GF RTP 04 - Modelo Manual de Formação - 10666

 

>.15 - Jhrdnàïh Dhkubnr pnrn Fdprf`nkhs f Kfsfdprf`nkhs

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LhvfisX717>X> X> 0:>._frvcàhs kf Nphch n Orcniàns f LhvfisX717> Fkuonàïh kf Cijçiocn fd Qhrtu`nb

Zfrsïh >| Lnifcrh 717> Gfifkctn Hsswnbk

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FZHBVÀÏH EC_[ßWCON KN FKVONÀÏH KF CIJÇIOCN FD QHW[V@NB........................; ONWNO[FWC\NÀÏH KN_ KCZFW_N_ WFKF_ KN FKVONÀÏH QWÃ-F_OHBNW .............>1 .............>1 JVIKNDFI[H_, HGLF[CZH_ F CI[FIÀÖF_ QFKN@ß@CON_ ^VF WF@VBND N FKVONÀÏH QWÃ- F_OHBNW ..................................................................................... .............................................................. .............................. ............. ............. ........... .... >7 BF@C_BNÀÏH KF _VQHW[F KN HW@NIC\NÀÏH KN FKVONÀÏH QWÃ-F_OHBNW ....>6 . ...>6 OHIOFC[H KF FKVONÀÏH QWÃ-F_OHBNW ................................................................................>: ..............................................................................>: ..................................................................>5

KF_[CIN[ÎWCH_ KN FKVONÀÏH QWÃ-F_OHBNW  HW@NIC\NÀÖF_ KN_ INÀÖF_ VICKN_ KF NQHCH Á OWCNIÀN< V.I.C.O.F.J. H.D._. V.I.F._.O.H.HOKF........................................................... ................................................................................................. ............................................ ............. .......... ... 7> GCGBCH@WNJCN F IF[@WNJCN................................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... ............. .............. ....... 76

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CI[WHKVÀÏH

Fstf dniunb kfsin-sf nhs jhrdnikhs kn VJOK >1::: ‟ Fkuonàïh kf Cijçiocn fd Qhrtu`nb. Fstn jhrdnàïh kfsin-sf fssfiocnbdfitf fssfiocnbdfitf n nvhs/ns nvhs/ns fdprf`nkhs/ fdprf`nkhs/ns ns f kfsfdprf`nkh kfsfdprf`nkhs/ns, s/ns, ohd gncxns gncxns qunbconàöfs fsohbnrfs f prhsschincs, ohd ifofsscknkf kf kfsfivhbvcdfith kf ohdpftìiocns in îrfn kh oursh. [fd ohdh hglfvhs< Fvhbuàïh ecstÿrcon kn fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn fd Qhrtu`nb. Onrnotfrcznàïh kns kcvfrsns rfkfs kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr. Juikndfiths, hglfvhs f citfiàöfs pfkn`ÿ`cons quf rf`ubnd n Fkuonàïh Qrã- Fsohbnr. Bf`csbnàïh kf suphrtf kn hr`nicznàïh kn Fkuonàïh Fk uonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr. Ohiofcth kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr. Kfsintîrchs kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr. Hr`nicznàöfs kns inàöfs uickns kf nphch á orcniàn< V.I.C.O.F.J. H.D._. V.I.F._.O.H.HOKF

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Fvhbuàïh ecstÿrcon kn fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn fd Qhrtu`nb Fd Dnch kf >33:, h @hvfrih nprfsfithu á Nssfdgbfcn kn Wfpügbcon n prhphstn kf ud Qnoth Fkuontcvh, ohivcknikh thkhs hs pnrofcrhs ‛pügbcohs, prcvnkhs, fto.‛ n ohiofrtnr fsjhràhs ih sfitckh kf dfbehrnr n qunbcknkf kh scstfdn fkuontcvh phrtu`uìs. Fstf Qnoth Fkuontcvh pnrtf kh prcioäpch kf quf n fkuonàïh ã udn rfsphisngcbcknkf ohbfotcvn, fitfikfikh n fsohbn ohdh iüobfh kh prhofssh fkuontcvh f fbh kf bc`nàïh fitrf n ohduicknkf f n fkuonàïh n iävfb bhonb. Ns rfbnàöfs fitrf h Fstnkh, n fkuonàïh f n shocfknkf kfvfd, phr ohisf`ucitf, sfr rfkfjcickns kf dhkh n citrhkuzcr udn dnchr pnrtcocpnàïh kf thkhs hs pnrofcrhs f jhràns shocncs ih prhofssh kf kfocsïh f in cdpbfdfitnàïh kns phbätcons fkuontcvns. Ã ncikn njcrdnkh h prcioäpch kn fkuonàïh f jhrdnàïh nh bhi`h kn vckn, ohdprhdftfikh-sf h Fstnkh n kfsfivhbvfr dfkckns quf `nrnitnd n fbfvnàïh kh iävfb kf fkuonàïh kn phpubnàïh phrtu`ufsn ih sfitckh kf nprhxcdnr h sfu kfsfivhbvcdfith khs hutrhs h utrhs pnäsfs kn Vicïh Furhpfcn. Qnrnn nbãd Qnr nbãd khs prh prhgbf gbfdns dns ohbhon ohbhonkhs khs phr udn rfofit rfofitff kfdhor kfdhorntc ntcznà znàïh ïh kn shocfk shocfknkf nkf phrtu`ufsn ihs übtcdhs vcitf f ocioh nihs f pfbn ohrrfsphikfitf kfdhorntcznàïh kns fstruturns fkuontcvns, phkfdhs ohistntnr n ohdpbfxcknkf kf ud prhlfoth quf prftfikf `nrnitcr fkuonàïh n thkn udn phpubnàïh ohd äikcof fkuontcvh ducth gncxh. Hs gncxhs äikcofs kf bctfrnocn vïh kf pnr ohd ud nbth äikcof kf dubefrfs n fxfrofr notcvcknkf bnghrnb. Qhrtu`nb ã h pnäs kn Vicïh Furhpfcn hikf ud dnchr iüdfrh kf dubefrfs trngnbend n tfdph citfcrh.  N dukniàn kn rfnbcknkf kns jndäbcns phrtu`ufsns tfd sckh rîpckn, nprfsfitnikh ohisfqufitfs cdpbconàöfs pnrn ns fstruturns kf ntfikcdfith fkuontcvh f shocnb. N jndäbcn nbnr`nkn, kf onrcz dnronkndfitf rurnb, jhc sugstctuäkn pfbn jndäbcn iuobfnr. [nb ohdh ihutrhs pnäsfs furhpfus, n jndäbcn dhihpnrfitnb (ohd udn sc`icjcontcvn pfrofitn`fd kf dïfs nkhbfsofitfs) ohitciun n nudfitnr, jnoth quf ohbhon ihvhs kfsnjchs ás phbätcons fkuontcvns f shocncs. Jnof á ohdpbfxcknkf f kcjcoubknkf kn sctunàïh phrtu`ufsn, h @hvfrih quf nssudcu @J W[Q 1; juiàöfs fd >336, prhpûs-sf `nrnitcr, fitrf hutrhs hglfotcvhs fstrntã`cohs, udn fkuonàïh gîscon kf qunbcknkf pnrn thk thkhs, hglfotc tcvh vhss fssfs quf jhrnd kfjcickhs ih Qî`cin ;

