German

INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

GERMAN LYRIC DICTION WORKBOOK A graded method of phonetic transcription which employs frequently occurring words from German art song literature Third Edition

Cheri Montgomery

S.T.M. Publishers Nashville, TN

iii

PREFACE This publication was created from the lyrics of over 1,200 art songs set by Schubert, Schumann, Brahms and Wolf. The most frequently occurring words are short in length and appear in enunciation exercises. Other commonly occurring words are introduced in graded order and categorized according to German speech sounds as defined by the International Phonetic Alphabet. A study of articulatory phonetics is provided and includes consonant and vowel charts for student application and definition of terms. Consecutive units highlight a specified group of symbols providing enunciation instructions with transcribed exercises, rules for transcription, in-class application and individually assigned word lists. Units progress in cumulative order culminating with exercises which allow students to enunciate short phrases and lyrics from German art song literature. This method includes five units dedicated to helping students recognize elements of the German language. Familiarity is gained as numerous words are encountered. Accurate transcription and proficiency of memorized rules is assessed through enunciation. Common exceptions to the rules for transcription are outlined and occur throughout the text. The open vowel exceptions are prevalent. It is beneficial to memorize them at the onset of the course. A review of rules and list of exceptions are provided for easy reference. The answer key is also available for alternate lesson plans which may include student grading and board work. I am grateful for instruction received from Mr. Philip Highfill. Kristina Hinneburg provided indications for stressed syllables. I owe special thanks to Mr. Archie Kliewer for his time in editing text and translation. The German Lyric Diction Workbook introduces students to the major elements of the German language through transcription and enunciation of a basic lyric vocabulary. It works consecutively within our series of workbooks created for lyric diction courses. Cheri Montgomery

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit 1

Topic

Section

Classification of symbols

Pronunciation guide Consonant charts Application of rules Vowel charts/Application

Page 1 4 5 6

Monophthongs: 2

Voiced alveolar trill [|] and vowel [ä]

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

7 8 9 10

3

Voiceless palatal fricative [1] and voiceless velar fricative [U]

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

16 17 18 19

Units 1 - 3

Practice quiz

25

4

Long closed front [i:], short open front [N], [h] and glottal stop [/]

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

27 28 29 30

5

Long closed front [e:], short open front [D], schwa [B], [v] and [f]

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

36 37 38 39

6

Long closed back [u:], short open back [L], [G], [s] and the Eszett: ß

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

45 46 47 48

7

Long closed back [o:], short open back [C], [z] and [ts]

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual Exercises

54 55 56 57

Units 4 - 7

Practice quiz

63

8

Long closed mixed [y:], short open mixed [Y], [j], final -ie and -ik and consonant blends with p

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

64 65 66 67

9

Long closed mixed [V:], short open mixed [Z], [E] and [k]

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

73 74 75 76

Review

Review

v

Unit

Topic

Section

Page

10

Long dark back [A:], short bright front [a], long open front [D:], short open front [D] and th

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

82 83 84 85

11

Diphthongs: [ae], [Ao] and [CV], unvoicing of b, d, g and the sounds of c

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

91 92 93 94

Review

Units 8 - 11

Practice quiz

100

Words Containing Multiple Elements: 12

Identifying multiple elements

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

101 102 103 104

13

Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

110 111 112 113

14

Closed vowel prefixes

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

119 120 121 122

15

Suffixes

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

128 129 130 131

Units 12 - 15

Practice quiz

137

16

Inflectional endings

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

138 139 140 141

17

Unvoicing, l, r, n and the apostrophe

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

147 148 149 150

18

Compound words

Enunciation exercises Rules for transcription Application of rules Individual exercises

156 157 157 158

Units 16 - 18

Practice quiz

164

Review

Review

vi

Unit 19 Review 20

Topic

Section

Phrases from German art song literature Units 1 - 19

Page 165

Practice Quiz

Lyrics from German art song literature

178 185

German Vowel Chart

206

Review of Rules

208

Closed and Open Vowel Exceptions

210

Frequently Occurring Words

212

ANSWER KEY Unit 1 2 3 Review 4 5 6 7 Review 8 9 10 11 Review 12 13 14 15 Review 16 17 18 Review 19 Review 20

Topic

Page

Classification of Symbols Voiced alveolar trill [|] and vowel [ä] Voiceless palatal fricative [1] and voiceless velar fricative [U]

214 215 218

Units 1 - 3

220

Long closed front [i:], short open front [N], [h] and glottal stop [/] Long closed front [e:], short open front [D], schwa [B], [v] and [f] Long closed back [u:], short open back [L], [G], [s] and the Eszett: ß Long closed back [o:], short open back [C], [z] and [ts]

220 223 225 227

Units 4 - 7

230

Long closed mixed [y:], short open mixed [Y], [j], final -ie and -ik and p Long closed mixed [V:], short open mixed [Z], [E] and [k] Long dark back [A:], short bright front [a], ä and th Diphthongs: [ae], [Ao] and [CV], unvoicing of b, d, g and the sounds of c

230 232 235 237

Units 8 - 11

239

Identifying multiple elements Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs Closed vowel prefixes Suffixes

