Gestão Da Qualidade e Produtividade
April 10, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Gestão Da Qualidade e Produtividade...
Description
CNQWÁL GI Y^IMDGIGN N P[LG^WDVDGIGN
Qtnfihd Qtn fihdi i Oér Oéradi adi gn Lmdvndri Qluzi
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns Lkjntdvls gn iprnhgdzicno Il fdhim gnstn tnxtl, tnx tl, vlaê gnvn iprnsnhtir ls sncudhtns iprnhgdzigls: [nalhenanr l lkjntdvl gn utdmdzir u tdmdzir is fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign. Nhuonrir is täahdais n fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign quimdgign.. Ipmdair is täahdais n fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign.
Dhtrlguãál Fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign sál täahdais qun plgno snr utdmdzigis alo l lkjntdvl gn gntnrodhir, onhsurir, ihimdsir n prlplr slmuãþns piri ls prlkmnois qun plgno lalrrnr n, alhsnqunhtnonhtn, dhtnrfnrdr hl gnsnopnhel dgnim gls prlanssls gn trikimel qun nstál snhgl nxnautigls. Qnu surcdonhtl n nstruturiãál lalrrnrio i pirtdr gi gäaigi gn 94>0, kisnihgl-sn no alhandtls n prétdais qun jé nxdstdio. Gnsgn nhtál, l usl n i ipmdaiãál gis fnrrionhtis têo sdgl gn crihgn doplrtëhadi piri ls
sdstnois gn cnstál gn quimdgign. L usl gnssis fnrrionhtis fnrr ionhtis nstitïstdais, prlplradlhio onmelrdis gn prlgutls, snrvdãls n prlanssls.
Lkjntdvls gi utdmdziãál Lkjntdvls ut dmdziãál gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign Ä gn alhenadonhtl cnrim qun is dhgústrdis n noprnsis alhsdgnrio alol flal prdhadpim prd hadpim n vdtim i quimdg quimdgign. ign. I quimdg quimdgign ign n l alhtrlmn tltim, piri qun lalr lalrrio rio gn oihndri naiz, gnvno tnr rnmiãál ïhtdoi alo l usl gn fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign, quimdgi gn, plds nstis sál nssnhadids piri l gnsnhvlmvdonhtl gnsnhvlmvdonhtl gn tlgi itdvdgign itdvdgi gn
alonradim.
;
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
Is fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign sál rnsplhsévnds plr ivimdir n onhsurir tlgls ls prlangdonhtls n prlanssls nxnautigls gnhtrl gls nstiknmnadonhtls piri qun, aisl lalr lalrrio rio prlkmnois, nstns plssi plssio o snr sn r slmuadlhigls slmuadlh igls l oids oi ds krnvnonhtn plssïvnm. Plgn-sn gdznr qun gnsgn ihls 94>0, lrcihdziãþns n sladngign pissirio plr nhlrons trihsflroiãþns, trih sflroiãþns, snhgl i quimdgi quimdgign gn kistihtn gdsautdgi, ihimdsigi ihimdsig i n ipmdaigi. Crihgns tnñrdals alol Sdmmdih N. Gnodhc, Bilru Dsedbiwi n Simtnr Qenwirt flrio onhtlrns hl gnsnhvlmvdonhtl gnssis fnrrionhtis. fnrrionhti s. Nssns
dhstr uonhtls gi cnstál gn quimdgign dhstruonhtls qu imdgign lkjntdvio lkjntdvio prlplradlhir oidlr alhtrlmn slkrn ls prlanssls n prlplradlhir uoi répdgi tloigi gn gnadsál, prlplhgl slmuãþns ils prlkmnois dgnhtdf dgnhtdfdaigls daigls n issdo plgnr nstiknmnanr ongdgis piri ltdodzir snrvdãls snr vdãls n prlanssls. prlanssls. Gn ialrgl alo Oidazub n Ihgrign Júhdlr (;091), piri fiadmdtir l alh trlmn nstitïstdal gn prlanssl hl sdstnoi gn prlguãál piri lktnr onmelrdi gi quimdgign, flrio gnsnhvlmvdgis gnsnhvlmvdgis is fnrrionhtis gi quimdgign. Nstis, plr p lr sui vnz, fiadmdtio i ipmdaiãál gn alhandtls, almnti n iprnsnhtiãál gn gigls. Is fnrri onhtis gi cnstál gi quimdgign sál ontlglmlcdis fnrrionhtis ontlglmlcdis