 

khoudfith Fk Fkuon uonàïh àïh,, Cit Citf`r f`rnàï nàïh, h, Ock Ocknkn nknicn  icn  (DF, >335). Qnrn nbãd kh fjfotc tcvvh oudprcdfith kn fsohbnrcknkf gîscon kf ihvf nihs, knikh prchrcknkf nh prcdfcrh ocobh kn fkuonàïh gîscon, csth ã, nhs quntrh prcdfcrhs nihs kn fsohbnrcknkf hgrc`ntÿrcn (fkuonàïh khs : nhs 3 nihs), h khoudfith njcrdn n sun citfiàïh kf «jnzfr kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr n prcdfcrn ftnpn kn fkuonàïh gîscon, ohdud n thkns ns orcniàns, dfch kf shocnbcznàïh ohd hs oÿkc`hs kf rfbnàïh f ns rf`rns kf vckn ohduictîrcn½, `nrnitcikh n kfdhorntcznàïh f uicvfrsnbcznàïh kn dfsdn f rfjhrànikh h prcdnkh kn juiàïh fkuontcvn in fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr.  Ns ihvns dfkckns pnrn n fkuonàïh sur`fd, fd Qhrtu`nb, in sfquìiocn kf ud bhi`h pfrähkh kf nusìiocn kf rfnb kfsfivhbvcdfith fkuontcvh, ihdfnkndfitf ih çdgcth kn fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn.  Ntã >351, npfsnr kh rîpckh nbnr`ndfith kn rfkf pügbcon kf lnrkcis kf cijçiocn kh Dcicstãrch kn Fkuonàïh kfphcs kn rfvhbuàïh kf >30; f kn ohisfqufitf rfstnurnàïh kn kfdhornocn, hs `hvfrihs iïh tciend rfohiefockh n cdphrtçiocn oruocnb kn fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn. N Wfjhrdn Fkuontcvn khs nihs hctfitn kfsourhu-n phr ohdpbfth. Ns phbätcons sugsfqufi sugsfq ufitfs tfs fitrf` fitrf`nrn nrnd d n rfsphi rfsphisng sngcbcbckn cknkf kf pfbh pfbh kfsfiv kfsfivhbv hbvcdf cdfith ith kn fkuonà fkuonàïh ïh kf cijçiocn nh sfothr prcvnkh, sfd vcioubnrfd-ih n qunbqufr rf`ubnàïh fstntnb. N tnxn kf kfsf kf sfiv ivhb hbvc vcdf dfit ithh kn fkuo fkuonà nàïh ïh prãprã-fs fsoh ohbn bnrr frn frn duct ducthh gncx gncxn, n, n rf rfkf kf pügb pügbco conn iïh iïh sf fxpnikcn. Kf jnoth, nh bhi`h kh são. UU n fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn fd Qhrtu`nb jhc-sf kfsfivhbvfikh rîpckn hu dhrhsndfitf kf nohrkh ohd ns phbätcons fohiÿdcons, shocncs f oubturncs khs kcjfrfitfs `hvfrihs. Hs prcdfcrhs lnrkcis kf cijçiocn envcnd sckh orcnkhs ncikn ih sãoubh UCU, phr cicocntcvn kf citfbfotuncs phrtu`ufsfs, hs quncs dnitciend ohitnoth ohd ns ckfcns prh`rfsscstns furhpfcns. N fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn sur`f, nsscd, nsshocnkn á njcrdnàïh kf udn obnssf dãkcn quf sf thrinvn prh`rfsscvndfitf dncs fkuonkn. H prcdfcrh lnrkcd kf cijçiocn Jrhfgfb jhc juiknkh fd Bcsghn fd >557. Nh dfsdh tfdph, ud `rnikf pfkn`h`h f phftn phrtu`uìs, Lhïh kf Kfus, f sfu jcbeh, Lhïh kf Kfus Wndhs, kfsfivhbvfrnd ud dãthkh kf cicocnàïh á bfcturn (ih ciäoch kh são. UU Qhrtu`nb frn ud@Jpnäs W[Q 1; ohd ofron kf 06% kf ninbjngfths) f ás fsohbns dÿvfcs, ntrnvãs kh dãthkh Lhïh kf Kfus, Qî`cin 6

 

kfrnd hrc`fd n udn rfkf prcvnkn kf lnrkcis kf cijçiocn ncikn ehlf fxcstfitf. Luith n fstns cic fstns cicocn ocntcv tcvns, ns, f tfikh tfikh fd ohitn ohitn h bfith bfith prh prh`rf `rfssh ssh kf cikust cikustrcn rcnbcz bcznàï nàïh, h, jhrndjhrnd-sf sf kfsfivhbvfikh cistctucàöfs kf onrîotfr shocnb kf tcph nscbnr, kfstcinkns n orcniàns kf obnssfs shocncs kfsjnvhrfockns, f ocrouisorfvfikh-sf ás `rnikfs ocknkfs. Hutrhs pfkn`h`hs pfkn`h`hs phrtu`ufsfs phrtu`ufsfs sf prfhoupnrnd, prfhoupnrnd, kf jhrdn dncs hu dfihs tfÿrcon, tfÿrcon, ohd n fkuo fk uonà nàïh ïh pnrn pnrn ns prcd prcdfc fcrn rnss ck cknk nkfs fs,, ihdf ihdfnk nknd ndfi fitf tf Lhsã Lhsã Nu`u Nu`ust sthh Ohfb Ohfbeh eh,, quf quf kfsfivhbvfu ud prh`rndn pnrn n fsohbn cijnitcb. Ihs prcdfcrhs nihs kn Wfpügbcon (>3>1>37:) cistctucu-sf h fiscih cijnitcb hjcocnb, kfstcinkh n orcniàns fitrf hs ; f hs 0 nihs kf cknkf kf ndghs hs sfxhs. Jhrnd orcnkns nb`udns fsohbns f jfz-sf n jhrdnàïh kf prhjfsshrfs fspfocnbcznkhs fd fkuonàïh cijnitcb. Ih fitnith, knkn n prfonrcfknkf khs pr prcd cdfc fcrhs rhs `hv `hvfr frih ihss kn Wfpü Wfpügb gbco con, n, n fkuo fkuonà nàïh ïh ci cijn jnit itcbcb tf tfvf vf udn jrno jrnonn fx fxpn pnis isïh ïh,, ocrouisor ocroui sorctn ctn n prh`rf prh`rfssc sscvns vns kfo kfobnr bnrnàö nàöfs fs kf citfià citfiàöfs öfs.. Kf rfssnb rfssnbtnr tnr,, ifssn ifssn ãphon, ãphon, n notcvcknkf ihtîvfb kn pfkn`h`n Crfif Bcsghn, cispfothrn kns obnssfs cijnitcs hjcocncs. Ohd h nkvfith kh snbnznrcsdh (>37:) n fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn hjcocnb ã fxtcitn f, kf jhrdn ckfhbh`condfitf ohisfrvnkhrn, n fkuonàïh kns orcniàns pnssn pnrn n rfsphisngcbcknkf kns dubefrfs, dïfs kf jndäbcn. Nb`udns cicocntcvns jhrnd prfvnbfofikh, bc`nkns shgrftukh á nsscst nss cstìio ìiocn cn shocnb shocnb.. _cdubt _cdubtnif nifndf ndfitf itf jhc-sf jhc-sf kfsfiv kfsfivhbv hbvfik fikhh n fkuonà fkuonàïh ïh prã-fs prã-fsohb ohbnr nr kf cicocntcvn prcvnkn, ih ohitfxth kf fstngfbfocdfiths kh fiscih pnrtcoubnr kfstcinkhs ás orcniàns kns obnssfs prcvcbf`cnkns.  Npÿs n rfvhbuàïh kf >30; kfsfionkfhu-sf ud ihvh orfsocdfith kf cistctucàöfs pnrn n cijçiocn, cijçio cn, ohdh prhkut prhkuthh kf cic cicocn ocntcvn tcvnss phpubn phpubnrfs rfs.. Fst Fstns ns cic cicocn ocntcv tcvns ns fstnvn fstnvnd d bc` bc`nkn nknss á prh`rfsscvn thdnkn kf ohisocìiocn kh pnpfb kns dubefrfs in shocfknkf phrtu`ufsn, h sfu ohitrcguth notcvh ih uicvfrsh bnghrnb f n ohisfqufitf ifofsscknkf kf cistctucàöfs kf `unrkn pnrn ns orcniàns. Qhkfdhs nsscd kczfr quf ns dukniàns kf onrîotfr shocnb f phbätcoh hgrc`nrnd h Fstnkh n orcnr fiqunkrndfith bf`nb pnrn ns cicocntcvns phpubnrfs.  Nsscd, n Bfc 6/00 orcn ud scstfdn pügbcoh kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr f, fd >303, ã prhdub`nkh h Fstntuth khs Lnrkcis kf Cijçiocn. Jhc kfphcs kf >306 quf, pfrnitf n kcspfrsïh khs sfrvcàhs kcspfrsïh sfrvcàhs kf fkuonàïh fkuonàïh cijnitcb phr vîrchs vîrchs dcicstãrch dcicstãrchs, s, ohdfàhu-sf n sfitcr sfitcr n @J W[Q 1; ifofsscknkf kf udn dnchr ohhrkfinàïh kf fsjhràhs. Hs sfrvcàhs pnrn n cijçiocn pnssnrnd n fstnr kfpfikfitfs kf khcs dcicstãrchs, h Dcicstãrch kn Fkuonàïh f h Dcicstãrch kh Qî`cin :

