Gestion de Riesgo Internacional - Danitza - Salgado

 

"Oÿl dkc Hankmtkmoral dkc Zkrò2 8:: oÿls dk Amdkpkmdkmnao―

 K^T[DAOMTK2 

^oc`odl Corrko Domatzo Zotranao (NLDA@L2 M::?4?044)

N[X^L2 @kstaþm dk Xaks`l Amtkrmona Amtkrmonalmocks. lmocks. ION[CTOD2 Mk`lnals. DLNKMTK2 Nrastaom Lrkccomo

-8:8?-

 

?.

Co rk rkck ckvo vomn mnao ao dk co coss nodkm nodkmos os dk vo vocl clr2 r2

Co Coss ontav ontavad adod odks ks prld prldunt untav avos os sk lr lr`o `oma mazo zom m km nodk nodkmo moss dk vocl voclr. r. Co no nodkm dkmoo dk voclr  voclr  nleprkmdk oc nlmbumtl dk ontavadodks quk ohorno dksdk kc daskÿl dk um prlduntl l skrvanal fosto su kmtrk`o l prkstonaþm o cls nlmsueadlrks iamocks. Kmtrk cos pramnapocks ontavadodks dkmtrl dk umo nodkmo dk voclr, sk kmnukmtrom2 a)

Co cl` cl`ååst staano dk dk nle nlepros pros,, quk quk sk rki rkiak akrrk o co lht lhtkm kmna naþm þm dk dk cls cls ams amsuels uels l skrvan skr vanals als odknuod odknuodls ls km táream táreamls ls dk nocado nocadod, d, nomtado nomtadod, d, prknal prknal,, tak takepl epl y cu`or.

aa aa))

Co prl prldu dunn nnaþ aþm, m, quk quk oto otoÿk ÿk o co tro troms msil ilre reon onaþ aþm m dk cls cls ams amsue uels ls km km prld prldun untl tlss iamocks

aa aaa) a)

Co cl`å cl`åst stan anoo dk vkmto vkmtos, s, quk quk nlepr nleprkm kmdk dk cos cos ontav ontavad adodk odkss dk oceo oceonk nkmoe moeak akmt mtl ly dastra das trahuna hunaþm þm dk tocks tocks prldun prlduntls tls,, poro poro quk pukdom pukdom kstor kstor dasplm dasplmahc ahcks ks km

av)

táreamls dk nocadod, nomtadod, prknal, takepl y cu`or odknuodls Kc eorgk orgkttam am` ` y co nlek nlekrrnaoc naocaazona zonaþm þm,, qu qukk amv mvlc lcun unro rom m co kcohl kcohlro rona naþm þm y kbknunaþm dk co kstrotk`ao dk vkmto dk hakmks l skrvanals

v)

Co otkm otkmna naþm þm oc nca ncakm kmtk tk,, quk sk sk rkia rkiakr krkk oc skrv skrvan anal al quk quk prks prksto tom m cos kep keprk rkso soss o sus ncakmt ncakmtks ks poro poro slcana slcanator tor amilre amilreona onaþm þm y osastk osastkmna mnaoo tánman tánmano, o, eomaik eomaiksto stor  r  rkncoels, y kikntuor dkvlcunalmks, kmtrk ltrls. O ekdado quk cls eotkraocks (amsuels y prlduntls iamocks) ovomzom km cls daikrkmtks mldls dk co nodkmo, daikrkmtks iumnalmks y prlnksls cks o`rk`om voclr, nlm kc lhbktavl dk cl`ror  kc eoylr voclr o`rk`odl oc ekmlr nlstl.

 

Km umo nodkmo dk voclr, cos ontavadodks slm cckvodos o nohl plr daikrkmtks ontlrks2  

Cls pramnapocks ontlrks dkmtrl dk umo nodkmo dk voclr slm cls prlvkkdlrks dk amsuels y skrvan skr vanals als,, cls prldun prlduntlr tlrks, ks, cls tromsp tromsplrt lrtast astos os y prksto prkstodlr dlrks ks dk skrvan skrvanals als cl`åst cl`åstanl anls, s, cls dastrahuadlrks eoylrastos y eamlrastos, y cls ncakmtks. Km cos òctaeos dánodos, co hòsqukdo dk umo eoylr kianakmnao km cls prlnksls prlduntavls fo `kmkrodl daikrkmtks kstrotk`aos plr portk dk cos keprksos km co `kstaþm dk sus nodkmos dk sueamastrl. Zlr um codl, sk fo ovomzodl nodo vkz eïs km co kxtkrmocazonaþm dk oqukccos ontavadodks quk  pukdkm rkocazorsk dk eomkro eïs nlstl-kikntavo plr ontlrks kspknaocazodls. Kstk ks kc nosl dk ontavadodks tocks nlel cos cl`åstanos (kspknaocekmtk, tromsplrtk y dastrahunaþm) y cos dk otkmna otk mnaþm þm oc ncakmt ncakmtk, k, quk pukdkm pukdkm skr prlvas prlvastos tos nlm ekmlrk ekmlrkss nlstls nlstls lpkrot lpkrotavl avls, s, eoylrk eoylrkss mavkcks dk kianakmnao y eoylr ickxahacadod7 plr kbkepcl, cls >ZCs (tfard-porty cl`astans  prlvadkrs) km kc praekr nosl, y cls nocc nkmtkrs km kc sk`umdl nosl. Zlr ltrl codl, sk fo ovomzodl fonao co amtk`ronaþm vkrtanoc dk ontavadodks ncovk poro o`rk`or  voclr y ekblror co vkmtobo nlepktatavo dk cos keprksos, kmtrk kccos2 co amvksta`onaþm y kc dksorrlccl, amnkmtavodls o trovás dk co nrkonaþm dk dkportoekmtls kspknaocazodls dkmtrl dk cos keprksos, poro ilekmtor co ammlvonaþm km prlnksls y prlduntls. Osaeasel, kxastkm ontlrkss tromsvkrsocks ontlrk tromsvkrsocks o co nodkmo y quk amicuykm amicuykm km kc dksorrlccl dksorrlccl y dkskepkÿl dkskepkÿl dk nodo uml dk sus mldls. Kstls slm, plr kbkepcl, cos amstatunalmks y o`kmnaos dkc skntlr pòhcanl y pravodl, cos umavkrsadodks y cls nkmtrls dk amvksta`onaþm quk, bumtl nlm kc eornl rk`ucotlral, nlmilreom kc oehakmtk dk mk`lnals km kc nuoc sk dkskepkÿom cos nodkmos.

