Gigi Hilang Dan Gigi Tiruan
May 14, 2019 | Author: muthae | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Gigi Hilang Dan Gigi Tiruan...
Description
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Kehilangan
atau
tidak
adanya
gigi
baik
sebagian
atau
seluruhnya
akanmenimbulkan berbagai gangguan pada seseorang.Banyak akibat-akibat negatif yang akantimbul karena hilangnya gigi dalam jangka waktu yang lama jika tidak segeradibuatkan gigi tiruan pengganti.Oleh sebab itu sebaiknyasegera dibuatkan gigi tiruan pengganti. Kebutuhan untuk mengganti gigi yang hilang akan menjadi sangat pentingbagi penderita dengan kehilangan gigi di bagian anterior, namun tidak kalahpentingnya untuk
kasus
kehilangan
gigi
di
bagian
posterior.
Penderita
seringkalitidak
menghiraukan untuk mengganti gigi posterior yang hilang tersebut. Ketikasebuah gigi hilang maka integritas struktural dari lengkung gigi akan terganggu.Oleh karena gigi sebelah menyebelah dari kehilangan gigi tersebut akan condongke bagian tempat hilangnya gigi atau tipping dan gigi antagonis akan mengalamiekstrusi. Hal tersebut akan meyebabkan fungsi kunyah terganggu dan padakeadaan lebih lanjut akan menyebabkan gigi migrasi. Untuk menciptakan fungsi rongga mulut yang optimal, maka gigi yang hilang tersebut harus diganti dengan gigi tiruan. Gigi tiruan ada 2 macam, yaitu gigi tiruan cekat dan gigi tiruan lepasan. Gigi tiruan cekat lebih dikenal dengan sebutan gigi tiruan jembatan jembatan atau bridge yang memiliki banyak keunggulan dibandingkan dengan gigi tiruan lepasan. Pada penderita dengan kehilangan gigi banyak dan sisa gigi masih memadai maka memungkinkan untuk dibuatkan gigi tiruan lepasan. Banyak
macam
perawatan
yang
dapat
dipilih
oleh
penderita
dengan
kasuskehilangan gigi. Setiap jenis perawatan harus disesuaikan dengan indikasi, factor sosial ekonomi, dan manfaat untuk jangka panjang.
1
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
B. Tujuan Tujuan Instruksional Umum
Setelah pembelajaran modul ini selesai, mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan akibat kehilangan gigi, menegakkan diagnosis berdasarkan anamnesis, pemeriksaan klinik, ro foto, dan pemeriksaan model diagnostic berkaitan rencana perawatan gigitiruan lepasan. Tujuan Instruksional Khusus
Setelah pembelajaran dengan modul ini, mahasiswa mampu: 1. Menjelaskan diagnosis kehilangan gigi berdasarkan klasifikasi Kennedy Applegate, pemeriksaan klinis, ro foto, dan pemeriksaan pada model diagnosis berkaitan rencana perawatan GTL. 2. Menjelaskan akibat hilangnya gigi asli tanpa penggantian dengan gigitiruan 3. Menjelaskan perbedaan gigi asli dengan gigitiruan 4. Menjelaskan indikasi dan kontra indikasi perawatan gigitiruan 5. Menjelaskan persiapan sebelum pembuatan gigitiruan 6. Menjelaskan berbagai jenis gigitiruan sesuai dengan bahan, cara pembuatan serta waktu pemasangan 7. Menjelaskan pemilihan beberapa jenis alternative perawatan yang dapat dilakukan sesuai usia, kesehatan, pekerjaan, keadaan khusus, status ekonomi, dan social pasien 8. Menjelaskan persamaan dan perbedaan antara gigitiruan lepasan dan gigitiruan cekat 9. Menjelaskan berbagai klasifikasi berdasarkan hilangnya gigi dan dukungan pada gigitiruan 10. Menjelaskan cara membuat informed consent dan surat rujukan.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
BAB II PEMBAHASAN
A. Skenario
Seorang guru pria agak kurus dan berusia 40 tahun datang ke klinik FKG-Unhas dengan keluhan gangguan pengunyahan dan sering mengalami sakit pada lambung. Berdasarkan tanya jawab ternyata pasien merasa kurang percaya diri karena sudah beberapa tahun kehilangan giginya. Dari hasil pemeriksaan klinis dalam mulut terlihat keadaan sebagi berikut : 12, 11, 21 derajat goyang dua, gigi 34,35,36 sudah dicabut, gigi 45 lubang hingga pulpa. Gigi 46 sisa akar.
