German self taught

SELF-TAUGHT

C.A.THIMM

MARLBOROUGH'S SELF-TAUGHT SERIES

German Self-Taught WITH

PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION

BY

C.

A.

THIMM

ENLARGED EDITION

PHILADELPHIA

DAVID McKAY COMPANY WASHINGTON SQUARE

Printed in

United States of America

CONTENTS. turn

M

ALPHABET and Phonetic Pronunciation ...

.

Preliminary Notes

...

VOCABULARIES.

......

4

M.

f

M.

89

M*

Pages 7 to 63.

Amusement!

.

Animals, Vegetables, etc. Animals, Birds, and Fishes Fruits, Trees, Flowers, and Vegetables :

*

.

...

...

...

...

Reptiles and Insects Colours

39 44 81 34 19

Commercial Countries and Nation! Cycling Eating Utensils Holidays in Germany ... House and Furniture, The Legal Mankind: Relation!

Body, The Dress

Human

...

Food and Drink ... Professions and Trades Motoring Naval and Military Titles

10 13 19

M

...... ...

...

~.

...

_.

_

...

...

...

M

M

.

81 20 43

.

...

...

16 15 16 18 SI

............

~.

36 39

...

40

~. ...

Naval and Military Terms Numbers. Cardinal, Collective,

..

etc.,

and Ordinal

48 to 51

Parts of Speech Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Verbs :

_

Religion

Ships and Shipping Time and Seasons

~.

...

M.

~.

...

^.

47

-,

38 25 28 23

.

World, The

Land and Water Minerals and Metals

Writing

.

90

.

^.

Town and Country Travelling

51 to 63

.._ _ _ ___... _ _

... Photography Pofit-Offio* and Telegrams

.... ..._._....

~.

~

...

.~

_

~

...

_

86 7 8 9

MM*HW*MMMMtlf 21011B2

CONTENTS, ILBMBHTABY GBAMMAB. COHTBMATIOHS. Amusements

Pages 64 to

Pages 76 to 116, M.

T5.

......

Breakfast

.

.

Commercial and Trading

...

Correspondence Letter-writing,

Examples

of

...

...

--

...

...

...

**

.-

Cycling

...

Dinner

...

...

Enquiries

...

...

..

Evening

...

...

-.

^

Expressions Surprise, Sorrow, Joy, Anger, Reproof

Useful and Idiomatic

...

...

...

...

...

...

Health

~

~

...

Idiomatic Phrasei

~.

.

.

...

...

...

...

...

_

...

106 83

115 89 11T 108 84 83 86 T6 81 76

98 T6 to 83 ~. 87 In Town 118 ... . Legal and Judicial 119 Honey, Equivalent Values English and American reduced to German 120 112 Naval and Military ... ... 90 . Photography ... n . 104 PoBt-Offioe ... Ill Religion M MN. M. . M. 92 Shopping *M ~. ... ~. *M 98 Dreaamakei ... M. *> M* ... 95 Laundress ... ~. . ... M* >. M. 94 Shoemaker ...

_

M M

M M

jea

.

M.

M

m M

M M

_...._

M

M

_

Telegrams

...

M,

^.

M

_

^. M.

Time

......

M.

M.

M.

M

Travelling : Arrival

,

w

^.

M.

M

...

...

m

Cycling Hotel

...

...

-.

...

...

...

...

...

96

...

.^

...

Motoring ...

Omnibus Railway Steamboat

...

WASHING LISTS

~ m

...

M

...

...

...

~.

_

.

...

...

...

WHIGHTS AND MEASURES

... .

M M. ...

~.

...

...

.

.....

86 104 87

102 119 108 103 109 105 102 98 101

..*.. b..

w*,^

Changing Money

Notices

M m

...

...

180

GERMAN SELF-TAUGHT. The Alphabet with Phonetic Pronunciation The German Alphabet has 26 English Characters.

Aa

letters

:

Phonetic Pronunciation.

Cn Deters. 21

a

ah.

.

as a in father, car, when long, as a in mat when short, less deep. as in English, but at the end of a word or syllable like p. as c in corn if before a, o, u, a consonant, or when final.

though

B

b

23 b

bay

.

