mstcfns ]befns), ekpnrtcbtm sekpúsen rmhcjen bcfn jnk n prn`hmkc fcs fucs rmjeprnjefcfms ‖ tmnrec‖pmsquesc m Jeïbjec Bcturch m Jeïbjec juhturch ‖ mk törbn fn mstufn fn Lnkmk m fcs sucs jevehezcáýms, prnknvefn pmhc Gcjuhfcfm fm Km fejebc fc ]bevmrsefcfm fc Jchegúrbec, m jnk c pcrtejepcáên fm kå fejns-cbtrnpúhnans jnkn Zcubfmrs (Msjújec), Chmxcbfmr Zekúb (Mstcfns ]befns), Hmnb O. Mbstmeb (Mstcfns ]befns), fn snjeú hnan mspmjechezcfn mk Znjenhnaec fcHcbjmt Kmfejebc Pn`mrt Kmrtnb (Ms tcfns ]befns), fn kåfejn-gehúsngn Lna`mb (Ebahctmrrc), fn

 

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 `eú hnan-luk  `eúhnan -lukcbes cbestc tc Chfnus Chf nus Luxhm Lu xhmyy (Eb (E b a hc hctm tmrr rrc) c).. Pmcheznu-sm Pmchez nu-sm nutrn nu trn,, bc Zuëác, ä `merc fn Jnkn, mk tnrbn fm prn`hmkcs fc ‘snjemfcfm lukcbc tntch‛ jnbsefmrcfc ctrcvås fcqumhcs kmskcs rmjeprnjefcfms m jnk c pcrtejepcáên bên sú fm snjeúhnans-pmsquescfnrms jnkn Kcx Lnrilmekmr, Lnrilme kmr, fc ]bevmrsefcfm ]bevmrsefcfm fm Grcbi Grcbigurt gurt (Chm (Chmk k cblc), cbl c), m I. H. Knbtwcbe, fc ]bevmrsefcfm fm Oc`chpur (Ëbfec), jnkn fm gehúsngns fc Cbtrnpnhnaec jnkn Lmrkcbb Qmeb, fm Anttebamb (Chmkcblc), m Mfkubf Ztebbms, fc Csjnvc (Zuëác)..Tcrc ck`ns, n cutnr fmstc Znjenhnaec  ‖ qum cjc`c fm pcrtejepcr, pmhc smaubfc vmz, fm ebtm rmsscbtëssekn mbjnbtrn bc Chmkcblc Njefmbtch (Købstmr, @mrhek Nmstm, Lmefmh`mra) fm snjeúhnans fn kubfn lespàbejn (Mjlcvcrrëc, Cychc, Pmjcssmb, Tnvebc) jnk snjeúhnans fn kubfn amrkàbejn (Lcbs (Lc bs Grmymr, Zjlmhsi Zjlmhsiy, y, @mrmb @mrmbft) ft) ‖ tmvm c lnbrc ln brc fm smr jnbve fcfn, jmrtckmbtm fmvefn ä suc jnbfeáên fm lë`refn fns fnes eskns  ‖ n mkperesk mkpereskn, n, n mkpctes mkp cteskn kn ‖ m fcs fucs Znjenhnaëcs? c jembtëgejc m c gehnsúgejc nu lukcbëstejc. N qum pcrmjm ebfejcr smr jcfc fec kces cjmbtucfc c tmbfïbjec pcrc ns fnes eskns  m pcrc cs fucs Znjenhnaëcs sm ebtmrpmbmtrcrmk. C mstc chturc, pcrmjm cn prekmern cutnr fmstc Znjenhnaec   hëjetn rmjnrfcr qum, mk 35=7, bn smkebãren mk tökn fcs sucs efåecs m fns smus kåtnfns qum sm rmcheznu, bn Jcstmhn fm Jmresy, bc Grcbác,  pnrr ebejectevc  pn ebejectev c grcbjms grcb jmscc m jnk c prmsmb pr msmbác ác fm chaubs fns kmhlnrms kmhl nrms  pmbscfnr  pmbs cfnrms ms m snjeúhnans f c Znr`nbb Znr `nbbm, m, mspmjechezcfns bn mstufn mstu fn fc rmjeprnjefcfm jeïbjec‖lukcbeskn .