B. Kata / Kalimat Kunci
Pria agak kurus berusia 40 tahun
Keluhan gangguan pengunyahan
Sering mengalami sakit pada lambung
Pasien merasa kurang percaya diri
Sudah beberapa tahun hilang giginya
Gigi 12, 11,21 derajat goyang dua
Gigi 34, 35, 36 sudah dicabut
Gigi 45 lubang hingga pulpa.
Gigi 46 sisa akar.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
C. Pembahasan 1. Gigi Asli dan Gigitiruan Gigi Asli
Gigi asli adalah bagian keras yang terdapat di dalam mulutbaik mulutbaik pada manusia maupun hewan. Gigi memiliki struktur yang bervariasi yang memungkinkan mereka untuk melakukan banyak tugas. Fungsi utama dari gigi adalah untuk merobek dan mengunyah makanan dan pada beberapa hewan, terutama karnivora, sebagai senjata. Secara umum gigi asli terdiri dari dua baian yaitu bagian mahkota dan akar. Mahkota gigi adalah bagian gigi yang tampak di dalam rongga mulut sedangkan akar gigi adalah bagian dari gigi yang tertutup oleh gusi. Gigi asli juga memiliki struktur pelindung yang disebut email gigi, yang membantu mencegah lubang di gigi. Pulpa dalam gigi menciut dan dentinterdeposit dentint erdeposit di tempatnya. Bagian-bagian gigi asli: Mahkota gigi atau corona, merupakan bagian yang tampak di atas gusi. Terdiri atas:
Lapisan email, merupakan lapisan yang paling keras.
Tulang gigi (dentin), di dalamnya terdapat saraf dan pembuluh darah.
Rongga gigi (pulpa), merupakan bagian antara corona dan radiks.
Leher gigi atau kolum, merupakan bagian yang berada di dalam gusi.
Akar gigi atau radiks, merupakan bagian yang tertanam pada tulang rahang. Akar gigi melekat pada tulang rahang dengan perantaraan semen gigi.
Semen gigi melapisi akar gigi dan membantu menahan gigi agar tetap melekat pada gusi. Terdiri atas: -
Lapisan semen, merupakan pelindung akar gigi dalam gusi. Gusi, merupakan tempat tumbuh gigi.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Gigitiruan
Gigitiruan adalah suatu alat penggantian buatan atau tiruan yang dibuat untuk menggantikan salah satu atau seluruh gigi yang hilang atau memang sejak lahir tidak ada serta jaringan sekitarnya agar supaya fungsi, penampilan, rasa nyaman dan kesehatan yang terganggu karenanya dapat dipulihkan. Secara garis besar gigitiruan dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
Gigitiruan Lepasan, gigitiruan yang pemakaiannya dapat dilepas dan dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan kehilangan beberapa gigi (gigi tiruan sebagian) atau semua gigi di rahang atas dan rahang bawah(gigi tiruan penuh).
Gigitiruan Cekat, gigitiruan yang direkatkan secara permanen dengan bantuan semen ke gigi asli atau akargigi asli.
2. Perbedaan Gigitiruan Cekat dan Gigitiruan Lepasan Indikasi GTL: Semua keadaan hilangnya gigi, termasuk diastema, resorpsi tulang berlebih dan sebagainya.