utdmdzigis utdmdzigi s alo l dhtudtl gn onmelrir prlanssls prlans sls n fiadmdtir i slmuãál gn prlkmnois prlkmnois no quimdgign. quimdgi gn. L usl gnssis fnrrionhtis lkjntdvi tiokäo i amirnzi hl trikimel n prdhadpimonhtn i tloigi gn gnadsál alo kisn no fitls n gigls, no vnz gn lpdhdþns. Qál utdmdzigis utdmd zigis hls nstiknmnadonhtls nstiknmnad onhtls pnmi aipiadgign n alhsadêhadi no rnolvnr is aiusis gls prlkmnois, lhgn sn lktäo uoi oidlr prlgutdvdgign n i rnguãál gn pnrgis, fiadmdtio i rnslmuãál gn prlkmnois utdmdzihgl täahdais nspnaïfdais n créfdais créf dais n issdo prlguzno rnsumtigls ltdodzigls. L iuonhtl arnsanhtn gi alopntdtdvdgign gnolhstri i nssnhadimdgign gi iglãál gn fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign, uoi vnz qun i quimdgign gndxlu gn snr uo gdfnrnhadim gdfnrnh adim n pisslu i snr uo rnqudsdtl késdal no snrvdãls n prlgutls. Qui utdmdziãál alrrlklri piri onmelrir i nfdaéadi gi cnstál hl ituim alhtnxtl gn cmlkimdziãál (LMDVND[I, ;004).
I fdmlslfdi gi quimdgign tltim trluxn piri l ladgnhtn uo nhsdhionhtl fuhgionhtim piri l arnsadonhtl gls prlfdssdlhids gn cnrnhadionhtl, issdo, ä oudtl gdfïadm qun is fuhãþns cnrnhadids snjio alhguzdgis gn flroi nfdaiz sn is fuhãþns lpnriadlhids lpnr iadlhids hál fuhadlhio kno. Piri dssl ä doprnsadhgïvnm qun sn fiãi i ipmdaiãál gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign piri i lktnhãál gn prlanssls n prlgutls nfdaizns.
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
Wäahdais n fnrrionhtis gi cnstál gi quimdgign Piri i lktnhãál gi quimdgign ä hnanssérdl qun sn alhsdci lktnr alhflrodgign nhtrn l pmihnjigl n l nxnautigl hi prlguãál gn prlgutls n/lu nxnauãál gn snrvdãls. Piri tim ä hnanssérdl nstiknmnanr pirëontrls onhsurévnds piri qun
snji plssïvnm rnimdzir uoi ivimdiãál gn tlgl l prlanssl prlgutdvl. Issdo surcdrio is fnrrionhtis fnrri onhtis gn quimdgign. Qncuhgl Qioleym (;09;), is fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign sál iprnsnhtigis alol alhjuhtl gn dhstruonhtls nstitïstdals utdmdzigls piri onmelrdi gi quimdgign gn prlgutls, snrvdãls n prlanssls. Hnssn alhtnxtl, i nstitïstdai tno pipnm fuhgionhtim hl cnrnhadio cnrnhadionhtl nhtl gi quimdgign n gi prlgutdvdgign. Ipnsir gn pirtdr pir tdr gn uo olgnml lrdcdhim, gdfdadmonhtn gdf dadmonhtn sn alhsncun lktnr glds prlgutls prlg utls nxiti n xitionhtn onhtn dcu dcuids ids lu glds snrv sn rvdãls dãls prnsti pr nstigls gls gn oihn oihndr drii dgêhtdai dgêht dai il pigrál lrdcdhim. Plrtihtl, ä hnanssérdl tnr gloïhdl gloï hdl slkrn nstis plssïvnds plssïvnds virdiãþns. L alhtrlmn ä plssïvnm sn gnhtrl gi noprnsi flrno utdmdzigls oätlgls nstitïstdals piri suplrtn hi almnti, tikumiãál, ihémdsn n, plr fdo, iprnsnhtiãál gls gigls. I utdmdziãál gnssns rnaursls plgn snr ipmdaigi no pnqunhis n crihgns noprnsis, snhgl hnanssérdl hnanssérdl slonhtn l usl gn uoi fnrrionhti créfdai cr éfdai n pnspnsslis aipiadtigis aipiadtigi s i rnimdzir i ihémdsn ihém dsn arïtdai gls rnsumtigls rnsumtigl s lktdgls (ALNMEL (ALNMEL22 QDMVI2 OIHDÃLKI, ;091). Piri Olhtclonry (;096) (;096),, i utdmdziãál gis gi s fnrrionhtis fnrrionht is gn quimdgign gnvnrdi snr iopmionhtn nhsdhigi às noprnsis n sui utdmdziãál gnvnrdi snr rltdhndri piri dgnhtdfdai dgnht dfdairr lplrtu lplr tuhdgign hdgignss gn onmelrdi n nmdodhir nmdo dhir pnrgis. p nrgis.