Ch

is

pronounced like the ch Scotch word loch. In

in the

new orthography

the tiay

the

c ia

often replaced by k before the

vowels

a, o,

u ( Kap-Kolonie,

Kultus), and by * before e, i In some ( Zelle, Zircus). words the c or z are optional. _

D

d

E e Ffff

$> b e

(

Sfff

G

g

g

H

b

b

I

i

J

j

as in English, but at the end of a word or syllable like t. as a in lane when long, ( as e in sell when short. (

day ay

.

/

[fore n.

asin//

p

pay

.

as

p

m pay.

Students should study the following lists of words and their phonetic pronunciation, learning them by heart urith tht article attached. They will thus to a considerable extent

faster the gender of the nouns, and overcome one of the great It is necessary that these language. words be pronounced aloud that the ear may grow familiar with the sounds as well as the tongue with their expression. The new German orthography has been adopted, according to the Rules and Lists used in the schools of Prussia and published by Order of the Minister of Education, 1897. difficulties of the

The phonetic pronunciation given throughout is that of the educated classes of Berlin. The accent generally falla upon the stem-syllable and is marked by an apostrophe (') after the accentuated syllable, &sgeben (gay 'ben), to give. If the accent falls on two syllables, as ubermutig (eu"bair-meu'tich), arrogant, the two apostrophes (") mark the principal accent. All separable verbal-prefixes are accentuated ausalso when these tprechen (ouse'sprechen), to pronounce prefixes are used with nouns Aussprache (ouse'sprahchaye), The hyphen (-) indicates that the syllables pronunciation. must be pronounced separately. A stroke over the a (a) denotes that it must be pronounced very hard and long, as Bad (baht) bath a without the stroke is always to be sounded very short, as Ratte (raht'taye), rat. A curve over the t it must be pronounced short like * in bitter. (I) denotes that :

;

:

:

,

;

:

The division of words into syllables depends in German upon the pronunciation, and not, as in English, upon the etymology. Compound consonants, ch, chs, sch, dt, ph, ss, st, th, tz, cannot be divided. Compound words are divided according to their component parts, even if this division does not correspond with the pronunciation her-aus-gehen :

(hare-ouse'gay-hen), to go out. Every German noun, and other parts of speech used as nouns, as well as the pronouns Du (thou) and Sie (you) and the possessive adjectives Dein (thine) and Ihr (your) must be written or printed with a capital letter. The phonetic pronunciation of st and sp is that mostly used in North Germany, but some authorities are hi favour of the * being sounded as sh at the beginning of a

word (but less broadly and conspicuously than our common A*, and this receives favour in Southern Germany.

VOCABULARIES. 1.

The World and

its

Elements.

(Die Welt und ihre Element*.) English.

2.

Land and Water. (Land und

English.

Wasser.)

3.

Minerals and Metals English.

(Mineralien und MetalU.)

10

Animals,

Birds,

(Tiere, Vogel English.

and Fishes.

und Fische.)

11

English.

12 English.

13 HngHstt.

14 English,

15

7.

The Human Body. English.

(

Der menschlichg Korptr.)

16 BngttdL

BngUib.

18

10.

Food and Drink.

(Speisen

tor Oon venation B see Pagei

English.

German.

und Getranh*,)

19 Bngiiata.

20 BmfllBb.

21 ngllsb.

22 Bngtlfh.

23 Bn*?'ftL

German.

English.

25 BngUih.

26 Bnglldi.

27 BnftlBh.

28 German.

BngUib. ft

Pronunciation.

ine breef ein Brief (m.) ein Kartenbrisf(m.) ine kahr"ten-breeF

letter

a letter-card

breef "pah -peer', Briefpapier (n.) Schreibpapier (n.) shripe"pah-jeer' ine breef'chen ein Briefchen (n.) dasz pah-peer' das Papier

letter-paper, writ-

ing paper a note the paper the pencil

dare

der Bleistift

bli'stift

a penknife a postage stamp a post-card

ein Federmesser (n.) fay"dair-mes'sait breef 'mahr-kaya eine Briefmarke eine Postkarte

posst'kahr-taye

the post-office [box) postal box (pillara quire to register a letter

das Postamt

dasz posst'ahmt breef kahs-sten

Briefkasten (m.) ein Buch (m.) einen Brief einschreiben

the scissors the seal the sealing-wax a sheet the signature a steel pen the telegram the writing 18.

die Schere (sing.)

das Siegel der Siegellack ein Bog en (m.) die Unterschrift eine Stahlfeder

das Telegramm das Schreiben

Time and Seasons. For Conversation!