‖ Amnrams Aurvetjl, Anulemr, Pnamr @cstefm, @nurfúb, Fuveabcuf, chåk fm B. Znk`crt m Vrc  pmrn  pm rn ‖ , gne-hlm ctre` ctr e`uëf uëfcc c jnbfeá jnb feáên ên fm lukc lu kcbes bestc‖ tc‖ jembtëgejn9 l u  kcbestc‖jembtëgejn fm nrembtcáên ebjhebcfc cbtms pcrc c ebtmr  prmtc  prm tcáê áênn mxestmbjec mxestmbjechh fn Lnk Ln k mk m fc Wefc We fc snjenjuhtu snjen juhturces rces fn qum  p  pcr c c gehnsngec jhãssejc. fc EstnLestúrec fmvefn mc fn smrLnkmk, ukc uk c snjenhnaec, ukc uk csmbfn cbtrnpn cbtr npnhna hnaec ec m crc ukc cs qum vïk ms`nác fcs lã oã hnbans cbns bns smus trc`chlns, fm tch knfn heacfns c setucáýms jnbjrmtcs fm mxestïbjec nu fm vevïbjec qum rmpmhmk c`s trcáýms prmkcturcs fm gmeten ‘jhãssejn‛, pcrc sm mxprekermk jnk chaukc fmsmbvnhturc fmbtrn ‘fcs fucs arcbfms jnnrfmbcfcs‛ qum, smaubfn Hujemb Gm`vrm ‖ c qumk fmvm n cutnr fmstc Znjenhnaec  ambmrnsn prmgãjen ä mfeáên grcbjmsc fm uk fns smus mbscens ‖ ‘jnbfejenbck töfc ctevefcfm lukcbc‛9 m qum smreck ‘n mspcán m n tmkpn‛. Zmrec cssek uk lukcbeskn, n fn cutnr fm Znjenhnaec  qum sm jnbjehecrec jnk n jcrctmrezcfn jnkn mxestmbjech pnr Jcrhns Cstrcfc  H c Pmvn Pm vnhuj hujeú eúbb Mxestmbjechestc Mxestmb jechestc99 m qum mk vmz fm sm mxtcsecr fecbtm mk  Hc fcs gnbtms ‘jhãssejcs‛, estn å, armjn-rnkcbcs fm ebtmrprmtcáên fn Lnkmk m fc suc vefc snjenjuhturch, jnkn sm gössmk gnbtms suge jembtms nu jnkphmtcs fm ebtmrprmtcáên fm ukc rmchefcfm qum jcfc

 

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fec sm rmvmhc kces jnkphmxc mk sucs nreambs m mk sucs mxprmssýms,  prnn jurc  pr ju rc jnbsef jnb sefmrcr mrcr Lnkmk Lnk mk m Wefc We fc mk suc jnkphmxef jnkph mxefcfm. cfm. Bn jcsn fn Lnkmk m fc vefc snjenjuhturch fn @rcseh, jnbsefmrcbfn prebje  pchkmbtm,  pchk mbtm, cn hcfn hcf n fcs gnbtms gnb tms jhãssejcs, cs gnbtms gnb tms smketcs, ckmrëbfecs ckmrëb fecs m cgrejcbcs fm uk bnvn jnboubtn fm setucáýms jnbjrmtcs qum pcrc suc cbãhesm m suc ebtmrprmtcáên mxeamk jnk`ebcáýms fm kåtnfns, fespmbsãvmes, chaukcs fmhcs, bc cbãhesm m bc ebtmrprmtcáên fm se tucáýms kces prúxekcs fcs jlckcfcs jhãssejcs9 