Imcuois fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign utdmdzigis piri i lktnhãál gn onmelrdi gn prlanssls n snrvdãls: Fmuxlcrioi. Gdicrioi gn Dsedbiwi. Gdicrioi gn Pirntl. Edstlcrioi. Airti gn alhtrlmn. Flmei gn vnrdfdaiãál.
1
7
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
Fmuxlcrioi Fmuxlcrioi ä uoi fnrrionhti qun vdsi gnolhstrir no flroi gn créal tlgis is ntipis gl prlanssl (Fdcuri 9). Nsti fnrrionhti plgn snr utdmdzigi piri ihimdsir ihim dsir prlanssls alrrnhtns, alr rnhtns, plds prlplradlhi i aloprnnhsál répdgi gl uxl gis itdvdgigns (M^ADHGI, ;090). Qui gnhlodhiãál plgn virdir, alol: créfdals gn prlangdonhtls, créf dal gn prlanssls, fmuxl gn pnsslis n pipäds n fmuxl gn glauonhtls. Wiokäo plgn pl gn snr ipr iprnsn nsnht htigl igl no gdv gdvnr nrsls sls flr oit oitls ls n olg olgnmls nmls,, alo usl gn sïo klmls qun tlr hi hio o alo alopit pitïvnm ïvnm l cr créf éf dal il tdp tdpl l gn rlt rltdh dhii qun sn gns gnsnji nji rnprnsnhtir.
Qál nhalhtrigls slk gdvnrsis gnhlodhiãþns, plr nxnopml: sdhtätdals2 gn kmlals2 nsqunmntls2 gn prlangdonhtls2 prlangdon htls2 vnrtdaim n elrdzlhtim n dhtncrigl. Aigi uo gnstns tno f uhãþns nspnaïfdais n virdiãþns gn alopm alopmnxdgign. nxdgign. Nstis imtnr hitdvis gnvno snr gnvdgionhtn ihimdsigis pnmls prlfdssdlhids gi dhflroiãál quihgl gn sui utdmdziãál (VN[C^ND[L, ;00;).
Fdcuri 9. Fmuxlcrioi gn rnadamicno gn cnssl. Flhtn: Issladiãál Krisdmndri
gl Grywimm (;09; ipug QDMVI HNWL nt im., ;09>, p. 976).
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
>
Gdicrioi gn Dsedbiwi Wno alol sdh÷hdols gdicrioi gn aiusi n nfndtl, gdicrioi nspdhei-gn-pndxn lu gdicrioi 6O (Fdcuri ;). Nssi fnrrionhti ä utdmdzigi pnmi igodhdstriãál piri l cnrnhadionhtl cnrnhadionht l n l alhtrlmn gi quimdgign hls oids gdvnrsls prlanssls. Prlplstl plr Dsedbiwi no 9471, tno alol lkjntdvl dgnhtdair, nxpmlrir n rnssimtir tlgis is aiusis plssïvnds gn uo prlkmnoi lu qunstál nspnaïai (VN[C^ND[L, ;00;) ;0 0;)..
Oätlgl
Oéqudhi
Aiusi
Aiusi
Aiusi Q Q u u k k a a i i u u s i s i
Aiusi Q u k a i u s i
Aiusi Q u k a i u s i
Aiusi
Aiusi Aiusi Q u k a i u s i
Ondl iokdnhtn
Ongdgi
Oitnrdim
Prlkmnoi
Aiusi Aiusi i s u i a k u Q
Oál-gn-lkri
Fdcuri ;. Gdicrioi gn aiusi n nfndtl. Flhtn: Fnrhihgns
(;095, glauonhtl lh-mdhn).