 

Cos nodkmos dk voclr nlmstatuykm kc poroda`eo dkc nlekrnal amtkrml k amtkrmonalmoc km kc sa`cl VVA2

Co amtk`ronaþm dk prlnksls prlduntavls y ontlrks o trovás dk umo nodkmo dk voclr fo sadl  plsahck `ronaos o um nlmbumtl dk iontlrks, kmtrk cls quk sk kmnukmtrom2

a)

Cls ovomnks km cos tánmanos y tknmlcl`åos dk `kstaþm dk lpkronalmks y nodkmos dk sueamastrl, quk fom pkreatadl nllrdamor iumnalmks y prlnksls, amnrkekmtor co va vasa saha haca cado dod d o cl cor` cor`l l dk co nodkm nodkmo, o, ea eata ta`o `orr cls cls raks raks`l `lss dk dasr dasrupn upnal almks mks y eamaeazor sus nlmsa`uakmtks aepontls.

aa)

Co rkdunnaþm dk nlstls dk tromsplrtk y co eoylr kianakmnao cl`åstano, quk fo fknfl plsahck kc onnksl o mukvls ekrnodls dk amsuels y dk nlmsuel, oså nlel toehaám co dksclnocazonaþm dk ontavadodks o mavkc amtkrml k amtkrmonalmoc.

aaa)

Co cahkrocazonaþm y ionacatonaþm dkc nlekrnal amtkrmonalmoc, quk fo nlmtrahuadl dk eomkro sa`maianotavo o nrkor nodkmos dk voclr `clhocks, nlm ontlrks uhanodls km da daik ikrk rkmt mtks ks po port rtks ks dkc eumd eumdl, l, km co hòsqu hòsqukd kdoo dk umo umo eoyl eoylrr kian kianak akmn mnao ao lpkrotavo, oc ekmlr nlstl plsahck. Co lr`omazonaþm dkc nlekrnal o trovás dk nodkmos dk voclr sk kvadkmnao tomtl o mavkc amtkrml nlel o mavkc amtkrmonalmoc.

Zlr kbkepcl, co nodkmo dk voclr dk cls prlduntls ioreonáutanls km Nlclehao amvlcunro o  prlvkkdlrks y nleprodlrks monalmocks k amtkrmonalmocks, prlduntlrks uhanodls km co zlmo nkmtrocc dkc poås, y mldls cl`åstanls nkmtro cl`åstanls clnocazodls clnocazodls km prlxaeadodk prlxaeadodkss dk pukrtls, okrlpukrtls okrlpukrtls y  pramnapocks nkmtrls urhomls. Zlr su portk, co nodkmo dk voclr dkc Hlkam` 060, co okrlmovk dk tromsplrtk dk posobkrls dk eoylr toeoÿl y noponadod dk co keprkso Hlkam`, nleprkmdk ?; nlepoÿåos uhanodos km lnfl poåsks y km nuotrl nlmtamkmtks daikrkmtks.

8. Nlepckbado Nlepckbadod d y raks`ls raks`ls km km umo nodkmo nodkmo dk dk voclr2 voclr2 Co lr`omazonaþm amdustraoc eldkrmo sk norontkrazo plr umo nrknakmtk nlepckbadod2

Cos tkmdkmnaos quk adkmtaianom o danfo lr`omazonaþm, kmtrk kccos2 lut-slurnam`, ior-slurnam`, liisflram`, prldunnaþm bust-am-taek, lrakmtonaþm oc nlmsueadlr y ickxahacadod poro rksplmdkr  o co vlcotacadod km co dkeomdo, fom amnrkekmtodl co nlepckbadod dk co `kstaþm dk cos

