Gestion de Residuos Peligrosos
November 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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T@LKIK LL
[df`mgmeái kd [ritiald`tm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
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L`klfd T`lkik LL T`lkik LL> ‗[df`mgmeái kd [ritiald`tm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms‑ 9. 3. 6. ;. 4. 2. 5.
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Fli`urms) Sdslkums mreé`lfms m l`mreé`lfms qud fm`tld`d` ied`tds mxlki`tds budrtds (Dn.> Fli`urms) Dglal`iflö` kd prmkuftms dspdfáblfms kd ieuis rdslkuigds (Dn.> éflkm fröalfm) Gmkms
Fmam dndapgm kd mxlkiflö` quáalfi ad`flm`irdams dg fism kdg fli`urm, fli`urm, dg fuig ds u` rdslkum vd`d`msm qud sd pudkd prdsd`tir d` smguflm`ds gáqulkis m d` bmrai söglki. Kdclkm i qud gms rdslkums fm` fli`urm sd pudkd` tri`sbmrair béflgad`td d` prmkuftms `m-töxlfms, dxlstd pmfi `dfdslkik kd vdrtdrgms d` kdpösltms m vdrtdkdrms. Gms rdslkums ifumsms kd fli`urms qud sd prmkufd` d` dg tritiald`tm kd adtigds, l`fguyd`km cmrris, sd pudkd` tritir pmr mxlkiflö` quáalfi fm` u`i smguflö` igfigl`i fm` fgmrm m olpmfgmrltm. F@- + 3 MO- + Fg3 1 FM@- + 3Fg- + O3M Dg fli`itm pudkd sdr mxlkikm iþ` aés fm` u` dxfdsm kd fgmrm. 3 FM@- + 6 Fg3 + ; MO- 1 3 FM3 + @3 + 2 Fg- + 3 O3M Gis fi`tlkikds kd rdslkums prmkuflkms pmr dstd prmfdsm sm` virlicgds y dg aiymr biftmr fm`trmgi`td kd gi fi`tlkik kd rdslkum ed`drikm ds gi fm`fd`triflö` kd adtigds qud prdflplti` i u` pO kd ?,4 kdg prmfdsm. pr mfdsm. Fui`km dxlstd` rdslkums fm` frmaitms, ìstms pudkd` sdr utlglzikms fmam ied`tds mxlki`tds y tiaclì` slrvd` piri dg prmpösltm kd rdkuflr dg frmam odxivigd`td i gi bmrai ad`ms töxlfi kd frmam trlvigd`td.
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c. Xrdflpltiflö` kd adtigds pdsikms Gms dbgud`tds kdg tritiald`tm kd adtigds fm`tld`d` smguflm`ds fm` klstl`tms adtigds pdsikms tigds fmam fmcrd, `áqudg m zl`f. Dstms pudkd` sdr rdamvlkms fm` u` dxfdsm kd u`i smguflö` kd fig m olkröxlkm kd smklm piri prdflpltirgms fmam fmapudstms l`smgucgds d` ieui. Xrdflplti`tds igtdr`itlvms piri adtigds pdsikms l`fguyd` sugburm kd smklm, tlmurdi y kltlmfircm`itms, tmkms gms fuigds prmkufd` prdflpltikms l`smgucgds kd sugburm. Tsuigad`td gi prdflpltiflö` fm` sugburms sd usi fmam prmfdsm bl`ig kdspuìs kd u`i prdflpltiflö` l`lflig fm` fig m smki féustlfi.
f. Sdkufflö` quáalfi Dg éflkm fröalfm ds u` aitdrlig fmrrmslvm y igtiad`td töxlfm usikm prmbusiad`td d` dg tritiald`tm kd supdrblflds kd adtigds y d` dg frmaikm kd adtigds. Vd pudkd rdkuflr quáalfiad`td i u` dstikm rdgitlviad`td `m töxlfm kd frmam (LLL). Klbdrd`tds prmkuftms quáalfms pudkd` sdrvlr fmam ied`tds rdkuftmrds, l`fguyd`km: klöxlkm kd sugburm (VM3), sigds kd sugbltm (VM6-3), sigds kd clsugbltm (OVM6-) y sigds bdrrmsis (Bd +3).
T` prmfdsm táplfm ds dg sleuld`td> 3@i3FrM; + 2BdVM; + ?O3VM; 1 Fr3(VM;)6 + 6Bd3 (VM;)6 + 3@i3VM; + ? O3M +6
Dstd prmfdsm fm`kufd iigfigl`i> u` pO kd 3,4 i 6,8. Dg frmam smgucgd (Fr ) ds d`tm`fds rdamvlkm pmr sd prdflpltiflö` Fr3 (VM;) + 6 Fi (MO)3 1 3 Fr (MO)6 + 6 FiVM; Gi rdkufflö` kd Fr+2 sdeulki kd u`i prdflpltiflö` igfigl`i prmkufd fi`tlkikds sle`lblfi`tds kd rdslkum. Gi dstdqulmadtrái kd gi prmkufflö` kd Fr (MO) 6 prdklfd 3 je kd cmrri pmr je kd Fr +2 tritikms. Dg Fr+6 tiaclì` pudkd sdr tritikm fm` @iMO d` vdz kd fig piri prmkuflr ad`ms cmrri. k. @dutriglziflö` Gis smguflm`ds ifumsis kd éflkms al`drigds sd prmkufd` d` eri`kds fi`tlkikds d` gis l`kustrlis quáalfis. Aufois prmvld`d` kdg tritiald`tm kd dstiùm adtigdsy pgmam. y fm`tld`d` adtigds fmam oldrrm, zl`f, fmcrd, cirlm, `áqudg, frmam, fikalm, Dstms éflkms sm` dxtrdaikiad`td fmrrmslvms, pdrm pudkd` sdr `dutriglzikms y usuigad`td sd utlglzi fig fmam dg égfigl ad`ms fmstmsm d` mpdriflm`ds i eri` dsfigi. Gis smguflm`ds igfigl`is tiaclì` sd prmkufd` d` gi l`kustrli quáalfi, pdrm su fmapmslflö` virái aés qud d` dg fism kd gms éflkms y dstm oifd su rdfupdriflö` klbáflg. Gms rdslkums igfigl`ms tiaclì` vld`d` kd gi rdbl`iflö` kdg pdtrögdm, bicrlfiflö` kd pl`turis y glapldzi dspdfligds.
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Ipirtd kd söglkms fmam irflggis, fitiglzikmrds, olkröxlkms adtéglfms, tiaclì` pudkd` dstir prdsd`tds fli`urms, adtigds pdsikms, sögm erisis, ifdltds, rdsl`is bd`mgitms, `iturigds `ibtd`itms, y sl`tìtlfis,sugbm`itms, dtf. Kd dstms rdslkums iftuigad`td sd pudkd` rdfupdrir gms adtigds. Fmam smguflm`ds éflkis sd pudkd` usir éflkm sugbþrlfm y éflkm fgmroákrlfm. Dg éflkm sugbþrlfm bmrai prdflpltikms aés l`smgucgds y ed`dri aés rdslkums qud dg éflkm fgmroákrlfm. d. Vdpiriflö` kd ifdltds y ieui T`i eri` fi`tlkik kd rdslkums kd dstd tlpm sd kdsfirei` fm`sti`tdad`td. Igeu`ms rdslkums qud fm`tld`d` prmkuftms mreé`lfms, pudkd` sdr dglal`ikms pmr l`fl`driflö` kdspuìs kd sdpirirgms kdg ieui, mtrms fm`tld`d` prmkuftms fi`fdráed`ms (ifdltds gucrlfi`tds) y pudkd` fm`tial`ir gis ieuis supdrblfligds y suctdrré`dis. Vl` dacirem, sldg sd tritiald`tm kd rdslkumsgis kdqudifdltds y pdtrögdms `m piri ds béflg, dspdfligad`td bmrai` daugslm`ds, `dfdslti` tritiald`tm sdr sdpirikis (Dndapgm> tritiald`tm kd daugslm`ds fm` sugbitm kd igual`lm, fm` u`i cmrri kd fig piri bmrair gms bgöfugms qud icsmrcd` dg ifdltd qud pudkd sdr pmstdrlmrad`td qudaikm). D` aufoms fisms ds pmslcgd gi rdfupdriflö` kd gms ifdltds, fmam d` dg fism kd daugslm`ds kd erisis d` gi l`kustrli kd iglad`tms, km`kd sd glcdri` gis erisis y sd pudkd` qudair m rdutlglzir.
[iaclì` ds pmslcgd qud igeu`ms sudgms kdsfmapm`ei` aitdrligds ifdltmsms d` susti`flis `m kiùl`is: dg tritiald`tm clmgöelfm ds u` aìtmkm ikdfuikm sldaprd qud `m fm`td`ei adtigds pdsikms. b. Sdfupdriflö` kd Vmgvd`tds y Fmacustlcgds Gms smgvd`tds fmacustlcgds mreé`lfms sm` brdfud`tdad`td töxlfms y sus vipmrds fui`km sd adzfgi` fm` ilrd pudkd` sdr dxpgmslvms. Dstd tlpm kd rdslkums ds ed`drigad`td rdfupdricgd y sl `m ds isá, sd usi gi fmacustlö` fmam dg adnmr aìtmkm kd klspmslflö`. Vmgvd`tds mreé`lfms `m-fmacustlcgd l`fguyd` gis cmrris ifdltmsis, cmrris fm` erisis kd ied`tds kdsd`erisi`tds y rdamvdkmrds kd pl`turis kdg tlpm olkrmfircurms fgmrl`ikms, gms fuigds sm` igtiad`td töxlfms. Iu`qud sdi` l`fmacustlcgds, sd pudkd` l`fl`drir i igtis tdapdrituris usi`km pdtrögdm kldsdg u mtrm fmacustlcgd iuxlglir fm` gi prdfiuflö` kd usir icsmrcdkmrds piri rdamvdr dg éflkm fgmroákrlfm bmraikm.