The afternoon

ine booch 1 i'nen breef ine shri-ben dee shay'raye

dasz zee'gell dare zee'gell-lahok ine boh 'gen

dee oon'tair-shrift i'naye stahl'faydair dasz tay-lay-grahm* dasz shri'ben.

(Zeit und Jahreszeiten.) ee

Page 87

the beginning the birthday

der Nachmittag der Anfang der Q-eburtstag

dare nahch'mittahg dare ahnn'fahng dare gay-boorta'-

Christmas

Weihnachten

tahg vi'nahchten

dawn

ddmmern, tagen

dem'mern, tah'gen

der

dare tahg y ay 'den tahg

(to)

the day every day every other day

Tag jeden Tag alle zwei

(aoo.)

Tage

ahl'laye

tsvi

tab.

gave fon tahg tsoo tahg

from day to day hi his days in the days of old

von Tag zu Tag zu seiner Zeit in alien Tagen

in the day in these days

am Tage

ahm

in dusen Tagen

in dee'zen tah'gen

tsoo zi'nair tsite in akl'ten tah'gen

tah'gaye

29 Bns-HgB.

30 Enftlib,

31 English.

32 BnglidL

33 12.

Amusements.

(Vtrgniigungen und Btluttigung***)

(Ft ComTrs1cu

A

circus

a concert the accompanist the aceompanithe chorus [ment the conductor the instruments the brass ,, the string the orchestra a piano the pianist

a singer

K

German.

English.

IOC.)

Pronnndatton.

ine tseer'koos ine kon'tsert

tin Cirkus (m.) tin Konzert (n.)

dare akkompaneest dee baygli'toong der Chor dare kohr der Direktor dare deerektor die Instruments [tt dee instroomen'taye [tayi di Bleehinxtrumen- dee blech instroomen'dit Saiteniiutrudee si ten - instroomen* mentt taye das OrcJiester dasz orkest'air ein Klavier (n.) ine klah-veer' dtr Pianist dare peeahneest* ine tin Stinger (m.), zaing'air, i'nay der Actompagnist die Begleitung

'

'

tint

Sdngerin

zaing'aireen dee owstelloong dee bloomenowstelloong das Museum [lung dasz moosay'oom [ah tail das Yariet-aten-The- dasz vahreeay'tayten-taythe opera house das Opemhaus [ater dasz ohpern 'house the picture gallery die Bildergalerie dee bildair'gahleree ihe theatre das Theater dasz tay-ah'tair the act der Akt dare ahkt the actor der Schauspieltr dare shouse'peelair the actress die Schawpiderin dee shouse'poelaireen das Auditorium the auditorium dasz owdeetor'eeoom das Ballet (n.) dasz bahl'let the ballet die MusikkaptUt the band dee moosik-kah-pel'laye dit Keute the box-office dee kahs'saye dit Garderobt the cloak-room dee garderoh'bayt der Komiker dare koh'meekair the comedian das Lusttpitl dasz loost'speel the comedy der Vorhang dar fohr'hahng the curtain der Tanzer, die the dancer dare taen'tsair, dee taen* Tdnzerin tsaireen die Buhnenlamptn dee beuhnaynlahmpea footlights dare deerek'tohr der Dirtktor manager dot djuiz ahouse'peel the play

the exhibition the flower show the museum the music-hall

(f.)

die Austtllung die Blumenaustel-

34

nB*I.

BngUib.

3t5

English.

37 Si.

9% alM Bnglisfc.

Accumulator

Motoring.

Vooabulory

j

M,

and

lor

(Automobile.)

Con rcriaticmi

German.

i

KM

ff.

1M to

II*.)

FronnnciaWoH:,

38 25. (For fcg

,

fntntmot

(Religion.) OoB'Brwuou IM p*g* 111.)

Religion.

39

Naval & Military

88.

(For

(Marine und MilitaHtchs

Titles.

Oonvarutlou

M

page 11

German.

English.