240 242 244 247

Units 12 - 15

249

Inflectional endings Unvoicing, l, r, n and the apostrophe Compound words

249 252 254

Units 16 - 18

256

Phrases from German art song literature

257

Units 1 - 19

263

Lyrics from German art song literature

269

Supplemental Resources

279

Bibliography

282

vii

INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

GERMAN LYRIC DICTION WORKBOOK

viii

INTRODUCTORY NOTES Discussion of Terms IPA stands for the International Phonetic Alphabet. It was instituted by the International Phonetic Association around 1888. Each symbol stands for one phonetic sound and is enclosed in brackets. Pronunciation: conversion of letters into the proper choice of speech sounds as represented by IPA Enunciation and Articulation: the act of speaking or singing phonetic sounds Expression: the act of conveying mood, color and sentiment of lyric texts Monophthong: a vowel sound which maintains one articulatory position throughout the course of a syllable – diphthongs contain two vowel sounds, triphthongs three Aspirate: a consonant which is sounded with an audible release of breath (English p, t, k) Prevocalic: refers to a consonant which precedes a vowel sound Intervocalic: refers to a consonant which stands between vowel sounds Postvocalic: refers to a consonant which follows a vowel sound Initial: the first letter or sound of a word Medial: a letter or sound in the middle of a word Final: the last letter or sound of a word

Introduction to German Lyric Diction Most German sounds are familiar to the English speaking singer. German and English share many of the same words, word origins, grammar characteristics and a primary stress of the first syllable. Qualities unique to German include: distinct formation and forward placement of vowels, prevalent use of double consonants and consonant clusters and a frequent occurrence of words with multiple elements. Characteristics of the German language 1) All nouns are capitalized 2) German uses several letters in addition to the English alphabet: Umlaut ä, ö, ü and Eszett ß 3) Sounds not familiar to English include the ich Laut [1], ach Laut [U], long vowels [:], double consonants and mixed vowels [y:], [Y], [V:] and [Z] 4) Vowels are precise, pure, and highly resonated 5) Consonants are articulated in a quick, crisp and clear manner 6) An aspirate quality is required for consonants p, t and k 7) An alveolar point of contact is required for d and t 8) Dental articulation is required for voiced lateral l 9) Long vowels and double consonants require a lengthening of the sound Warnings 1) Do not diphthongize monophthongs 2) Do not assign a medial placement to vowel sounds 3) Do not omit consonants from consonant clusters 4) Do not allow an intervening pause or schwa to divide consonant clusters 5) Do not substitute an English consonantal point of contact for German dental l Formation of the phonetic symbols: 1) Form the symbols from the top down and include brackets at the beginning and end of the transcription. Details are important. For example: [r] with a stem is rolled r while [|] without a stem is flipped r. 2) The symbols must be formed with accuracy: [F] and [z] represent two different sounds.

1

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE FRONT VOWELS IPA

ENGLISH

GERMAN

[iÉ]

eat, greet

ihm, Liebe, dir [/iÉm] [liÉbE] [diÉä]

[I]

bit, quick

Kind, Himmel [kInt] [hImmEl]

[eÉ]

chaos, décor

mehr, Leben, Seele [meÉ|] [leÉbEn] [zeÉlE]

[‹] / [‹:]

met, friend

Herz, Maádchen [h‹|ts] [m‹ÉtCEn]

[a]

Wald, Schatten [valt] [GattEn]

BACK VOWELS

[uÉ]

food, blue

Uhr, Blume [/uÉ|] [bluÉmE]

[ç]

look, put

Duft, Stunde [dçft] [GtçndE]

[oÉ]

obey, protect

Sohn, Vogel, Boot [zoÉn] [foÉgEl] [boÉt]

[O]

talk, ought

Wonne, Morgen [vOnnE] [mO|gEn]

[AÉ]

father, hot

Jahr, Abend, Saal [jAÉ|] [/AÉbEnt] [zAÉl]

2

MIXED VOWELS IPA

ENGLISH

[yÉ]

GERMAN

fruáh, Hügel [f|yÉ] [hyÉgEl]

[Y]

Glück, Lüfte [glYkk] [lYftE]

[VÉ]

schoán, fröhlich [GVÉn] [f|VÉlIC]

[{]

öffnen, Toáchter [/{ffnEn] [t{CtEä]

CENTRAL VOWELS

[E]

sofa, angel

meine, gegeben [maenE] [gE'geÉbEn]

[ä]

für, wandern [fyÉä] [vandEän]

DENTAL CONSONANTS (The following consonants are classified as dental in German but alveolar in English)

[z]

Sonne, weise [zOnnE] [vaezE]

[s]

Fest, Haus, müssen [f‹st] [hAos] [mYssEn]

[l]

Lied, als, stille [liÉt] [/als] [GtIllE]

ALVEOLAR CONSONANT

[|]

thread, throne

recht, Frieden, Herr [|‹Ct] [f|iÉdEn] [h‹||]

3

PREPALATAL CONSONANTS

[G]

short, passion

Stein, spricht, rasch [Gtaen] [Gp|ICt] [|aG]

[tG]

chair, latch

Deutsch, plätschert [dOVtG]

