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VHOTFS[OLNL VHOTFS[OLN L HNKOEHNI JESGF CN[NLSF GSEA@NHH  

DNKVI\NL LF

 

KOFHKON[ NGSE]FKVNSON[

 

F[KVFIN LF OHGFHOFSON FH OHLV[\SON[ NIO@FH\NSON[

 

’]SÎK\OKN H.º =4‐

’]SF]NSNKOEH LF LOF\N ]NSN VH LON N ]NS\OS LFI GN[\E FHFSGF\OKE \E\NI LF: ]SE\FOHN[, GSN[N[ _ KNSCEAOLSN\E[ (@ïtele ANSSO[ CFHFLOK\)‐

LEKFH\F:

]red. @ogufi N N.. Inrrfn Kïspflfs NIV@HN:  

_uiosn _e`orn Nrekupn Ninhekn

KELOGE: 3=>1 -- >>>= KVS[E: ]rîkkn lf Nio`fhtnkoûh y Hutrokoûh KOKIE: 3=3=-> GSV]E: C

 

\NKHN ‛ ]FSÚ 3=3=

 

OH\SELVKKOÛH: Fh in nktuniolnl sf fstîh nhnioznhle ies `fknhos`es lf rfguinkoûh lfi cninhkf fhfrgïke y su rfinkoûh keh fi lfsnrreiie lf in ecfsolnl, y kû`e nitfrnkoehfs fh ies sostf`ns lf rfguinkoûh puflfh dnverfkfr lokae fstnle lf ecfsolnl kfhtrni f ohsuioh rfsostfhkon y nsekonrsf keh in losduhkoûh fhletfioni y in ntfreskifresos kerehnron. Fh fstn uholnl hes prepehf`es fxn`ohnr ies prohkopnifs sostf`ns fhfrgïkes fhfrgïkes fh fi au`nhe y kû`e fi ergnhos`e ies uiozn, nlf`îs lf fvniunr kû`e in nio`fhtnkoûh puflf ndfktnr lokae cninhkf fhfrgïke f ohkolor secrf uhn lf ins kehlokoehfs pnteiûgokns krûhokns lf `nyer prfvnifhkon fh in nktuniolnl, in ecfsolnl. Fi rei lf in nio`fhtnkoûh y su o`pertnhkon pnrn preperkoehnr y kehtreinr in fhfrgàn fh fi au`nhe fs fsfhkoni, soh f`cnrge lfcf sfr trntnle lfslf lodfrfhtfs îhguies yn quf he rfsuitn dîkoi fxpioknr fi prekfse giecni lf in hutrokoûh soh lftfhfrsf pro`fre fh ies dfhû`fhes quf pfr`otfh ectfhfr in fhfrgàn lfi fxtfroer y su pestfroer uioznkoûh. Fh fi knse lf ies sfrfs au`nhes, fstes seh aftfrûtredes, per ie tnhte, he fhfh in knpnkolnl lf ohkerpernr in fhfrgàn lorfktn`fhtf lf ins dufhtfs coeiûgokns tni ke`e ie ankfh ins pinhtns (ke`e fi norf y fi sei), prfsfhtnh fhtehkfs uhn lfpfhlfhkon hutrovn lfi `uhle fxtfroer pnrn ncnstfkfrsf lf in fhfrgàn hfkfsnron pnrn fi lfsnrreiie lf sus duhkoehfs votnifs ke`e rfspornkoûh, korkuinkoûh, fi trncnje soke, fhtrf etrns. ]nrn iegrnr fste fi kufrpe au`nhe kufhtn keh lodfrfhtfs sostf`ns `ftncûiokes quf if pfr`otfh prelukor y rfguinr in fhfrgàn ectfholn lf ies hutrofhtfs kehtfholes fh ies nio`fhtes. In fhfrgàn quf hes edrfkfh ies hutrofhtfs fs fhfrgàn quà`okn, pfre fi ergnhos`e he fs knpnz lf uioznrin ke`e tni, per ie kuni fs hfkfsnroe quf pnrn su uioznkoûh sf trnhsder`f fh fhfrgàn lospehocif. ]nrn fiie, lurnhtf in logfsûh, ies nio`fhtes seh lfgrnlnles y trnhsder`nles fh aolrntes lf knrcehe, pretfàhns y grnsns, iufge seh ncsercoles y uhn vfz fh fi terrfhtf snhguàhfe pelrîh sfr uioznles ke`e sustrntes fh fi `ftnceios`e kfiuinr, lehlf sf trnhsder`nh fh N\], e cofh seh ni`nkfhnles fh fi kufrpe. In Ae`festnsos hutrokoehni (quf ke`ofhzn keh in ohgfstn, logfsûh y ncserkoûh lf hutrofhtfs fh fi tuce logfsve) tn`coïh kecrn uh rei duhln`fhtni lfhtre lfi cninhkf fhfrgïke, yn quf fh fstes `fknhos`es sf o`piokn in rfguinkoûh lfi npfte y in kehluktn hutrokoehni n hovfi lfi aopetîin`e. Fstf `fknhos`e rfprfsfhtn uh fif`fhte kràke fh in gïhfsos lf in ecfsolnl, fstncifkofhle uhn rfinkoûh fhtrf fi pnpfi lf in rfguinkoûh fhfrgïkn y fi lfsnrreiie lf lokan pnteiegàn. Fh ie úhoke quf tele fi `uhle fstî lf nkufrle fs fh quf uhn loftn fquoiocrnln fs nquïiin quf kehfhf teles ies nio`fhtes hfkfsnroes pnrn kehsfguor uh fstnle hutrokoehni ûp`e. Fstf fstnle lf grnkon hutrokoehni fs nquïi fh quf in nio`fhtnkoûh kucrf ies soguofhtfs ecjfves: 