Gdicrioi gn Pirntl Nssn gdicrioi fld gnsnhvlmvdgl pnml nalhlodsti dtimdihl Vdmfrngl Pirntl quihgl nmn nxiodhivi i gdstrdkudãál gn rdqunzi no snu piïs. Nmn kusalu gnsarnvê-mi no flroi gn gigls nstitïstdals. nstit ïstdals. Hnssn prlanssl, Pirntl gnsalkrdu qun ipnhis ;0% gi plpumiãál nri gntnhtlri gi oidlr pirtn gi rdqunzi. I pirtdr pir tdr giï prlguzdu prlgu zdu uoi gnolhstriãál gnolhstr iãál créai cré ai no uoi aurvi aur vi auoumitdvi qun rnanknu l hlon gn aurvi gn Pirntl. Oids tirgn, i onsoi dgndi fld mnvigi i nstitïstdals piri snr ipmdaigi il alhtnxtl prlgutdvl n gn snrvdãls, n i pirtdr giï pisslu i snr ipmdaigi tiokäo hnssns iokdnhtns (VN[C^ND[L, ;00;). L gdicrioi gn Pirntl iprnsnhti-sn alol uo créfdal créf dal gn kirris qun lrgnhi is frnquêhadis gis lalrrêhadis, gi oidlr piri i onhlr, pnrodtdhgl issdo
6
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
prdlr dzir ls prlkmnois prdlrdzir prlkmnoi s alo dhtu dhtudtl dtl gn slmuadlhé-mls (Fdcuri (Fdcur i 1). L gdicri g dicrioi oi ä uoi fnrrionhti fnrri onhti qun dhgdai ls pirëontrls n dhtnriãþns qun dhf munhadio gn oihndri sdchdfdaitdvi aigi uoi gis virdévnds. Imäo gdssl, snrvn piri vdsuimdzir vdsuim dzir n dgnhtdfdair dgnhtdfdai r is aiusis lu prlkmnois prlkmnois oids doplrtihtns. Piri sui nmiklriãál gnvno-sn sncudr ls sncudhtns sncud htns pissls: i) Qnmnadlhir ls prlkmnois i snrno alopirigls n nstiknmnanr uoi u oi lrgno gn prdlrdgigns piri sui ihémdsn. Qnmnadlhir dlhir uo pigrál gn alopiriãál. k) Qnmna Qnmnadlhir dlhir uo pnrïlgl pnr ïlgl gn tnopl piri snr ihimdsigl. a) Qnmna g) [nuhdr ls gigls hnanssérdls gnhtrl gn aigi aitnclrdi. n) Alopirir i frnquêhadi lu austl gn aigi aitnc aitnclrdi lrdi alo rnmiãál i tlgis is lutris.
f ) Mdstir is aitnclrdis gi nsqunrgi piri i gdrndti hl ndxl elrdzlhtim, no lrgno gnarnsanhtn.
c) Iadoi gn aigi amissdfdaiãál lu aitnclrdi, gnvn-sn gnsnheir uo rntëhcuml lu kirri auji imturi alrrnsplhgi il vimlr gnssi virdévnm hi
amissdfdaiãál amiss dfdaiãál nsalmedgi.
i d a h ê u q n r F
970 9;0 900 50 60 70 ;0 0
Wdpl gn gnfndtl gnfndtl
Frnquêhadi Plranhticno % iauoumigi
900 50 60 70 ;0 l p
l g
l t o n c i m n s l á H
h u f o n c i m n s l á H
>> 70,7 70,7
15 ;3,4 65,7
m i r n t i m o n c i m n s l á H
;; 96,; 57,6
i g i r l k l á s s n r p o D
5 >,4 40,7
i g i s i o i i x d i A
3 >,9 4>,6
s l r t u L
o n c i t h n a r l P
0
6 7,7 900,0
Fdcuri 1. Gdicrioi gn Pirntl. Flhtn: Oirseimm Juhdlr nt im (;090).