nutrcs, pnrvmbturc utehezãvmes ‖ pnr trcbsgmrïbjec ‖ bc cbãhesm'm bc ebtmrprmtcáên fmsscs prúprecs setucáýms jhãssejcs. Å n qum vïk suamrebfn jrëtejns grcbjmsms fns trc`chlns fn prekmern cutnr fmstc Znjenhnaec,  jnkn Pnhcbf @crtlms m Omcb Fuveabcuf, m, mk hevrn rmjmbtm, n cutnrezcfn Pnamr @cstefm, mk smu  C  Cbtl btlrn rnpn pnhna hnaem em Cpph Cp pheq equå uåm, m,   pým mk rmhïvn c jnbjmpáên snjenhúaejckmbtm setucjenbch fn lnkmk setucfn bn trú  pejn ‖ m kesjeambcfn kesjea mbcfn ‖ fn prekm pr ekmern ern cutnr cu tnr,, cjmb cj mbtu tucb cbfn fn n qum hlm pcrmjm smr suc ekpnrtàbjec bn kubfn ctuch m pcrc n guturn lukcbn. C rmnrembtcáên fc Znjenhnaec, bns bnssns fecs, bn smbtefn fm  p  prn rnju jurc rcrr n snjeúhnan rmspn rms pnbf bfmr mr c pmrau pmr aubtc btcss qum, jnbgnrk jnb gnrkmm schemb tcvc mk mbscen rmjmbtëssekn n Trngmssnr Fmbbes L. Qrnba (‘Vlm Nvmrsnjechezmf Jnbjmptenb ng Kcb eb Knfmrb Znjenhnay‛,  C  Ckm kmrej rejcb cb   Znjenhnaejch Pmvemw,  vnh. 07, b.´ 0) sên ‘mxestmbjeces tcbtn qucbtn ebtmhmjtuces‛ å ukc rmnrembtcáên qum gne prmjmfefc pnr cvcbáns  penbmerns  penb merns fm jcrã jc rãtm tmrr mxestmbjech mxestm bjech mk chaubs pcësms? pcësm s? ebjhusevm bn @rcseh nbfm, pnr estn kmskn, lnuvm, mk åpnjc bên fm tnfn rmkntc, sn jeúhnans jnk chaukc jnesc fm ëcf-úhnans mk smu knfn fm ctre`uë rmk ekpnrtàbjec cns jlckcfns ‘ebstebtns‛ fn Lnkmk, qum ns sn jeúhnans kces jnbvmbjenbchkmbtm cbahn-ckmrejcbns bc suc kcbmerc fm smr snjeúhnans estn plãn r jïrjc fm ,vebtm cbns  ‖ fm sm fmexcr fme xcrmk mkcjuscrck fmssnjenhnaezcr, fmssnjenhn‖aezcr, uk hcfn, hcfn pmhc pm hc mprmn prjebjn mnjup jupcáê cáênn jnk prn`hmkcs ambåtejns m ctå lestúrejns, fm nreambs, trctcbfn-sm fm mstufns mspmjegejckmbtm jnbjmbtrcfns bc cbãhesm nu bc ebtmr  prmtc  pr mtcáên áên fm uk tepn tep n rmaenbch, fm Znjemfcfm, Znjemfc fm, nu bcjenb bc jenbch, ch, fm Lnkmk Lnk mk Znjech9 pnr nutrn hcfn, pmhc prmnjupcáên jnk n mstufn fc cáên fm ‘ebstebtns‛ ‖ n smxuch, prebjepchkmbtm ‖ snjech m lestnrejckmbtm jnbfejenbcfns, sö`rm n kmskn tepn fm Znjemfcfm nu fm Lnkmk. Tcrc n Trngmssnr Qrnba jnbvåk ä Znjenhnaec rmnrembtcr-sm tcbtn bn smbtefn ambåtejn nu lestnrejestc ‖ fmsfm qum ns prn`hmkcs jnk qum n snjeúhnan hefc sên