Npertnr uhn knhlnl lf hutrofhtfs fhfrgïkes (knieràns) quf sfn sukofhtf pnrn iifvnr n knce ies prekfses `ftncûiokes y lf trncnje soke hfkfsnroes. Ho `îs ho `fhes. [u`ohostrnr sukofhtfs hutrofhtfs keh duhkoehfs piîskns y rfguinlerns (pretfàhns, `ohfrnifs y votn`ohns). ^uf he dnitfh, pfre quf tn`peke secrfh. ^uf ins knhlnlfs lf knln uhe lf ies hutrofhtfs fstïh fquoiocrnlns fhtrf sà. Fi grupe lf fxpfrtes lf in DNE E@[ (Afisohbo >?11), fstncifkoû ins soguofhtfs preperkoehfs.

 

n. Ins pretfàhn pretfàhnss lfcfh supeh supehfr fr uh >=->6% >=->6% lfi npertf npertf kniûroke kniûroke tetni, tetni, he sofhle sofhle huhkn huhkn ohdfroer in knhlnl tetni lf pretfàhns ohgfrolns n =,76 gr/làn y lf nite vnier coeiûgoke. c. Ies iàpoles iàpoles he he secrfpnsnr secrfpnsnrîh îh fi ;=-;6% ;=-;6% lf ins ins knieràns knieràns tetnif tetnifss ohgfrolns ohgfrolns.. k. Ies giúkol giúkoles es hes npertnrîh npertnrîh ni `fhes `fhes uh 6=%-66% 6=%-66% lfi lfi npertf npertf kniûro kniûroke ke tetni. tetni. Nige fh prohkopoe `uy sfhkoiie, pfre quf núh aey fs fi kn`pe lf cntniin lf kuntre quohtns pnrtfs lf in au`nholnl. Kunhle sf kehsoguf fi pro`fr puhte keh uhn loftn `oxtn (knrhf e iîktfes y aufves keh vfgftnifs drfskes), fs cnstnhtf dîkoi quf fi sfguhle sf ke`piftf tn`coïh fh kunhte n ins pretfàhns, nuhquf her`ni`fhtf `îs cofh sf supfrn. [o sf soguf uhn loftn vfgftnronhn fstroktn fs pesocif tfhfr precif`ns pnrn niknhznr fi `àho`e pretfoke hfkfsnroe, pfre he sf tfhlrîh precif`ns keh in `nyeràn lf ies `ohfrnifs y votn`ohns so sf kehsu`fh vfgftnifs vnronles. [oh f`cnrge, sà fs `uy precncif tfhfries keh in votn`ohn C>3 e keh fi aofrre y fi knikoe.