GTC: hanya dapat dibuat bila hilangnya gigi pada tiap daerah tak bergigi tidak terlalu banyak. Selain itu, kedua sisi daerah tak bergigi tadi masih dibatasi gigi asli yang masih tinggal dan memenuhi syarat sebagai pendukung. Bentuk
GTL: restorasi sebagian lepasan berbentuk plat atau kerangka logam sebagian dasar tempat melekatnya elemen tiruan dan menutupi sebagian jaringan lunak mulut. GTC: geligi tiruan cekat mirip gigi asli yang digantikannya dalam bentuk maupun ukurannya. Cara pembuatan
GTL: tidak perlu pembuangan jaringan gigi yang masih ada, kecuali pada kasus-
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Bahan
GTL: kecuali yang berkerangka logam, harga geligi tiruan lepasan relative lebih murah, karena protesa ini pada umumnya terbuat dari resin akrilik. GTC: pada umumnya terbuat dari logam mulia atau metal lain atau porselen, sehingga harganya relative lebih mahal. Bahan cetak
Bahan cetak untuk pembuatan geligi tiruan sebagian lepasan bisa berbeda, tergantung kasusnya, berlainan dengan geligi tiruan cekat yang biasanya membutuhkan bahan cetak elastic. Cara pemasangan
Bila protesa lepasan dapat dipasang dan dilepas sendiri oleh pemakainya, geligi tiruan cekat dilekatkan dengan semen sehingga tidak dapat dilepas-lepas. Kebersihan
Karena dapat dikeluar-masukkan, kebersihan protesa lepasan lebih terjamin, sedangkan pada GTC, kebersihan lebih banyak tergantung dari pemeliharaan kebersihan mulut sipemakai. Penyaluran gaya kunyah
GTL: gaya kunyah disalurkan kepada gigi pendukung, membrane periodontal, baru kemudian kepada tulang. GTC: disalurkan kepada gigi pendukung, membrane periodontal, baru kemudian kejaringan tulang.
3. Manfaat dan Fungsi Gigitiruan
Pemulihan Fungsi Estetik Alasan utama seorang pasien mencari perawatan prostodontik biasanya karena
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
menerima kenyataan hilangnya gigi, dalam jumlah besar sekalipun, sepanjang penampilan wajahnya tidak terganggu. Mereka yang kehilangan gigi depan biasanya memperlihatkan wajah dengan bibir masuk ke dalam, sehingga wajah menjadi depresi pada dasar hidung dan dagu menjadi tampak lebih ke depan. Selain itu, timbul garis yang berjalan dari lateral sudut bibir dan lipatan-lipatan yang tidak sesuai dengan usia penderita. Akibatnya sulcus labio-nasalis menjadi lebih dalam. Peningkatan Fungsi Bicara Alat bicara dibagi dalam dua bagian. Pertama, bagian yang bersifat statis, yaitu gigi, palatum dan tulang alveolar. Kedua yang bersifat dinamis, yaitu lidah, bibir, vulva, mandibular. Alat bicara yang tidak lengkap dan kurang sempurna dapat mempengaruhi suara penderita, misalnya pasien yang kehilangan gigi depan atas dan bawah. Kesulitan bicara dapat timbul, meskipun hanya bersifat sementara. Dalam hal ini geligi tiruan dapat meningkatkan dan memulihkan kemampuan bicara, rtinya ia mampu kembali mengucapkan kata-kata dan berbicara dengan jelas, terutama bagi lawan bicaranya. Perbaikan Peningkatan Fungsi Kunyah Pola kunyah penderita yang sudah kehilangan sebagian gigi biasanya mengalami perubahan. Jika kehilangan beberapa gigi terjadi pada kedua rahang, tetapi pada sisi sama, maka pengunyahan akan dilakukan semaksimal mungkin oleh gigi asli pada
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Pencegahan Migrasi Gigi Bila sebuah gigi dicabut atau hilang, gigi tetangganya dapat bergerak memasuki ruang kosong tadi. Migrasi seperti ini pada tahap selanjutnya menyebabkan renggangnya gigi lain. Dengan demikian terbukalah kesempatan makanan terjebak di daerah tersebut, sehingga mudah terjadi akumulasi plak interdental. Hal ini menjurus kepadaperadangan jaringan periodontal serta dekalsifikasi permukaan proksimal gigi. Membiarkan ruang bekas gigi begitu saja akan mengakibatkan terjadinya overeruption gigi antagonis dengan akibat serupa. Bila overeruption ini sudah
demikian hebat sehingga menyentuh tulang alveolar pada rahang lawannya, maka akan terjadi kesulitan untuk pembuatan protesa dikemudian hari. Peningkatan Distribusi Beban Kunyah Hilangnya sejumlah besar gigi mengakibatkan bertambah beratnya beban oklusal pada gigi yang masih tinggal. Keadaan ini memperburuk kondisi periodontal, apalagi bila sebelumnya sudah ada penyakit periodontal. Akhirnya gigi jadi goyang dan miring, terutama ke labial untuk gigi depan atas. Bila perlekatan gperiodontal gigi-gigi ini kuat, beban berlebihan tadi akan menyebabkan abrasi berlebihan pula pada permukaan oklusal/insisal atau merusak restorasi yang dipakai. Pembuatan restorasi pada kasus seperti ini menjadi rumit dan perlu waktu lama.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