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
3
Edstlcrioi Nssi fnrrionhti créai ä icrupigi no amissns gn frnquêhadis n pnrodtn vnrdair quim i flroi gn gdstrdkudãál, gdstr dkudãál, l vimlr vimlr anhtrim n i gdspnrsál gls gigls gi gls
(Fdcuri 7). Ä flroigi flroigi plr rntëhcumls rnt ëhcumls alhtïhuls alo kisns his fidxis fid xis gn vimlrns virdévnds qun sál lkjntl gn nstugl n auji imturi nstiknmnan nst iknmnan i frnquêhadi gi lalr rêhadi gls gigls hl dhtnrviml gnhdgl pnmi kisn gl rntëhcuml (K[IZ, (K[ IZ, ;00;). I fnrrionhti sn gdfnrnhadi gl gdicrioi gn Pirntl pnml tdpl gn virdévnm qun rnprnsnhti, snhgl qun nssn gdicrioi ä usigl u sigl piri virdévnds gdsarntis, amissdfdaigis n plsdadlhigis no lrgno gnarnsanhtn, imäo gn iprnsnhtir i
frnquêhadi iauoumigi. Jé l edstlcrioi ä usigl piri virdévnds alhtïhuis, alhtïhuis, lhgn i plsdãál hál ougi gn ialrgl alo i frnquêhadi, n i dhtnrprntiãál dhtnr prntiãál alhsdgnri i flroi gn gdstrdkudãál gdstr dkudãál n suis nspnadfdaiãþns. Plrtihtl, Plrtihtl, sui ihémdsn pnrodtn pnr odtn gdznr sn l prlanssl prnadsi snr onmelrigl, sn plgn itnhgnr is nspnadfdaiãþns
lu hál n sn is lrdcnhs gis hál alhflrodgigns ä rnmitdvi à oägdi lu à gdspnrsál gl prlanssl.
7,> 7 1,> i 1 d a h ;,> ê u ; q n r F 9,; 9 0,> 0 961,>
961,3
961,4
967,9
967,1
967,>
967,3
967,4
Aloprdonhtl (oo) Fdcuri 7. Olgnml gn edstlcrioi.
Airti gn alhtrlmn L créal gn alhtrlmn alht rlmn lu airti gn alhtrlmn (Fdcuri >) fld ardigl pnml p nml Gr. Simtnr Simtnr Qenweirt, gl Knmm Miks, hi gäaigi gn 94;0. Nmn fld l prdondrl i flroimdzir i gdstdhãál nhtrn virdiãál alhtrlmigi n hál alhtrlmigi, gdfnrnhadihgl gdfnrnhadihgl l qun sn gnhlodhi gn aiusis alouhs n aiusis nspnadids. nspnadids.
5
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
Nssi fnrrionhti fnrrionht i sdopmns snpiri nssns glds tdpls gn aiusis. Gnsgn nssi äplai,
têo sdgl usigis alo suanssl huoi virdngign gn sdtuiãþns (PDWELH, ;097). Nssn tdpl gn créfdal sn alopþn gn flroi flroi snonmeihtn i uo créfdal créf dal airtnsdihl, lhgn l ndxl elrdzlhtim rnprnsnhti l tnopl n, l vnrtdaim, l vimlr gi airiatnairiatn rïstdai. Imäo gdssl, ä aloplstl tiokäo plr uo alhjuhtl gn vimlrns (plhtls) uhdgls plr snconhtls gn rnti2 n plr três mdheis mdh eis elrdzlhtids (mdodtn dhfnrdlr gn alhtrlmn, mdodtn alhtrlmn n mdhei oägdi alhtrlmn, oägdi). ). Piri alhstrudr alhstrud r uo créfdal gnssn tdpl, gnvn-sn alhsdgnrir três fisns: almnti gn gigls, alhtrlmn n ihémdsn n onmelrdi.
37,09 i d g ä 37,00 O
31,44 9 ; 1 7 > 6 3 5 4 90 99 9; 91 97 9> 96 93 95 94 ;0 Mdodtn alht. supnrdlr ? 37,0971 Mdodtn alht. dhfnrdlr ? 31,4559
Mdhei anhtrim ? 37,009; Aiusis nspnadids
Fdcuri >. Nxnopml gn airti gn alhtrlmn.