 

nodkmos dk voclr y, nlm kccl, co amnkrtadue amnkrtaduehrk hrk y co eoylr prlhohacadod prlhohacadod dk co lnurrkmnao lnurrkmnao dk raks`ls. Kc onnksl o umo nodkmo dk voclr y kc hukm dkskepkÿl dk co nodkmo kstïm nlmdanalmodls plr umo skrak dk raks`ls2

 Co prkskmnao dk iontlrks dk raks`l ks um kckekmtl amfkrkmtk oc iumnalmoeakmtl dk cos nodkmos dk voclr, tomtl poro oqukccos quk sk narnumsnrahkm oc ekrnodl amtkrml, nlel poro cos quk plskkm daekmsaþm amtkrmonalmoc. O pksor dk co prkskmnao dk raks`ls, cos keprksos nukmtom nlm aeplrtomtks amnkmtavls poro portanapor km nodkmos dk voclr2

Dk eomkro rkstram`ado, kc amnkmtavl poro portanapor km nodkmos dk voclr pukdk kxpcanorsk o trovás dk umo nlrrakmtk hakm nlmlnado km co tklråo knlmþeano. Co prkskmnao dk raks`ls pukdk amicuar km co voclronaþm nlstl-hkmkianal dk umo keprkso km nuomtl o su plsahck portanaponaþm km umo nodkmo dk voclr.

 Km umo nodkmo dk voclr, co kianakmnao dkpkmdk dk quk nodo ontavadod, prlnksl y iumnaþm o cl cor`l dk co nodkmo sk rkocank dk ilreo kianakmtk. Clss raks Cl raks`l `lss quk quk oi oikn knto tom m kc iumn iumnal almo moea eakm kmtl tl dk co coss no nodkm dkmos os dk voclr voclr pukd pukdkm km sk skrr ncosaianodls km2 

a)

 

^astáeanls2 Cls raks`ls sastáeanls slm oqukccls quk oikntom oc iumnalmoeakmtl

dk co knlm knlmle leååo km `k `kmk mkrroc. oc. Cos Cos iuk ukmt mtks ks dk ks ksttls raks raks`l `lss pu pukd kdkm km sk skr  r  amnkrtaduehrks plcåtanos, eonrlknlmþeanos, slnaocks l moturocks. Dkmtrl dk cos amnkrt amn krtadu aduehr ehrks ks plcåta plcåtanos nos pukdkm pukdkm ekmnal ekmnalmor morsk, sk, plr kbkepc kbkepcl, l, sat satuon uonalm almks ks dk amkstohacadod plcåtano, noehals km cos plcåtanos dk `lhakrml, `ukrros, tkrrlrasel,  parotkråo l `lcpks dk Kstodl. Cos amnkrtaduehrks eonrlknlmþeanos sk rkiakrkm o icuntuonalmks km cls mavkcks dk ontavadod knlmþeano l prknals rkcotavls quk oikntom oc mlreoc dksorrlccl dk cos ontavadodks knlmþeanos. aa)

 

Ekrnodl2  Cls raks`ls raks`ls dk ekrnod ekrnodl l oiknto oikntom m oc iumnal iumnalmoe moeakmt akmtl l dk um skntlr  skntlr 

kspknåianl dk co knlmleåo. Kstls raks`ls amncuykm icuntuonalmks km cls mavkcks dk cls prknals amtkrmls k amtkrmonalmocks dk cls amsuels y prlduntls, dasplmahacadod

 

dk am amsu suel els, s, noeh noehal alss tknm tknmlc lcþ` þ`an anls ls,, noeha noehals ls km cos cos prki prkikr krkm kmna naos os dk cls cls nlmsueadlrks, dasplmahacadod dk prlduntls sustatutls, kstïmdorks dk nocadod dkc skntlr, kmtrk ltrls. Kstls raks`ls pukdkm oikntor co kstohacadod dk cos nodkmos dk voclr km kc sk`ekmtl dk rkikrkmnao, yo sko plr umo tromsilreonaþm km cos nlmdana nlmd analmk lmkss dk onn onnksl ksl o amsuel amsuels, s, nlel nlel toehaá toehaám m plr umo voraon voraonaþm aþm km cos nlmdanalmks dk co dkeomdo. aaa)   Lpkrotavls2 Cls raks`ls lpkrotavls slm oqukccls quk oikntom kc iumnalmoeakmtl dk umo nodkmo dk voclr kspknåiano, y quk pukdkm sur`ar o mavkc dk um mldl dktkreamodl l km co rkconaþm kmtrk dls l eïs mldls. Kstls raks`ls oikntom kc icubl dk eotkraocks, amilreonaþm l prlduntls o cl cor`l dk umo nodkmo. av)   Nrádatl y caquadkz2 Cls raks`ls dk nrádatl y dk caquadkz oikntom o co kstohacadod iamomnakro dk umo nodkmo l dk sus mldls. Kc raks`l dk nrádatl sk rkiakrk o  prlhckeos nlm cls nlhrls o ncakmtks. Kc dkiouct dk tocks nlhrls pukdk oikntor  skraoekmtk kc icubl dk caqua skraoekmtk caquadkz dkz dk umo keprkso, plmakmdl plmakmdl km pkca`rl pkca`rl o su vkz kc  po`l o prlvkkdlrks prlvkk dlrks dk amsuels y skrvanals, nlm cl nuoc sk `kmkro um nårnucl dk aepo`ls daiånac dk rkslcvkr.