[pl‹tGEät]

PALATAL CONSONANTS

[C]

huge, humor

gleich, nicht ewig [glaeC] [nICt] [/eÉvIC]

[j]

yet, year

jung, Jäger [jçN] [j‹ÉgEä]

VELAR CONSONANTS

[X]

Buch, machen [buÉX] [maXEn]

[N]

finger, link

Engel, danke [/‹NEl] [daNkE]

GLOTTAL STOP

[/]

age, ever

Auge, einander [/AogE][/aen'/andEä]

DIACRITIAL MARKS

[:] Long vowel

Meer, Wogen [meÉ|] [voÉgEn]

[']

Stressed syllable

return, again

Gesicht, *zurück

[¨I'tMn] [/H'g‹n]

[gE'zICt] [tsu'|Ykk]

Indications for transcription: In German the first syllable is usually accented. Stress on a following syllable is indicated in the text by an underlined vowel. * Vowel length: Unstressed syllables may not require the long vowel mark following closed or dark vowels (check dictionary).

16

Enunciation Exercises

UNIT 3: Voiceless palatal fricative [1] & voiceless velar fricative [U] Guidelines for enunciation:

Voiceless palatal fricative [1] Articulation: With tongue tip touching lower front teeth, arch the back of the tongue toward hard palate allowing space between the articulators (assume tongue position of [j], initial sound of the word you). Direct a voiceless stream of air between the articulators. The sound is similar to the h of humor and hue. Warning: Do not replace [1] with prepalatal fricative [G] (initial sound of the word she). The ich-Laut should maintain a clean aspiration without interfering liquid sounds.

Voiceless velar fricative [U] Articulation: With tongue tip touching lower front teeth, arch the back of the tongue toward the soft palate allowing space between the articulators. Direct a voiceless stream of air through the narrowed passageway. Warning: Do not allow the articulators to contact – this would form a velar stop [k]. The ach-Laut should maintain a clean aspiration without interfering guttural sounds.

Enunciate the following frequently occurring words which contain [1] and [U]:

[1]

[U]

[1]

1. ich [/N1]

(I)

Nacht [naUt]

(night)

König [kV:nN1]

(king)

2. gleich [glae1]

(same)

hoch [ho:U]

(high)

Gesicht [gB'zN1t]

(face)

3. mich [mN1]

(me)

Sehnsucht [ze:nzuUt]

(longing)

ewig [/e:vN1]

(eternal)

4. euch [/CV1]

(you)

auch [/AoU]

(also)

leichten [lae1tBn]

(easy)

5. nicht [nN1t]

(not)

sprach [Gp|A:U]

(spoke)

ruhig [|u:N1]

(calmly)

6. durch [dL|1]

(through)

noch [nCU]

(still)

freundlich [f|CVntlN1]

(friendly)

7. sich [zN1]

(itself)

macht [maUt]

(makes)

Bächlein [bD1laen]

(little brook)

8. Licht [lN1t]

(light)

doch [dCU]

(however)

fröhlich [f|V:lN1]

(merrily)

9. schlecht [GlD1t]

(bad)

Nachtigall [naUtNgall]

(nightingale)

Liebchen [li:p1Bn]

(sweetheart)

10. dich [dN1]

(you)

lacht [laUt]

(laughs)

selig [ze:lN1]

(blessed)

11. reich [|ae1]

(rich)

ach [/aU]

(oh)

endlich [/DntlN1]

(at last)

12. bricht [b|N1t]

(breaks)

nach [nA:U]

(after)

traurig [t|Ao|N1]

(sadly)

17

RULES FOR TRANSCRIPTION VOICELESS PALATAL FRICATIVE

[1]

front or mixed vowel + ch: Licht [lN1t] möchte [mZ1tB] (Exception: ach is [aU])

consonant + ch: welch [vDl1]

TRANSCRIPTION OF -ig [N1] final -ig König [kV:nN1]

[Ng]

-ig + consonant Königs [kV:nN1s]

-ig + vowel Königin [kV:nNgNn]

[Nk] -ig + lich königlich [kV:nNklN1]

VOICELESS VELAR FRICATIVE

-ig + reich Königreich [kV:nNk|ae1]

[U]

back vowel + ch: Hauch [hAoU]

a + ch: Nacht [naUt]

Spellings for ich-Laut and ach-Laut: [1] i + ch ie + ch e + ch ä + ch ö + ch ü + ch ei + ch eu + ch äu + ch cons. + ch

spricht kriecht recht Bäche höchste flücht leicht euch Bräuche Lerche

[U] [Gp|N1t] [k|i:1t] [|D1t] [bD1B] [hV:1stB] [flY1t] [lae1t] [/CV1] [b|CV1B] [lD|1B]

a + ch o + ch u + ch au + ch

Pracht doch Frucht auch

[p|aUt] [dCU] [f|LUt] [/AoU]

Note: chs within the root is [ks]: Achse, Achsel, Büchse, Dachs, Flachs, Fuchs, Füchsin, Luchs, Ochs, sechs, all forms of wachsen (to grow) and Wechsel