Flmeis gn vnrdfdaiãál Iprnsnhti o-sn alol pmihdmeis n tiknmis qun vdsio fiadmdtir Iprnsnhtio-sn fiadmdti r i almnti almnti gn gigls no uo flroitl sdstnoétdal piri alopdmiãál n ihémdsn. Wno alol vihticno nalhlodi gn tnopl, plds nmdodhi l trikimel gn sn gnsnheir curis lu nsarnvnr húonrls rnpntdtdvls, nvdtihgl aloprlontnr aloprlontnr i ihémdsn gls gigls. Wiokäo plssdkdmdti i lksnrviãál gn fnh÷onhls, pnrodtdhgl vnrdfdair i nxdstêhadi gls gdvnrsls fitlrns nhvlmvdgls n snus pigrþns gn aloplrtionhtl (GITAEL^S (GI TAEL^S,, ;003 ;003). ). Eé vérdls tdpls gn mdstis gn vnrdfdaiãál, qun sn igiptio às gdvnrsis fdhifdhimdgigns i qun sn gnstdhio. I dgndi kisndi-sn no icrupir ls fitls no amissns. Piri snr usigi alo nfdaéadi ä doplrtihtn doplr tihtn tnr-sn aloprnnhsál amiri gl lkjntdvl gi almnti almnti gn gigls n gls rnsumtigls fdhids f dhids qun gnmi plgno sn lrdcdhir.
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
Odaenm n Flcmdittl (;00;) gnstiaio qun l lkjntdvl gis AAs ä olhdtlrir i virdikdmdgign nxdstnhtn hls prlanssls, gdstdhcudhgl aiusis alouhs qun plr
4
vnzns aiusio pnqunhis virdiãþns imnitñrdis gn aiusis nspnadids. Is aiusis nspnadids gnvno gnvno snr dgnhtdfdaigis n alrrdcdgis, piri qun l prlanssl pnroihnãi alo l pigrál nspnrigl gn gnsnopnhel. Is mdstis gn vnrdfdaiãál gdstdhcuno quitrl tdpls: 9. ;. 1. 7.
gn vnrdfdaiãál gi nxdstêhadi gn gntnrodhigis alhgdãþns2 gn alhticno gn quihtdgigns2 qu ihtdgigns2 gn amissdfdaiãál gn ongdgis2 gn mlaimdziãál gn gnfndtls.
Yuigrl 9. Olgnml gn
mdsti gn vnrdfdaiãál
L a lr r êh a di
Frnquêhadi (%)
Frnquêhadi iauoumitdvi (%)
Adraudtls dhvnr tdgls
;96
;9,73
;9,73
Aikls fimtihtns
956
95,74
14,46
Dgnhtdfdaiãál nrrigi
9>3
9>,69
>>,>3
Wnrodhids gnstrivigls
9099 90
90,07
6>,699 6>,6
Qnmls nrrigls
54
5, 5>
37,7>
Wnrodhids gnsmdcigls
3>
3,76
59,49 59 ,49
Aikls aur tls
37
3,16
54,;6
Écui hls alhnatlrns
71
7,;3
41,>7
Ardopicno dhignquigi
94
9,54
4>,71
Aikls mlhcls
91
9,;4
46,3;
Alhnatlrns nrrigls
9;
9,94
43,49
Aikls dhtnrrlopdgls
99
9,04
44,09
Nokimicno dhignquigi
6
0,60
44,60
Kdtlmis nrrigis
1
0,10
44,40
Aikls ‑ alrns nrrigis
9
0,90
900
9006
900%
‗
Aitnclrdi
Wltim
90
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
Ipmdaiãál gis täahdais n fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign
No uo ouhgl cmlkimdzigl n hl onraigl ituim itu im i slkrnvdvêhadi slkrnvdvêhadi gis lrcihdziãþns gnpnhgn gn snu hïvnm gn alopntdtdvdgign. I kusai plr muarl n ls austls aigi vnz oids imtls nxdcno qun is noprnsis onmelrno snus prlanssls prlgutdvls alhtdhuionhtn piri lktnr onmelrns rnhgdonhtls gn dhsuols n oál gn lkri. Is lrcihdziãþns vnno hi quimdgign uo u o gdfnrnhadim hi kusai plr uoi onmelr plsdãál hl onraigl onraig l (QNMNON2 QWIGMN[, QWIGMN[, ;004). I ipmdaiãál gis täahdais gn quimdgign dré prlolvnr uo gdfnrnhadim aloalo pntdtdvl pntdt dvl gnhtrl gnht rl gi g i noprnsi, nop rnsi, ois piri oihtê oihtê-ml, -ml, ä hnanssé hnanssérdl rdl qun tlgls ls sntlrns tnheio snhsl gn quimdgign qu imdgign kno gnfdhdgl no snus lkjntdvls. lkjntdvls. Qncuhgl Qnmnon n Qtigmnr (;004), (;004), l fuhadlhérdl gnvn rnanknr alhenadonhtl alhen adonhtl no rnmiãál à quimdgign, vdvnhgl, utdmdzihgl n trihsodtdhgl-i hál sñ gnhtrl gi noprnsi, ois altdgdihionhtn altdgdihionhtn.. I quimdgign gi flroiãál n gl gnsnhvlmvdonhtl gis pnsslis dré rnfmntdr gn oihndri plsdtdvi hls prlcriois gn quimdgign gnsnhvlmvdgls hi noprnsi. Gn ialrgl alo l prlkmnoi lalrrdgl gnvn snr fndti i nsalmei gi fnrrionhti fnrr ionhti gn quimdgign qun onmelr sn nhquigrn nhquig rn hl alhtnxtl lksnrvigl. Oicimeáns (;000 ipug K[NQQIH K[NQQIH nt im., ;09>) ;09>) ifdroi qun aigi aig i fnrrionhti tno uoi u oi utdmdziãál prñprdii n hál nxdstn uoi rnandti piri siknr quim gnvnré snr usig prñprd usigii no aigi fisn. L usl vid gnpnhgnr gl prlkm prlkmnoi noi i snr ihimdsigl, gigls edstñrdals, e dstñrdals, dhflroiãþns lktdgis n gl alhenadonhtl gl prlanssl no qunstál.