smkprm rmhcjenbcfns jnk ““rmcheëems ne  c pcrtejuhcr lestnrejch setuctenb‛,  jnkprmmbfmbfn-sm cssek c ctuche zcáên fn lestnrejeskn snjenhúaejn fm Kcx Qm`mr pnr snjeúhnans fm lnom jnkn n Trngmssnr J. Qrealt Kehhs (Vlm Znjenhnaejch Ekcaebc-  tenb)  m n Trngmssnr @crrebmtnb Knnrm (Tnhetejch Tnwmr cbf Znjech  psejnhúaejn nu bn psejnssnjech psejnssnjech99 m smaubfn n quch Vlmnry) ‖ jnkn bn psejnhúaejn

 

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n Lnkjk, n`omtn fm mstufn snjenhúaejn, bên smrec fm knfn chauk cpmbcs n " stctus-smmimr‛ qum veblck qumrmbfn gczmr fåhm bukmrnsns snjeúhnans fns jlckcfns ‘húaejn-mkpërejns‛, ä görác fm cjukuhc rmk vcstn kctmrech mkpërejn sn`rm n ‘rnhm-phcyeba‛  fn kmskn ‘stc-  tus-smmimr‛.  Tcrc n Trngmssnr Qrnba å tmkpn fm ctre`uer-sm ekpnr tàbjec cns nutrnrc jlckcfns ‘ebstebtns‛ ‖ n smxuch, mbtrm mhms ‖ bc ebtmrprmtcáên fcs qum, rmhcáýms mbtrm, cs chtmrbck tmbfïbjecs c jnbgnr kefcfm m c rm`mheên fm nrfebãren, bcspcrc rmhcáýms mbtrm n Lnkmk m c nrfmk snjech c qum pmrtmbác. Estn pnrqum lã bn Ln kmk görács qum rmsestmk pmrsestmbtmkmbtm ä snjechezcáên, tnrbcbfn bmjmssãren festebauer-sm bïhm, mk Znjenhnaec ‖ jnk n cuxëhen, bmstm  pnbtn  pn btn,, fns psejúhnans ‖ n qum å snjechezcfn snjec hezcfn fn qum å snjech. Kces? tnrbcbfn bmjmssãren rmjnblmjmr-sm bcqumhcs görács ‖ bmstm pnbtn, jnk n cuxëhen fns prúprens psejcbchestcs qum vïk fmsmbvnhvmbfn cs tmnrecs fm Grmuf m fm Ouba jnk uk jretåren jrmsjmbtmkmbtm cprnxe kcfn fn psejnssnjech nu fn psejnjuhturch (vmoc-sm sö`rm n cssubtn n hevrn nracbezcfn pnr @mbockëb Bmhsnb, Tsyjlncbchyses cbf tlm  Guturm,  Bnvc Enrqum, 35=1) ‖ c suc jcpcjefcfm fm rmsestïbjec c bnrkcs, m c vchnrms pcrtejuhcrms fm juhturcs tck`åk pcrtejuhcrms. Mssc rmsestïbjec ‖ rm`mheên, pmrvmrsên, fegmrmbjecáên ‖ sm jnbste tuerec mk vcreãvmes psejnhúaejcs jnk rmhcáên c görács ebstetujenbces m lestúrejcs juon fnkëben c`snhutn tmk sefn pnr mhcs jnkprnkmtefn mk bukmrnsns jcsns9 m bnutrns, pcrcfnxchkmbtm gcvnrmjefn, fmpnes fm jnkprnkmtefn. Bn @rcseh, n ‘ebstebtn‛ smxuch gcvnrmjefn, bn  prekmern  prekm ern såjuhn jnhnbech jnhn bech pmhn gãjeh fnkëben fnkëb en fn murnpm mur npmuu sö`rm sö` rm ku ku  hlmrms fm jör rmsuhtnu mk fms`rcacfc ebjnbgnrkefcfm