>. @kstaþm dk raks`ls y onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl iamomnaoeakmtl km cls cls poåsks dk OCN2 Kc daskÿl dk umo odknuodo kstrotk`ao dk `kstaþm dk raks`ls ks ncovk poro kc hukm iumnalmoeakmtl dk umo nodkmo dk voclr.

Ksto kstrotk`ao dkhk adkmtaianor cos pltkmnaocks iukmtks dk raks`ls y cos onnalmks odknuodos  poro prkvkmarcls l rkdunar kc aepontl dk um samakstrl slhrk umo nodkmo dk voclr. Nuomtl eoylr sko kc nlmlnaeakmtl quk sk tkm`o dk cls raks`ls o cls quk sk kmnukmtro kxpuksto umo nodkm nod kmoo dk vocl voclrr y dkc pltkmn pltkmnao aocc ae aepo pont ntl l dk cl clss ea ease sels ls,, ekbl ekblrr sk skrï rï co no nopo pona nado dod d dk adkmtaianor y pralrazor cos onnalmks quk pkreatom `kstalmor cls raks`ls, y kccl nlmdunarï o umo umo eoyl eoylrr rk rksa saca cakm kmna nao, o, slst slstkm kmah ahac acad adod od y rkmt rkmtoh ohac acad adod od dk co no nodk dkmo mo.. Dkha Dkhadl dl o co amtkrdkpkmdkmnao prkskmtk kmtrk cls mldls dk umo nodkmo, dkhk daskÿorsk umo odknuodo kstr kstrot otk`a k`aoo dk `ksta `kstaþm þm dk ra raks ks`l `lss nlm nlm kc prlp prlpþs þsat atl l dk prkvk prkvkma marr raks raks`l `lss y rkdun rkdunar ar co vucmkrohacadod dk co nodkmo nlel um tldl.

 

Kc onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl ks um iontlr amdaspkmsohck poro aepckekmtor umo kstrotk`ao dk `kstaþm dk raks`ls.

Cos onnalmks dk prkvkmnaþm y eata`onaþm dk raks`ls `kmkrocekmtk rkquakrkm rknursls k amstruekmtls iamomnakrls poro rkocazor amvkrsalmks km nopatoc iåsanl, tknmlcl`åo, prlnksls y ilreonaþm dk nopatoc fueoml, slcvkmtor odquasanalmks dk amsuels, osk`uror um odknuodl mavkc dk caquadkz y nuhrar doÿls l párdados omtk co kvkmtuocadod dk um 8? samakstrl, kmtrk ltrls. Co iocto dk onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl poro kc skntlr pravodl km OCN ks kc wkogkst camg  poro kc ekblr dkskepkÿl dk cos nodkmos dk voclr dk co rk`aþm.

Km cls poåsks dk OCN kc onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl poro kc skntlr prlduntavl ks ksnosl. Co nopon nop onad adod od dk dkcc sa sast stke keoo homn homnor oral al dk am amtk tkre rekd kdao aorr dk eomk eomkro ro kian kianak akmt mtkk kc oflr oflrrl rl fonao fonao ontavadodks prlduntavos ks um kckekmtl kskmnaoc poro kc iumnalmoeakmtl dk co knlmleåo.   Km OCN kc iamomn iamomnaoe aoeakm akmtl tl homnora homnoral l oc skntlr skntlr pravodl pravodl opkmos opkmos fo ouekmt ouekmtodl odl ? pumtl pumtl  plrnkmtuoc dksdk co dánodo dk ?16:, satuïmdlsk km um prlekdal dkc 4?% dkc ZAH poro kc quamqukmal 8::0-??. Kstk voclr sk kmnukmtro sa`maianotavoekmtk plr dkhobl dkc voclr quk  prkskmtom cls poåsks dk co LNDK (?>?%) k, amncusavk, cos knlmleåos kekr`kmtks (96%) (`rïianl 9). O su vkz, kc pksl rkcotavl dkc nrádatl o keprksos km kc nlmbumtl dk co nortkro tltoc dk nrádatl homnoral fo daseamuadl, posomdl dkc 99% oc 9:% kmtrk cls oÿls 8::: y 8:?:. Odkeïs dk skr ksnosl, kc iamomnaoeakmtl oc skntlr prlduntavl km cls poåsks dk OCN  plskk eïr`kmks mktls dk amtkrekdaonaþm homnorao eïs kckvodls, km nleporonaþm nlm ltrls `rupls dk poåsks. Km kc pkråldl 8::0-??, kc prlekdal dkc eor`km mktl dk amtkrekdaonaþm km cls poåsks dk OCN sk uhanþ km 1,86%, eïs dkc dlhck dkc dk cls poåsks kekr`kmtks (4,?1%) y nosa nuotrl vknks eïs quk kc k c dk cls poåsks dk co LNDK (8,98%).

4. Kc rlc dk co plcåtano plcåtano pòhcano pòhcano poro umo ekblr ekblr `kstaþm `kstaþm dk raks`ls raks`ls km cos nodkmos nodkmos dk OCN2 Co iocto dk onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl km cls poåsks dk OCN ks nlmsknukmnao dk co prkskmnao dk umo skrak dk ioccos dk ekrnodl km kc ekrnodl iamomnakrl.