 

Fdprf`h f _f`urniàn _hocnb, kfsfivhbvfikh-sf ohdh khcs sug-scstfdns fd sfpnrnkh. Kf nohrkh ohd n jcbhshjcn kh ihvh scstfdn pÿs-rfvhbuochiîrch, fstfikfr h nofssh á fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr n thkn n phpubnàïh thrihu-sf ud kfsä`ich inochinb, tfikh fd vcstn ntfiunr rnpckndfitf ns kcjfrfiàns shoch-fohiÿdcons f oubturncs, prhdhvfr h gfd-fstnr shocnb f kfsfivhbvfr ns phtfiocnbcknkfs kns orcniàns. Fd säitfsf, phkfdhs njcrdnr quf n fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn vfch n sfr cijbufiocnkn kf jhrdn kfocscvn pfbns dukniàns phbätcons f shocncs khs nihs rfofitfs. Kfskf h ciäoch kh sãoubh n shocfknkf phrtu`ufsn ohiefofu trnisjhrdnàöfs cdphrtnitfs, n sngfr< 

«n `rnkunb cikustrcnbcznàïh kh pnäs ohd n ohiofitrnàïh kns phpubnàöfs fd `rnikfs ofitrhs phpubnochincs, urgnihs f sugurgnihs=

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h ci`rfssh sc`icjcontcvh kns dubefrfs in vckn notcvn=

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n fdc`rnàïh, pnrtcoubnrdfitf kfskf n kãonkn kf :1 f n `ufrrn ohbhicnb quf tfvf

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bu`nr kf >3:> n >30;= n `rnkunb vnbhrcznàïh kn orcniàn in shocfknkf f in jndäbcn, bh`h, h nudfith kns fxpfotntcvns jnof á fkuonàïh½ (KFG >333, p`. 3).

Fd >355 ns tnxns kf ohgfrturn kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr (?-6 nihs) rhiknvnd hs ?:% (QWHKFQ, Qrh`rndn pnrn h Kfsfivhbvcdfith Fkuontcvh fd Qhrtu`nb) ohdpnrntcvndfitf ás tnxns kf pnäsfs kh Ihrtf kn Furhpn quf ngrni`cnd fitrf :1 n 51% kns orcniàns. Fd >33;; h Ohisfb >33 Ohisfbeh eh Inochi Inochinb nb kf Fkuonà Fkuonàïh ïh ohivck ohivckhu hu h ohisfb ohisfbefc efcrh rh f civfst civfstc`n c`nkhr khr Lhï Lhïhh Jhrdhscieh n fdctcr ud pnrfofr shgrf n sctunàïh kn Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr fd Qhrtu`nb (Jhrdhscieh, >33;). Fstf pnrfofr fvckfiochu n jrn`dfitnàïh khs sfrvcàhs phr vîrchs dcicstãrchs f n jnbtn kf ohhrkfinàïh fitrf fbfs= n cifxcstìiocn kf udn trniscàïh fjconz pnrn h >¼ ocobh kh fiscih gîscoh= n prfkhdciçiocn kf juiàöfs nsscstfiocncs shgrf ns fkuontcvns= ns kcjfrfiàns fkuontcvns= kcjfrfiàns kf snbîrchs snbîrchs f kf ohikcàöfs ohikcàöfs kf trngnbeh trngnbeh fitrf hs fkuonkhrfs fkuonkhrfs kf cijç cijçio iocn cn.. H pnrf pnrfof ofr, r, fb fbng nghr hrnk nkhh npÿs npÿs nd ndpb pbhh prho prhofs fssh sh kf ohis ohisub ubtn tn n prhj prhjcs cssc schi hinc ncs, s, civfstc`nkhrfs f sfrvcàhs, jhc ducth gfd nofctf in hpcicïh pügbcon. Wfohdfiknvn quf h Fstnkh, pnrn nbãd kf nphcnr jciniofcrndfitf n fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr, kfsfdpfienssf, fd ohiluith ohd ns nutnrqucns, ud pnpfb dncs kfocscvh ih prhofssh kf kfsfivhbvcdfith kh @J W[Q scstfdn kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr. Fstn ohiluiturn trhuxf n fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr pnrn h 1; kfgntf pügbcoh f pnrn n n`fikn phbätcon, thrinikh-n dhtcvh kf citfrfssf inochinb. Qî`cin 0

 

 Npÿs n dukniàn `hvfrindfitnb kf >336 jhc fbnghrnkh ud Wfbntÿrch Fstrntã`coh pnrn h Kfsfivhbvcdfith f Fxpnisïh kn Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr (Jhrdhscieh f Znsohiofbhs, >33:), h qunb kfu hrc`fd nh Qbnih kf Fxpnisïh f Kfsfivhbvcdfith kn Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr fd Qhrtu`nb (DF, >33:). In sfquìiocn kfstf Qbnih jhc nprfsfitnkn á Nssfdgbfcn kn Wfpügbcon n Bfc-^unkrh pnrn n Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr (Bfc 6/30), n qunb knvn hrcfitnàöfs phbätcons obnrns pnrn h prhofssh kf fxpnisïh kn rfkf kf lnrkcis kf cijçiocn. Ohisckfrnvn n fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr ohdh prcdfcrn ftnpn kn fkuonàïh gîscon, nbcofrof f suphrtf kf udn fkuonàïh nh bhi`h kn vckn f ohisn`rnvn n nrtcoubnàïh kf fsjhràhs fitrf h Dcicstãrch kn Fkuonàïh f h Dcicstãrch kn _hbcknrcfknkf ih sfitckh kf `nrnitcr n kupbn ohdphifitf fkuont fkuo ntcv cvnn f shoc shocnb nb kn fkuo fkuonà nàïh ïh kf ci cijç jçio iocn cn.. Ci Citr trhk hkuz uzcn cn nc ncik iknn h ohio ohiofc fcth th kf tu tutf tfbn bn pfkn`ÿ`con üicon f kfjcicn n fxcstìiocn kf udn «rfkf inochinb kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr½ ohistctuäkn phr fstngfbfocdfiths kf cicocntcvn pügbcon f prcvnkn, ihdfnkndfitf shbckîrcn.  N Bfc-^unkrh kn Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr kfjcicn nsscd hs hglfotcvhs pnrn n fkuonàïh prãfsohbnr (nrtc`h >1¼)< 

«prhdhvfr h kfsfivhbvcdfith pfsshnb f shocnb kn orcniàn ohd gnsf fd fxpfrcìiocns kf vckn kfdhorîtcon iudn pfrspfotcvn kf fkuonàïh pnrn n ocknknicn=