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Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms [icgi 3.6 Aìtmkms kd [ritiald`tm Mxlkitlvm Mxlki`td
Mzm`m Ilrd (mxáed`m) Eis fgmrm Eis fgmrm (+ féustlfms) Klöxlkm kd fgmrm Olpmfgmrltm kd smklm Olpmfgmrltm kd figflm Xdrai`ei`itm kd pmtislm Xdröxlkm kd olkröed`m
Dbgud`td Rirlms Vugbltms (VM6), sugburms V1, lö` bdrrmsm Vugburms, adrfipti`ms Fli`urms (F@) Fli`itms, pdstlflkis Fli`urms, pgmam Fli`urms [rizis kd pgmam, bd`mg, pdstlflkis, mrei`msugburikms, bmraigkdoákm, ai`ei`dsm Bd`mg, fli`urms, fmapudstms kd izubrd, pgmam
2. @TDRIV [DF@MGMEÁIV D@ DG XSMFDVIALD@[M KD SDVLKTMV XDGLESMVMV Gms dxpdrtms dsté` fm`tl`uiad`td tricini`km y kdsirrmggi`km `udvms aìtmkms piri dg tritiald`tm kd gms rdslkums pdglermsms fm` dg bl` kd dglal`ir m oifdrgms ad`ms kiùl`ms. Igeu`is klrdfflm`ds frditlvis l`vmgufri` i gi d`dreái smgir y i`tmrfois kd pgisai. Xmr dndapgm, sd ipglfi tdf`mgmeái smgir piri kdstrulr quáalfms töxlfms d` kdsdfoms l`kustrligds y d` ieuis fm`tial`ikis. Dg ieui fm`tial`iki fm`td`ld`km u` fitiglzikmr sd cmacdi i trivìs kd fiùdráis d` fmgdftmrds smgirds qud d`bmfi` gms riyms ugtrivlmgdti smcrd gi adzfgi. D` u` pism i trivìs kdg fmgdftmr, u` tdrflm kd gms fm`tial`i`tds sm` fm`vdrtlkms i prmkuftms ad`ms kiùl`ms y d` virlis pisikis dg • • •
D`fm`trir sustltutms `m töxlfms piri gms töxlfms. Sdklsdùir gms aìtmkms kd prmkufflö` piri dglal`ir gi `dfdslkik kd töxlfms. Oifdr gi prmkufflö` kd ai`dri aés dblfld`td piri rdkuflr dg usm kd töxlfms.
Xdrm tiaclì`kdoiy bmraisdg rdflfgind piri qudy gi gmsfmapri fm`sualkmrds rdkuzfi` su fm`suam kd töxlfms> gi fm`sdrviflö` d`dreái, kd prmkuftms s ustltutms. sustltutms. Fm`sdrviflö` kd gi d`dreái. d`dreái. Ds u`i kd gis bmrais aés béflgds kd rdkuflr dg am`tm kd töxlfms pmrqud gms slstdais triklflm`igds kd ed`driflö` kd d`dreái frdi` aufois susti`flis pdglermsis, fmam VM3, @M _, FM3 y FM. Vd pudkd fm`sdrvir gi d`dreái `m sögm ipiei`km gms irtdbiftms qud `m sd dsté` usi`km sl`m tiaclì` al`lalzi`km dg usm kd dggms m fmapri`km ipiritms qud sdi` dblfld`tds (rdbrledrikmrds dtlqudtikms fm` su dblfld`fli, iapmggdtis bgumrdsfd`tds, dtf.).
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Sdflfgind. Ds brdfud`td d`fm`trir fd`trms kd rdflfgind d` gis fmau`lkikds. Dstms fd`trms Sdflfgind. rdflfgi` igual`lm kdy rdfmgdfflö`. igeu`ms pgéstlfms, l`fgusm fm` fm`td`dkmrds klbdrd`tdspipdg, fmgmrdsvlkrlm, y fm`dstiùm, káis dspdfáblfms T` dndapgm lgustritlvm gm fm`stltuydkd dg rdflfgind kdg pipdg. Gi prmkufflö` kd dstd cld` fm`tial`i u`i eri` prmpmrflö` kd ieui y ilrd, kdstruyd dxtd`sis zm`is kd pgi`tiflm`ds y cmsquds, fm`trlcuyd`km i gi drmslö` kdg sudgm y ig daci`fiald`tm kd gms ráms. Gms pipdgds y firtm`ds fm`stltuyd` fdrfi kd gi altik kdg vmguad` y gis kms qul`tis pirtds kd gms kdsdfoms au`lflpigds, puklì`kmsd rdflfgir tmtigad`td. Fiki tm`dgiki kd pipdg rdflfgikm sigvi d` prmadklm i 95 ércmgds, 34 cirrlgds kd ifdltd, 5 888 eigm`ds kd ieui y 6 yirkis fþclfis kd supdrblfld kd rdggd`m. L`kukicgdad`td qud u` iglfld`td piri dg rdflfgind kdg pipdg gm fm`stltuyd gi kdai`ki kd prmkuftms odfoms fm` pipdg rdflfgikm. Vustltulr gms prmkuftms töxlfms pmr iqudggms ad`ms kiùl`ms. kiùl`ms . Ald`tris qud gi fm`sdrviflö` kd gi d`dreái y dg rdflfgind pudkd` iyukir i rdkuflr dg usm kd gms töxlfms, d`fm`trir sustltutms ad`ms töxlfms ds gi ai`dri aés klrdfti kd kdtd`dr dg bgunm kd dstms rdslkums. Xmr dndapgm, igeu`ms pdstlflkis kd nirká` y igeu`ms prdsdrvitlvms kd gi fmalki fmam dg éflkm ifìtlfm sm`yi ad`ms qud mtrms.kdMtrms fi`klkitms i sustltulrsd sm`ydg `l`eu`m pgéstlfm y ds gi dspuai pgéstlfi, qud `mflvms gi bicrlfiflö` iacms rdquldrd kd töxlfms clmkderikicgd. Ds adnmr usir pipdg u mtrms prmkuftms kderikicgds. 5. @DT[SIGL^IFLÖ@ 5.9. 5.9. KDV KDVFS FSLX LXFL FLÖ@ Ö@ Gi `dutriglziflö` ds u` prmfdsm qud amklblfi u`i fmrrld`td kd rdslkum pdglermsm, éflkm m
céslfm, i u` pO fdrfi`m i gi `dutriglkik. Gi `dutriglziflö` ds `dfdsirli d` virlis sltuiflm`ds. •
Xrdflpltiflö` kd adtigds pdsikms klsudgtms.
• •
Gi prdvd`flö`prdglal`ir, kd fmrrmslö` kd adtigdsgi y/m kiùms kd aitdrligds kd fm`strufflö`. [ritiald`tm pdraltld`km mpdriflö` dbdftlvi kd prmfdsms kd tritiald`tm clmgöelfm. • Xrmvddr u` pO `dutrm ig ieui piri usm kd rdflfgm y rdkuflr gms dbdftms pdrnuklfligds d` dg ieui rdflclki.
Gi `dutriglziflö` sd usi tiaclì` d` gi rupturi kd daugslm`ds ifdltmsis y d` dg fm`trmg kd vdgmflkik kd rdifflö` quáalfi. Vlapgdad`td, dg prmfdsm kd `dutriglziflö` ds gi l`tdrifflö` kd u` éflkm fm` u`i cisd. Gi prmpldkik táplfi dxpudsti pmr u` éflkm d` smguflö` ds dg rdsugtikm kd gi fm`fd`triflö` kdg lö` olkröed`m (O+). Vlalgirad`td gi prmpldkik igfigl`i (m céslfi) ds dg rdsugtikm kd gi fm`fd`triflö` kdg lö` olkrmxlgm (MO-). D` dstrlftm, `dutriglziflö` ds dg inustd kd pO fm` i 5,dxfdkd`td fui`km giskdfm`fd`triflm`ds kdg dglö`sd`tlkm olkrmxlgm y lö` gi olkröed`m sm` leuigds. Vmguflm`ds fm`fd`triflö` kdg lö` olkrmxlgm (pO 0 5) sm` ggiaikis céslfis: smguflm`ds fm` dxfdslvm lö` olkröed`m (pO 7 5) sm` éflkis. Dg inustd kd pO i 5 `m ds préftlfm m `m ds kdsdicgd d` dg tritiald`tm kd rdslkum, dg tdral`m ‗`dutriglziflö`‑ ds usikm igeu`is vdfds piri kdsfrlclr dg inustd kd pO i vigmrds fdrfi`m i gi `dutriglkik, usuigad`td d` u` ri`em kd pO kd 2 i • Gi adzfgi kd rdslkum éflkm y igfigl`m ki` dbdftm fdrfi`m i pO `dutrm. • Xisir rdslkum éflkm i trivìs kdg gdfom kd pldkri figlzi. • Adzfgi kd rdslkum éflkm fm` figlzi. • Iklflö` kd smguflm`ds igfigl`i fm`fd`triki (p.d., smki féustlfi féus tlfi @iMO m
fd`lzi kd smki
@i3FM6 kd rdslkum éflkms). • Vmpgikm kd eis kd vd`tdm kd figkdri i trivìs kd rdslkum igfigl`m. • Iklflö` kd klöxlkm kd fircm`m fmaprlalkm (FM3) i rdslkum igfigl`m. • Iklflö` éflki (p.d., sugbþrlfm m fgmroákrlfm) i rdslkum igfigl`m.
Dg aìtmkm dgdelkm kdpd`kd kd gi firiftdrástlfi kdg ieui kd rdslkum y su sucsleuld`td ai`dnm m usm. gi adzfgi kd klvdrsis fmrrld`tds ds l`sublfld`td fmam u` prdglal`ir piriXmr u`dndapgm, tritiald`tm clmgöelfm m kdsfirei si`ltirli kd igfi`tirlggikm. D` pism dstd fism, gi iklflö` quáalfi, fmam fmapgdad`tm, sd rdquldrd piri mctd`dr u` pO iprmplikm. Gms quáalfms aés usikms sm` gi fig (piri gdvi`tir dg pO) y dg éflkm sugbþrlfm (piri cinir dg pO). Gi pldkri figlzi ds dg rdiftlvm aés ciritm piri rdslkum éflkm y béflg kd usir, pdrm l`dblfld`td d` gi `dutriglziflö` kd rdslkum qud fm`td`ei` sugbitm pmrqud dg sugbitm kd figflm pudkd prdflpltir, fucrld`km gi pldkri figlzi d l`iftlvé`kmgi. Gi smki féustlfi m fd`lzi kd smki sm` aés firis, pdrm pudkd` fiaclirsd pmr gi fig d` dg tritiald`tm kd rdslkum qud fm`tld`d sugbitms.
Vl gi fmrrld`td kd rdslkum ds kdblfld`td d` `ltröed`m m bmsbitm, gi iklflö` kd iam`lifm m trlsmklm kd bmsbitm, slrvd fmam u` kmcgd prmpösltm, kd prmvddr kd igfigl`lkik y kdblfld`fli kd `utrld`tds. Gi adzfgi kd fmrrld`td kd rdslkum pudkd sdr rdiglziki d` u` dsti`qud fmgdftmr, dsti`qud kd adzfgi réplki (km`kd dg tritiald`tm quáalfm tiaclì` pudkd sdr ierdeikm) m d` u` dsti`qud kd `lvdgiflö`. Gms quáalfms pudkd` sdr ierdeikms d` dg dsti`qud kd adzfgikm m klrdftiad`td i u` fgirlblfikmr. Dg inustd kd pO bl`ig d` gi kdsfirei pudkd oifdrsd d` u` dsti`qud kd `dutriglziflö` pdqudùm m ig bl`ig kdg prmfdsm kd tritiald`tm. Gi `dutriglziflö` ds fm`slkdriki fmam u`i tdf`mgmeái kdamstriki y sd usi iapgliad`td d` dg tritiald`tm kd rdslkum l`kustrlig.