 

 Kmtrk cos eïs rkckvomtks, nohk dkstonor2 a)

Ekrnodls amnlepcktls.

aa)

Kxtkrmocadodks.

aa aaa) a)

Io Iocc ccos os dk nll nllrd rdam amona onaþm þm y nlepl nleplrt rtoe oeak akmt mtl l kstro kstrotá tá`a `anl nl dk cls cls o`kmt o`kmtks ks..

Zlr ltrl codl, co `kstaþm dk raks`ls y onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl km cls poåsks dk OCN pukdkm skr2 ?.

Co Coss kxpk kxpkra rakm kmna naos os amt amtkr krmon monal almoc mocks ks kkva vadk dkmn mnao aom m kc rlc rlc quk quk kc kc sknt skntlr lr pòh pòhca canl nl p pukd ukdkk tkmk tkmkr  r  km co prlelnaþm dkc onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl poro y o trovás dk nodkmos dk voclr.

8.

Zukd Zukdkk cl` l`ro rorrsk umo umo eoylr oylr kikn kiknttavado vadod d dk cls cls prl` prl`rroeos oeos dk iamo iamomn mnao aoea eakm kmtl tl dk nodkmos dk voclr sa sk odlpto um kmilquk amtk`roc dk `kstaþm dk raks`ls.

>.

Zo Zoro ro rko rkoca cazor zor umo `k `kst staþ aþm m kian kianoz oz dk cl clss rak raks` s`ls ls km km umo umo nodk nodkmo mo dk voclr voclr,, ks mknk mknkso sora ral l nlmtor nlm um kmilquk ammlvodlr k amtk`roc km cls prl`roeos dk iamomnaoeakmtl dk nodkmos, quk pkreatom otkmdkr o daikrkmtks ontlrks y prlhckeïtanos, nlehamomdl cls amstruekmtls iamomnakrls y ml iamomnakrls eïs odknuodls poro nodo satuonaþm.

4.

[m eoyl eoylrr onnk onnksl sl oc iamo iamomn mnaaoea oeakmt kmtl pl plrr po porrtk dk cos cos nodkm nodkmos os km OCN OCN pk pkre reat ataarï rkocazor umo ekblr `kstaþm dk raks`ls.

;.

Co Coss onna onnalm lmks ks dk prkvk prkvkmn mnaþ aþm m y ea eata ta`o `ona naþm þm ad adkm kmta taia iano nodo doss pu pukd kdkm km skr skr aepc aepcke kekm kmto todo doss  plr kc skntlr pravodl l pukdkm toehaám rkqukrar co portanaponaþm dkc skntlr pòhcanl.

Cls homnls dk dksorrlccl y cos o`kmnaos pòhcanos kspknaocazodos pukdkm dkskepkÿor um rlc ncovk nlel nlel kstrun kstruntur turodl odlrks rks dk umo kstrotk` kstrotk`ao ao dk `kstaþ `kstaþm m dk raks`l raks`lss poro poro cos nodkmos dk voclr.

 Co homno dk dksorrlccl takmk nlel eomdotl ilekmtor kc dksorrlccl slnalknlmþeanl o trovás dkc iamomnaoeakmtl dk ontavadodks, skntlrks l sk`ekmtls knlmþeanls kn lmþeanls kspknåianls. Zlr su eomdotl, su noponadod dk kstrunturor y opocomnor kstrotk`aos dk iamomnaoeakmtl poro kc dksorrlccl dkc skntlr prlduntavl, y su kxpkrakmnao dk trohobl km kc ilrtocknaeakmtl dk cos nodkmos dk voclr, nlm vastos oc iuturl co homno dk dksorrlccl pukdk pu kdk tkmk tkmkrr um rl rlcc nc ncov ovkk km co kc kcoh ohlro lrona naþm þm k aepc aepcke kekm kmto tona naþm þm dk ks kstr trot otk` k`ao aoss dk iamomnaoeakmtl poro co `kstaþm amtk`roc dk raks`ls km nodkmos dk voclr.

 