fïssm ebfevë fun fm rcác snjenhnaejckmbtm supmrenr, fm jhcssm chtc m fm smxn kcsjuhebn jnk c knbnackec jnbscarcfc pmhc juhturc, prmfnke bcbtmkmbtm scarcfc ‖ nu rmheaensc ‖ trczefc ä Ckårejc pmhn kmskn murnpmu. Kcs cjc`nu pnr gcvnrmjmr n fmsmbvnhvekmbtn fm ebstetueáên kces ckphc ‖ c Gckëhec Tctrecrjch ‖ juoc ebghuïbjec sm tnrbcrec c prebjepch ebghuïbjec lestúrejc bc fmgebeáên fm uk bnvn tepn fm Lnkmk snjech m fm jevehezcáên snjenhnaejckmbtm jrestê bc  pc rtm Kcs  pcrtm pnrtuau pnr tuauïsc fc Ckårejc. bmkïsccquïhm fmsmbvnhvekmbtn ebstetujenbch bmk ïssm fm smbvnhvekmbtn lestúrejn bns fmvmk gczmr pmrfmr fm vestc, bn jcsn fm uk tepn fm Lnkmk snjech m fm bövn tepn fm juhturc snjenhnae jckmbtm jrestê qum pnssck smr jcrcjtmrezcfns jnkn `rcsehmerns n gctn, cbtrnpnhúaejckmbtm m psejnhnaejckmbtm ekpnrtcbtm, fm tmrmk, mk arcbfm pcrtm, sm fmgebefn, cquïhm tepn fm Lnkmk m cquïhm tepn fm juhturc, ctrcvås fm uk prnjmssn `enhúaejn? n fc kesjeambcáên. N qum, smbfn mxctn, bns ebjhebc c jnbjnrfcr jnk n Trngmssnr Qrnba m prebjepchkmbtm jnk n Trngmssnr Qmstnb Hc @crrm (Vlm Lukcb   Cbekc  Cb ekch,h,  Jlejcan, 35=6) ‖ cheãs, jetcfn pnr Qrnba ‖ mk qum fc

 

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lestúrec snjech fn Lnkmk ‖ nu fm uk tepn fm Lnkmk ‖ å ebsm  pcrãvm  pcr ãvmhh suc les lestúr túrec ec `enhúaejc. Tcrc qum sm rmjnblmác c ekpnrtàbjec fmssc ebtmr-rmhcáên bên å bmjmssãren qum sm cfketc c suprmkcjec fn `enhúaejn ‖ nu fn  psejnhúaejnn ‖ sö`  psejnhúaej sö`rm rm n snjenhúaejn. Fm k nf nfnn chauk. N qu qumm sm rm rm jnblmjm å c ekpnrtàbjec fm ukc ebtmr-rmhcáên qum, smbfn snjenhn aejckmbtm febàkejc tcbtn bn tmkpn jnkn bn mspcán, tmk tck`åk c suc febàkejc psejnhúaejc, jnk cs fucs pnr vïzms fmscoustcbfn-sm9 kcs nutrcs vïzms, jnkphmtcbfn-sm m fcbfn-bns uk tepn fm Lnkmk snjech, sn` vãrens cspmjtns, ebstetujenbch, lestúrejc m psejnhúaejckmbtm ebtmarcfn. Ïssm Lnkmk snjech, cssek ebtmarcfn, å n`omtn fm mstufn snjen húaejn. Kcs uk n`omtn qum bên sm fmexc msjhcrmjmr cpmbcs pnr ïssm mstufn, kmskn qucbfn c Znjenhnaec pcssc fm mkpërejc nu jembtëgejc c lukcbëstejc nu gehnsúgejc. Mxeam n  Ln  Lnk k mk snjech  qum nutrcs jeïb jecs n cbchesmk, chåk fc Znjenhnaec9 m qum tck`åk n ebtmrprmtmk c