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Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
5.6. 5.6. IX IXGL GLFI FIFL FLM@D M@DV V Gi `dutriglziflö` sd ipglfi fmam u` tritiald`tm prlairlm m d` gi prdpiriflö` piri gi kdsfirei d` gis l`kustrlis sleuld`tds> • • • • • • • • •
Bicrlfiflö` kd citdrái. Bmraiflö` kd igual`lm. Al`drái kdg fircö`. Bicrlfiflö` kd quáalfms l`mreé`lfm. Bicrlfiflö` kdg oldrrm y ifdrm. Dqulpms bmtmeréblfms. Bicrlfiflö` kd dxpgmslvms. Bicrlfiflö` kd nicö` y kdtdred`td. Fmrrld`tds kd pgi`ti kd d`dreái dgìftrlfi.
Vd usi tiaclì` smcrd u`i cisd glaltiki d` gis l`kustrlis sleuld`tds> • Iutms. • Xrmfdsiald`tm kd emais. • Aikdris y emais quáalfis. • Xl`turis.
D` gi fitdemrái kd bicrlfiflö` kdg ifdrm d` gi l`kustrli kdg ifdrm y oldrrm, dg éflkm ds ierdeikm ig slstdai kd rdflfgm kdskd dg omr`m kd mxáed`m céslfm fm` slstdai kd fm`trmg kd pmguflö` kd ilrd oþadkm piri `dutriglzir dg pO kd gms tlpms kd rdslkum kd ieui
igfigl`i. D` dsti dtipi tiaclì` ds pmslcgd ierdeir fig piri `dutriglzir ieuis kd rdslkum éflkm d` gi mpdriflö` kdg omr`m. Vl dg tritiald`tm prl`flpig ds priftlfikm, gi `dutriglziflö` ds gmeriki pmr gi adzfgi kd rdslkums éflkms fm` rdslkums igfigl`ms fm` mtris bud`tds qud sm` fmapitlcgds fm` dg tritiald`tm. D` gi l`kustrli quáalfi kd emai y aikdri, gi `dutriglziflö` sd rdquldrd piri inustir dg pO kd u`i fmrrld`td kd rdslkum i`tds kdg tritiald`tm clmgöelfm u mtrm tritiald`tm qud pudki ggdvirsd i ficm. Dg ri`em kd pO kdg dbgud`td dsté d`trd 6 i < y kdcd cinirsd i ad`ms kd 6 piri rupturi kd daugslö` ifdltmsis y, gdvi`tikm iprmxlaikiad`td i u` pO 1 < piri gi prdflpltiflö` kd adtigds. 5.;. RD@[INIV \ GLAL[IFLM@DV Gi `dutriglziflö` ds u`i tdf`mgmeái fm` dblfld`fli fmaprmciki. Gis mtris vd`tinis l`fguyd` fm`trmg iutmaétlfm kdg prmfdsm y mpdriflö` d` fm`klflm`ds iacld`tigds (94 - 63 ¾F). Gi aiymr glaltiflö` `dutriglziflö` ds giqud dsté kd sundtm i gi l`bgud`fli kd D` gi tdapdrituri y dg dbdftmkdkdggifigmr rdsugti`td d` aiymrái gis rdifflm`ds quáalfis. gi `dutriglziflö`, gi rdifflö` d`trd dg éflkm y dg égfigl `mraigad`td ds dxmtìralfi (glcdri figmr), qud gdvi`ti gi tdapdrituri kd gi fmrrld`td kdg ieui kd rdslkum y pudkd frdir u`i fm`klflö` l`kdsdicgd. D` gi aiymrái kd gms fisms, u`i pgi`lblfiflö` iprmpliki d` gi `dutriglziflö` fm` rdspdftm i gi fm`fd`triflö` kd gms ied`tds `dutriglzi`tds, vdgmflkik kd iklflö`, tldapm kd rdifflö` y klsdùm kdg dqulpm pudkd iglvlir dg prmcgdai prmcgda i kdg figd`tiald`tm.
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Gi `dutriglziflö` usuigad`td audstri u` l`frdad`tm kdg fm`td`lkm kd söglkm klsudgtm, kdclkm i gi iklflö` kd ied`tds quáalfms. Gms i`lm`ds qud rdsugti` kd gi `dutriglziflö` kd éflkms sugbþrlfm y fgmroákrlfm, sm` sugbitms y fgmrms rdspdftlviad`td, qud `m sm` fm`slkdrikms pdglermsms, pdrm gms gáaltds kd kdsfirei rdfmad`kikm dsté` cisikms d` dg prmcgdai kdg ieui pmticgd. Gms fitlm`ds qud dsté` prdsd`tds kdspuìs kd gi `dutriglziflö` qud l`vmgufri gi smki féustlfi y gi fig (m pldkri figlzi) sm` dg smklm y figflm (pmslcgdad`td dg aie`dslm), rdspdftlviad`td, `m sm` töxlfms y `m tld`d` gáaltd rdfmad`kikm kd kdsfirei. Vl` dacirem, figflm y aie`dslm sm` rdspm`sicgds kd gi kurdzi kdg ieui. Gi iflklblfiflö` kd fmrrld`tds qud fm`tld`d` sigds, fmam sugbltms, prmkuflré` eisds töxlfms. Vl `m oiy igeu`i igtdr`itlvi sitlsbiftmrli, dg eis kdcd sdr rdamvlkm adkli`td dg rdstrdeiald`tm (glapldzi) u mtrm tritiald`tm. 5.4. SDYTDSLALD@[MV YTÁALFMV Gms quáalfms usikms d` gi `dutriglziflö` sm` dspdfáblfms piri dg tritiald`tm dxlstd`td d` dg ieui kd rdslkum. Gms quáalfms sleuld`tds sm` gms aés usikms> • • • •
Fig ZFiM m Fi(MO)3Q Xldkri figlzi (FiFM6) Vmki féustlfi (@iMO) Klöxlkm kd fircm`m (FM3)
• Éflkm • Éflkm
sugbþrlfm (O3VM;) fgmroákrlfm (OFg)
Fui`km dg tritiald`tm ds kdblfld`td, gms sleuld`tds quáalfms pudkd` usirsd> • •
Bmsbitm kd iam`lm (@i;O3XM;) Bmsbitm trlsmklm (@i6XM;)
Gi sdgdfflö` kd u` quáalfm piri gi `dutriglziflö` kdpd`kd kd aufoms biftmrds tigds fmam prdflm, klspm`lclglkik y fmapitlclglkik fm` dg prmfdsm. Dg éflkm sugbþrlfm ds dg éflkm aés usikm d` gi `dutriglziflö` kd rdslkum igfigl`m. Ds ad`ms fmstmsm qud dg éflkm fgmroákrlfm, pdrm tld`kd i bmrair prdflpltikms fm` dg figflm, fm`td`ld`km ieui kd rdslkum igfigl`m. Fui`km dg éflkm fgmroákrlfm ds usikm, gms fmapudstms bmraikms sm` smgucgds. T`i fm`slkdriflö` lapmrti`td d` dg usm kd rdiftlvms igfigl`ms piri gi `dutriglziflö` kd ieui kd rdslkum éflkm ds dg ‗biftmr kd cislflkik‑, qud ds dg `þadrm kd eriams dqulvigd`td kd öxlkm kd figflm d` gi fipiflkik piri `dutriglzir i u` égfigl dspdfáblfm. Gi smki féustlfi tld`d u` igtm biftmr kd cislflkik y u`i smguclglkik igti, pdrm ds firi. Gi fig olkritiki ds ad`ms cini cislflkik y smguclglkik y bmrai prdflpltikms fm` ieui kd kd rdslkumsfmstmsi, éflkms pdrm qud tld`d fm`tld`d` éflkm sugbþrlfm, fiusi`km dglal`iflö` y prmcgdai dsfiaiald`tm. Gi pldkri figlzi y gi fd`lzi kd smki tld`d` u`i cislflkik kd cini i amkdriki y gi fd`lzi kd smki tld`d` u`i smguclglkik aés igti qud gi fig olkritiki. Gi pldkri figlzi ds gi ad`ms smgucgd kd tmkms gms aitdrligds.
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5. 5.2. 2.
ED ED@D @DS SIF IFLÖ LÖ@ @ KD KD SDV SDVLK LKT TMV Gi `dutriglziflö` pudkd sdr ifmapiùiki pmr gi rdkufflö` d` gi fm`fd`triflö` kd adtigds pdsikms sl dg tritiald`tm prmfdkd i u` pO igfigl`m. Dstm pudkd rdsugtir d` gi ed`driflö` kd rdslkums qud pudkd` rdamvdrsd d` mpdriflm`ds pmstdrlmrds. Km`kd gms prmkuftms söglkms sd bmrai` (fmam d` gi prdflpltiflö` kd sugbitm kd figflm m olkröxlkms kd adtigds pdsikms), ds `dfdsirlm klspm`dr kd fgislblfikmrds, dspdsikmrds y blgtrms: sl dg prdflpltikm ds kd purdzi sublfld`td, sdrái u` prmkuftm rd`ticgd: kd mtri ai`dri, kdcd lkdirsd u` pgi` kd dglal`iflö`.
5.5 5.5.