18

Application of Rules

CLASS WORK #3: Voiceless palatal fricative [1], voiceless velar fricative [U] Provide IPA:

1. herzig

(sweet)

[hD|tsN

]

2. leuchten [lCV

[va (to shine)

tBn]

3. Schlacht [Gla

(battle)

5. rechte

(right)

tB] (usage) ]

7. horch

12. bleich

(pale) ]

13. inniglich

(dearly) lN ]

14. Tochter

(daughter)

]

[/aentsN ]

16. Früchte [f|Y

(lynx)

s]

9. einzig

15. Gesträuche [gB'Gt|CV

(listen)

8. Luchs [lL

t]

[tC tBä]

6. Brauch

[hC|

(would like to)

[/NnnN

[haelN B]

[b|Ao

11. möcht

[blae (holy)

(wakes)

t]

[mZ

t]

4. heilige

[|D

10. wacht

(only)

(fruits)

(smiles)

Blt]

18. nichts [nN

B]

tB]

17. lächelt [lD

(shrubs)

ts]

(nothing)

Enunciation Exercises

45

UNIT 6: Long closed back [u:] and short open back [L] Guidelines for enunciation:

Back vowels The term back vowel refers to a back arch of the tongue (front and back designations indicate tongue arch, not placement). Closed [u:] requires the most backed arching of the tongue and a small space between rounded lips. Open [L] maintains a progressively taller proximity between articulators. The tongue arch moves slightly farther forward for closed [o:] with a small space between rounded lips. Open [C] maintains a progressively taller proximity between articulators.

Long closed back [u:] Description: German long closed back [u:] requires distinct lip rounding with frontal placement. Enunciation: With soft palate raised and tongue tip touching lower front teeth, protrude and round lips into a “whistle” position. The lips maintain a circular shape with the sensation of no mouth corners. Vocalized tone is directed toward the upper front teeth. Warning: A delayed lip rounding would result in diphthongization of [u:]. Maintain vowel quality throughout vocalization. Do not sing [u:] with the upper lip curled down over the front teeth. Do not nasalize [u:] or mix with [i:]. Do not weaken the vowel quality of [u] in unstressed syllables. Exercise: Contrast German/English words: du / you, zu / to, tut / do, nun / noon, Blume / bloom, Fuß / food

Short open back [L] Enunciation: Follow enunciation instructions for [u:] with a lowered jaw position. German [L] is formed with more lip rounding than its English counterpart. In speech, English [L] of should maintains a relaxed, medial placement while German [L] of Schuld requires distinct lip rounding and pointed frontal placement. Warning: Do not replace [L] with [H]: German jung is [jLE] while English young is [jHE]. Contrast German / English words: mußt / must, Mutter / mother, Lust / lust, unter / under, Wunder / wonder

Enunciate the following frequently occurring words which contain [u:] and [L]:

[u:] 1. Flut [flu:t] 2. du [du:] 3. Glut [glu:t] 4. ruh [|u:] 5. Blut [blu:t] 6. nun [nu:n] 7. gut [gu:t] 8. zu [tsu:] 9. tut [tu:t] 10. Flur [flu:|] 11. Mut [mu:t] 12. Gruß [g|u:ss]

[L] (flood) (you) (glow) (rest) (blood) (now) (good) (to) (do) (hall) (courage) (greeting)

Stunde [GtLndB] zum [tsLm] Kuß [kLss] Luft [lLft] muß [mLss] und [/Lnt] drum [d|Lm] Sturm [GtL|m] uns [/Lns] Lust [lLst] um [/Lm] Mund [mLnt]

[u:] (hour) (to the) (kiss) (air) (must) (and) (around it) (storm) (us) (desire) (around) (mouth)

Blumen [blu:mBn] Natur [nA'tu:|] rufen [|u:fBn] Suche [zu:UB] Wehmut [ve:mut] genug [gB'nu:k] Ruder [|u:dBä] Tugend [tu:gBnt] buhlen [bu:lBn] Ufer [/u:fBä] trugen [t|u:gBn] Bruder [b|u:dBä]

(flowers) (nature) (to call) (search) (melancholy) (enough) (rudder) (virtue) (to woo) (shore) (carried) (brother)

46

RULES FOR TRANSCRIPTION LONG CLOSED BACK

[u:]

u + single consonant or final: Gute [gu:tB] du [du:] u + h: Ruhe [|u:B]

SHORT OPEN BACK

[L]

u + two or more consonants: Luft [lLft] OPEN VOWEL EXCEPTIONS [/Lm] um (around) [tsLm] zum (to the) [je:zLs] Jesus (Jesus) [|Lm] rum (around)

CLOSED VOWEL EXCEPTIONS Buch/Buche Fluch Kuchen ruchlos suchen Tuch Wuchs

[bu:U] [flu:U] [ku:UBn] [|u:Ulo:s] [zu:UBn] [tu:U] [vu:ks]

(book/beech) (curse) (cake) (wicked) (to search) (cloth) (growth)

Buße Fuß Gruß Muße husten Schuster Geburt

[bu:ssB] [fu:ss] [g|u:ss] [mu:ssB] [hu:stBn] [Gu:stBä] [gB'bu:|t]