diri, dan merasa tua. Penelitian Davis dkk (2000) menunjukkan 45% dari pasien di London sulit menerima kehilangan gigi dan mengungkapkan adanya dampak emosional yang signifikan karena kehilangan gigi. Memburuknya Penampilan Menjadi buruknya penampilan (loss of appearance) karena kehilangan gigi depan akan mengurangi daya tarik wajah seseorang, apa lagi dari segi pandang manusia modern. Dampak Sistemik
Dampak sistemik yang disebabkan oleh kehilangan gigi dapat berupa penyakit kardiovaskular, osteoporosis, dan penyakit gastrointestinal seperti kanker esofagus, kanker lambung dan kanker pankreas.8 Keseimbangan konsumsi makanan inilah yang
dapat
berakibat
langsung
pada
timbulnya
penyakit
kardiovaskular,
osteoporosis, maupun penyakit gastrointestinal. Hubungan lain kehilangan gigi dengan penyakit kardiovaskular adalah akibat infeksi peradangan pada rongga mulut yang disebabkan penyakit periodontal. Penyakit periodontal dapat menyebabkan disfungsi endotelial, pembentukan plak arteri karotid dan dapat menyebabkan kemunduran kemampuan antiterogenik dari HDL. Kurangnya konsumsi kalsium dan vitamin D yang berasal dari buah-buahan dan sayuran dapat meningkatkan terjadinya osteoporosis. Sedangkan resiko timbulnya
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
bakteri mulut juga memproduksi zat karsinogenik seperti asetaldehid dan oksigen reaktif. Dampak Fungsional
Dampak fungsional dari kehilangan gigi yaitu berupa gangguan pada proses bicara dan mengunyah. a.
Bicara
Dalam proses bicara, gigi geligi mempunyai peranan penting. Beberapa huruf dihasilkan melalui bantuan bibir dan/atau lidah yang berkontak dengan gigi geligi sehingga dihasilkan pengucapan huruf tertentu. Huruf-huruf yang dibentuk melalui kontak gigi geligi dan bibir adalah huruf f dan v. Huruf-huruf yang dibentuk dari kontak gigi geligi dan lidah adalah huruf konsonan seperti s, z, x, d, n, l, j, t, th, ch dan sh. Huruf-huruf inilah yang sulit dihasilkan oleh orang yang telah kehilangan gigi geliginya sehingga dapat mengganggu dalam berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Hal tersebut sesuai oleh penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Hugo FN dkk (2007) yang melaporkan bahwa adanya kesulitan bicara pada subjek yang kehilangan gigi. b.
Mengunyah
Proses mengunyah merupakan suatu proses gabungan gerak antar dua rahang yang terpisah, termasuk proses biofisik dan biokimia dari penggunaan bibir, gigi, pipi, lidah, langit-langit mulut, serta seluruh struktur pembentuk oral,
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
dipikirkan juga dapat mempengaruhi selera makan dan kegiatan mengunyah.2 Gangguan akibat pengunyahan dapat mempengaruhi asupan makanan dan status gizi seseorang. Hal ini dibuktikan oleh penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Okada K dkk (2010) yang melaporkan bahwa gangguan pengunyahan dapat mempengaruhi status gizi pada lansia c. Erupsi Berlebih
Bila gigi sudah tidak mempunyai antagonis lagi, maka akan terjadi erupsi berlebih (overeruption). Erupsi berlebih dapat terjadi tanpa atau disertai pertumbuhan tulang alveolar. Bila hal ini terjadi tanpa pertumbuhan tulang alveolar, maka struktur periodontal akan mengalami kemunduran sehingga gigi mulai ekstrusi. Bila terjadinya hal ini disertai pertumbuhan tulang alveolar berlebih, maka akan menimbulkan kesulitan jika pada suatu hari penderita perlu dibuatkan geligi tiruan lengkap. d. Gangguan pada Sendi Temporo-Mandibula
Kebiasaan mengunyah yang buruk, penutupan berlebih (over closure), hubungan rahang yang eksentrik akibat kehilangan gigi, dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada struktur sendi rahang. e. Beban Berlebih pada Jaringan Pendukung
Bila penderita sudah kehilangan sebagian gigi aslinya, maka gigi yang masih
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
interproksimal tidak wajar ini, mengakibatkan celah antar gigi mudah disisipi sisa makanan. Dengan sendirinya kebersihan mulut jadi terganggu dan mudah terbentuknya plak. Pada tahap berikut terjadinya karies gigi dapat meningkat g. Efek terhdap jaringan lunak mulut
Bila ada gigi yang hilang, ruang yang di tinggalkanya akan ditempati jaringan lunak pipi dan lidah. Jika berlangsung lama, hal ini akan menyebabkan kesukaran adaptasi terhadap geligi tiruan yang kemudian dibuat, karena terdesaknya kembali jaringan lunak tadi tempat yang di tempati protesi. Dalam hal ini, pemakaian gigi tiruan akan dirasakan sebagai suatu benda asing yang cukup mengganggu.