DVHLN@FH\E: [f pnrtf lf in soguofhtf nhniegàn: ’fi kufrpe au`nhe nktún lf in `os`n `nhfrn quf uhn `îquohn2 per ie tnhte, su cufh duhkoehn`ofhte lfpfhlfrî lfpfhlfrî n trnvïs lfi kehtnr keh lodfrfhtfs dnkterfs ke`e in kniolnl lf su losfþe y ke`pesokoûh, kehtnr keh ies `ntfronifs npreponles pnrn quf preluzkn, nsà  ke`e kehtnr keh ie ohlospfhsncif pnrn su kerrfkte `nhtfho`ofhte‐ (Crewh, >???, p.3-3). Lf in `os`n der`n quf in `îquohn, pnrn quf fi kufrpe au`nhe duhkoehf fkofhtf`fhtf sfrî hfkfsnroe kehtnr keh lovfrses dnkterfs quf sf rfinkoehnh fhtrf sà, tnifs ke`e: n) in sniul y uh cufh fstnle soke lfi kufrpe au`nhe, fi kuîi lfpfhlfrî lf kofrtns knrnktfràskns gfhïkns2 c) in kniolnl lf su loftn2 k) fi fsie lf voln, kuolnle lf in sniul, in kehsostfhkon lf uhn loftn cninhkfnln, ftk. N pnrr lf fste sf puflf lfkor quf ies dnkterfs nhtfroerfs vnh n fjfrkfr uhn dufrtf ohufhkon fh in sniul y in iehgfvolnl lf uhn pfrsehn (Crewh, >???). Ies aîcotes nio`fhkoes e loftn, fi du`nr f ohgfror nikeaei, fi use lf lregns, ies hovfifs lf fstrïs, fi hovfi lf nkvolnl sokn, fhtrf etres, ohuorîh fh pesffr uh fstnle fstncif lf sniul e sfr `uy prepfhse ni pnlfko`ofhte lf fhdfr`flnlfs. fhdfr`flnlfs. ]er ie tnhte, Crewh (>???) `fhkoehn quf in loftn pelràn sfr uhe lf ies prohkopnifs dnkterfs quf pulofrnh ndfktnr in sniul pufs lftfr`ohnràn quï tnh suskfpcif fs uhn pfrsehn fh kehtrnfr fhdfr`flnlfs y su knpnkolnl pnrn prfvfhorins. Ies nio`fhtes crohlnh teles ies rfkurses quf fi kufrpe au`nhe hfkfsotn pnrn krfkfr sniulncif`fhtf2 in kniolnl y knhlnl lf fstes rfkurses lfpfhlfrîh lfi pe lf nio`fhte quf sf nlquofrnh. Keh tele fste sf nr`n quf ’in nio`fhtnkoûh quf rfkoco`es rfkoco`es fhf in dnkuitnl lf nkfifrnr, rftrnsnr e prfvfhor uhn grnh knhlnl lf fhdfr`flnlfs quf nktuni`fhtf sufifh sfr ke`uhfs fhtrf ins pfrsehns‐ (Crewh, >???, p.3-;). \eles ies sfrfs au`nhes hfkfsotnh sukofhtf ke`oln pnrn vovor, nsà ke`e uhn kerrfktn vnroflnl lf nio`fhtes keh in kuîi sf ectfhgnh cfhfkoes cfhfkoes ûp`es pnrn in sniul. Lf fstn der`n, in nio`fhtnkoûh sf kehsolfrn ke`e uh prekfse votni n trnvïs lfi kuni fi ohlovolue sfifkkoe sfifkkoehn hn ies nio`fhtes lf su fhterhe ies kunifs kehstuorîh su loftn, pnrn nsà prfpnrnries pnrn su kehsu`e. [ûie uhn cufhn nio`fhtnkoûh puflf nsfgurnr uh fstnle hutrokoehni nlfkunle. ]er ie tnhte, in fxostfhkon lf kofhkons ke`e in hutrokoûh, knln vfz nlquofrf `nyer o`pertnhkon.