VOICELESS PREPALATAL FRICATIVE

(repentance) (foot) (greeting) (leisure) (to cough) (shoemaker) (birth)

[G]

Spelling sch: Schein [Gaen] zwischen [tsvNGBn] frisch [f|NG] Initial st [Gt] of word or element: stand [Gtant] Initial sp [Gp] of word or element: Spiel [Gpi:l] Note: Medial and final st, sp and final s retain the [s] sound: Geist [gaest] Knospe [knCspB] Winters [vNntBäs]

THE ESZETT: ß [ss] Affects preceding vowel as a doubled consonant: Roß [|Css] (Intervocalic ß often affects preceding vowel as a single consonant: süße [zy:ssB])

Application of Rules

47

CLASS WORK #6: Long closed back [u:], short open back [L], [G], [s], B Provide IPA:

1. Stirn

(brow)

10. stille

(quiet)

2. Kunde

(news)

11. Rufe

(calls)

3. ruht

(rests)

12. Kuß

(kiss)

4. um

(around)

13. schnell

(fast)

5. Rubin

(ruby)

14. Kugel

(ball)

6. sucht (s is [z])

(searches)

15. Muß

(necessity)

7. Wassers

(water’s)

16. Schwester

(sister)

8. zum (z is [ts])

(to the)

17. Mutter

(mother)

9. Buchen

(beech trees)

18. Spiegel

(mirror)

110

Enunciation Exercises

UNIT 13: Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs Guidelines for enunciation:

Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs Many prefixes which contain a final single consonant are transcribed with an open vowel: mit [mNt]. Transcription of prefixes must be memorized. Each element maintains its assigned pronunciation regardless of following spellings – an open vowel prefix may be followed by an element which begins with a vowel or a consonant. For example, the vowel in hin remains open when followed by either an initial vowel as in hinauf [hNn'Aof] or an initial consonant as in Hinweis [hNnvaes]. Schwa prefixes: The schwa is a low central vowel which is difficult to sustain as required in singing. It may be preferable to replace with [D] (see page 36). Glottal stop: This text applies glottal stops to initial vowels words and elements. For singing, the glottal stop should be reserved for initial vowel words or elements which are stressed within the phrase.

Enunciate the following frequently occurring words with open prefixes and diphthongs: 1. Geliebte

(true love) (surround)

[/Lm'faEBn]

3. hinab

(down there) (delight) (done) (awaked) (in here) (pleased) (outside) (to forget)

[hDä'fo:ä]

Abgrund beisammen unendliche abwärts zerbricht

(charm)

begraben

(abyss)

anzuziehn [/antsu:tsi:n]

(interrupts)

fortgegangen

(went away)

abgewandt

(to turn away)

untersagt

(forbidden)

[/LntBä'zA:kt] (together)

aufgegangen

(to arise)

[/AofgBgaEBn] (infinite)

mißgönnt

(grudges)

[mNss'gZnnt] (downward)

miteinander

(with one another)

[mNt/aen/andBä] (breaks)

auserwählter

(more chosen)

[/Aos/DävD:ltBä] (buried)

[bB'g|A:bBn] (forth)

unterbricht

[/apgBvantt]

[tsDä'b|N1t]

[/anmu:t]

12. hervor

(trembled)

[/apvD|ts]

[fDä'gDssBn]

11. Anmut

durchbebt

(each other)

[fC|tgBgaEBn]

[/Ln'/DntlN1B]

[hNn'Aos]

10. vergessen

(each other)

[bae'zammBn]

[/Dä'f|CVt]

9. hinaus

einander

angetan

[/LntBäb|N1t]

[/apg|Lnt]

[hD|'aen]

8. erfreut

(covered)

[dL|1'be:pt]

[/Dä'vaUt]

7. herein

bedeckt

(dissolved)

[/angBtA:n]

[/aen'/andBä]

[gB'tA:n]

6. erwacht

(in vain)

[bB'dDkkt]

[/Dnt'tsYkkBn]

5. getan

vergebens

zerflossen [tsDä'flCssBn]

[fDä'ge:bBns]

[hNn'ap]

4. Entzücken

(along)

[/DntlaE]

[gB'li:ptB]

2. umfangen

entlang

weggebrannt

(burned away)

[vDkgBb|annt] (rise)

durchwebt [dL|1've:pt]

(interweave)

111

RULES FOR TRANSCRIPTION OPEN VOWEL PREFIXES AND PREFIXES WITH DIPHTHONGS Each element of a word is transcribed independently: WORD

PREFIX ROOT

vereint ver geheim ge Abbild Ab

eint heim bild

TRANSCRIPTION DEFINITION

[fDä'/aent] [gB'haem] [/apbNlt]

(united) (secret) (copy)

Memorize transcriptions for the following: OPEN/ DIPHTHONG PREFIXES abanaufausbebeidurcheinempenterfortge*her'*hinmißmitumununterverwegzer-