Adjutant admiral boatswain (bo'sun] bugler captain (navy) , infantry cavalry chaplain (army) chief of the staff colonel ,

colour-serjeant

Adjutant

Pronunciation.

ahdyutahnt abdmeerahl

Admiral Hochbootsmanu

hocbbootsmahn

Hornist

horneest

Schiffs-Kapitdn

sheeffs- kahpeetain

Hauptmann

howptmahnn

Rittmtistfr

ritt'mi' -stair

Feldprediger Oentrals tabchtf Oberst

felt'praydeegair

gaynerahlst&hbchei

obairst Fahnenwittrojfizitr fahnenoontair'offeetseer

commandant [chiei Kommandant commander in Oberbfthhhaber commanding officer kommandierendt -

corporal doctor

Titil.}

a. i

Korporal Arxt

[Offizter

kohmmahndahnt obairbayfaylahahbair

kohmmahndeerendaye korporahl

[offeetseei

ahrtzt

drummer

trommlair

engineer field-marshal

eengayneeur

FeldmarsehnU

felt'marshall

general lieutenant

Gtner&l Lieutenant

gaynerahl loytenahnt

major, infantry cavalry

Major

mah'yohr

Oberstwacktmeitter Seesoldat

ohbairstvachtmi'-stair

Ma at,

maht, stoy'ermahnn

,

marine mate midshipman nurse officer ,

non-com.

,

staff

Steuennann

StekeuUtt

[in (f.)

zay'sohldaht zay'kahdett

P/f45wr(m.) , Pjltgtr- flay'gair, flay'gaireen ohffeetseer Ofizitr oontair'offeetteei Unttrofixur stahbs'offeetseer Stabtofiieur

Ordonnanz

ordohnnahnts ordohnnahnts

paymaster

ZaMmfitter

tsahl'mi'-stair

pilot

Pilot

private

Soidat,

quartermaster

Quartimnjtister

peelot soldaht, gaymi'naye quahrteer'mi'-stair

orderly officer

sailor (bluejacket)

trumpeter

W

blowyahckaye trompaytair

offeetaeei

40 27.

Naval and Military Termi. und

(Marine t

Militdritckt German.

Bngllsb.

Ambulanz

Ambulance ammunition army corps

Munition

artillery

ArtilUrie

Pronunciation.

ahmboolahnts mooniteeohn armaykohr

(f.) (f.)

Armeecorps

band

Ausdruckt.)

for ConTeiHtloni ioe pafe 119.)

(n.)

arteelleree

(f.)

barracks

Musikkorps (n.) Ka&erne (f.)

battalion

Battalion (n.)

cattery

Batteri*

(f.)

battle

Srklacht

(f.)

bayonet

Bajonti Brigade

mooseek-koht kab'zernaye bahttahleeohn babtteree sblacbt

brigade bugle

Horn

(n.)

bayonet breegahdayt horn

camp

Lager

(n.)

lahgair

cannon (gun)

Kanont

(n.) (f.)

kahnohaaye

(f.)

Patrone (f.) cartridge Kavallsria (f.) cavalry Gewehr in Ruh cease fire I colours (of a regi- Fahnt (f .)

column

[ment) Knlonn*

of route

commissariat

patrohnaye kahvalleree !

(f.)

MarchJtolonnt (f.) Intendantur (f.)

communication, line of

defence

detachment

Detackemtnt

discipline

Discipline

crew (navy) defaulter

drill,

to

drum duty,

oa

(n.)

(f.)

disembarkation Ausschiffitng dismiss, to (from dismount! [service)

dockyard

(kohmmuneekahtepons) leenee-

fairbinndoongs munications) linie Kriegsgerickt (n.) Schi/svolk (n.) Restant (m.) Verteidigung (f.)

court-martial

gayvehr in roohl fahnaye kohlonnaye march-kohlonnay* eentendahntoor

ScMfrtMrft

(f,)

(f.)

kreegsgayreecht sheeffsfolk

restahnt ferti'deegoong

daytachaymahng deestseepleen

owssheeffoong entlahssen aiibgaysessen sheefifsverft

exereuirtn lassen

exertseeren lahssen

Trommel

trohm'mel deenst hahben

(f.)

Dienst hahen

n'ncU

[a/e

41 BacHah.

42 Hntflafc.

43 28.

Legal Terms. Vor

iche

OooTruHiu

*

German*.

Autdruekt.)

urn.)

PronoDcikHon.