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jhdfitnr n cisfràïh kn orcniàn fd `ruphs shocncs kcvfrshs, ih rfspfcth pfbn pburnbcknkf kns oubturns, jnvhrfofikh udn prh`rfsscvn ohisocìiocn kh sfu pnpfb ohdh dfdgrh kn shocfknkf=

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ohitrcgucr pnrn n c`unbknkf kf hphrtuicknkfs ih nofssh á fsohbn f pnrn h suofssh kn nprfikczn`fd=

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fstcdubnr h kfsfivhbvcdfith `bhgnb kf onkn orcniàn, ih rfspfcth pfbns suns onrnotfrästcons cikcvckuncs, cioutcikh ohdphrtndfiths quf jnvhrfànd nprfikczn`fis sc`icjcontcvns f kcvfrscjconkns=

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kfsfivhbvfr n fxprfssïh f n ohduiconàïh ntrnvãs kn utcbcznàïh kf bci`un`fis dübtcpbns ohdh dfchs kf rfbnàïh, kf cijhrdnàïh, kf sfiscgcbcznàïh fstãtcon f kf ohdprffisïh kh duikh=

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kfspfrtnr n ourchscknkf f h pfisndfith orätcoh=



prhphrochinr n onkn orcniàn ohikcàöfs kf gfd-fstnr f sf`urniàn, kfsc`inkndfitf @J W[Q 1;

ih çdgcth kn snükf cikcvckunb f ohbfotcvn= Qî`cin 5

 



prhofkfr á kfspcstn`fd kf cinknptnàöfs, kfjcocìiocns f prfohocknkfs, prhdhvfikh n dfbehr hrcfitnàïh f fiondciendfith kn orcniàn=



ciofitcvnr n pnrtcocpnàïh kns jndäbcns ih prhofssh fkuontcvh f fstngfbfofr rfbnàöfs kf fjfotcvn ohbnghrnàïh ohd n ohduicknkf½.

 N ihvn bfc prfohicznvn hglfotcvhs h glfotcvhs iïh npfins bc`nkhs nh kfsfivhbvcdfith sÿoch-fdhochinb dns tndgãd citfbfotunb, fiuiocnvn prcioäpchs obnrhs kf fkuonàïh pnrn n ocknknicn f njcrdnvn h pnpfb kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr in ohrrfoàïh kf nsscdftrcns shocncs f in c`unbcznàïh kf hphrtuicknkfs. Ohiofgcn udn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr fd fstrfctn nrtcoubnàïh ohd ohd n fkuo fkuonà nàïh ïh kf nkub nkubths ths f cdpb cdpbco coni nikh kh h kfsf kfsfiv ivhb hbvc vcdf dfit ithh kfst kfstfs fs á dfkc dfkckn kn quf quf pnrtcocpnvnd ins cistctucàöfs pnrn n cijçiocn. _ngfdhs quf n tnxn kf ohgfrturn kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr frn fd >330 kf :;,6%. Iudfrhshs fstngfbfocdfiths, prciocpnbdfitf ihs ofitrhs urgnihs kf `rnikf kfiscknkf phpubnochinb, tìd bcstns kf fspfrn kf orcniàns, h quf kfdhistrn quf h Fstnkh ncikn iïh ntci`cu n dftn kf uicvfrsnbcznàïh kn hjfrtn. Vdn ndpbn ondpnien jhc bniànkn ihs dfchs kf ohduiconàïh kurnitf h nih kf >330 nbfrtnikh pnrn n ifofsscknkf kns jndäbcns cisorfvfrfd hs sfus jcbehs ih lnrkcd kf cijçiocn f nbfrtnikh pnrn ns vnitn`fis pnrn h kfsfivhbvcdfith kns orcniàns. H qunkrh sf`ucitf cbustrn n fvhbuàïh kn hjfrtn kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr ihs übtcdhs kfz nihs< _f ntfitnrdhs á fvhbuàïh kn ohgfrturn kn rfkf kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr phr kcstrcths ohis ohistn tntn tnrf rfdhs dhs quf quf kf >33; >33;,, nih nih nitf nitfrc rchr hr nh bn bnià iànd ndfi fith th kh Qb Qbni nihh kf Fxpn Fxpnis isïh ïh f Kfsfivhbvcdfith kn Wfkf kf Fkuonàïh Qrã-fsohbnr, ntã >330/35, npÿs n cdpbfdfitnàïh kfstn dfkckn phbätcon, eî ud nudfith ohiscstfitf kn phpubnàïh ngrni`ckn pfbn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr.

@J W[Q 1;

Qî`cin 3

 

Onrnotfrcznàïh kns kcvfrsns rfkfs kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr

 N fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr ã prã-fsohbnr ã ohisckfrnkn n prcdfcrn ftnpn kn fkuonàïh gîscon f vcsn ohitrcgucr pnrn n c`unbknkf kf hphrtuicknkfs ih nofssh á fsohbn f pnrn h suofssh fkuontcvh, ntrnvãs kn rfnbcznàïh kf ntcvcknkfs fkuontcvns pfisnkns pnrn h kfsfivhbvcdfith citfbfotunb f nprfikczn`fd kn orcniàn, ohd rfoursh n bci`un`fis dübtcpbns quf prhdhvfd hs ohiefocdfiths f onpnocknkfs, dns tndgãd n sun sfiscgcbcknkf fdhochinb, dhrnb f fstãtcon f n nkfqunàïh nhs sfus citfrfssfs f ifofsscknkfs, gfd ohdh kns rfspftcvns jndäbcns.  N fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr kfstcin-sf ás orcniàns orcniàns ohd cknkfs ohdprffikckns fitrf hs trìs nihs f n cknkf kf ci`rfssh ih fiscih gîscoh, phkfikh tndgãd ci`rfssnr, n rfqufrcdfith khs pncs f fionrrf`nkhs kf fkuonàïh, ns orcniàns quf ohdpbftfd hs ? nihs fitrf >: kf sftfdgrh f ?> kf kfzfdgrh, n tätubh ohikcochinb, onsh fxcstn vn`n ih fstngfbfocdfith kf fkuonàïh prftfikckh á kntn kh ciäoch kns ntcvcknkfs (ohijhrdf kftfrdcin h i.¼ ? kh nrtc`h 0.¼ kh Wf`ubndfith kf @fstïh Nkdcicstrntcvn Qfkn`ÿ`con f kf Nbuihs, nprhvnkh pfbn Qhrtnrcn i.¼ 06/71>;, kf >5 kf ihvfdgrh). @J W[Q 1;

Qî`cin >1

 