TRANSCRIPTION

MEANING

[/ap] [/an] [/Aof] [/Aos] [bB] [bae] [dL|1] [/aen] [/Dmp] [/Dnt] [/Dä] [fC|t] [gB] [hDä] [hNn] [mNss] [mNt] [/Lm] [/Ln] [/LntBä] [fDä] [vDk] [tsDä]

off, down, away at, to, on on, upon from, out, of verb prefix by, near, with through, across a, one x denotes separation denotes start away, off, forth denotes collectivity hither, here away from, undone indicates opposite with, along with round about, again indicates negation beneath, among indicates change away, gone, lost indicates breaking apart of something

RULES FOR VOWEL [ä] PREFIXES final [ä] of prefix + initial r of root word is [ä|]: Verrat [fDä'|A:t] final [ä] of prefix + initial vowel element is [ä/]: überall [/y:bBä'/all] * No glottal stop for initial vowel prefixes which follow her-, hin-, dar-, vor-: herab [hD|'ap] (flipped r for intervocalic r without glottal stop) hinein [hNn'aen]

112

Application of Rules

CLASS WORK #13: Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs Provide IPA:

1. angezogen

(attracted)

12. unbekannt

(unknown)

2. zerfloß

(dissolved)

13. beiseit

(since)

3. weggewöhnen

(to know the way)

14. durchdrang

(pierced)

4. bereit

(ready)

15. eingedenk

(recalling)

5. ausgeknallt

(slammed)

16. auftut

(opens)

6. Mitgift

(dowery)

17. forttragen

(to carry away)

7. Unterschied

(difference)

18. verschlossen

(locked)

8. Empfang

(reception)

19. entfliehn

(to escape)

9. umschlingt

(entwines)

20. Mißton

(tone of discord)

10. Abtei

(abbey)

21. hinwerfen

(to throw down)

11. erwachen

(to awake)

22. Geliebten

(loved one)

156

Enunciation Exercises

UNIT 18: Compound words Guidelines for enunciation:

Compound words A frequent occurrence of compound words characterizes the highly descriptive nature of the German language. Compounds portray several ideas with one word. For example, a glove is a hand shoe or Handschuh; a spiral staircase is winding steps or Wendeltreppe. German and English share many compound word equivalents: immergrün / evergreen, barfuß / barefoot, seitwärts / sideways, Sonnenschein / sunshine, Mitternacht / midnight, Heimatland / homeland, Händedruck / handshake, Sonntag / Sunday and Meisterstück / masterpiece. Enunciation: Accurate enunciation is dependent upon recognition of the root words. There are five common connective spellings which are easily identifiable (see rules on page 157).

Enunciate the following frequently occurring compound words: 1.

Sonnenschein

(sunshine)

[zCnnBnGaen]

2.

Morgenrot

willkommen

(morning glow)

Vaterland

(welcome)

Himmelreich

(native country)

Rosenblümelein

(heaven)

Mondenschein

(little rose)

tausendmal

(moon light)

Mitternacht

(thousand times)

nimmermehr

(midnight)

Abendrot

(never more)

Hochzeit [hCUtsaet]

Allzeit

Herzenskind

Feinslieb

Hochland

gegenwart

(evening glow)

herzallerliebste

(all time)

barfuß [bA:|fu:ss]

(small blue flower)

Schneeglöcklein

(small snow bells)

Augenblick

(instant)

Hirtenknab

(shepherd boy)

[hN|tBnknA:p] (hearts child)

Blütenbaum

(bloom tree)

[bly:tBnbAom] (fine dear)

Jungfräulein

(young lady)

[jLEf|CVlaen] (high country)

herzensgrund

(heart reason)

[hD|tsBnsg|Lnt] (present)

wohlgemut

(cheerful)

[vo:lgBmu:t] (heart’s dearest)

[hD|ts/allBäli:pstB] (wedding)

Liebblaublümelein

[/AogBnblNkk]

[ge:gBnva|t]

[/A:bBnt|o:t]

12.

(beautiful)

[ho:Ulant]

[nNmmBäme:|]

11.

wunderschönen

(heaven bound)

[Gne:glZkklaen]

[faensli:p]

[mNttBänaUt]

10.

(season)

[hD|tsBnskNnt]

[tAozBntmA:l]

9.

Jahreszeit

himmelwärts

[lipblAobly:mBlaen]

[/alltsaet]

[mo:ndBnGaen]

8.

(evening light)

[vLndBäGV:nBn]

[|o:zBnbly:mBlaen]

7.

Abendschein

(festival song)

[hNmmBlvD|ts]

[jA:|Bstsaet]

[hNmmBl|ae1]

6.

(echo)

[/A:bBntGaen]

[fA:tBälant]

5.

Widerhall

Festgesang [fDstgBzaE]

[vi:dBähall]

[vNllkCmmBn]

4.

(spring time)

[lDntsBstsaet]

[mC|gBn|o:t]

3.