Nlel Nle l sk ekmnal ekmnalmþ mþ omtkra omtkralre lrekmtk kmtk,, cls raks`ls raks`ls km cos nodkmos nodkmos dk voclr voclr sk kmnukmt kmnukmtrom rom  prkskmtks o daikrkmtks mavkcks y rkquakrkm umo kstrotk`ao amtk`roc poro cl`ror slcunalmks kikntavos o mavkc `clhoc. Km co ontuocadod, co kcohlronaþm y odlpnaþm dk ksto kstrotk`ao sk kmnukmtro caeatodo plr oc ekmls nuotrl iontlrks. Km praekr cu`or, plr co iocto dk umo adkmtaianonaþm o mavkc `clhoc dk cls raks`ls y dk cos onnalmks dk prkvkmnaþm y eata`onaþm dk cls easels. Km sk`umdl cu`or, plr cos ioccos dk nllrdamonaþm kmtrk cls ontlrks dkc skntlr   pravodl quk portanapom km umo nodkmo, cls nuocks tleom dknasalmks amtkmtomdl eoxaeazor  sus plsanalmks clnocks, nlm ksnoso vasahacadod dk cos nlmsknukmnaos o mavkc `clhoc. Km tkrnkr  cu`or, plr cos ioccos dk nllrdamonaþm kmtrk kc skntlr pravodl y kc skntlr pòhcanl, y oc amtkrml dk kstk òctael, km co adkmtaianonaþm dk lhstïnucls y co nllrdamonaþm dk onnalmks poro supkrorcls. Zlr òctael, plr co iocto dk onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl poro aepckekmtor >0 cos onnalmks dk prkvkmnaþm y eata`onaþm dk raks`ls quk pudakrom skr adkmtaianodos. Omtk co  prkskmnao dk kstls lhstïnucls, sk rkquakrk umo amanaotavo prlontavo poro nllrdamor o cls daikrkmtks ontlrks y skntlrks, km tlrml o umo kstrotk`ao dk nlcohlronaþm poro adkmtaianor  ra raks ks`l `ls, s, eata eata`o `orc rcls ls y op opoc ocom omno norr rknu rknurs rsls ls y nl nlep epkt ktkm kmna naos os dk um uml l y ltrl ltrl poro poro um iumnalmoeakmtl eïs kianakmtk dk cos nodkmos dk voclr. Co homno dk dksorrlccl, quk yo takmk kc eomdotl dk prlelvkr kc onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl, nukmto nlm co kxpkrakmnao y cls amstru ams truekm ekmtls tls mknkso mknksoral ralss poro poro ilrtoc ilrtocknk knkrr umo nodkmo nodkmo dk voclr, voclr, y pukdk pukdk nuepca nuepcarr kstk kstk rlc kstrotá`anl oc skrvanal dk umo kstrotk`ao dk dksorrlccl. Co nllrdamonaþm y kc opocomnoeakmtl nlm cls prl`roeos cckvodls o nohl plr ltrls ontlrks ks ncovk poro kc dksorrlccl dk kstrotk`aos dk iamomnaoeakmtl poro co `kstaþm amtk`roc dk raks`ls km nodkmos dk voclr.

Dodl quk cls raks`ls quk oikntom o cos nodkmos dk voclr slm dk daikrkmtk tapl, pukdkm kstor  lra`amodls plr daikrkmtks iontlrks y, km nlmsknukmnao, rkqukrar kc onnalmor dk daikrkmtks ontlrks poro su `kstaþm, ks nrunaoc adkmtaianor o cls ontlrks ncovks k amvlcunrorcls km kc daskÿl dk danfos kstrotk`aos. O cl cor`l dk cos òctaeos dánodos, kc HAD fo sadl um slnal kstrotá`anl poro cls poåsks dk co rk`aþm km kc daskÿl dk plcåtanos pòhcanos y prl`roeos poro ekblror kc onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl plr portk dkc skntlr prlduntavl.

 

Km su trohobl nlm kc skntlr pòhcanl, y km kspknaoc nlm co homno dk dksorrlccl, kc HAD ontòo nlel um flmkst hrlgkr y/l o`kmtk notocazodlr notocazodlr,, oyudïmdlcls oyudïmdlcls km co ilreuconaþm ilreuconaþm dk plcåtanos plcåtanos quk ouekmt ouekmtom om kc onnksl onnksl oc iamomna iamomnaoea oeakmt kmtl, l, prl`ro prl`roeos eos quk ekblro ekblrom m cos nopona noponadod dodks ks keprksoraocks, y prl`roeos quk ilekmtom kc dksorrlccl dkc skntlr pravodl km ïrkos ncovk dk cos knlmleåos dk OCN. Osaeasel, kc HAD ionacato co nrkonaþm dk rkdks o mavkc monalmoc k amtkrmonalmoc, o trovás dk cos nuocks sk ilekmto kc daïcl`l, co nlcohlronaþm y co daiusaþm dk  hukmos prïntanos poro co hòsqukdo y kc daskÿl dk slcunalmks o cos rkstrannalmks dk iamo iamomna mnaoe oeak akmt mtl l prldu prldunt ntav avl. l. Kc HAD HAD fo op oplyo lyodl dl muek muekrl rlsl slss prl`r prl`roe oeos os dk on onnk nksl sl oc iamomnaoeakmtl poro nodkmos dk voclr km co rk`aþm. Km Manoro`uo, kc Zrl`roeo dk Onnksl oc Nrádatl km Nodkmos Zrlduntavos Xurocks ([^$8: eacclmks) oplrtþ umo slcunaþm amtk`roc o cos mknksadodks dk iamomnaoeakmtl y osastkmnao tánmano plr portk dk cos nodkmos dk voclr dk cïntkls y dk nonol. Zoro kccl sk daskÿorlm trks amstruekmtls2 a)

um prl` prl`rroeo oeo dk `oro `oromt mtåo åoss dk nrád nrádat atl l po poro ro eat eata`o `orr kc rak rakss`l pkrn pkrnaahadl hadl plr plr kc sastkeo iamomnakrl rkspkntl dkc nrádatl oc skntlr.

aa aa))

um prl` prl`ro roeo eo dk nrád nrádat atl l poro poro ilmdk ilmdkor or suhp suhprá rást stoe oels ls dara dara`a `adl dlss o cls cls pkquk pkqukÿl ÿlss y ekdaomls prlduntlrks (ZEZ).

aa aaa) a)

um prl`r prl`roe oeoo dk osas osastk tkmn mnao ao tánma tánmano no po poro ro dask daskea eamor mor dk dk eomkr eomkroo kiano kianozz ekblr ekblros os km cls prlnksls prlduntavls y ionacator co amtk`ronaþm dk cls ZEZ km cos nodkmos dk voclr.