FSL[DSLMV K KD D KL KLVDÙM Kdpd`kld`km kd gms vmgþad`ds kdg ieui kd rdslkum, sd usi u` tritiald`tm klsfm`tl`um m u` tritiald`tm fm`tl`um. T` slstdai dapgdiré slstdais kd iutmaitlzikms kd fm`trmg piri rdkuflr bguftuiflm`ds kd pOfm`tl`um y iuad`tm d` gi dblfld`fli gi rdifflö`. T` slstdai kd fm`trmg alkd dg pO kd gi smguflö` y fm`trmgi gi iklflö` kdg ied`td `dutriglzi`td piri ai`td`dr gms dbgud`tds kd`trm kd gms gáaltds ifdpticgds kd pO. Gi mpdriflö` kdg slstdai kd fm`trmg sd cisi d` biftmrds fmam dg bgunm, bmrtigdzi kd gi cisd m éflkm y dg aìtmkm kd ierdeir dg ied`td `dutriglzi`td. Dg slstdai kd `dutriglziflö` pudkd klsdùirsd fmam u`i m virlis dtipis. Xmr rdegi ed`drig, pudkd usirsd u`i dtipi sl dg pO kdg ieui kd rdslkum fruki dsté d`trd ; y 98. Kms dtipis sd rdquldrd` brdfud`tdad`td sl dg pO dsti fdrfi`m i 3 ö smcrd 98. Aés kd
kms dtipis sd utlglzi` sl dg pO dsté cinm 3 ö smcrd 93. Dg tiaiùm kdg dsti`qud kd `dutriglziflö` kdpd`kd kdg vmguad` m bgunm kdg ieui kd rdslkum, tldapm kd rdifflö`, gi smguclglkik kdg rdiftlvm y gms prdflpltikms l`smgucgds ?. VLV[DAIV KD [SI[IALD@[M XMS M_LKIFLÖ@ YTÁALFI ?.9. ?.9. KDV KDVFS FSLX LXFL FLÖ@ Ö@ Mxlkiflö` ds dg prmfdsm kd rdifflö` quáalfi d` dg fuig u`m m aés dgdftrm`ds sm` tri`sbdrlkms kdskd dg fmapudstm qud dsté sld`km mxlkikm oisti dg fmapudstm qud prmkufd gi tri`sbdrd`fli, fm`mflkm fmam ied`td mxlki`td. D` u`i táplfi rdifflö` quáalfi, fmam gi amstriki i fm`tl`uiflö`> 3
∓
⋄ A`M ; +
F@
∓
+
3
∓
⋄ MO
1 3
⋄ A`M;
∓3
+
F@M
∓
+
O 3M
pdrai`ei`itm + fli`urm + olkröxlkm 1 ai`ei`itm + fli`itm + ieui
Vd mcsdrvi qud dg dstikm kd mxlkiflö` kdg lö` fli`urm iuad`ti kd -9 i +9 ig fmacl`irsd fm` u` étmam kd mxáed`m piri bmrair fli`itm. Xmr mtrm gikm, dg dstikm kd mxlkiflö` kdg pdrai`ei`itm klsal`uyd kd -9 i ‖3, ö sdi, dg pdrai`ei`itm sd rdkufd i ai`ei`itm. Dstd fiaclm d` dg dstikm kd mxlkiflö` lapglfi qud u` dgdftrö` bud trispisikm kdg lö` fli`urm ig lö` pdrai`ei`itm.
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Igeu`is rdifflm`ds kd mxlkiflö` prmfdkd` l`fgusm oisti gi ed`driflö` kd klöxlkm kd fircm`m (FM3). D` mtrms fisms, gi mxlkiflö` `m sd ggdvi ti` gdnms kdclkm i biftmrds fmam gi kmsls kd mxlki`td, dg pO kdg adklm kd rdifflö`, dg pmtd`flig mxlkitlvm kdg mxlki`td m gi bmraiflö` kd prmkuftms l`tdradklms dsticgds. Gi prl`flpig bu`flö` ggdviki i ficm pmr gi mxlkiflö` d` dg tritiald`tm kd rdslkums pdglermsms ds gi kdtmxlblfiflö` m rdkufflö` kd gis firiftdrástlfis töxlfis kd gms fmapudstms prdsd`tds d` dg rdslkum. Xmr dndapgm, gms mxlki`tds sm` usikms piri fm`vdrtlr ig fli`urm d` u`m ad`ms töxlfm, fli`itm m klrdftiad`td i klöxlkm kd fircm`m y `ltröed`m. T`i sdeu`ki bu`flö` ds isdeurir gi fmapgdti prdflpltiflö`, fmam d` dg fism kd gi mxlkiflö` kd Bd3+ i Bd6+ y d` rdifflm`ds slalgirds, km`kd dg aitdrlig mxlkikm tld`d u`i ad`mr smguclglkik qud cinm fm`klflm`ds kd prdflpltiflö` pmr rdifflö`. ?.3. [LXMV KD M_LKIFLÖ@ SDXSDVD@[I[LRMV Dxlstd` aufoms ied`tds mxlki`tds, pdrm su ipglfiflö` d` dg tritiald`tm kd ieuis rdslkuigds rdquldrd u`i kdtdral`iflö` dspdfáblfi kd su dbdftlvlkik kd rdamflö` kd gms fm`tial`i`tds m susti`flis töxlfis l`vmgufrikis, fmam tiaclì` u`i kdtdral`iflö` kd gi l`mfulkik kd gms prmkuftms m sucprmkuftms kd rdifflö`. Gms ied`tds aés utlglzikms d` dg tritiald`tm kd gis ieuis y sus rdspdftlvms prmfdsms kd mxlkiflö` sm` kdsfrltms i fm`tl`uiflö`. i. Mxlkiflö` pmr Fgmrm
Dg fgmrm dgdad`tig m d` su bmrai kd olpmfgmrltm, ds u` ied`td mxlki`td pmkdrmsm d` smguflö` ifumsi, sld`km usikm d` gms slstdais l`kustrligds kd tritiald`tm kd ieui, prl`flpigad`td piri mxlkir dg fli`urm. fli`urm. Dg fgmrm y gms olpmfgmrltms tiaclì` pudkd` sdr usikms piri quáalfms cisikms mkdqud fm`td`ei`slbd`mg, pdrm kd d` dstd fism, su mxlkir usm ds fmapudstms glaltikm kdclkm i gi bmraiflö` fgmrmbd`mgds: dg prmfdsm mxlkiflö` `m ds fm`trmgikm fmrrdftiad`td, dstms fmapudstms fgmrikms pudkd` sdr auy töxlfms. Dg prmfdsm igfigl`m kd fgmriflö` kd fli`urm usi fgmrm y fmapudstms céslfms (smki féustlfi) piri mxlkir dg fli`urm i fli`itm y pmstdrlmrad`td i klöxlkm kd fircm`m y `ltröed`m. Gi rdifflö` kd mxlkiflö` d`trd dg fgmrm y dg fli`urm sd frdd qud mfurrd d` kms dtipis, fmam sd audstri i fm`tl`uiflö`>
(9)
(3)
F@
∓
+ Fg 3
1 F@Fg
+ Fg
∓
lö` fli`urm + fgmrm 1 fli`urm kd fgmrm + lö` fgmrurm F@Fg
+
3 ⋄ MO
∓
1 F@M
∓
∓
+ Fg +
3 ⋄ O 3M
fli`urm kd fgmrm + lö` olkröxlkm 1 lö` fli`itm + lö` fgmrurm + ieui
Gi bmraiflö` kd fli`urm kd fgmrm (F@Fg) ds l`sti`té`di. Gi sdeu`ki rdifflö`, gi bmraiflö` kd fli`itm, ds ggdviki i ficm kd ai`dri aés réplki y aés dblfld`td i u` pO kd 98 ö aiymr. T` tldapm kd kdtd`flö` kd 68 al`utms i 3 omris ds fmaþ`ad`td utlglzikm.
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Gms fli`itms pudkd` sdr kdsfmapudstms d` aiymr erikm prmkufld`km `ltröed`m y klöxlkm kd fircm`m pmr dxfdsm kd fgmrm> 3 ⋄ F@M
∓
+ ; ⋄ MO
∓
+ 6 ⋄ Fg 3 1 2 ⋄ Fg
∓
+
3 ⋄ FM3
+
@ 3 + 3 ⋄ O 3M
lö` fli`itm + lö` olkröxlkm + fgmrm 1 lö` fgmrurm + klöxlkm kd fircm`m + `ltröed`m + ieui
T` ifdrfiald`tm igtdr`itlvm qud kdcd sdr dvltikm ds u`i olkröglsls éflki> F@M
∓
+
3O 3M 1 FM 3
+
@O 6 + MO
∓
lö` fli`itm + ieui 1 klöxlkm kd fircm`m + iam`lifm + lö` olkröxlkm
Gi kdsfmapmslflö` pmr dxfdsm kd fgmrm sd ggdvi i ficm d` iprmxlaikiad`td u`i omri sl dg pO sd inusti d` ?.8-?.4. Gi olkröglsls éflki fmaþ`ad`td sd ggdvi ificm i u` pO kd 3-6. Kdclkm i qud sd kdcd td`dr fulkikm piri pmkdr dvltir gi glcdriflö` kdg fli`urm kd fgmrm d` dstikm eisdmsm, dg fuig ds auy töxlfm, gi olkröglsls éflki fmaþ`ad`td `m ds dgdelki fmam mpflö` i usir. Dg dqulpm usikm d` gi mxlkiflö` quáalfi fm`slstd, ed`drigad`td, d` u` dsti`qud kd `dutriglziflö` sdeulkm kd kms dsti`quds kd rdifflö`, iu`qud gi rdifflö` sd pudkd ggdvir i ficm d` u` smgm dsti`qud. Fiki dsti`qud tld`d u` fm`trmgikmr rdelstrikmr piri ai`td`dr gis fm`klflm`ds `dfdsirlis d` gm qud rdspdfti ig pO y ig pmtd`flig kd öxlkm-rdkufflö` (MXS).
D` dg prladr dsti`qud, gis fm`klflm`ds sd inusti` piri mxlkir fli`urms i fli`itms. Xiri ai`dnir gi rdifflö`, sd alkd gi fi`tlkik kd fgmrm d` dg dsti`qud kd rdifflö` piri ai`td`dr dg MSX d` dg ri`em kd 648 i ;88 alglvmgts y sd ierdei smki féustlfi ig 48% d` smguflö` piri ai`td`dr dg pO d` dg ri`em kd
Bleuri 3.4. Klieriai kd Bgunm kdg Xrmfdsm kd Mxlkiflö` Yuáalfi
c. Mxlkiflö` pmr mzm`m Dg mzm`m (M6), u`i amgìfugi l`dsticgd, ds igtiad`td rdiftlvi fmam ied`td mxlki`td y ikdaés ds iprmxlaikiad`td kldz vdfds aés smgucgd qud dg mxáed`m, d` pmrfd`tind d` pdsm.i Dgfli`itm mzm`m ydsmxlkir usikmbd`mgds d` dg tritiald`tm l`kustrlig kd rdslkums piri mxlkir fli`urm y fmapudstms fmgmrdikms i u`i virldkik kd fmapudstms `m töxlfms y `m fmgmrdikms. Gi mzm`lziflö` ds kd aiymr utlglkik fui`km gis ieuis rdslkuigds i tritir fm`tld`d` pdqudùis fi`tlkikds kd aitdrlig mxlkicgd. @m oiy rdstrlfflm`ds l`odrd`tds d` gms `lvdgds kd söglkms klsudgtms m suspd`klkms d` dg dbgud`td, kdclkm i qud dstms `m fm`tld`d` aitdrlig mxlkicgd qud pudki fmapdtlr fm` dg pmguti`td i sdr rdamvlkm d` su rdqudrlald`tm kd mzm`m. Gi mxlkiflö` kd fli`urm sd pudkd lgustrir d` gi sleuld`td dfuiflö` lö`lfi> F@
∓
+ M 6 1
F@M
∓
+ M3
lö` fli`urm + mzm`m 1 lö` f li`itm + mxáed`m
Gi rdifflö` l`klfiki d` gi dfuiflö` i`tdrlmr rdprdsd`ti gi mxlkiflö` kd fli`urms d` fli`itms. Vl fm`tl`þi gi dxpmslflö` fm` mzm`m, sd fm`vdrtlré dg fli`itm d` klöxlkm kd fircm`m, iu`qud dstm ed`drigad`td `m ds dfm`öalfiad`td préftlfm. Ds kdclkm i dstm qud gi pmstdrlmr kderikiflö` kdg rdslkum fm` fli`itm kdpd`kdré kd prmfdsms fmam olkröglsls y clm-mxlkiflö`.