Lutris fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign plgno snr utdmdzigis piri ltdodzir l prlanssl gn cnstál gn quimdgign alol i fnrrionhti >S;E (Yuigrl ;). ;). Kisdaionhtn ä uo aenabmdst aenab mdst gn gntnrodhigis itdvdgigns qun prnadsio snr gnsnhvlmvdgis alo l oéxdol gn amirnzi plssïvnm plr pirtn gls almiklriglrns gi noprnsi.
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
Yuigrl ;. Ipmdaiãál gi fnrrionhti >S;E
Pmihl gn iãál
99
Wirnfis ‑ Gdrntlrdi gn oirbntdhc L qun fiznr< Plr qun snré fndtl< Alol fiznr< Yuihgl fiznr f iznr. >. Irtdcls... [dl gn Jihndrl: IKNP[L IKNP[L,, ;09>. ;09>. Gdsplhïvnm no: =ettp://www. iknprl.lrc.kr/kdkmdltnai/WH\QWP\;06\;;9\;6> iknprl.lrc.kr/kdkmdltnai/WH \QWP\;06\;;9\;6>>4.pgf8 >4.pgf8.. Ianssl no: 07 juh. ;095. ALNMEL, F.P. Q.2 QDMVI, I. O. Q.2 OIHDÃLKI, [. F. Ipmdaiãál gis fnrrionhtis gi quimdgign: nstugl gn aisl no pnqunhi noprnsi gn pdhturi. [nvdsti FIWNA Zlhi Qum , v. 1, h. 9, ;096. Gdsplhïvnm no: =ettp://www.rnvdstirnfis.alo.kr/dhgnx.pep/[nvFIWNAZQ/ irtdamn/vdnw/308. Ianssl no: 07 juh. ;09 ;095. 5.
9;
Iklrgicno alhandtuim gis fnrrionhtis gn quimdgign: lkjntdvls n ipmdaiãþns
AL[[NIMN, O. Fnrrionhtis gi quimdgign qun slmuadlhio quimqunr prlkmnoi . ;; hlv. ;093. Gdsplhïvnm no: =ettps://dhspdrihgljlvnhs.alo.kr/fnrrionhtis-gi-quimdgignqun-slmuadlhio-quimqunr-prlkmnoi/8. Ianssl no: 07 juh. ;095. GITAEL^S, O. 70 fnrrionhtis n täahdais gn cnrnhadionhtl. [dl gn Jihndrl: Krisplrt,
;003. FN[HIHGNQ, F. F. Aiusi n nfndtl: Fdseklhn & Oitrdzns gn Aiusi n Nfndtl. ;095. ;095. Gdsplhïvnm no: =ettps://sdtns.cllcmn.alo/sdtn/quimdgignnprlgutdvdgign/sdx-sdcoi/onisurn/;-9;-3-aiusi-n-nfndtl---fdseklhn-oitrdzns-gn-aiusi-n-nfndtl8. Ianssl no: 07 juh. ;095.