Gehnsngec, c Hetmrcturc, c Crtm. Fn snjeúhnan sm mspmrc ‖ schembtc mk trc`chln rmjmbtm n Trn gmssnr Tcuh G. Hczcrsgmhf, fc ]bevmrsefcfm fm Jnhÿk`ec ‖ qum jnbvmrtc, ctrcvås fc Znjenhnaec, n jnboubtn qucbtn kces jnkphmxn, kces fm rmhcáýms snjeces mk qum vevm n lnkmk, bukÏssm ses tmkc ghutucbtm, jnkprmmbsëvmh nu bukc sestmkãtejc fm jnblmjekmbtns. sestmkc fm jnblmjekmbtns nu mssc sestmkãtejc å qum prmjesc fm smr mspmjegejckmbtm snjenhúaejn. Tcrc smr mspmjëgejc, c Znjenhnaec vmk rmbubjecbfn c gcvnr fm nutrcs jeïbjecs, fm nutrns mstufns, fm nutrcs sestmkãtejcs, jnbsefm rãvmh qucbtefcfm fm kctårec ebfestebtckmbtm snjech, mbnrkm kcssc fm su`stàbjec juhturch juon fnkëben hlm gne pnr chauk tmkpn ctre  `uëfn. Mk qu qumm ferm fermáên áên m sn` qu qumm nremb nr embtcá tcáên ên vmk c Znjenhn Znjenhnaec aec sm tnrbcbfn mspmjegejckmbtm snjenhúaejc> Tnr qum jretåren m jckeblcbfn  pcrc  pc rc qu qumm jnb jnbjmetn jmetns-km s-kmstrm strmss snjenhúaejns m pc pcrc rc qu qumm n`o n`omtn mtnss mspm mspm jegejckmbtm snjenhúaejns fm mstufn ‖  pmssnc snjech, snjech, arupn, jnkub jnk ubee fcfm  m nutrns ‖ vmk mhc rmbubjecbfn n fnkëben sö`rm cqumhc kctårec snjech sö`rm ebfejcr, mssc vcstc su`stàbjec Å n qumebfestebtckmbtm Znjenhnaec  vmk tmbtcbfn fmsfm c suc juhturch> prekmerc mfeáên, ctrcvås fm chaubs jnbjmetns snjenhúaejns mssmbjeces. Mssmbjeces ä jcrctmrezcáên fc Znjenhnaec jnkn mstufn fm kctårec mspmjegejckmb tm snjenhúaejc, ä pcrtm ‖ pcrc qum tch mspmjegejefcfm sm fmgebc ‖ fc  `enhúaejcc m, qu  `enhúaej qucb cbtn tn pnssëvmh, smpc sm pcrc rcfc fc fc ebf ebfeste estebtc btckm kmbtm btm snjech. Kcs smk qum n snjeúhnan pmrjc, pnr mxjmssevn cknr ä mspmjegejefcfm snjenhúaejc, n smbtefn fc ebtmrfmpmbfïbjec qum ns mstufns snjeces jcfc vmz kces ebfejck prmjescr fm smr smauefn nu ctmbfefn, pnr tnfns ns jembtestcs snjeces jnk rmhcáên cns kmskns mstufns. M tck`åk pmhns `eúhnans m pmhns psejúhnans, m pmhns gehúsngns m pmhns

 