Kc HAD plmk o dasplsanaþm dk cls poåsks dk OCN umo vorakdod dk amstruekmtls poro ekblror co `kstaþm amtk`roc dk raks`ls km cos nodkmos dk voclr dk co rk`aþm.

O nlmtamuonaþm, sk prkskmto umo hrkvk dksnrapnaþm dk danfls amstruekmtls. o.

Zrástoels poro amvkrsaþm2  Cåmkos dk iamomnaoeakmtl poro cls poåsks dk co rk`aþm

dkstamodos, kmtrk ltrls lhbktavls, o ionacator co prlvasaþm dk hakmks pòhcanls, kstaeucor co likrto dk nrádatl, nopatoc k amstruekmtls iamomnakrls, y sueamastror nrádatl y cl`ror  amvkrs amv krsalm almks ks km keprks keprksos os prldunt prlduntavo avos. s. Kstos Kstos cåmkos cåmkos pukdkm pukdkm skr òtacks òtacks poro poro eata`o eata`or  r  daikrkmtks tapls dk raks`ls, nlel cls lpkrotavls, dk ekrnodl y dk caquadkz. Dodo co

 

 prlhckeïtano dk hobl onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl plr portk dk cos keprksos dk OCN, kstls  prástoels fom sadl kxatlsls km kxpomdar co irlmtkro dkc iamomnaoeakmtl, o trovás dk2 

Ilmdls dk nrádatl2 tåpanoekmtk kstrunturodls o trovás dk co homno dk dksorrlccl, quk sk utacazom poro2

a)

Ot Otkm kmuo uorr cls cls prlh prlhck ckeo eoss dk dk iilm lmdkl dkl o ccor or`l `l pco pcozl, zl, km port portan anuc ucor or por poroo aamv mvkr krsa saþm þm,, ammlvo amm lvonaþ naþm, m, odlpna odlpnaþm þm tknmlc tknmlcþ`a þ`ano no y odopto odoptonaþ naþm m oc noehal noehal ncaeït ncaeïtanl anl plr   portk dkc skntlr prlduntavl.

aa aa))

Nlel Nlel ekno eknoma mase sel l dk skÿoc skÿocaz azona onaþm þm dk dk prk prkna nals ls oc oc ekr ekrno nodl dl pra pravod vodl. l. Co Co homno homno dk dkso dksorr rrlc lccl cl pukdk pukdk prks prksto torr kstl kstlss rknur rknursl slss dark darknt ntoek oekmt mtkk o kepr keprks ksos os amdavaduocks (tocks nlel cos Zyek l keprksos omnco, poro quk kstos òctaeos o su vkz prkstkm o sus prlvkkdlrks dk hakmks l skrvanals) l nlmbumtls dk keprksos (plr kbkepcl, oslnaonalmks). Toehaám pukdk nomocazor n omocazor cls ilmdls o trovás dk co homno nlekrnaoc u ltros kmtadodks iamomnakros (tocks nlel cos



nllpkrotavos).   Ilmdls dk `oromtåos2 Kepckodls poro rkspocdor portk dk co nortkro dk prástoels dk co  homno nlekrnaoc oc skntlr prlduntavl, fonakmdl plsahck y eïs kianakmtk kc iamomna iam omnaoea oeakmt kmtl l o tocks tocks skntlr skntlrks, ks, kspkna kspknaoce ocekmt kmtkk cls quk nukmtom nukmtom nlm hobl hobl mavkc mavkc dk nlcotkroc (nlel, plr kbkepcl, kc skntlr o`rånlco, cos mukvos keprksos l cos keprksos eïs amtkmsavos km ammlvonaþm).



 

Ilmdkl poro mukvls amstruekmt amstruekmtls ls iamomnakrls iamomnakrls22 _u _ukk husn husnom om prle prlelv lvkr kr kc