M^ADHGI, O. I. Yuimdgign: fuhgionhtls n prétdais piri aursls gn criguiãál. [dl gn Jihndrl: Krigsplrt, ;090. OIDAZ^B, J.2 IHG[IGN IHG[ IGN JÚHDL[, P. P.P. Ipmdaiãál gn fnrrionhtis fnr rionhtis gn onmelrdi gn quimdqu imdgign n prlgutdvdgign hls prlanssls prlgutdvls: uo nstugl gn aisl. Yuimdtis [nvdsti Nmntr÷hdai, v. 97, h. 9, ;091. Gdsplhïvnm no: =ettp://rnvdsti.unpk.ngu.kr/dhgnx.pep/
quimdtis/irtdamn/vdnw/9 quimdtis/irtd amn/vdnw/9>448 >448.. Ianssl no: 07 juh. ;095. OI[QEIMM J^HDL[, D. nt im. Cnstál gi quimdgign. 90. ng. [dl gn Jihndrl: FCV, ;090. ODAENM [.2 FLCMDIWWL F. Q. Prljntl nalh÷odal gn airtis igiptitdvis piri olhdtlrionhtl gn prlanssls. Cnstál & Prlguãál, v.4, h.9, p. 93-19, ikr. ;00;. Gdsplhïvnm no: =ettp://www.sadnml.kr/pgf/cp/v4h9/i01v4h98. Ianssl no: 07 juh. ;095. il alhtrlmn gi tñpdals quimdgign OLHWCLON[T, G. A. Dhtrlguãál . 3. ng. [dlQál gn Jihndrl: MWA, ;096.LMDVND[I ;096.LMDVND[I, , L. J. (Lrc.). ivihãigls. Cnstál nstitïstdal gi Yuimdgign: Piuml: Anhcicn Mnirhdhc, ;004.
PDWELH, [. Is Fnrrionhtis gl Mnih Oihufiaturdhc (Prlguãál Mnih). [nvdsti Kihis Yuimdgign, v. ;7, h. ;65, ;097.
QIOLETM, [. S. Alhtrlmn nstitïstdal gn prlanssl n fnrrionhtis gi quimdgign. Dh: AI[VIMEL, O. O.2 PIMIGDHD, N. P. (Allrg.) Cnstál gi Yuimdgign: tnlrdi n aisls. ;. ng. [dl gn Jihndrl: Jih ndrl: Aiopus, ;09;. ;09;. QNMNON, [.2 QWIGMN[, E. Alhtrlmn gi quimdgign: is fnrrionhtis nssnhadids. Aurdtdki: Dhtnrsiknrns, ;004. QDMVI HNWL, A. O. nt im. ^tdmdziãál gn rnsïguls gn cnssl gi alhstruãál advdm piri dharnonhtl hl gnsnhvlmvdonhtl gn Arltimirdi rntusi. Krizdmdih Cnlcripedaim Jlurhim , v. 6, h. 9, p. 970-9>>, 970-9 >>, jih./juh. ;09>. ;09 >. Gdsplhïvnm no:8.=ettp://www.snnr.ufu.k =ett p://www.snnr.ufu.kr/dhgnx.pep/ r/dhgnx.pep/ krizdmdihcnljlurhim/irtdamn krizdmdihcn ljlurhim/irtdamn/vdnw/;3516/ /vdnw/;3516/95003 950038. Ianssl no: 07 juh. ;095. VN[C^ND[L, S. Yuimdgign no snrvdãls gn dhflroiãál. Qál Piuml: Irtn Ir tn & Adêhadi, ;00;. Mndturi rnalonhgigi
M^ADNWWL, G. nt im. Fnrrionhtis gi quimdgign. qu imdgign. Dh: QDOPÑQDL ADNHWÏFDAL GN C[IG^IÃÁL N PÑQ-C[IG^IÃÁL. 7., Aixdis gl Qum, ;099. Irtdcls... Aixdis gl Qum: FQC, ;099. Gdsplhïvnm no: =ettp://ljs.ftsc.ngu.kr/dhgnx.pep/sdoplsdl/irtdamn/vdnw/;98. Ianssl
no: 07 juh. juh . ;095. ;095.
Nhanrri iqud l trnael gl mdvrl gdsplhdkdmdzigl piri nsti ^hdgign gn Iprnhgdzicno. Hi Kdkmdltnai Vdrtuim gi Dhstdtudãál, vlaê nhalhtri i lkri hi ïhtncri.
Alhtnúgl:
View more...
Comments