 N tutfbn tãoicon f pfkn`ÿ`con ohdpftf ás Kcrfàöfs Wf`chincs kn Fkuonàïh f kn _hbcknrcfknkf f _f`urniàn _hocnb, ih onsh kf lnrkcis kf cijçiocn hu kf orfoefs, rfspftcvndfitf, f ohiscstf ih nohdpniendfith f nvnbcnàïh kn ntcvcknkf, kn hr`nicznàïh f kh juiochindfith khs fstngfbfocdfiths kf fkuonàïh f fiscih.  Ns rfkfs kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr pügbcon f prcvnkn ohistctufd udn rfkf rf`chinb, vcsnikh vcsnikh fjftcvnr n uicvfrsnbcknkf kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr f n ghn `fstïh khs rfourshs (nrt.¼ 3?.¼ kh Kforfth Bf`csbntcvh Wf`chinb i.¼ >>/71>?/N, kf 77 kf n`hsth ‟ 7.ª f übtcdn nbtfrnàïh nh Fstntuth kh Fiscih Qnrtcoubnr, Ohhpfrntcvh f _hbckîrch), hu sfln, nssf`urn udn ohgfrturn citf`rnb in Wf`cïh. H Fstntuth khs Fstngfbfocdfiths kf Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr in Wf`cïh Nutÿihdn khs  Nàhrfs (ihs nrtc`hs f dntãrcns ncikn fd vc`hr), nprhvnkh pfbh Kforfth Wf`ubndfitnr Wf`chinb i¼ >0/711>/N, kf 73 kf ihvfdgrh, tndgãd rf`ubndfitn h juiochindfith (npfins fd nb`uis khs nspfths) kn ohdphifitf fkuontcvn khs lnrkcis kf cijçiocn in Wf`cïh Nutÿihdn khs Nàhrfs.  Ns Hrcfitnàöfs Ourrcoubnrfs Ourrcoubnrfs ohistctufd udn rfjfrìiocn pnrn ohistrucr f `frcr h ourräoubh, quf kfvfrî sfr nknptnkh nh ohitfxth shocnb, ás onrnotfrästcons kns orcniàns f kns jndäbcns f á fvhbuàïh kns nprfikczn`fis kf onkn orcniàn f kh `ruph. _ïh, ncikn, jnocbctnkhrns kh prhofssh kf pbnicjconàïh kns ntcvcknkfs fkuontcvns in fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr. Onkn îrfn fstî hr`nicznkn phr khdäichs quf citf`rnd h ohiluith kns dftns jcincs rfspftcvns f quf sf trnkuzfd in ckfitcjconàïh kns ohdpftìiocns f kfsfdpfiehs fspfrnkhs kns orcniàns. H kfsfivhbvcdfith ourrcoubnr in fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr ã kn rfsphisngcbcknkf kf ud fkuonkhr kf cijçiocn, ih rfspfcth pfbh fstcpubnkh ih Kforfth Bf`csbntcvh Wf`chinb i.¼ >:/71>3/N, kf 7? kf lubeh, quf kfjcif n dntrcz ourrcoubnr kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr, f ncikn pfbns Hrcfitnàöfs Ourrcoubnrfs kn Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr, ehdhbh`nkns pfbh Kfspnoeh i.¼ 3>51/71>:, kf >3 kf lubeh, quf ohistctufd udn rfjfrìiocn ohdud pnrn thkhs th khs hs fkuonkhrfs, iud prhofssh ohitäiuh kf nrtcoubnàïh ohd h ourräoubh rf`chinb.  N nvnbcnàïh ã ud fbfdfith citf`rnitf f rf`ubnkhr kn prîtcon fkuontcvn, cdpbconikh in fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr prcioäpchs f prhofkcdfiths nkfqunkhs á fspfocjcocknkf kf onkn @J W[Q 1; `ruph/turdn hu orcniàn. Qî`cin >>

 

 N jcinbcknkf kn nvnbcnàïh pfbh fkuonkhr ã nphcnr f juikndfitnr h prhofssh fkuontcvh, kf dhkh n nlustnr ns nprfikczn`fis kns orcniàns, nsscd ohdh rf`ubnr hs prhofsshs, ntrnvãs kn rfohben kf cijhrdnàïh kcvfrsn, quf hgrc`nthrcndfitf kfvf kfv f jhrdnbcznr fd rf`csths fstruturnkhs. Ohdpftf nh fkuonkhr n qufd fstfln ntrcguäkn n snbn/turdn hu vnbìiocn fkuontcvn, prhofkfr á nvnbcnàïh ohitäiun kh kfsfivhbvcdfith kf onkn orcniàn, rf`cstnikh ns suns hgsfrvnàöfs fd suphrtf khoudfitnb nkfqunkh.

Juikndfiths, hglftcvhs f citfiàöfs pfkn`ÿ`cons quf rf`ubnd n Fkuonàïh Qrã- Fsohbnr

 N fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr, tnb ohdh fstî fstngfbfockh in Bfc ^unkrh (Bfc i.¼ 6/30, kf >1 kf jfvfrfcrh), kfstcin-sf ás orcniàns fitrf hs ? nihs f n fitrnkn in fsohbnrcknkf hgrc`ntÿrcn, sfikh ohisckfrnkn ohdh ‒n prcdfcrn ftnpn kn fkuonàïh gîscon ih prhofssh kf fkuonàïh nh bhi`h kn vckn—. Ns Hrcfitnàöfs Ourrcoubnrfs pnrn n Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr gnsfcnd-sf ihs hglftcvhs `bhgncs pfkn`ÿ`cohs kfjcickhs pfbn rfjfrckn Bfc f kfstcindsf n nphcnr n ohistruàïh f `fstïh kh ourräoubh ih lnrkcd kf cijçiocn, kn rfsphisngcbcknkf kf onkn fkuonkhr/n, fd ohbnghrnàïh ohd n fqucpn fkuontcvn kh fstngfbfocdfith/n`rupndfith.  Npfsnr kf n bf`csbnàïh kh scstfdn fkuontcvh (Bfc kf Gnsfs kh _cstfdn Fkuontcvh, Bfc ^unkrh kn Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr) ciobucr npfins n fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr n pnrtcr khs ? nihs, iïh ngrni`fikh n fkuonàïh pnrn hs 1-? nihs (orfoef), ohisckfrn-sf, kf nohrkh ohd n Wfohdfiknàïh kh Ohisfbeh Inochinb kf Fkuonàïh, quf fstn ã ud kcrfcth kn orcniàn. Nsscd, cdphrtn quf enln udn uicknkf fd thkn n pfkn`h`cn pnrn n cijçiocn f quf h trngnbeh prhjcsschinb ohd orcniàns khs 1 nhs : nihs tfien juikndfiths ohduis f sfln hrcfitnkh pfbhs dfsdhs prcioäpchs. N hr`nicznàïh kns Hrcfitnàöfs Ourrcoubnrfs pnrn n Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr ohitfdpbn trìs sfoàöfs< Fiqunkrndfith @frnb, Îrfns kf Ohitfükh f Ohitciucknkf Fkuontcvn f [rniscàöfs. H Fiqunkrndfith @frnb ciobuc trìs tÿpcohs< Juikndfiths f prcioäpchs kn pfkn`h`cn pnrn n @J W[Q cijçiocn - Ohisckfrnikh n uicknkf f sfquìiocn kf thkn n fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn khs 1 nhs 6 1; nihs, sïh nprfsfitnkhs juikndfiths f prcioäpchs, quf ohistctufd udn gnsf ohdud pnrn

Qî`cin >7

 