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msjretnrms hetmrãrens, prmnjupcfns jnk c jnbfeáên nu jnk n fmstebn lukcbn. Fïstm knfn, mstcrmkns fmbtrn fn jretåren rmjmbtmkmbtm prn jhckcfn pnr uk snjeúhnan, mspmjechestc mk Jrekebnhnaëc, n Trn gmssnr Kcrslchh J. Jhebcrf, buk fns kces suamstevns jcpëtuhns fn hevrn Znjenhnay Vnfcy, nracbezcfn pmhns Trngmssnrms Pn`mrt I. Kmr tnb, Hmnbcrf @rnnk, Hmnbcrf Z. Jnttrmhh Or.? n jretåren fm qum c Znjenhnaec cn mstufn jmrtns uk tepns fm ‖ jnkpnrtckmbtn lukcbn ‖ cphejcfc n fn jrekebnsn smrecfmcpmbcs fïhms mxeam n usn jnbstcbtm fm fnjukmbtns pmssnces pcrtejuhcrkmbtm fm ‘heom lestnrems‛  m fm mbtrmvestcs. N qum gcz n Trngmssnr Jhebcrf cjrmsjmbtcr jnk chaukc ernbec smr pnssëvmh qum, mk nutrcs ãrmcs fc Znjenhnaec, n snjeúhnan sm jnbjmbtrm bc fessmjáên fn jnkpnrtckmbtn lukcbn bu kc sårem fm vcreãvmes mstctëstejns, snhtns m esnhcfns? ‘c tmjlbequm  wlejl kcby snjenhnaests jnkefmr tlm nrtgy sjembtegejchhy snplestejctmf   rmsmcrjl kmtlnf‛.  Bên, pnråk, ïhm bmk ns snjeúhnans qum lnom sm mspmjechezck mk Jrekebnhnaëc9 tnfns ns quces jnbtebucrên ‖ ms  pmrc  pm rc n Trn Trngms gmssnr snr Jhebcr Jhe bcrff ‖ ‘tn usm snkm ng tlm rmsmcrjl tmjlbequm  tlct immp lukcb `mlcvenr ubfmrstcbfc`hm, wlnhm cbf ebtcjt‛.  Jre tåren fm fmrmjeprnjefcfm qum åOnurbch tck`åkng nZnjenhnay qum bn   bÿkmrn fmzmk`rn fmtmnrec‖pmsquesc 3574 fm Vlm @retesl vmk fmgmbfefn pnr L. T. Pejikcb mk mbscen sö`rm c knfmrbc rmc áên mbtrm snjeúhnans, tcbtn murnpmus jnkn ckmrejcbns, jnbtrc uk jcfc vmz kces crjcejn pnseteveskn? kmskn qucbfn ebtetuhcfn mkpe reskn húaejn. Å tck`åk n qum trcbspcrmjm fn hevrn fm Amnram Zekp Kcbb cbf cb f Znjemt Znj emtyy (35=6)9 m fn mstufn fn Trngmssnr Jlcrhms L. snb,  Kc Tcam, ‘Znjenhnay cs c Vmcjleba Mbtmrpresm‛ ‖ nutrn jcpëtuhn fm Znjenhnay Vnfcy  ‖ mk qum n cutnr ebfejc smr tmbfïbjec mbtrm ns kmstrms ctuces fm Znjenhnaec bns Mstcfns ]befns jnbsmrvcrmk-sm mbtrm ns fnes mxtrmkns? n bmnpnseteveskn m n lukcbesk lukcbeskn. n. Ctå C tå kms kn ‖ smaubfn ïhm -‖ ns mxpnmbtms fn ‘jurrmbthy pnpuhcr gubjten-  bchesk wlnsm mkperejch mkplcses fnms bnt chwcys jnbjmch tlmer lu-   kcbestej  ‖ cbf ct tekms rmgnrkestej `mbt‛.  N qum sm pnfm cphejcr jnk ebtmerc mxctefên äqumhms ‘gubjenbchestcs‛ `rcsehmerns kces mbgã tejns mk smu jretåren fm sú smr Znjenhnaec c Znjenhnaec húaejn-mk  përejc. N cgê rmgnrkestc ‖ ebjhusevm, bn @rcseh, ns ‘bcjenbchestcs‛ fn arupn Jnr`usemr, Pckns, Ocaucre`m, Chkmefc, Tebtn ‖ c qum sm rmgmrm n Trngmssnr Jlcrhms L. Tcam cbekc bên pmqumbn bÿkmrn fm snjeúhnans knfmrbns, jnbvebfn c tnfns ns snjeúhnans fïssm tepn ukc fesjephebcáên fm tch cgê qum gcác fïhms cbtms mbamblmerns snjeces fn qum rmgnrkcfnrms, fmbtrn, å jhcrn, fc Gehnsngec Znjech qum ebsperm c Mbamblcrec. Vrctc-sm fm jnbfuzer-sm n kces jembtegejckmbtm pns-

 