Acquittal [in Freisprtehung (f.) fri'sprechoong Advance, payment Vorausbtzahlung (f .) forouse'bayzahloong the agreement die Uibtreinstimmdee eubairine'stimmoong allege, to bthauptm [wig bay-howpten an apology tint Enttehitldigung i'naye entshool'deegoong

an arrangement the arrears

AusgUich (m.) ine ows'gli'-cb ruckxtandigt Siun- reuck'staendeegaye soomVerhafte* [men ferhahften [men ein

arrest, to attest, to

bezeugen

an attorney

tin

authorise, to

the award

autorisierm das Vrteil

baytsoy'gen ine ahnvahlt owtoreesee'ren dasz oor'tile

award, to

vurprtckm

tsoo'sprechen

bail

Burg$ (m.)

beurgaye

Anwalt (m.)

[borrowed) Gorichtsdientr (m.) gay'reechts-deenair Schuldschfin (m.) shoolt'shine bond (for money the case (in court) Sach* (f.) sahchaye bailiff

charge, to client

complainant

(in

court)

beschwertn Klient (m.) dtr Kltigtr vor

ricM Vb#rfukrung

bayshveren

G-

conviction court of justice criminal decision (of a case)

Qerichtsaal (f.) Verbrtchtr (m.)

defend, to

bestroiten

Entscheidung

OertchtigkfU

Ztugnu

(f.)

aubair'feuhroong gayreechtszahl fayrbrecb'air

entshi'doong bestri'-ten

defendant (in a suit) Beklagtt (m. equity evidence execution executor

(f.)

klee-andt dair klay-gair for gaj* reecht

&

f .)

(f.)

(n.)

Vollttrtckung (f.) Tettamentsvoll-

bayklahg'taye gayrecbteegkitd tsoygnees follatreekoong

testahmenta 'foils Lreek aix

ttrtcktr (m.) fee (of office) fine (payment in

fl-trichtsgebiihren

Strafgtld (n.)

gayreficb ts gay beuhr'e 8 trahfge.lt -

money) to give information vor Gerickt

angtbm

for gayreecht

(in court)

informei

Angtbtr (m.)

ahngaybaii

ahngaybo)

MMk

45

46

47 Bnfliik.

48 Pronunciation. I

letter post

Gterruaa.

*Pronnnclation.

9 neun AN 10 11 elf 12 2U70Z/ 18 dreizc.kn 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

82 zweiundachtxig 88 dreiundachtzig 84 vierundachtzig

noyn tsayn elf

85 86 87 88 89 90 91

tsvoelf dri' tsayn

trier zehn

funfzehn sechzehn

achtzehn

neunzehn

22 28 24 25 26

zweiundzwanzig dreiundzwanzig vierundzwanzig funfundzwanzig sechsundzwanzig 27 siebenundzwanzig 28 achtundzwanzig 29 neunundzwanzig

80 40 50 60 70

dreiszig

dri'sich

vierzig

feer'tsich

fiinfzig

feiinftsioh

sechzig

zech'tsioh

siebzig

zeeb'tsiob

71

72 78 74 76 76 77 78 79 80

neunundachtzig neunzig noyn'taioh einundneunzig 92 zweiundneunzig 98 dreiundneunzig

siebzehn

tsvahn'tslch zwanzig 21 einundzwanzig

dreiundnebzig vierundxiebzig

funfundxiebzig sechsundsubzig nebenundxi-ebzig

achtundsiebzig netinundsiebzig ahcht'tslch achtzig

One thousand nine)

hnndred and seven <

Wbn pcononciatloa

la

vienmdneunzig fiinfundneunzig gechsundneunzig siebenundneunzig achtundnfunzig

neunundneunzig hundert hoon'dairi hundertundeins hundertundzehn

hundertundzvanzig

hundertunddreiszig 200 zwsihundert 800 dreihundert 400 vierhundert

funfhundert sechshundert siebenhundert

achthundert neunhundert tausend

tau'zendt

zweitausmd dreitaiisend

zekntamend

zwanzigtausend [ohn* million mil-leea million

81 einundachtzig 1907.

94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 110 120 180

600 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 8000 10,000 20,000

einundsiebzieg zweiundsiehzig

fiinfundachtzig sechsundachtzig siebenundachtzig achtundachtzig

j

omitted.

mw

intausendH*u*?Htnd*rt*itdtieben. It will

be f onad

!TI

82.

Ordinal Numbers. fat Grammatical Note*

English.

(OrdinalxaMtn.)

M PO

M

BnglliU

52 Bncllih.

53 EngllBb.

.54

German.

strange strong

eweet SWift

tender thick thickness (the) thin thirsty

timely troublesome true

uncertain

unequal unfit

unsettled useful vain

warm weak well

wet whole wide wild wise

young

To

accept

to

admire

to to to to

affirm

io

ask

answer approve

arrive to ascend

to assure

55 BntUsh.

English.