5. Cara Mendiagnosis Kasus
Dalam bidang prostodontik, yang dimaksud dengan diagnosis adalah proses yangdilakukan untuk mengenali terdapatnya keadaan tidak wajar atau alamiah,
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Pada saat anamnesis, biasanya ditanyakan hal-hal berikut: a. Nama Penderita: untuk membedakan seorang penderita dari yang lainnya. b. Alamat:
untuk
memudahkan
pemanggilan
kembali
pasien
dan
informasimengenai latar belakang lingkungan hidup pasien. c. Pekerjaan: modifikasi jenis perawatan. d. Jenis kelamin: untuk pemenuhan fungsi dari gigi tiruan. e. Usia: proses menua mempengaruhi toleransi jaringan kesehatan mulut,koordiasi otot, mengalirnya saliva, ukuran pulpa gigi, panjang mahkotaklinis. Usia juga menentukan bentuk, warna serta ukuran gigi seseorang. f.
Pencabutan terakhir gigi: untuk mengetahui kapan akan dilakukantindakan.
g. Pengalaman memakai gigi tiruan: Adaptasi akan lebih mudah dan cepatpada orang yang sudah pernah memakai gigi tiruan. h. Tujuan pembuatan gigi tiruan: penderita perlu ditanyai mengenai apakah ialebih memntingkan pemenuhan factor estetik atau fungsional. Biasanyakonstruksi
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
kadang ditemukan pula kepala berbentuk omega danlyra. Permukaan labial gigi biasanya sesuai dengan bentuk muka dilihatdari depan dalam arah terbalik. b.
Profil:
bentuk
muka
penderita
dilihat
dari
arah
samping
(sagital)
meruapakindikasi hubungan rahang atas dan rahang bawah. Terdapat 3 macamprofil: lurus, cembung dan cekung. c.
Mata: untuk menentukan garis interpupil, bidang Horizontal Frankfurt(FHP), garis Tragus-Canthus, garis tengah wajah penderita.
d.
Hidung: Dari pernapasan penderita yang diperiksa sesaat sebelumpencetakan rahang dapat diketahui apakah ia bernafas melalui hidung ataumulut.
e.
Telinga: telinga diperiksa simetri atau tidak. Peranan telingan dalamproses pembuatan geligi tiruan adalah: untuk menentukan garis camper,untuk menentukan garis yang ditarik dari tragus ke sudut mata (canthus),untuk menentukan garis yang ditarik dari tragus ke sudut mulut, untukmenentukan Bidang Horizontal Frankfurt (FHP)
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
h.
Sendi
rahang:
diperiksa
untuk
mengetahui
adanya
pegerakan
sendi
yangmulus(smooth), kasar(unsmooth), bunyi keletuk sendi (clicking) atau keretek sendi (crepitation). Dalam Mulut (Intra Oral) a. Keadaan umum Kebersihan mulut: pemeriksaan meliputi adanya kalkulus, debris, plak, stain, danhalitosis. Mukosa mulut: adanya kelainan, iritasi atau keadaan patologik pada jaringan mukosamulut hendaknya diperiksa dengan seksama Frekuensi karies: tinggi rendahnya frekuensi karies mempengaruhi pemilihan desaingeligi tiruan. b. Status gigi: pada tahap ini diteliti adanya gigi karies, bertambal, mahkota, danjembatan, migrasi, ekstrusi, goyang, dsb. Miller mengklasifikasikan bergeraknya gigi sebagai berikut:
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
f.