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Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
Dg mzm`m ds tiaclì` dbdftlvm d` dg tritiald`tm kd bd`mgds. Ds iprmxlaikiad`td kms vdfds aés pmkdrmsm qud gms kdaés ied`tds mxlki`tds, ig leuig qud dg pdröxlkm kd olkröed`m, pdrm sl` sdr ti` sdgdftlvm, pmr gm qud mxlki u` iapglm ri`em kd aitdrligds. Xiri rdslkums bd`öglfms kd cinis fm`fd`triflm`ds, gis préftlfis usuigds fm`slstd` d` mxlkir dg fmapudstm bd`öglfm i u` fmapudstm mreé`lfm l`tdradklm qud sleud sld`km töxlfm pdrm ds aés béflg kd clmkderikir. Xiri rdslkums fm` fm`fd`triflm`ds igtis m adklis, gi mxlkiflö` pmr mzm`m pudkd `m sdr ti` dfm`öalfi, fmapiré`kmgi fm` gi mxlkiflö` clmgöelfi, iu`qud ds kd utlglkik sl sd l`stigi fmam ipmym pmstdrlmr i u` slstdai clmgöelfm. Dg mzm`m ds aés smgucgd y aés dsticgd d` smguflm`ds éflkis qud d` smguflm`ds céslfis. I pdsir kd dstm, gi vdgmflkik kd gi rdifflö` kd mzm`lziflö` ds rdgitlviad`td l`sd`slcgd ig pO. Kd dsti ai`dri, ds pmfm brdfud`td d`fm`trir u` prdvlm inustd kd pO d` dg prmfdsm kd mzm`lziflö`, kdclkm i qud dg fmstm kdg prmfdsm kd `dutriglziflö` brdfud`tdad`td fmapd`si fuigquldr iuad`tm d` gi dblfld`fli kd gi mzm`lziflö`. T`i dxfdpflö` i dsti ed`driglziflö` ds gi mzm`lziflö` kdg fli`urm. D` dsti, dg fli`itm bmraikm olkrmglzi l`lfligad`td aés réplkiad`td d` adklm igfigl`m. Kdclkm i qud dg mzm`m ds l`dsticgd, dstd kdcd sdr ed`drikm d` dg sltlm d` qud sdré utlglzikm. Dg mzm`m ds ed`drikm ti`tm kd mxáed`m m kd u`i fmrrld`td kd ilrd. Kd kms i kms y adkli vdfds aiymr sdré gi fi`tlkik kd mzm`m prmkuflkm i pirtlr kd u`i fmrrld`td kd mxáed`m purm d` fmapiriflö` fm` u`i fmrrld`td kd ilrd. Dg ilrd mzm`lzikm pmr dg ed`drikmr sd l`trmkufd d` u`i féairi kd fm`tiftm klsdùiki piri isdeurir u` cud` adzfgikm kdg mzm`m fm` gis fmrrld`tds kd rdslkums.
Gms kms slstdais kd adzfgi mzm`m/dbgud`td kd usm aislvm sm` dg adzfgikmr Rd`turl y gms klbusmrds kd pmrms. Fm` dg adzfgikmr Rd`turl, dg eis mzm`lblfikm y gms rdslkums bguyd` d` fm-fmrrld`td y dg bgunm kd eis mzm`lblfikm dsté glaltikm i u` 68%-28% kdg bgunm vmguaìtrlfm kd gáqulkm. D` u` slstdai kd klbusmrds kd pmrms, sd ifmstuacri usir u` bgunm d` fm`tri-fmrrld`td, sld`km dg bgunm kd eis oisti 38 vdfds aiymr qud dg bgunm kd gáqulkm. Gms slstdais kd mzm`m amkdr`ms sm` fmapgdtiad`td iutmaitlzikms. T` am`ltmr kd mzm`m prmvdd u` am`ltmrdm fm`tl`um d` gá`di kd gi fm`fd`triflö` kd mzm`m d` dg dbgud`td eisdmsm kdg dqulpm kd fm`tiftm. Vl gi fm`fd`triflö` kd mzm`m dxfdkd u` `lvdg kdtdral`ikm (ed`drigad`td 8,84 ppa), dg vmgtind m gi brdfud`fli kdg ed`drikmr kd mzm`m sd rdkufd. f. Mxlkiflö` pmr mzm`m fm` rikliflö` ugtrivlmgdti (TR) T`i kd gis amklblfiflm`ds odfois ig prmfdsm kd mzm`lziflö` ds gi ipglfiflö` slaugté`di kd guz ugtrivlmgdti y mzm`m d` gi mxlkiflö` kd fli`urms, fmapudstms bd`öglfms y fmapudstms mrei`mfgmrikms. Igeu`ms fmapudstms qud sm` igtiad`td rdslstd`tds ig mzm`m mzm `m pmr sá smgms, smgms , pudkd` sdr mzm`lzikms d` prdsd`fli kd guz TR. Gi rikliflö` TR fitiglzi dg prmfdsm kd mzm`lziflö` sld`km dg amkm kd ifflö` gi iftlviflö` kdg prmplm mzm`m. Ikdaés, gi ipglfiflö` kd guz TR rdkufd gi fi`tlkik kd mzm`m qud sd rdquldrd d` fmapiriflö` fm` gms slstdais qud utlglzi` mzm`m smgm.
T`lkik LL
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Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
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k. Mxlkiflö` pmr pdröxlkm kd olkröed`m Dg pdröxlkm kd olkröed`m (O3M3), fm`mflkm fmam ieui mxled`iki, ds u` ied`td mxlki`td pmkdrmsm qud oi slkm utlglzikm fm` cisti`td brdfud`fli d` gi mxlkiflö` kd bd`mgds, fli`urms, fmapudstms sugburikms d lm`ds adtéglfms. Dg pdröxlkm kd olkröed`m d` prdsd`fli kd u` fitiglzikmr adtéglfm (pmr dndapgm> Bd 3+, Bd6+, Ig6+, Fu3+, Fr3+) mxlki dbdftlviad`td gms bd`mgds d` u` iapglm ri`em kd tdapdrituris y fm`fd`triflm`ds. Dg prmfdsm ds sd`sltlvm ig pO, fm` u` pO öptlam d`trd 6 i ; y u`i dblfld`fli qud kdfrdfd réplkiad`td piri vigmrds ti`tm ad`mrds fmam aiymrds. Gi mxlkiflö` kd fli`urm, fm` O3M3 sd pudkd ggdvir ificm pmr adklm kd kms prmfdsms. Dg prladrm kd dggms l`vmgufri gi rdifflö` kdg pdröxlkm kd olkröed`m fm` fli`urm i u` pO igfigl`m y d` gi prdsd`fli kd u` fitiglzikmr kd fmcrd. Dg pdröxlkm kd olkröed`m oi slkm utlglzikm piri gi sdpiriflö` kd lm`ds adtéglfms pmr mxlkiflö` sdgdftlvi. Kd dsti ai`dri, iyuki i rdamvdr oldrrm kd fmrrld`tds fmacl`ikis mxlki`km dg lö` bdrrmsm i lö` bìrrlfm, dg fuig gudem sd pudkd prdflpltir ierdei`km gi cisd iprmpliki. D` smguflm`ds klgulkis (768%), gi kdsfmapmslflö` kdg pdröxlkm ds ifdgdriki pmr gi prdsd`fli kd lm`ds adtéglfms fm`tial`i`tds. Xiri fm`fd`triflm`ds aés dgdvikis kd pdröxlkm kd olkröed`m, dstms fm`tial`i`tds pudkd` fitiglzir u`i kdsfmapmslflö` vlmgd`ti.
d. Mxlkiflö` pmr pdrai`ei`itm kd pmtislm Dg pdrai`ei`itm kd pmtislm (JA`M;) oi slkm utlglzikm piri gi kdstrufflö` kd rdslkums mreé`lfms d` ieuis rdslkuigds y d` ieui pmticgd. Dstd fmapudstm rdifflm`i fm` igkdoákms, adrfipti`ms, bd`mgdspmkdrmsm. y éflkmsGil`siturikms. Vd gdkdgfm`slkdri fmam u` ied`td mxlki`td rdgitlviad`td bmrai rdkuflki pdrai`ei`itm ds klöxlkm kd ai`ei`dsm (A`M3), dg fuig pudkd sdr rdamvlkm pmr p mr blgtriflö`. Dg pdrai`ei`itm kd pmtislm ds prl`flpigad`td usikm d` gi kdstrufflö` kd fmapudstms bd`öglfms prdsd`tds d` gis ieuis rdslkuigds kd gi l`kustrli. Sdifflm`i sdpiri`km gi dstrufturi kd i`lggm irmaétlfm kdg bd`mg prmkufld`km u`i amgìfugi iglbétlfi kd fikd`i girei. ?.6. ?.6. IX IXGL GLFI FIFL FLM@D M@DV V Gi tdf`mgmeái piri gi ipglfiflö` kd gi mxlkiflö` quáalfi i eri` dsfigi dsté cld` kdsirrmggiki. Sdslkums l`kustrligds fmam fli`urms y mtris dspdflds pdglermsis m töxlfis prdsd`tds kd kdsdfoms klgulkis, pmr quáalfi. dndapgm,Gibd`mgds y fmapudstms sugburikms, d` sm`,fmrrld`tds pmr gm ed`drig, tritikms pmr mxlkiflö` mxlkiflö` kd rdslkums fm` fli`urm usi`km fgmrm ds u` prmfdsm fgéslfm qud sd pudkd d`fm`trir d` gi aiymrái kd gis pgi`tis qud usi` fli`urms d` mpdriflm`ds kd dgdftrm pgitdikm. Gi mxlkiflö` quáalfi pudkd sdr usiki ti`tm piri dg tritiald`tm kd rdslkums fm` fmapudstms mreé`lfms fmam l`mreé`lfms. Gis prl`flpigds ipglfiflm`ds kdg prmfdsm, d` ed`drig, sd kdsfrlcd` i fm`tl`uiflö`>
Xée.3;
T`lkik LL
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Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
i. Mxlkiflö` kd u` dbgud`td fm` fli`urm @uadrmsis pgi`tis kd pgitl`ikm y kd tdral`iflö` mxlkiflö` quáalfi piri tritir sus rdslkums fm` ed`drigad`td dsté` nu`tms d` gms kdsdfoms kd rdfucrlald`tm fm` adtigds. Vu fm`fd`triflö` y su sdgdfflö` kdg prmfdsm kd tritiald`tm.
kd adtigds usi` aìtmkms kd fli`urm. Fli`urms y adtigds gis l`kustrlis kd pgitl`ikm y vigmr ierdeikm l`bguyd` d` gi
Vl dg fli`urm y gms adtigds pdsikms `m sm` dfm`öalfiad`td rdfupdricgds pmr u` aìtmkm fmam dg l`tdrfiaclm lö`lfm, dg riklfig fli`urm sd fm`vldrtd d` dg ad`ms töxlfm fli`itm m d` klöxlkm kd fircm`m y `ltröed`m pmr mxlkiflö`, ald`tris qud gms adtigds pdsikms sm` prdflpltikms y rdamvlkms fmam cmrris m gmkms. D` dg tritiald`tm kd rdslkums fm` fli`urm pmr mxlkiflö`, sd pudkd usir olpmfgmrltm m smki aés fgmrm (fgmriflö` igfigl`i) m tiaclì` sd pudkd usir mzm`m m gi virli`td kd usir mzm`m fm` rikliflö` TR. Dg tritiald`tm kd fli`urms pmr mxlkiflö` quáalfi ds préftlfi rdeugir d` gis sleuld`tds l`kustrlis kd eri` klbuslö` d` dg éacltm au`klig> • • •
Ai`ubifturdris kd fmapudstms quáalfms l`mreé`lfms. L`kustrlis kd tdral`iflö` fm` adtigds. L`kustrlis tdxtlgds.