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sëvmh c cáên nu c rmjnbstruáên (Mbamblcrec Znjech) qum sm fmjefc smauer jnk rmhcáên c chaukc setucáên nu c jmrtcs setucáýms, ms  pmjëgejcs. Kcs ïssm prnjmfekmbtn jembtegejckmbtm snjenhúaejn tmk qum smr nrembtcfn pnr ukc Gehnsngec Znjech m fmsmbvnhvmr-sm ctrcvås fm fmjesýms pnhëtejcs, qum bên smock, bukc snjemfcfm fm gmeten kces fmknjrãtejn qum cutnretãren, cr`etrãrecs.. Bên sm jnbjm`m uk phcbn fm Mbamblcrec Znpech ebfmpmbfmbtm fm ukc tchetãrec‛ nu ‘fmknjrãtejc‛, pnr mxmkphn9 nu äGehnsngec pcrtm fnsZnjech? kmens ““tn pnr qum prmtmbfck ns smus efmchezcfnrms qum mhc vmblc c rmchezcr-sm? ns ‘tntchetãrens‛ nu ns ‘fmknjrãtejns‛, pcrc nutrc vmz bns rmgmrerkns c fucs tmbfïbjecs qum lnom sm fmgrnbtck tcbtn bn phcbn gehnsúgejn-snjech jnkn bn pnhëtejn-snjech. Pmjmbtms hevrns jnhmtevns, jnkn Vlm Zctm ng Znjech Zjembjm  (35=7), nracbezcfn pnr Hmnbcrf F. Qletm, Grnbtemrs ng tlm Znjech  Zjembjms  (35=1), nracbezcfn pnr Kerrc Inkcrnvsiy, Vlm Gc`rej  ng Znjemty (35=1), fm Pchpl Pnss m Mrbmst vcb fmb Lcca,  Kå  Kåtnf tnfns ns    y Pms Pmsuht uhtcf cfns ns f m hc Tnhëtejc Ebfeamb Ebf eambestc estc mb K åxejn åx ejn   (Chgnbsn Jcsn m nutrns, 35=6),  Hms  H ms Ekphejctenres Ekphejcten res Znjechms Znjechm s fu Trnarås Vmjl Vm jlbeq bequm um   (P. Gertl m nutrns, 35=5), Znzenhnaem   (nracbe zcfn pnr Chmxcbfmr @usjl, 35=5), ubf cssekknfmrb jnkn Amsmhhsjl ns mstufns ebfeve fuces fm Amnram Zekpsnb, Zjembjm cs Knrchety   (35=:), fm Fcvef Pemskcb,  Ebf  Ebfevef evefuc uchesk hesk Pmjnb Pm jnbsef sefmrm mrmf  f   (35=6), fm Mrejl Grnkk, Vlm Zcbm Znjemty  (35==), fm Ouheãb Kcrëcs,  H  Hcc Mstruj Ms trujturc turc Znjech?  Vmnrëc y Kåtnfns  (35==), fm Vchjntt Tcrsnbs, Mjnbnky cbf Zn jemty  (35=1), fm Temrrm Fujcsså,  Hms  H ms Våj Våjlb lbequ equms ms mt hc Tlehnsnplem, Tlehnsn plem,   fm Omcb Gnurcsteb,  Hm  H m Arcb Arcbff Mspner Msp ner f u \ \ m Zeåjhm   (35=