iumn iumnal almo moea eakmt kmtl l dk ekrn ekrnod odls ls ml otkm otkmda dadl dls, s, km cls cls quk quk kc sk sknt ntlr lr prav pravod odl l ml ks kstï tï  prkporodl poro `kstalmor kc raks`l, nlel, plr kbkepcl, cls sk`urls ncaeïtanls, cos kmkr`åos rkmlvohcks y co kianakmnao kmkr`átano. Nlm otkmnaþm o kstk òctael, kc HAD sk kmnukmtro trohobomdl nlm cls `lhakrmls dk co rk`aþm poro amnkmtavor co odlpnaþm dk tknmlcl`åos tknmlc l`åos y prïntanos prïntanos eïs kianakmtks kianakmtks plr portk dk cos keprksos, keprksos, nlm kc iam dk `kmkror  `kmkror  oflrrls, oc takepl quk prlelvkr umo eoylr slstkmahacadod dk cls prlnksls prlduntavls.  h.   Zrástoels Zrástoels km oplyl o rkilreos rkilreos dk plcåtanos plcåtanos22 Cåmkos dk iamomnaoeakmtl poro oplyor  cos rkilreos rk`ucotlraos mknksoraos poro ekblror kc ncaeo dk mk`lnals y eata`or oså cls raks`ls sastáeanls quk pukdkm kmirkmtor cos nodkmos dk voclr. n.   Zrl`roeos Zrl`roeos dk `oromtåos2 `oromtåos2  @oro @oromt mtaz azom om prás prásto toel elss ltlr ltlr`o `odls dls plr plr amst amstat atun unal almks mks iamo iamomna mnakr kros os prav pravod odos os o cl clss sknt skntlr lrks ks pòhca pòhcanl nl y prav pravodl odl dk OCN OCN poro poro prle prlelvk lvkrr co

 

amvkrsaþm, pramnapocekmtk km eotkrao dk amirokstrunturo, nlmtrahuykmdl dk kstk eldl o eata`or raks`ls sastáeanls (km kc nosl dk amkstohacadod plcåtano l eonrlknlmþeano) y lpkrota lpkr otavls vls (oc pkrea pkreatar tar ekblro ekblrorr co dasplma dasplmahac hacado adod d y noponad noponadod od dk amirok amirokstr strunt unturo uro mknksoraos poro kc hukm dkskepkÿl dk umo nodkmo dk voclr). d.   Amstruekmtls Amstruekmtls ml iamomnakrls iamomnakrls22  Dlmonal Dlmonalmks mks nlm ilmdls ilmdls prlpal prlpalss l dk nllpkro nllpkronaþ naþm m amtkrmonalmoc quk pukdkm dkstamorsk o oplyor kc ilrtocknaeakmtl tánmanl tomtl dkc skntlr  iamomnakrl (plr kbkepcl, poro quk ekblrk sus noponadodks dk kvocuor y elmatlrkor   prlykntls dk amvkrsaþm) nlel dkc skntlr prlduntavl (poro quk ekblrkm sus nlmdanalmks nlel subktl dk nrádatl). Nlm portanucor rkikrkmnao o kstl òctael, cls rknursls dk osastkmnao tánmano poro keprksos nlmtrahuykm o2 a)

Kmva Kmvaor or umo umo sk skÿo ÿocc pl plssat ataavo o cos cos kmta kmtado dodk dkss iamo iamomn mnaakros kros rksp rkspkn kntl tl dk co no noccadod adod dkc dkc

aa aa))

 prlykntl dkc pltkmnaoc ncakmtk. Ekbl Ekblro rorr co noc nocad adod od dk ami amilr lreo eona naþm þm ncov ncovkk km nuom nuomtl tl oc oc raks raks`l `l dk nrá nráda datl tl dkc dkc pltk pltkmna mnaoc oc ncakmtk.

aa aaa) a)

Ouek Ouekmt mtor or cos cos nopon noponad adod odks ks dk po`l po`l dk cls ncak ncakmt mtks ks km co ekda ekdado do km quk rkn rknah ahom om oplyl km ontavadodks skmsahcks poro kc dkskepkÿl dk sus mk`lnals. Osaeasel, kstls rk rknur nursl slss iona ionaca cato tom, m, km kmtr trkk ltrl ltrlss lhbk lhbkta tavls vls,, quk sk rkoc rkocan ankm km dao`m dao`mþs þsta tanl nlss y sk  pkriknnalmkm cos noponadodks tánmanos dk keprksos k amstatunalmks.

;. Nlm Nlmncu ncusal salmks mks22

?. Zrlplm Zrlplmkk um kmilquk kmilquk ammlvo ammlvodlr dlr poro poro amnkmtav amnkmtavor or kc onnksl onnksl y co pkreomkm pkreomkmnao nao dk cos keprksos dk co rk`aþm km nodkmos dk voclr. 8. Co kvadkmnao kvadkmnao amtkrmona amtkrmonalmoc lmoc kxastkmtk kxastkmtk,, cos iareos iareos quk portana portanapom pom km nodkmos dk vo voclr  clr  slm slm eïs eïs prld prldunt untav avos os y su suss poås poåsks ks pr prks kskmt kmtom om um eoylr eoylr mavk mavkcc dk nrkn nrknae aeak akmt mtl l knlmþeanl. >. Cos keprksos keprksos dk dk OCN portanapo portanapom m km eunfo ekmlr ekmlr ekdado ekdado quk cos dk ltros ltros rk`almks rk`almks.. 4.

Kmtrk cos horrkros poro umo eoylr portanaponaþm km nodkmos dk voclr, cos keprksos dkstonom slhrk tldl co iocto dk onnksl oc iamomnaoeakmtl, cl nuoc cks aepadk rkocazor  amvkrsalmks y `kstalmor iamomnakroekmtk kc nancl prlduntavl. Km kikntl, cos ioccos dk

 

ekrnodl km kc sastkeo iamomnakrl dk co rk`aþm fonkm quk kc iamomnaoeakmtl poro kc skntlr prlduntavl sko ksnosl, norl y dk nlrtl pcozl.