[iaclì` ds utlglziki, pdrm d` ad`mr dsfigi, d` gis sleuld`tds l`kustrlis>
L`kustrlis kdg ifdrm y dg oldrrm. Sdfucrlald`tms kd dsplrigds adtéglfms Dqulpiald`tm y sual`lstrms bmtmeréblfms. L`kustrlis kd adtigds `m-bdrrmsms. L`kustrlis al`dris kd dxtrifflö` y rdbl`iald`tm. • L`kustrlis kd rdbl`iald`tm kd pdtrögdm.
• • • •
c. Mxlkiflö` kd u` dbgud`td fm` bd`mg Gi mxlkiflö` quáalfi kd bd`mgds oi d`fm`trikm su ipglfiflö` sögm d` fmrrld`tds kd kdsdfoms klgulkis. Dg pdrai`ei`itm kd pmtislm, u`m kd gms mxlki`tds usikms, sd rdkufd i klöxlkm kd ai`ei`dsm (A`M3), qud ds u` söglkm blgtricgd. Dg fgmrm eisdmsm `m ds usikm fm` brdfud`fli kdclkm ig igtm pmtd`flig kd bmraiflö` kd gms fgmrmbd`mgds. T` prmfdsm kd mzm`lziflö` piri gi mxlkiflö` kd bd`mgds ds ggdvikm i ficm d` gis l`kustrlis kd prmkufflö` y dgicmriflö` kd ifdrm y oldrrm. f. Mxlkiflö` kd mtrms fmapudstms mreé`lfms Ied`tds quáalfms mxlki`tds oi` slkm utlglzikms piri dg fm`trmg kd kdsdfoms mreé`lfms d` ieuis rdslkuigds y d` dg tritiald`tm kd ieui pmticgd. Kd`trm kd gms fmapudstms mreé`lfms piri gms fuigds sd fm`mfd tritiald`tm mxlkitlvm, td`dams i gms igkdoákms, adrfipti`ms, cd`flkl`i y éflkms l`siturikms. Xiri dstis ipglfiflm`ds, dg olpmfgmrltm kd smklm y kd figflm, dg pdrai`ei`itm kd pmtislm y dg pdröxlkm kd olkröed`m sm` rdfm`mflkms fmam ied`tds mxlki`tds. Ikdaés, gi mx mxlkiflö` lkiflö` quáalfi usi`km fgmrm d olpmfgmrltm kd smklm sd usi piri prdvd`lr gi ifuaugiflö` kd sugburms smgucgds d` gá`dis kd igfi`tirlggikm. T`lkik LL
Xée. 34
Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
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?.;.. RD@ ?.; RD@[IN [INIV IV \ GLAL GLAL[IF [IFLM@D LM@DV V Igeu`is vd`tinis kd gi mxlkiflö` fm` fgmrm sm` gi mpdriflö` i tdapdrituri iacld`td, gi pmslclglkik kd fm`trmgir iutmaétlfiad`td y gms cinms fmstms l`vmgufrikms. Gis glaltiflm`ds qud tld`d dstd tlpm kd prmfdsm l`fguyd` gi `dfdslkik kd u` fm`trmg rleurmsm kd pO, gi pmslclglkik kd l`tdrbdrd`fli quáalfi d` dg tritiald`tm kd rdslkums adzfgikms y dg pmtd`flig pdglerm d` dg igaifd`iald`tm y ai`dnm kd fgmrm eisdmsm. Ig mxlkir bd`mgds, dg usm kd fgmrm pudkd mfislm`ir gi bmraiflö` kd gms pdglermsms y iþ` aés töxlfms fgmrmbd`mgds, sl dg ieui rdslkuig i tritir tr itir ds kd cinm fm`td`lkm d` fgmrm. Igeu`is vd`tinis kd gi mxlkiflö` kd mzm`m sm`, dg odfom qud sdi ipglficgd kd auy cud`i ai`dri dg fm`trmg iutmaétlfm, gi dglal`iflö` kd gms prmcgdais kd igaifd`ind y tritiald`tm kdclkm i gi prmkufflö` kdg mzm`m d` gi gmfiglkik kd utlglziflö`, gi `m prmkufflö` kd fmapudstms mreé`lfms fgmrikms y dg qud sd dvlti ierdeir söglkms klsudgtms d` gi dtipi kd tritiald`tm. Igeu`is glaltiflm`ds m kdsvd`tinis sm` gms igtms fmstms kd fipltig l`vmgufrikms d` dg prmfdsm, gi pmslclglkik kd l`tdrbdrd`fli quáalfi d` dg tritiald`tm kd adzfgis kd rdslkums y u` rdqudrlald`tm dgdvikm kd d`dreái (34 jUo/Je kd mzm`m ed`drikm). ?.4. FISIF FISIF[DSÁV[ [DSÁV[LFIV LFIV MXDSIFLM@IGDV MXDSIFLM@IGDV Dg prmfdsm kd mxlkiflö` ds igtiad`td fm`blicgd sl sd ggdvi i ficm fm` dg am`ltmrdm y dg
fm`trmg iprmplikm. Ikdaés sd kdcd oifdr u` prd tritiald`tm piri fm`trmgir susti`flis qud pmkrái` l`tdrbdrlr. ?.2.. YTÁ ?.2 YTÁALF ALFMV MV SDY SDYTDS TDSLKM LKMV V T`i glsti rdsualki kd gms ied`tds mxlki`tds aés utlglzikms sd audstri i fm`tl`uiflö`> • • • • • •
Fgmrm (Fg3). Olpmfgmrltm kd smklm (@iMFg). Olpmfgmrltm kd figflm (FiZMFgQ3). Xdrai`ei`itm kd pmtislm (JA`M;). Xdröxlkm kd olkröed`m (O3M3). Mzm`m (M6).
?.5.. SDV ?.5 SDVLKT LKTMV MV ED@D ED@DSIK SIKMV MV Gi aiymrái kd gis mxlkiflm`ds quáalfis ed`driré` igeþ` tlpm kd rdslkum qud kdcdré sdr rdamvlkm tritiald`tms quáalfms pmstdrlmrds mxlkiflö`. Gi ed`driflö` aés sle`lblfi`tdpmr mfurrd kdclkm ig usm kd smki féustlfi m ifiggifm` fgmrm eisdmsm d` gi fgmriflö` igfigl`i. Fi`tlkikds ad`mrds kd rdslkums rdsugti` kd mxlkiflm`ds ggdvikis i ficm fm` olpmfgmrltms.
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Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
?.?.. FSL ?.? FSL[DS [DSLMV LMV KD KLVDÙM KLVDÙM Vd pudkd` usir ti`tm mpdriflm`ds citfo fmam fm`tl`uis d` gms prmfdsms kd mxlkiflö`. Dg tritiald`tm citfo ds utlglzikm prdbdrd`tdad`td piri bgunms ad`mrds m d`trd 9 quáalfi> sd rdbldrd i gi l`amvlglziflö` kd susti`flis töxlfis adkli`td rdiftlvms quáalfms piri bmrair fmapudstms l`smgucgds d` u` d`rdnikm frlstigl`m dsticgd.
•
Dsticlglziflö` báslfi> báslfi> fm`slkdri dg adzfgikm kd gmkms m sdalgáqulkms fm` u` ied`td icugti`td, tig fmam dg pugvdrlzikm kd fd`lzis auy bl`is (XVO), piri prmkuflr söglkms kd eri`m erudsm, fuyi fm`slstd`fli ds sdadni`td i gi kdg sudgm, qud pudkd sdr béflgad`td tri`spmrtikm pmr fialm`ds, fmrrdis tri`spmrtikmris m rldgds oifli u` sltlm kd klspmslflö`. Dg prladr mcndtlvm kd dstd prmfdsm kd adzfgikm ds gi ed`driflö` kd u` sdfikm, tri`spmrti`km prmkuftms rdslkuigds fm` ifdpticgds prmpldkikds adklm iacld`tigds.
Mtris tìf`lfis kd blniflö` l`fguyd` prmfdsms cisikms d` irflggi y virlis bmrais kd d`fipsugiflö` usi`km pmgáadrms mreé`lfms qud sd d`kurdfd` kuri`td dg tritiald`tm. Dg prladr mcndtlvm d` tmkms dstms prmfdsms, ds fm`vdrtlr gms rdslkums töxlfms i u` `udvm aitdrlig l`drtd, aisis báslfiad`td dsticgds, td`ld`km auy cini glxlvliclglkik y fm` sublfld`td budrzi adfé`lfi piri pdraltlr gi rdfupdriflö` kd gi tldrri m rdggd`ms si`ltirlms. D` gi amvlglziflö` kd gms rdslkums ig ieui sd oi fm`slkdrikm aiymrad`td dg fm`td`lkm kd rdslkums töxlfms y tiaclì` sd oi kikm ì`bisls smcrd dg prmfdsm kd blniflö` km`kd km `kd oi` slkm gmfiglzikis piri prdvd`lr gi ggdeiki kd gms rdslkums i fm`tiftirsd fm` dg ieui y fm`trmgir gis fm`klflm`ds quáalfis kdg adklm iacld`td ifuétlfm, td`kld`km i al`lalzir gi smguclglkik. Xée.3?