h kfsf kfsfiv ivhb hbvc vcdf dfit ithh kn nàïh nàïh pfkn pfkn`ÿ `ÿ`c `con on fd or orfo foef ef f lnrk lnrkcd cd kf ci cijç jçio iocn cn.. Fs Fstf tfss juikndfiths f prcioäpchs trnkuzfd udn kftfrdcinkn pfrspftcvn kf ohdh ns orcniàns sf kfsfivhbvfd f nprfikfd, kfstnonikh-sf n qunbcknkf kh obcdn rfbnochinb fd quf fkuonr f oucknr fstïh citcdndfitf citfrbc`nkhs. Citfiochinbcknkf fkuontcvn ‟ ohistrucr f `frcr h ourräoubh - N nàïh prhjcsschinb kh/n fkuonkhr/n onrnotfrczn-sf phr udn citfiochinbcknkf, quf cdpbcon udn rfjbfxïh shgrf ns jcinbcknkfs f sfitckhs kns suns prîtcons pfkn`ÿ`cons, hs dhkhs ohdh hr`niczn n sun nàïh f n nkfqun ás ifofsscknkfs kns orcniàns. Fstn rfjbfxïh nssfitn iud ocobh citfrntcvh - hgsfrvnr, pbnifnr, n`cr, nvnbcnr - nphcnkh fd kcjfrfitfs jhrdns kf rf`csth f kf khoudfitnàïh, quf pfrdctfd nh/á fkuonkhr/n thdnr kfocsöfs shgrf n prîtcon f nkfquîbn ás onrnotfrästcons kf onkn orcniàn, kh `ruph f kh ohitfxth sh shoc ocnb nb fd quf quf trng trngnb nben en.. H kfsf kfsfiv ivhb hbvc vcdf dfit ithh kfst kfstff prho prhofs fssh sh,, ohd ohd n pnrt pnrtco cocp cpnà nàïh ïh kf kcjfrfitfs citfrvficfitfs (orcniàns, hutrhs prhjcsschincs, pncs/jndäbcns), ciobuc jhrdns kf ohduiconàïh f fstrntã`cns quf prhdhvnd fssf fivhbvcdfith f jnocbctfd n nrtcoubnàïh fitrf hs kcvfrshs ohitfxths kf vckn kn orcniàn. Hr`nicznàïh kh ndgcfitf fkuontcvh ‟ Ohisckfrn-sf h ndgcfitf fkuontcvh ohdh h ohitfxth jnocbctnkhr kh prhofssh kf kfsfivhbvcdfith f nprfikczn`fd kf thkns f onkn udn kns orcniàns, kf kfsfivhbvcdfith prhjcsschinb f kf rfbnàöfs fitrf hs kcjfrfitfs citfrvficfitfs.  Nkhtnikh udn pfrspftcvn scstãdcon f fohbÿ`con, kftnben-sf n cdphrtçiocn kn hr`nicznàïh kh Fstngf Fstngfbfo bfocdf cdfith ith Fkuont Fkuontcvh cvh/N` /N`rup rupndf ndfith, ith, nghrkn nghrknikh ikh-sf -sf fd sf`uck sf`ucknn nspfths nspfths kn hr`nicznàïh kh ndgcfitf fkuontcvh kn snbn, ohdh suphrtf nh trngnbeh ourrcoubnr kh/n fkuonkhr/n f kn sun citfiochinbcknkf, fiudfrnikh-sf, ncikn, ns kcjfrfitfs citfrnàöfs f rfbnàöfs quf fstfs ohitfxths prhphrochind f ns suns phtfiocnbcknkfs fkuontcvns. Npÿs fstfs onpätubhs kf hrcfitnàïh `bhgnb kh trngnbeh pfkn`ÿ`coh, sïh nprfsfitnkns ns Îrfns kf Ohitfükh, fd quf, rfdftfikh pnrn hs juikndfiths f prcioäpchs kf thkn n fkuonàïh kf cijçiocn, sf fxpbcoctnd ns cdpbconàöfs pnrn udn nghrkn`fd citf`rnkn f `bhgnbcznitf kns kcjfrfitfs Îrfns kf Ohitfükh< Îrfn kf Jhrdnàïh Qfsshnb f _hocnb ‟ ohisckfrnkn ohdh îrfn trnisvfrsnb phcs fdghrn tfikh ohitfükhs prÿprchs, sf cisfrf fd thkh h trngnbeh fkuont fkuo ntcv cvhh rfnb rfnbcz cznk nkhh ih lnrk lnrkcd cd kf ci cijç jçio iocn cn.. Fs Fstn tn îrfn îrfn ci cioc ockf kf ih kfsf kfsfiv ivhb hbvc vcdfi dfith th kf ntctukfs, kcsphscàöfs f vnbhrfs, quf pfrdctnd ás orcniàns ohitciunr n nprfikfr ohd suofssh f n thrinrfd-sf ocknkïhs nutÿihdhs, ohisocfitfs f shbckîrchs. Îrfn kf Fxprfssïh @J W[Q 1;

f Ohduiconàïh ‟ fitfikckn ohdh îrfn gîscon, udn vfz quf fi`bhgn kcjfrfitfs jhrdns kf bci`un`fd quf sïh cikcspfisîvfcs pnrn n orcniàn citfrn`cr ohd hs hutrhs, knr sfitckh f Qî`cin >?

 

rfprfsfitnr h duikh quf n rhkfcn. _fikh n üicon îrfn quf ohdphrtn kcjfrfitfs khdäichs, ã prfofkckn kf udn citrhkuàïh quf juikndfitn n ciobusïh f nrtcoubnàïh kfssfs khdäichs.  ‟ Khdäich kn Fkuonàïh Dhthrn ‟ ohistctuc udn nghrkn`fd fspfoäjcon kf kfsfivhbvcdfith kf onpnocknkfs dhthrns, fd quf ns orcniàns tfrïh hphrtuicknkf kf thdnr ohisocìiocn kh sfu ohrph in rfbnàïh ohd hs hutrhs f ohd kcvfrshs fspnàhs f dntfrcncs. ‟ Khdäich kn Fkuonà Fkuo nàïh ïh Nrtä Nrtäst stco conn ‟ fi fi`b `bhg hgnn ns phss phsscg cgcbcbck cknk nkfs fs kf n or orcn cnià iànn ut utcbcbcz cznr nr kc kcjf jfrf rfit itfs fs dnicjf dni cjfstn stnàöf àöfss nrtäst nrtästcon conss pnrn pnrn sf fxprcd fxprcdcr, cr, ohduic ohduiconr onr,, rfprfs rfprfsfit fitnr nr f ohdprf ohdprffik fikfr fr h duikh. N fspfocjcocknkf kf kcjfrfitfs bci`un`fis nrtästcons ohrrfsphikf á citrhkuàïh kf sugkhdä sug khdäich ichss quf ciobuf ciobufd d nrtfs nrtfs vcsunc vcsuncs, s, krndnt krndntczn cznàïh àïh,, düscon düscon,, kniàn. kniàn. ‟ Khdäic Khdäichh kn Bc Bci` i`un un`f `fd d Hrnb Hrnb f Nghr Nghrkn kn`f `fd d á Fs Fsor orctctnn ‟ h kfsf kfsfiv ivhb hbvc vcdf dfit ithh kn bcbci` i`un un`f `fd d hrnb hrnb ã juikndfitnb in fkuonàïh prãfsohbnr ohdh cistrudfith kf fxprfssïh f ohduiconàïh quf n orcniàn vnc prh`rfsscvndfitf ndpbcnikh f khdcinikh ifstn ftnpn kh sfu prhofssh fkuontcvh. Cdphrtn ncikn jnocbctnr n fdfr`ìiocn kn bci`un`fd fsorctn, ntrnvãs kh ohitnoth f ush kn bfcturn f kn fsorctn fd sctunàöfs rfncs f juiochincs nsshocnkns nh quhtckcnih kn orcn orcnià iàn. n. ‟ Khdä Khdäic ichh kn Dn Dntf tfdî dîtctcon on ‟ tfik tfikhh n dntf dntfdî dîtctcon on ud pnpf pnpfbb fs fssf sfio iocn cnbb in fstruturnàïh kh pfisndfith, f knkn n sun cdphrtçiocn pnrn n vckn kh kcn n kcn f pnrn ns nprfikczn`fis juturns, h nofssh n fstn bci`un`fd ã juikndfitnb pnrn n orcniàn knr sfitckh, ohiefofr f rfprfsfitnr h duikh.  Îrfn kh Ohiefocdfith kh Duikh ‟ ã udn îrfn citf`rnkhrn kf kcjfrfitfs sngfrfs, hikf sf prhourn prhou rn quf n orcniàn orcniàn nkhtf udn ntctukf kf qufstchindfi qufstchindfith th f kf prhourn hr`nicznkn hr`nicznkn kh sngfr, prÿprcn kn dfthkhbh`cn ocfitäjcon, kf dhkh n prhdhvfr udn dfbehr ohdprffisïh kh duik duikhh jäsc jäscoh oh,, sh shoc ocnb nb f tfoi tfoihb hbÿ`c ÿ`coh oh quf quf n rhkf rhkfcn cn.. Vdn Vdn üb übtctcdn dn sf sfoà oàïh ïh ci cioc ockf kf in Ohitciucknkf Fkuontcvn f [rniscàöfs, udn vfz quf nh cicocnrfd n fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr, ns orcniàns lî tcvfrnd ud pfroursh kf kfsfivhbvcdfith f nprfikczn`fd (fd ohitfxth jn jndc dcbcbcnr nr hu cis istc tctu tuooch chin inb) b) n quf quf cd cdph phrrtn knr knr oh ohit itcciuc iucknkf knkf.. Qn Qnrrn nb nbãd ãd kc kcss ssh, h, h kfsfiv kfsf ivhb hbvc vcdf dfit ithh kns kns phtf phtfio iocn cnbcbcknk knkfs fs kf onkn onkn or orcn cnià iànn ih lnrk lnrkcd cd kf ci cijç jçio iocn cn or orcn cnrî rî ohikcàöfs pnrn quf tfien suofssh in trniscàïh pnrn h >.¼ ocobh iudn pfrspftcvn kf ohitciucknkf kns nprfikczn`fis quf lî rfnbczhu.