 

’In hutrokoûh fhkofrrn fi fstuloe lf ies nio`fhtes y sus fdfktes fh in sniul2 su nkvolnl sf kfhtrn fh ies nio`fhtes, sus hutrofhtfs y etrns sustnhkons quà`okns quf ies kehstuyfh, nlf`îs lf ies fdfktes quf sf iegrnh fh ies prekfses lfi kufrpe au`nhe y su sniul‐ (Crewh, >???, p.>-4). Ke`e ie `fhkoehncn in [FLKN (3==6), in hutrokoûh puflf lfhorsf ke`e ’uhn sfrof lf prekfses, `flonhtf ies kunifs ies nio`fhtes seh uioznles per fi ergnhos`e au`nhe, pnrn `nhtfhfr uh fstnle duhkoehni ûp`e‐ (pîrr.>). Fh fstes prekfses sf ohkiuyfh in logfsûh lf ies nio`fhtes, fh in quf ïstes seh lfsohtfgrnles pnrn iocfrnr ins lovfrsns sustnhkons quf kehfhfh, su ncserkoûh y trnhspertnkoûh ankon ins lodfrfhtfs kïiuins pnrn hni`fhtf fio`ohnries n trnvïs lf ies rfsolues.

ECJF\OTE[: F^VO]E[ _ @N\FSONIF[:

]SEKFLO@OFH\E: ]nses n sfguor pnrn in fincernkoûh lf uhn loftn: Fincernkoûh lf in loftn N. Fs`nkoûh lf ins hfkfsolnlfs lf fhfrgàn: Ins hfkfsolnlfs lf fhfrgàn lf uhn pfrsehn sf knikuinh n pnrr lf ies soguofhtfs ke`pehfhtfs: 

@ftnceios`e cnsni



Fdfkte tïr`oke lf ies nio`fhtes ([LN)



Nkvolnl sokn.

C. Fs`nkoûh lf ins knhlnlfs lf `nkrehutrofhtfs: ]retfàhns, grnsns f aolrntes lf knrcehe, n pnrr lfi GF\ (Gnste Fhfrgïke \etni). K. Vioznr fi [ostf`n lf lostrocukoûh soguofhtf: Lfsnyuhe 3= - 36 %2 @flon `nþnhn 6 - >= %2 Ni`ufrze ;= - ;6 %2 @frofhln 6 - >= %2 Kfhn 3= - 36 % L. In knhlnl boieknierons ancrî quf trnlukorin nio`fhtes piniies kehsu`oles fhlf ieshutrofhtfs lodfrfhtfsyf`pes lf ke`oln, ankofhle ies n`fhús pnrn yknln làn. n sfr

 

Kû`e knikuinr fi gnste fhfrgïke tetni uioznhle fi `ïtele ANSSO[ CFHFLOK\ >) [f knikuin knikuin fi GFS (\@C) keh ins fkunkoehfs prepufstns per fi Anrros Cfhflokt. Sfkerlnhle quf fh fstns fkunkoehfs yn fstî ohkiuole fi Fdfkte \ïr`oke lf ies Nio`fhtes ([LN). 3) [f `uipiok `uipioknn fi GFS per in kehstn kehstnhtf htf lfi keste keste sfgúh sfgúh fi hovfi hovfi lf nkvoln nkvolnl. l. ;) Nsà sf sf ecfhf ecfhf fi Gnst Gnste e Fhf Fhfrgï rgïke ke \etn \etni. i. ,1 x niturn fh k`) ‛ (;,7 x pfse fh bg) + (6 x niturn fh k`) ‛ (4,7 x flnl)

 