Lenzeszeit

Volkslied

(folk song)

[fClksli:t] (barefoot)

Saitenspiel [zaetBnGpi:l]

(string play)

Application of Rules

157

RULES FOR TRANSCRIPTION COMPOUND WORDS Each element of a compound word is transcribed independently When identifying separate elements, watch for final -e, -en, -er, -es or -s of initial element (er- may also be a prefix): Rosengarten (Rosen-garten) As general rule, do not split a word between consonants which form blends: Abendstern (Abend-stern) wunderschönen (wunder-schönen) Liebeshauch (Liebes-hauch)

CLASS WORK #18: Compound words Provide IPA:

1. Abendlied

10. Lobgesang

(hymn of praise)

2. Geisterhauch (spirit breath)

11. Himmelslicht

(sky light)

3. vielgeliebten (much-loved)

12. Schilfrohr

(reed)

4. Jungfrau

(young lady)

13. weitergehn

(to move on)

5. Winternacht

(winter night)

14. Sonnenroße

(sun horses)

6. Blumenfeld

(field of flowers) 15. Mondesschimmer (moon glow)

7. Morgenröte

(morning glow)

(evening song)

16. Heimweh

(homesickness)

8. Hochzeitsfest (wedding feast)

17. Demutsinn

(humble soul)

9. Augenblicke (moment)

18. schneeweißen

(snow-white)

213

ANSWER KEY

218 Class work #3: Voiceless palatal fricative [1] and voiceless velar fricative [U] [hD|tsN 1 ] 1. herzig (sweet) [lCV 1 tBn] (to shine) 2. leuchten 3. Schlacht [Gla U t] (battle) 4. heilige [haelN g B] (holy) [|D 1 tB] 5. rechte (right) [b|Ao U ] 6. Brauch (usage) [hC| 1 ] 7. horch (listen) [lL k s] (lynx) 8. Luchs [/aentsN 1 ] 9. einzig (only) [va U t] (wakes) 10. wacht 11. möcht [mZ 1 t] (would like to) 12. bleich [blae 1 ] (pale) [/NnnN k lN 1 ] (dearly) 13. inniglich [tC U tBä] 14. Tochter (daughter) [gB'Gt|CV 1 B] 15. Gesträuche (shrubs) [f|Y 1 tB] 16. Früchte (fruits) [lD 1 Blt] (smiles) 17. lächelt 18. nichts [nN 1 ts] (nothing) Class work #3: Voiceless palatal fricative [1] and voiceless velar fricative [U] #1 #2 Bach [ba U ] (brook) Gesicht [dL| 1 s] durchs (through) Nächte [Gp|D 1 Bn] sprechen (to speak) flüchten blutig [blu:tN 1 ] (bloody) artig wächst [vD k st] (grows) schattige schleicht [Glae 1 t] (sneaks) Beichte [k|a U Bn] krachen (to crash) Töchtern feuchten [fCV 1 tBn] (to moisten) sacht Knochen [knC U Bn] (bones) echte duftig [dLftN 1 ] (fragrant) Frucht [dN 1 tBä] Dichter (poet) manche [/all'mD 1 tN g B] (almighty) allmächtige flocht höchste [hV: 1 stB] (highest) Achsel [f|CVdN 1 ] freudig (joyfully) lustig [b|L U ] Bruch (break) königlich [GY 1 tBän] schüchtern (shy) leuchtet [lLftN g Bä] luftiger (more breezy) Künftig [gB'b|Ao U ] Gebrauch (use) Strauch #3 #4 fechten [fD 1 tBn] (to fence) scheuchte schlicht [GlN 1 t] (plain) Buchen [b|CV 1 ] Bräuch (customs) selige [nY 1 tBän] nüchtern (sober) mutig [/al'laenN g B] alleinige (exclusive) Töchter hauchen [hAo U Bn] (to breathe) kroch [g|i: 1 Bn] Griechen (Greek) bändigen welche [vDl 1 B] (which) Schächer Knöchel [knZ 1 Bl] (ankles) emsig weichen [vae 1 Bn] (to yield) Kelche [b|A: U tB] brachte (broke) machen heilig [haelN 1 ] (holy) Teiche Fuchs [fL k s] (fox) Sprache [|D 1 t] rächt (revenges) flüchte fochten [fC U tBn] (fought) sechs [/aef|N 1 ] eifrig (eagerly) fertig lachende [la U BndB] (laughing) kichern sonnigen [zCnnN g Bn] (sunny) tauchen

Instructor’s Manual

[gB'zN 1 t] [nD 1 tB] [flY 1 tBn] [/a|tN 1 ] [GattN g B] [bae 1 tB] [tZ 1 tBän] [za U t] [/D 1 tB] [f|L U t] [man 1 B] [flC U t] [/a k sBl] [lLstN 1 ] [kV:nN k lN 1 ] [lCV 1 tBt] [kYnftN 1 ] [Gt|Ao U ]

(face) (nights) (to flee) (well-behaved) (shady) (confession) (daughters) (gently) (genuine) (fruit) (some) (wove) (shoulder) (merry) (royal) (shines) (future) (bush)

[GCV 1 tB] [bu: U Bn] [ze:lN g B] [mu:tN 1 ] [tZ 1 tBä] [k|C U ] [bDndN g Bn] [GD 1 Bä] [/DmzN 1 ] [kDl 1 B] [ma U Bn] [tae 1 B] [Gp|A: U B] [flY 1 tB] [zD k s] [fD|tN 1 ] [kN 1 Bän] [tAo U Bn]