@J W[Q 1;

Qî`cin >;

 

Bf`csbnàïh kf suphrtf kn hr`nicznàïh kn Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr Bfc i.h 6/30 kf >1 kf Jfvfrfcrh Jfv frfcrh Bfc ^unkrh kn Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr  N Nssfdgbfcn kn Wfpügbcon kforftn, ihs tfrdhs khs nrtc`hs >:;.h , nbäifn k), f >:3.h , i.h ?, kn Ohistctucàïh, h sf`ucitf< ONQÄ[VBH C Hglfoth  Nrtc`h >.h Hglfoth N prfsfitf bfc qunkrh, in sfquìiocn khs prcioäpchs kfjcickhs in Bfc kf Gnsfs kh _cstfdn Fkuontcvh, ohisn`rn h hrkfindfith luräkcoh kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr. ONQÄ[VBH CC Qrcioäpchs `frncs Nrtc`h 7.h Qrcioäpch `frnb N fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnrãn prcdfcrn ft ftnnpn kn fk fkuuon onàï àïhh gîs gîsco conn ih prho prhofs fssh sh kf fkuon kuonàï àïhh nh bhi` bhi`hh kn vc vckn kn,, sf sfiikh ohdpbfdfi ohdpbf dfitnr tnr kn noàïh noàïh fkuont fkuontcvn cvn kn jndäbc jndäbcn, n, ohd n qunb qunb kfvf kfvf fstngf fstngfbfo bfofr fr fstrfc fstrfctn tn ohhpfrnàïh, jnvhrfofikh n jhrdnàïh f h kfsfivhbvcdfith fqucbcgrnkh kn orcniàn, tfikh fd vcstn n sun pbfin cisfràïh in shocfknkf ohdh sfr nutÿihdh, bcvrf f shbckîrch. Nrtc`h ?.h Fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr prã-fsohbnr > ‛ N fkuonàïh fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr prã-fsohbnr kfstcin-sf kfstcin-sf ás orcniàns orcniàns ohd cknkfs cknkfs ohdprffikckns fitrf hs ? nihs f n cknkf kf ci`rfssh ih fiscih gîscoh f ã dcicstrnkn fd fstngfbfocdfiths kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr. 7 ‛ N jrfquìiocn kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr ã jnoubtntcvn, ih rfohiefocdfith kf quf ongf, prcdfcrndfitf, á jndäbcn n fkuonàïh khs jcbehs, ohdpftcikh, phrãd, nh Fstnkh ohitrcgucr notcvndfitf pnrn n uicvfrsnbcznàïh kn hjfrtn kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr, ihs tfrdhs kn prfsfitf bfc. ? ‛ Qhr fstngfbfocdfith kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr fitfikf-sf n cistctucàïh quf prfstn sfrvcàhs vhonochinkhs pnrn h kfsfivhbvcdfith kn orcniàn, prhphrochinikh-bef notcvcknkfs fkuontcvns, f notcvcknkfs kf nphch á jndäbcn. ; ‛ H iüdfrh kf orcniàns phr onkn snbn kfvfrî tfr fd ohitn ns kcjfrfitfs ohikcàöfs kfdh`rîjcons kf onkn bhonbcknkf.  Nrtc`h ;.h Qnrtcocpnàïh kn jndäbcn Ih çdgcth kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr, ongf, kfsc`i kfsc `ink nknd ndfi fitf tf,, nhs nhs pncs pncs f fion fionrr rrf` f`nk nkhs hs kf fkuo fkuonà nàïh ïh6

 

fkuo fk uont ntcv cvns ns kf nicd nicdnà nàïh ïh f kf ntfi ntfikc kcdf dfit ith. h. Nrtc Nrtc`h `h 6.h 6.h Qnpf Qnpfbb fs fstr trnt ntã` ã`co cohh kh Fs Fstn tnkh kh Cioudgf nh Fstnkh< Cioudgf Fstnkh< n) Orcnr udn rfkf pügbcon pügbcon kf fkuonàïh fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr, prã-fsohbnr, `fifrnbcznikh `fifrnbcznikh n hjfrtn khs rfspfotcvhs sfrvcàhs kf nohrkh ohd ns ifofsscknkfs= g) Nphcnr n orcnàïh kf fstngfbfocdfiths kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr phr hutrns fitcknkfs kn shocfknkf ocvcb, in dfkckn fd quf n hjfrtn kcsphiävfb sfln cisujcocfitf= o) Kfjcicr ns ihrdns `frncs kn fkuonàïh fkuonà ïh prã-fs prã-fsohb ohbnr, nr, ihdfnk ihdfnkndf ndfitf itf ihs sfus sfus nspfot nspfoths hs hr`nic hr`nicznt zntcvh, cvh, pfkn`ÿ pfkn`ÿ`co `cohh f tãoicoh, f nssf`urnr h sfu fjfotcvh oudprcdfith f npbconàïh, kfsc`inkndfitf ntrnvãs kh nohdpniendfith, kn nvnbcnàïh f kn jcsonbcznàïh= k) Qrfstnr nphch fspfocnb ás zhins onrfiocnkns.  Nrtc`h :.h Qnrtcocpnàïh kns nutnrqucns bhoncs H @hvfrih jcxnrî, ntrnvãs kf kforfth-bfc, ns ohikcàöfs kf pnrtcocpnàïh kns nutnrqucns bhoncs in ohiorftcznàïh khs hglfotcvhs prfvcsths ih prfsfitf kcpbhdn, nssf`urnikh hs ohrrfsphikfitfs dfchs jciniofcrhs.  Nrtc`h 0.h Cicocntcvn pnrtcoubnr, ohhpfrntcvn f shocnb Cioudgf nh Fstnkh nphcnr ns cicocntcvns kn shocf hocfkn knkf kf ih khdä khdäiich kn fk fkuuon onààïh prãprã-fs fsoohb hbnr nr,, ihdf ihdfnk nknndf dfiitf tf:

 

cijnitîrch hu kf hutrh tcph kf ofitrh. H engctunb ã rfofgfrfd orcniàns kf fitrf nb`uis dfsfs kf vckn ntã nhs sfcs nihs, cknkf n pnrtcr kn qunb h pfqufih kfvf knr fitrnkn in fsohbn prcdîrcn. Ohdpftf nhs fstngfbfocdfiths kf fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr thdnr ohitn khs dficihs f fstcdubnr hs sfus sfitckhs. Kfstf dhkh, ohisf`ufd `frnr ns fstruturns dfitncs ifofssîrcns pnrn h kfsfivhbvcdfith kn nprfikczn`fd jhrdnb quf cicocnrïh ihs nihs sf`ucitfs. In prã-fsohbn ns orcniàns pnrtcocpnd kf ntcvcknkfs quf nluknd n fstcdubnr sfus sfitckhs, quf nluknd ih kfsfivhbvcdfith kn citfrnàïh shocnb, kf suns onpnocknkfs dhthrns, jäscons f oh`ictcvns, n pnssnr n fxpbhrnr, fitrf hutrhs. Qnrn cssh sïh usnkns ntcvcknkfs bükcons f tndgãd lh`hs f grcionkfcrns, phr fxfdpbh.  N fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr tndgãd ã cdphrtnitf pnrn n shocnbcznàïh kn orcniàn. [rntn-sf kn prcdfcrn vfz quf sf dnitãd bhi`f kh sfch jndcbcnr f quf pfrdnifof tfdph tfdph sfd  sfd hs sfus bnkh,, nprhxcdnd-ihs kf hutrhs dficihs ohdh jhrdnd pncs. Fstns cistctucàöfs, phr hutrh bnkh ihvhs bnàhs. Ã cdphrtnitf kfstnonr quf hs ofitrhs kf fiscih prã-fsohbnr kfvfd ohitnr ohd h nvnb kh Fstnkh pnrn h sfu juiochindfith. Csth `nrnitf quf ns orcniàns sflnd oucknkns ohdh ã suphsth, f iud dfch snukîvfb. Fxcstf, ohitukh, udn ofrtn ohijusïh shgrf h prã-fsohbnr f shgrf ns orfoefs. d fsfs kf vckn, ih fitnith, Eî qufd kfjfikn qufd kfjfikn quf n jnsf prã-fsohbnr rfofgf orcniàns ohd dfsfs ih Grnscb, sf`uikh n Bfc Bfc kf  kf Kcrftrczfs f Gnsfs kn Fkuonàïh Inochinb orcniàns kf 1 n ? nihs sïh ntfikckns pfbns oendnkns ‒orfoefs—, fiqunith quf ns orcniàns kf ; n : nihs sïh rfofgckns pfbn prã-fsohbn. H dhkh ohdh ns orcniàns frnd trntnkns in nitc`ucknkf (fd fspfocnb in @rãocn Nitc`n) kfpfikcn fxobuscvndfitf kn vhitnkf kh pnc pnc,, sfikh, fd ducths onshs, quf ns orcniàns kfjcocfitfs hu qunikh insockns dficins, nongnvnd sfikh vfikckns hu dhrtns. Jhc qunikh h orcstcnicsdh fitrhu fd nsofisïh quf cssh pnsshu n sfr duknkh, sfr duknkh, ncikn quf bfitndfitf. @J W[Q 1;

Qî`cin >0

 

Vdn jc`urn cdphrtnitf tndgãd pnrn fssf prhofssh jhc n kn dãkcon f pfkn`h`n Dnrcn Dhitfsshrc, rfsphisîvfb phr citrhkuzcr ud dãthkh kf fiscih gnsfnkh fd ntcvcknkfs quf fstcdubnvnd h kfsfivhbvcdfith jäscoh f dfitnb kns orcniàns.

Kfstcintîrchs kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr

H Lnrkcd kf Cijçiocn/Fstngfbfocdfith kf Fkuonàïh Qrã-Fsohbnr ã Qrã-Fsohbnr ã udn rfsphstn shocnb, kfsfivhbvckn fd fqucpndfith, vhonochinkn pnrn h kfsfivhbvcdfith kns orcniàns ohd cknkfs ohdprffikckns fitrf hs ? nihs f n cknkf kf ci`rfssh ih fiscih gîscoh prhphrochinikh-befs ntcvcknkfs fkuontcvns f ntcvcknkfs kf nphch á jndäbcn. _ïh kfstcintîrchs kh Lnrkcd kf Cijçiocn/Fstngfbfocdfith kf Fkuonàïh QrãFsohbnr ns Fsohbnr  ns orcniàns ohd cknkfs ohdprffikckns fitrf hs ? nihs f n cknkf kf ci`rfssh ih fiscih gîscoh, kurnitf h pfrähkh kcîrch ohrrfsphikfitf nh trngnbeh khs pncs hu kf qufd fxfràn ns rfsphisngcbcknkfs pnrfitncs.

@J W[Q 1;

Qî`cin >5

 

Ohistctufd hglftcvhs kh Lnrkcd kf Cijçiocn/Fstngfbfocdfith kf Fkuonàïh QrãFsohbnr3

 

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 Ntfikcdfith cikcvckunbcznkh, kf nohrkh ohd ns onpnocknkfs f ohdpftìiocns kns orcniàns= Kcsphicgcbcznàïh kf nphch î jndäbcn, shgrf h juiochindfith kn fkuonàïh prã-fsohbnr f kfsfivhbvcdfith kn orcniàn.

 N ohdphifitf bftcvn/fkuontcvn, ohijhrdf ã kfsc`inkn in Bfc iª6/30, ohrrfsphikf ohrrfsphikf n 6 ehrns kf trngnbeh kcîrch, citfiochinbcznkh, pbnicjconkh f kfsfivhbvckh phr ud fkuonkhr kf cijçiocn quf rfnbczn ntcvcknkfs kcvfrscjconkns ohd h sfu `ruph kf orcniàns nh bhi`h kh nih bftcvh quf befs prhphrochinrî nprfikczn`fis ohd sc`icjconkh f rfbfvçiocn ih çdgcth kn sun jhrdnàïh f kh sfu kfsfivhbvcdfith fqucbcgrnkh. In nusìiocn kh fkuonkhr iïh sf rfnbcznd ntcvcknkfs pfkn`ÿ`cons. In ohdphifitf kf nphch á jndäbcn< 

Oucknkhs nkfqunkhs î sntcsjnàïh kns ifofsscknkfs kn orcniàn=

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Iutrcàïh f nbcdfitnàïh nkfqunkn, qunbctntcvn f qunitctntcvndfitf, î cknkf kn orcniàn, fd prfluäzh kf kcftns fspfocncs fd onsh kf prfsorcàïh dãkcon=  Ntfikcdfith cikcvckunbcznkh kf nohrkh ohd ns onpnocknkfs f ohdpftìiocns kns

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orcniàns=  Nbnr`ndfith kh ehrîrch kf juiochindfith=

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 Ntcvcknkfs fxtrn ourrcoubnrfs, kf nicdnàïh nicdnàïh f kf nphch î jndäbcn=

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Kcsphicgcbcznàïh kf cijhrdnàïh á jndäbcn, shgrf h juiochindfith kh fqucpndfith f

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kfsfivhbvcdfith kn orcniàn  N ohdphifitf shocnb/jndcbcnr ohrrfsphikf nh sfrvcàh kf rfjfcàöfs f ás ntcvcknkfs kfsfivhbvckns pnrn nbãd kns 6 ehrns kn ohdphifitf bftcvn/fkuontcvn, ohdpftcikh á Kcrfàïh fd nrtcoubnàïh ohd n Kcrfàïh [ãoicoh-pfkn`ÿ`coh n sun ohhrkfinàïh f n hrcfitnàïh kf ntcvcknkfs kf nicdnàïh shochfkuontcvn, snbvn`unrknikh n qunbcknkf kh ntfikcdfith prfstnkh ás orcniàns. H ehrîrch kfstn ohdphifitf kf nphch á jndäbcn sfrî h rfstnitf fitrf h ehrîrch kf ngfrturn f h kn ohdphifitf bftcvn.

@J W[Q 1;

Qî`cin 71

   

Hr`nicznàöfs kns inàöfs uickns kf nphch á orcniàn< V.I.C.O.F.J. H.D._. V.I.F._.O.H.HOKF

H Juikh kf Fdfr`ìiocn Citfrinochinb kns Inàöfs Vickns pnrn n Cijçiocn (fd ci`bìs Cijçiocn (fd ci`bìs