T`lkik LL
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Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
L`bmrtu`ikiad`td mtrms sdrlms lapiftms i girem pgizm smcrd gi siguk ouai`i y dg adklm iacld`td `m pudkd` sdr fmapgdtiad`td rdeugikms, puds oiy auy pmfi m `m dxlstd l`bmraiflö` ifdrfi kd gi kderikiflö` kdg adklm iacld`td i girem pgizm, i dxfdpflö` kd gi pmguflö` kdg ieui. cdtþ`, piribl`i m pmgldtlgd`m. k. Alfrm-d`fipsugiflö` adkli`td brieuikm tìralfm. d. Aifrm-d`fipsugiflö` kd rdslkums d` u` rdvdstlald`tm l`drtd. b. [ritiald`tm kd gms rdslkums piri prmkuflr u` prmkuftm fdad`tmsm fm` u`i eri` iklflö` kd mtrms fm`stltuyd`tds. e. Bmraiflö` kd u` vlkrlm pmr buslö` kd gms rdslkums fm` ságlfi (fgislblfiflö`). Gms prladrms kms aìtmkms sm` gms aés fmaþ`ad`td usikms, sld`km fm`vd`ld`tds piri gi eri` aiymrái kd gms rdslkums l`mreé`lfms kd prmfdsms. Gms fmstms kd tritiald`tm piri gms prmfdsms rdsti`tds sm`, ed`drigad`td, aés igtms: dstis tìf`lfis dsté` rdsdrvikis piri
rdslkums prmcgdaétlfms tigds fmam riklmiftlvms m iqudggms fm` igtm fm`td`lkm mreé`lfm. i. Xrmfdsms cisikms d` fdad`tm Gis tìf`lfis cisikis d` fdad`tm, ed`drigad`td, usi` aitdrligds kd fdad`tm mrkl`irlm kd kd Xmrtgi`k fm` ikltlvms piri adnmrir firiftdrástlfis báslfis y klsal`ulr gi pdrfmgiflö` gis susti`flis sudgtis, kdskd dggisrdslkum söglkm rdsugti`td. Dg rdslkum pdglermsm ds adzfgikm d` u`i pisti fm` ieui y pmgvm kd fdad`tm `m olkritikm. Dg adfi`lsam kd dsticlglziflö` ds gi bmraiflö` kd prmkuftms olkritikms kdskd fmapm`d`tds kd slglfitm y ieui. Vd bmrai u` edg kd slglfitm kd figflm olkritikm. Dstd edg sd ol`foi y bmrai gi aitrlz kd fdad`tm fmapudstm kd blcris kd slglfitm, qud iftþi` fmam slstdai kd d`fgiviald`tm y gms prmkuftms olkritikms. T`i sdrld kd fmapudstms pudkd` l`tdrbdrlr fm` dg prmfdsm kd smglklblfiflö`. Igeu`ms, tigds fmam sigds kd ai`ei`dsm, dstiùm, fmcrd y pgmam, pudkd` l`frdad`tir gms tldapms kd brieuikm y klsal`ulr gi rdslstd`fli báslfi. Lapurdzis tigds fmam aitdrli mreé`lfi, glam (sdklad`tms) y igeu`is irflggis, pudkd` fiusir kdamri d` dg brieuikm. Dstis lapurdzis y mtrms aitdrligds l`smgucgds, cisti`td bl`ms piri pisir pmr u` tialz kd 388 adso, pudkd` fucrlr gis pirtáfugis aés eri`kds y kdclgltir gms gizms ieui/fdad`tm. Rirliflm`ds kdg prmfdsm céslfm pudkd` inustir gis firiftdrástlfis báslfis y quáalfis itáplfis kdg rdslkum. Xmr dndapgm, ald`tris dg ieui ds dsd`flig piri gi olkritiflö` y brieuikm kdg fdad`tm, u` dxfdsm kd ieui lapdklrái dg d`kurdflald`tm. Mtrm prmcgdai d`fm`trikm fm` rdslkums éflkms ds qud dg fdad`tm, sld`km igfigl`m, prladrm icsmrcd gi iflkdz glcrd y gudem fmald`zi i brieuir i u` pO fdrfi`m i 99.
T`lkik LL
Xée. 3<
Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
[dfsup RlrtuHg
Gi iklflö` kd fdad`tm i tigds rdslkums ds kdstruftlvi y aufois vdfds prladrm sd l`trmkufd dg glam piri dspdsir dg rdslkum y igfi`zir u` pO igrdkdkmr kd 5. Gms al`drigds irflggmsms, tigds fmam gi cd`tm`lti, fm` su fipiflkik kd l`tdrfiaclm fitlö`lfm y eri` supdrblfld dspdfáblfi, rdifflm`iré` fm` gms fmapudstms mreé`lfms y pmr gm ti`tm oi` slkm usikms piri iuad`tir dg ri`em kd rdslkums ifdptikms pmr blniflö` i rdslkums l`mreé`lfms, fm`td`ld`km smcrd dg 4% kd fldrtms mreé`lfms, ed`drigad`td céslfms. Oiy aufoms tlpms kd al`drigds irflggmsms pdrm sögm iqudggms fm` gi sublfld`tdad`td igti fipiflkik kd l`tdrfiaclm fitlö`lfm sm` ifdpticgds. Dndapgms kd irflggis sm` gi Rdralfuglti y gi Am`tamrlggm`lti gis qud tld`d` fipiflkikds kd l`tdrfiaclm fitlö`lfm d` dg ri`em kd 968 i 948 adq pmr 988 e. Dg ied`td kd brieuikm, usuigad`td fdad`tm, rdbudrzi gi ifflö` kd gi irflggi y bmrai u` aitdrlig báslfiad`td dsticgd tig qud tld`d gi oiclglkik kd itripir y gleir gms rdslkums fm`td`lkms. Dsd aitdrlig rdslkuig ds fm`vdrtlkm d` u` söglkm quáalfi y báslfiad`td dsticgd, slalgir ig sudgm, dg qud ds kdai`kikm pmr sdr l`smgucgd d` ieui pdrm dspm`nmsm, fm` gm qud rdicsmrcd dg ieui i trivìs kd su iprdflicgd dxtd`slö`. c. Xrmfdsms cisikms d` glam Dg glam m aitdrligds puzmgé`lfms fmacl`ikms prmkufd` aitrlfds fdad`tmsis qud
d`triapi` quáalfi y báslfiad`td gms rdslkums. Gis puzmgi`is sm` kdbl`lkis fmam aitdrligds qud, iu`qud `m fdad`tmsms pmr sá alsais, fm`tld`d fm`stltuyd`tds qud sd fmacl`iri` fm` glam i tdapdrituris `mraigds d` gi prdsd`fli kd ieui, bmrai`km fmapudstms l`smgucgds dsticgds qud tld`d` tigds prmpldkikds. [i`tm dg aitdrlig `iturig fmam dg irtlblflig pudkd` sdr usikms, l`fguyd`km pmgvm vmgfé`lfm y fd`lzis, ikdaés kd puzmgi`is tigds fmam cirrm (irflggi) fmflkm, dsqultm pdtrmgábdrm eistikm, erisi qudaiki y amrtdrm qudaikm. Gis puzmgi`is, aés fmaþ`ad`td usikis d` prmfdsms kd blniflö` quáalfi sm` fd`lzis auy bl`is y pmgvms kd omr`m kd fdad`tm. Gi l`tdrprdtiflö` kdg adfi`lsam kd gi rdifflö` glam-puzmgi`i, sd cisi d` qud gms aitdrligds puzmgé`lfms tld`d` u` fmapmrtiald`tm slalgir i gis rdifflm`ds kd gms fmapudstms zdmgátlfms d` gm qud rdspdfti ig l`tdrfiaclm kd sus fm`stltuyd`tds lö`lfms. Dggm dsté sundtm i qud dsti fipiflkik kd l`tdrfiaclm pudkd sdr dgdviki pmr gi fmacl`iflö` kd glam fm` lm`ds adtéglfms d` dg prmfdsm kd blniflö`. T`i l`tdrprdtiflö` igtdr`itlvi ds qud gi aiymrái kd gis rdifflm`ds puzmgé`lfis sm` kdclkm i gi bmraiflö` kd fmapudstms olkritikms, ggiaikms slglfitm kd trlfigflm olkritikm, fmam d` gi olkritiflö` kd fdad`tm.
Xée.68
T`lkik LL
[dfsup RlrtuHg
Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
f. D`fipsugiflö` tdrampgéstlfi Gms aitdrligds tdrampgéstlfms sm` pgéstlfms mreé`lfms fipifds kd rdvdrtlr dg icgi`kiald`tm y d`kurdflald`tm kdg smcrdfigd`tiald`tm. Dstms aitdrligds pmglaìrlfms sm` usuigad`td aitdrligds gl`digds fm` pmfms d`gifds fruzikms y mtrms dspdfligad`td ol`foikms m sm` smgucgds d` smgvd`tds mreé`lfms. Gms aitdrligds tdrampgéstlfms l`fguyd` isbigtm, cltuad`, pmgldtlgd`m, pmglprmplgd`m y `ygm`. Gms aitdrligds aés brdfud`tdad`td usikms d` dstd erupm sm` isbigtm y cltuad`. D` gi tìf`lfi kd dsticlglziflö`, dg rdslkum `dfdslti sdr sdfikm m kdsolkritikm oisti qud dg rdslkum td`ei u` igtm fm`td`lkm kd söglkm y, d`tm`fds, ds adzfgikm fm` dg pmgáadrm i dgdviki tdapdrituri (usuigad`td 988 ¾F). Igeu`ms prmfdsms utlglzi` gáqulkms pistmsms y gms adzfgi` fm` dg aitdrlig tdrampgéstlfm, ald`tris igfi`zi` gi tdapdrituri piri dvipmrir dg dxfdsm kd ieui. Dg prmfdsm sd ipglfi d` fm`tl`um m citfo, adzfgi`km gis mpdriflm`ds km`kd gi d`dreái utlglziki dsté fgiriad`td fm`fd`triki d` gi mpdriflö`. Gms aitdrligds, tigds fmam dg sugburm, oi` slkm l`fmrpmrikms d` gi aitrlz kd d`fipsugiflö`, piri prmvddr gi rdslstd`fli báslfi y gi dstrufturi l`tderi. k. Alfrm-d`fipsugiflö` pmr brieuikm tìralfm
Gms brieuikmrds tìralfms sm` aitdrligds qud sd fm`vldrtd` d` söglkms y d`kurdfd` fui`km sd figld`ti`. Xdrai`dfd` söglkms iþ` kdspuìs kd gms sucsdfud`tds flfgms kd figd`tiald`tm y d`brliald`tm. Gms prmfdsms lapd`dtricgd kd alfrm-d`fipsugiflö` l`fguyd` gi pmgladrlziflö`, u` rdvdstlald`tm fdrfi`m i gis pirtáfugis kdg rdslkum. Gmsbmrai`km am`öadrms mreé`lfms sm` fm`tl`uiad`td adzfgikms fm` dg rdslkum y ds iklflm`ikm u` iftlvikmr/fitiglzikmr piri l`lflir gi pmgladrlziflö`. Gms d`gifds dsté` l`bgud`flikms pmr piréadtrms fmam> pO, fm`td`lkm kd ieui y fm`stltuyd`tds lö`lfms d` gis fmrrld`tds kd iglad`tiflö`, fm` dg d`kurdflald`tm kd gms d`gifds fruzikms kdg pmgáadrm prmkuflkm, sld`km dsticgd y smgucgd sm gucgd d` smgvd`tds mreé`lfms. Gi aiymrái kd gms tlpms kd pmgáadrms mreé`lfms, fmrrld`tdad`td d` usm piri dg tritiald`tm kd rdslkums sm` gi urdi bmraigkdoákm, pmgldstdr y pmglcutikld`m prmfdsikms fm` bd`mg bmraigkdoákm y rdsl`is dpöxlfis, sld`km usikms d` pdqudùi fi`tlkik.
d. Aifrm-d`fipsugiflö` Gi aifrm-d`fipsugiflö`, fm`slstd kdg sdggikm kd gms aitdrligds rdslkuigds, tritikms m `m kd igeu`i ai`dri, fm` u`i fucldrti lapd`dtricgd d l`drtd. Xiri gms rdflpld`tds kd rdslkums, usuigad`td sd isuad qud gi pirdk kdg rdflpld`td, dvd`tuigad`td sd fmrrmdré y i fm`tl`uiflö` biggiré, dxolcld`km gis firiftdrástlfis kd smpmrtiflö`, pmr gm ti`tm, sd pudkd klsdùir u`i fialsi kd smpmrtiflö` piri rdbmrzir dg rdflpld`td.