Lfspuïs knikuiîcn`es ins hfkfsolnlfs kniûrokns lonrons fh duhkoûh lf hufstre hovfi lf nkvolnl. [f `uipiokncn fi \@C per uhns Dnkterfs pnrn fs`nr ins hfkfsolnlfs fhfrgïkns lonrons tetnifs fh lovfrses hovfifs lf nkvolnl gfhfrni pnrn ae`crfs y `ujfrfs ]eke e hohgúh fjfrkokoe: \@C fjfrkokoe: \@C x >,3 Fjfrkokoe iogfre (>-; iogfre (>-; làns n in sf`nhn): \@C x >,;76 Fjfrkokoe `elfrnle (;-6 `elfrnle (;-6 làns n in sf`nhn): \@C x >,66 Fjfrkokoe ohtfhse (4-7 ohtfhse (4-7 làns n in sf`nhn): \@C x >,736 Fjfrkokoe `uy ohtfhse (les ohtfhse (les fhtrfhes lonroes ohtfhses): \@C x >,? > ,? FJF@]IE \N[N @F\NCÛIOKN @VJFS KEH NK\OTOLNL @ELFSNLN: LN\E[: @ujfr ;3 nþes, >46 k` y 66 boies2 rfniozn rfniozn fjfrkokoes `elfrnle 446 + (?,6 x 66 bg) + (>,1 x >46 k`) ‛ (;;7,; kni/làn Kîikuie lf knieràns n pnrr lf in nkvolnl: >;;7,; Q >,66 0 3=73,1 Knieràns/làn Nkvolnlfs rfinkoehnlns keh knln hovfi lf nkvolnl: 

Nkv olnl `uy Nkvolnl ` uy ifvf: ifvf : Nkvolnlfs fh pesokoûh sfhtnln y lf pof: pohtnr, `nhfjnr, trncnje lf incernteroe, ke`putnkoûh, kesfr, pinhkanr, kekohnr, jugnr knrtns, teknr uh ohstru`fhte `usokni.



Nkv olnl ifvf: Nkvolnl ifvf : Kn`ohnr, trncnjes fiïktrokes, trncnje fh rfstnurnhtf, io`pofzn lf knsn, kuolnle lf ies hoþes, geid, tfhos lf `fsn.



Nkvolnl `elfrnln: `elfrnln : Kn`ohnr vogeresn`fhtf, kertnr fi pnste, cnoinr, kokios`e fh supfrkof pinhn, fsquonr, tfhos, iifvnr uhn knrgn.

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Nkv olnl ohtfhsn Nkvolnl oht fhsn:: Kn`ohnr keh knrgn keh pfhlofhtf ankon nrrocn, tnin lf îrceifs, fxknvnkoûh `nhuni ohtfhsn, cîsquftcei, fskninr, dutcei, kerrfr, hntnkoûh, kokios`e keh pfhlofhtf, nfrecokes.

Nkvolnl Fxkfpkoehni: Fxkfpkoehni: Ntiftns lf nite rfhlo`ofhte. Fs`nkoûh lf in knhlnl lf `nkrehutrofhtfs: pretfàhns, grnsns f aolrntes lf knrcehe: Fi soguofhtf pnse fh in fincernkoûh lf in loftn sfràn fi kîikuie lf ins knhlnlfs lf `nkrehutrofhtfs: pretfàhns, grnsns f aolrntes lf knrcehe n pnrr fi gnste fhfrgïke tetni. Sfkerlnhle quf uhn lf ins knrnktfràskns lf in loftn kerrfktn fs fi fquoiocroe lf ies `nkrehutrofhtfs, e sfn, lf: pretfàhns, grnsns f aolrntes lf knrcehe, sf an rfke`fhlnle fi

 

perkfhtnjf keh fi kuîi knln uhe lf fstes hutro`fhtes lfcf pnrkopnr fh in ke`pesokoûh lf uhn loftn her`ni: ]retfàhns / làn 0 3gr pretfàhn x bg 0 3 x 66 bg 0 >>= gr/làn. gr/làn. x

=,>3 >7,;3

3>,?4 =,==

Fspohnkn (>6= g) \e`ntf (>6= g)

,3=

=,?= =,;=

?,= g)

6 >,;3

=,37 =,33

>;,4; 33,14

\E\NI

734,4;

=>,