Vestibulum:
dilakukan
dengan
kaca
mulut
no.3.
dalam
atau
dangkalnyamempengaruhi retensi dan stabilisasi gigi tiruan. Disebut dalam bila kacamulut terbenam lebih dari setengahnya, disebut sedang bila kaca mulutterbenam
setengahnya,
dan
disebut
dangkal
apabila
kaca
yang
terbenamkurang dari setengahnya. g. FrenulumLetak perlekatan frenulum dapat digolongkan: - Tinggi: bia perlekatannya hampir sampai ke puncak residual ridge. - Sedang: bila perlekatannya kira-kira ditengah antara puncak ridge dan fornix. - Rendah: bila perlekatannya dekat dengan fornix. h. Kelainan gigi: kemungkinan adanya kelainan bentuk dan warna gigi sepertiHutchinson teeth, peg shape, mottled enamel, gigi berlebih, dsb. i.
Macam gigi: apakah gigi pasien sedah semuanya permanen atau masih adagigi sulung.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
o. Selaput lender mulut: pengamatan ditujukan pada selaput lendir diatasprosesus alveolaris. Selaput lender mulut atau mukosa ini memberi dukunganbagi geligi tiruan dan bertindak sebagai bantalan anatar geligi tiruan dantulang. p. Tuber
Maksilaris:
mempunyai
peranan
pentng
dalam
memberikan
retensikepada suatu geligi tiruan. q. Exostosis:
tonjolan
tulang
yang
tajam
pada
prosesus
alveolaris
danmenyebabkan rasa sakit pada pemakaian protesa. Pada tonjolan yang tajamdan besar, sehingga rilif tidak dapat mengatasinya maka perlu tindakan
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Melihat
kelainan
bentuk
da pada pa
„residual
terdapatsuau tonjolan pada prosesus alveolaris.
Melihat adanya sisa akar gigi.
Meneliti keadaan vitalitas gigi
Memeriksa adanya kelainan periapikal
Teknik radiografi yang digunakan adalah: -
Periapikal radiografi
ridge‟,
umpamanya
bila
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Secara klinis, dijumpai keadaan sebagai berikut: 1. derajat resorpsi residual ridge bervariasi 2. tengang waktu pasien tak bergigi akan mempengaruhi stabilitas geligi tiruan yang akan dipasang 3. jarak antar lengkung rahang bagian posterior sudah biasanya sudah mengecil 4. gigi asli yang masih tinggal sudah migrasi ke dalam berbagai posisi. 5. gigi antagonis sudah ekstrusi dalam berbagai derajat. 6. jumlah gigi yang masih tertinggal bagian anterior umumnya sekitar 6 10 gigi
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Kelas III:
keadaan tak bergigi paradental dengan dua gigi tetangganya tidak lagi mamapu memberikan dukungan pada protesa secara keseluruhan.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
4. Diperlukan dukungan danretensi tambahan dari gigi penahan. 5. Mulut pasien depresif, sehingga perlu penebalan sayap untuk memenuhi faktor estetik Indikasi protesa: (a) Geligi tiruan cekat, bila gigi gigi tetangga masih kuat. (b) Geligi tiruan sebagian lepasan dengan desain bilateral dan dukungan gigi atau jaringan atau atau kombinasi. kombinasi. (c) Pada kasus meragukan sebaiknya dibuat protesa sebagian lepasan.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
scenario di klasifikasikan ke dalam kasus kelas III klasifikasi Applegate-Kennedy
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
pemilihan makanandari makanan segar dan berserat menjadi yang dimasak dalam
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
kemudian berlangsung lebih lambat. Setelah jangka waktu 10-12 bulan, residual
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Pada kasus dimana dijumpai pembesaran tuberositas dan mengganggu ruang
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
melawan prinsip perawatan prostodontik. Pembersihan karang gigi, perbaikan tepi
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
View more...
Comments