(chased away) (beech trees) (blessed) (bold) (daughters) (crawled) (to restrain) (thief) (diligent) (cups) (to make) (ponds) (language) (flee) (six) (ready) (to giggle) (to dip)

Instructor’s Manual

257

Class work #19: Phrases from German Art Song Literature [zi: vi:gBn /Lnt Gmi:gBn] 1. Sie wiegen und schmiegen [/e:ä lV:st /am f|y:Bn mC|gBn] 2. Er löst am frühen Morgen [vaet /Nn di: fD|nB] 3. Weit in die Ferne [tsNttBän blAoB bly:tBn] 4. Zittern blaue Blüten [vi: mNt de:m GV:nstBn lo:s] 5. Wie mit dem schönsten Los [vas GCVBt /i:ä di: zCnnB] 6. Was scheuet ihr die Sonne? [hAoUBt /Nn di: lYftB] 7. Hauchet in die Lüfte [vaesst nu:| du: nu:| du: /al'laen] 8. Weißt nur du, nur du allein [daenBn klA:kgBzaE hD|'ap] 9. Deinen Klaggesang herab [ze:Bn vi:dBä /Nns gB'zN1t] 10. Sehen wieder ins Gesicht [/Nn zy:ssBä |u: tsu:'zammBnbo:k] 11. In süßer Ruh’ zusammenbog [Gte: /N1 vi:dBä nu:n] 12. Steh ich wieder nun [/an das vas /N1 fDä'lo:|] 13. An das, was ich verlor [dass blu:mBn /Aof/DäGte:n] 14. Daß Blumen auferstehn [zN1 mYssBn t|DnnBn] 15. Sich müssen trennen [dL|1 fDlt /Lnt li:bBs tA:l] 16. Durch Feld und liebes Tal [klA:gBn /Nst fy:ä to:|Bn] 17. Klagen ist für Toren [g|y:ss /N1 daenB |o:zBnp|aUt] 18. Grüß’ ich deine Rosenpracht

(They cradle and snuggle) (He sets sail in the morning) (Into the distance) (Tremble blue flowers) (As with the fairest lot) (Why hide from the sun?) (Blows in the air) (Only you know, you alone) (Your sorrowful song) (Looking again into my face) (In sweet peace together) (Now again I stand) (Of that which I have lost) (The flowers are rising) (we must part) (Through field and valley) (Complaining is for fools) (I greet your rosy splendor)

Worksheet #19: Phrases from German art song literature #1 [/Aof di:zBä gantsBn |aezB] Auf dieser ganzen Reise [/e:ä /Nst /aen Gp|NENnsfDlt] Er ist ein Springinsfeld [/Nm |o:tBn /A:bBntlN1t] Im roten Abendlicht [haemlN1 tsu: le:bBn bB'gann] Heimlich zu leben begann Wenn die feuchten Augen leuchten [vDnn di: fCV1tBn /AogBn lCV1tBn] [vi: /aenB t|y:bB vClkB] Wie eine trübe Wolke [tsi:B hNn /Nn fD|nBs lant] Ziehe hin in fernes Land [fDä'/aenBt fNndBn kann] Vereinet finden kann [di: bCVmB vi:dBä vaess] Die Bäume wieder weiß [/Aof zaenBm blu:mBnt|o:n] auf seinem Blumenthron [fNndBst du: das |D1tB vC|t] Findest du das rechte Wort [dL|1 |AoGBn /Lnt zNEBn] Durch Rauschen und Singen [vo: maenB |o:zBn bly:n] wo meine Rosen blühn [GallB hCVt /aen |aem /al'laen] Schalle heut ein Reim allein [/e:vNgBn le:bBns /A:ndBfCll] Ewigen Lebens ahndevoll [zi: mYssBn mNt/aen/andBä fC|t] Sie müssen miteinander fort [/Nst /aen blDssBäs le:bBns|o:t] Ist ein blässer’s Lebensrot [zo: hY|tN1 /Lnt f|NG] So hurtig und frisch

(On this whole journey) (He’s a lively youth) (In the red glow of evening) (Secretly to life began) (When the moist eyes shine) (As a bleak cloud) (Go to that far country) (Can find united) (The trees again white) (on his flowery throne) (You find the right word) (Through rustling & singing) (where my roses bloom) (Let one sound be heard) (Eternal life’s punishment) (They must go together) (Is a fading life’s glow) (So quick and fresh)

281

BIBLIOGRAPHY

282

BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, David A Handbook of Diction for Singers New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Cox, Richard G. The Singer’s Manual of German and French Diction G. Schirmer, New York 1970. Graves, Paul G. German Grammar Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., New York 1990. Langenscheidt’s Wörterbuch Deutch-English English-Deutch, Simon & Schuster Inc., New York 1993. Moriarty, John. Diction E. C. Schirmer Music Co., Boston, Mass 1975. Odom, William and Benno Scholloum. German for Singers Thomas Learning, Belmont, CA 1997. Sasse, H. C., J. Horne and Charlotte Dixon. Cassell’s German English Dictionary Wiley Publishing, Inc., New York 2002. Siebs, Theodor. Deutsche Hochsprache Buhnenaussprache Walter De Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1958.