T`lkik LL
Xée. 69
Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
[dfsup RlrtuHg
D` dstd prmfdsm, dg rdiftlvm usikm ds u`i adzfgi kd blcri kd vlkrlm, rdbmrzikm fm` rdsl`is kd brieuikm tìralfm (dpöxlfis) y rdsl`is kd pmglurdti`m cisikm d` ieui. Gi adzfgi ds rmfliki smcrd gi pirdk kdg rdflpld`td y ds dgdelkm piri prmvddr u`i fialsi dxtdrlmr budrtd qud prmtdedré dg fm`td`lkm, kd gi glxlvliflö` (pdrfmgiflö`) y kdg strdss adfé`lfm. Vd kdcd ad`flm`ir tiaclì` u`i auy slapgd tìf`lfi kd aifrm-d`fipsugiflö`, d`vudgvd dg usm kd fdad`tm, táplfiad`td dapgdikm fui`km gms aitdrligds dsté` sld`km klspudstms, fmam mfurrd d` gms gicmritmrlms pdqudùms (Dn> cmtdggis kd prmkuftms quáalfms, dtf.). Dg aitdrlig, ds tri`sbdrlkm i u` clkö` kd ifdrm y gms l`tdrstlflms sm` ggd`ikms fm` u`i pisti kd fdad`tm. Dg d`kurdflald`tm kdg fdad`tm l`fguyd usm kd quáalfms. Dg fdad`tm d`kurdflkm ds smpmrtikm pmr dg clkö` kd smpmrtiflö`. Dg rdflpld`td, pudkd d`tm`fds sdr klspudstm d` u` sltlm kd rdggd`m si`ltirlm. T`i tìf`lfi slalgir pudkd sdr usiki piri d`fipsugir aitdrligds riklmiftlvms, prdvli klspmslflö`. b. [ìf`lfis fdad`tmsis Gi fdad`tiflö` pudkd sdr ipglfiki i rdslkums qud fm`tld`d` eri`kds fi`tlkikds kd sugbitm kd figflm m sugbltm kd figflm, fmam dg prmvd`ld`td kd gi glapldzi kd gmkms kdg eis fmacustlcgd m kd gi kdsugburiflö` kd gmkms.
T`i pmrflö` kdg rdslkum, usuigad`td 98% d` pdsm, ds figfl`ikm y rd-adzfgikm fm` dg rdslkum piri icsmrcdr dg dxfdsm kd ouadkik. Dg prmkuftm rdsugti`td ds u` söglkm dsticgd, béflgad`td ai`dnicgd. e. Rltrlblfiflö` Gms rdslkums sm` adzfgikms fm` slglfi y figd`tikms i tdapdrituris dxtrdaikiad`td igtis y i fm`tl`uiflö` rdbrledrikms oisti ggdeir, prdbdrd`tdad`td, i u` söglkm s öglkm vlkrlmsm. T`i virliflö` kd dsti tìf`lfi, ds usi`km dgdftrmkms kd eribltm rdkufld`km gms rdslkums d`tdrrikms, sdeulkm kd u`i vltrlblfiflö` l`-sltu. [mkm slstdai kd vltrlblfiflö` dapgdi igeu`ms tlpms kd fucldrtis piri fipturir y tritir gms ouams y vipmrds daltlkms kuri`td gi mpdriflö`. Kdclkm i qud dstms slstdais utlglzi` u`i eri` fi`tlkik kd d`dreái, dstms sm` fmstmsms, dggms oi` slkm ed`drigad`td fm`slkdrikms sögm piri igtms `lvdgds kd riklmiftlvms u mtrms rdslkums dxtrdaikiad`td pdglermsms. Vl` dacirem, u` `udvm prmfdsm sd oi klsdùikm piri vltrlblfir iscdstms pmr tmstikm d` u` omr`m i igti tdapdrituri, dspdfligad`td, ikiptikm. Vd prdtd`kd qud dg vmguad` kdg rdslkum sdi rdkuflkm d` u` biftmr kd 98 ö aés y qud dg prmkuftm sdi `m blcrmsm d l`mbd`slvm qud pudkd sdr usikm fmam rdfucrlald`tm.
Xée.63
T`lkik LL
[dfsup RlrtuHg
Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
igeu`is pgi`tis pudkd` sderdeir gms rdslkums i sdr smglklblfikms. Gi adzfgi kd gms rdslkums ibdftiré dg prmfdsm dsfmelkm piri dg prdtritiald`tm y gi smglklblfiflö`.
Xée.62
T`lkik LL
[dfsup RlrtuHg •
Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
Xrdtritiald`tm kd rdslkums> rdslkums> prdtritiald`tms báslfms rdqudrlkms pudkd` l`fgulr kdfi`tiflö`, kdsieuikm, dvipmriflö` m figfl`iflö`, kdstrufflö` fm` fli`urm, `dutriglziflö` m rdkufflö` fm` frmam. [ritiald`tms quáalfms prdvlms i gi smglklblfiflö` pudkd` sdr rdqudrlkms piri igeu`ms prmfdsms.
• Iklflö`
kd ied`tds iegmadri`tds y kd smglklblfiflö` smglklblfiflö`>> fiki tìf`lfi kd dsticlglziflö`/smglklblfiflö` td`kré u` rdqudrlald`tm piri gi iklflö` kd ied`tds. Dg tmtig kd ikltlvms sdré prmcicgdad`td kdtdral`ikm pmr gis dspdflblfiflm`ds rdqudrlkis piri gi iprmciflö` kdg prmfdklald`tm dstrufturig l`tderig. Mtris dspdflblfiflm`ds pudkd` sdr rdqudrlkis kdpd`kld`km kdg usm bl`ig kdg aitdrlig.
•
Vlstdais kd adzfgikm/dapiqudtikm> adzfgikm/dapiqudtikm> gi smglklblfiflö` ds fm`kuflki i u` fm`td`dkmr m pmr adzfgikm d` gá`di fm` kdsfirei i u` fm`td`dkmr m `m. Gi adzfgi d` fm`td`dkmrds kdg rdslkum y gms ied`tds kd smglklblfiflö`, pudkd` sdr rdiglzikms fm` adzfgikmrds kd rmklggm, adzfgikmrds rmtitmrlms. Dg adzfgikm d` gá`di ds rdiglzikm pmr adzfgis kl`éalfis m citfo. Ig usirsd gms fm`td`dkmrds, ìstms kdcd` sdr l`spdfflm`ikms, am`ltmrdikms y dtlqudtikms.
• Érdi
kd brieuikm y d`kurdflald`tm d`kurdflald`tm>> dg rdslkum pudkd sdr klrlelkm i u`i sdrld kd gieu`is kd d`kurdflald`tm y brieuikm m pudkd sdr kdsfireikm klrdftiad`td ig sltlm kd kdpösltm bl`ig piri u` d`kurdflald`tm l`-sltu. Érdis kd gieu`i pmkrái` sdr sublfld`tds piri ai`td`dr ig rdslkum tritikm kuri`td u`i sdai`i pmr gm ad`ms, tldapm kuri`td dg fuig dg prmfdsm kd d`kurdflald`tm pmkrái fmapgdtirsd.
•
Kdpmslflö` kd rdslkums d`kurdflkms> d`kurdflkms> gi prmxlalkik kd gi pgi`ti kd tritiald`tm i u` kdpösltm piri gms rdslkums blnikms, ds u` biftmr kdtdral`i`td kd gi vliclglkik fmadrflig kdg prmfdsm. Dg prmkuftm bl`ig ds aés iegmadrikm qud dg rdslkum mrlel`ig: sl sm` usikis gieu`is l`tdradklis, rdamflö` kdg prmkuftm blnikm pmr dxfivikmrds y dg tri`spmrtd ig kdpösltm pudkd iuad`tir fm`slkdricgdad`td dg fmstm tmtig kdg tritiald`tm.
• •
Kms adzfgikmrds kd fdad`tm, kd ifdrm l`mxlkicgd kd 98 a6. [rds slgms, fiki u`m kd igrdkdkmr kd 38 a6 kd fipiflkik, fm` fdad`tm, fig, dqulpms piri dg tri`spmrtd y adfi`lsams kd pdsikm citfo y fm`trmg.
Xée.6?
T`lkik LL
[dfsup RlrtuHg
Ai`dnm kd Sdslkums Xdglermsms
Kms gieu`is kd 488 a6, fiki u`i fm` fipiflkik piri rdtd`dr u`i sdai`i dg prmkuftm tritikm. • Kms cmacis kd tri`sbdrd`fli kd gmkms. • [i`quds kd kdpösltm, adzfgi`km y prd-triti`km rdslkums frukms y u` dxfivikmr adfé`lfm. •
e. Ai`td`flö` Gi `iturigdzi fmrrmslvi kd igeu`ms rdslkums y gi icrislö` kdg tiacmr kd adzfgikm, pmr gms söglkms ikltlvms, prmvmfi u` pdrlöklfm rddapgizm kdg tiacmr: gi brdfud`fli kdg rddapgizm kdpd`kd kd gi dxtd`slö` kdg usm kdg tiacmr. [áplfiad`td, u` prmeriai kd rdpmslflö` i gms sdls adsds, ds `dfdsirlm piri u`i mpdriflö` kd 5 káis/sdai`i.
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