57 Bullish.

|

i

Gorman.

, 1

Pronunciation

58

Bneua.

59

Adverbs, Conjunctions and Prepositions. Umstandi-, Bind*- und VtrJuHtnitioorttr.j . T * f Vw OrauuttMl KtWM Me

(

.

English.

Bntllsh,

ETlgllsfi.

62 English.

Bngllob.

ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR

(1) (6)

In German there are ten parts oj speech, The Article, (2) The Noun, (8) The Adjective,

viz.

:

The Numeral, The Preposition,

(4)

The Pronoun, (6) The Verb, (7) The Adverb, (8) The Interjection. (9) The Conjunction, (10)

Noun, Adjective, and Pronoun are declined; conjugated ; Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions are not inflected. Masculine In German there are THREE GENDERS

The

Article,

the Verb

is

:

and Neuter (sacMich), Two NUMBERS Singular (Einzahl) and Plural (Mehrzahl); FOUR CASES: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, and Accusative.

Feminine

(mdnnlich),

(weiblich),

:

The Nominative and Accusative of the Feminine and Neuter Singular, and the Nominative and Accusative Plural of all declinable words are alike, except in the case of the Personal Pronouns ich (I) and Du (thou). The Dative Plural of all declinable words ends in n.

GENERAL RUDE.

The

i.

Article.

(Das Geschlechtswort.)

DEFINITE ABTICLE.

Masc.

Neat.

der

die

das

die

N.

of the des

des

der

dem

der der

dem

den

G. D.

den

die

das

die.

A.

to the the

A.

AH

Fern.

The

H. G. D.

INDEFINITB ABTICLB.

Plwral.

Singular. Masc.

fend.

an

Fern.

Neat.

ein

eine of a, of an eines einer to a, to an einem einer einen eine a, an A,

ein einet

einem ein.

The Article is used before the names of Seasons, Months, and Days, and before the feminine names of Countries. The Indefinite Article and Possessive Adjective have only two different forms for the three genders the Masculine and Neuter being alike.

Ein Sohn (a son), eine Schwester(& sister), ein Kind (& child), mein (my), dein (thy;, sein Adjectives

The Possessive

:

unser (our), euer (your), ihr (their, her, its), Ihr (your), and kein (no, none, not any) are all declined thus (his, its),

:

^

(N. G. D.

35

(A.

j

3

'

1st

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

Thy

dem

All genders

deines

deine deiner deiner deine

dein deines

^

of to

deinem

I ^

thy thy thy

deinem deinen

dem

|

I 1

1

deine deiner deinen

(deine.

Note the difference between Ihr (your), and ihr (her, their), das Ihr Hut 1 (is that your hat?). 1st das ihr Vater? (is that

her (their) father

?).

64

65

The Noun.

2.

are

:

(a)

Names

of

(Das Hauptwort.) men and male animals;

of seasons, months, and days ; (c) of the compass ; (d) Derivatives

FEMININSI are

:

(a)

(I) name* names of winds, stones, and points

ending in el, en, er, ich, ing, ling. female animals (6) most and rivers (c) Derivatives ending

Names of women and

names

of plants, flowers, fruits, in at, de, e, ei, heit, in, keit, schaft, ung.

;

;

(a) Names of metals, exception : der Stahl (steel) ; of countries, towns, and materials ; exceptions : dw Schweii (Switzerland), die Tiirkei (Turkey) ; (c) Infinitives and other parts of speech used as nouns ; (d) all nouns with the diminutive endings chen and lein (e) most nouns with the suffixes sel, sal, nis, turn (/) most collective and abstract nouns with the prefix Ge-.

NHUTEB

are

:

names

(6)

;

;

DECLENSION OF NOUNS.

There are two declensions the WEAK and the STBONG ; to thesja may be added the Mixed Declension, containing Nouns which follo\r the strong declension in the Singular and the weak declension in the Plural. The characteristic of the weak declension is the addition of or en ; that of the strong the addition of s or es in the Genitive Singular ; of or er, with or without modification of vowel, in *He Plural. The only H?wels that can be modified are a, 0, u, and the dipniil^ng au : a, 8, Nouns belonging to the weak declension never modify. ft, &u. Feminine nouns remain unchanged in the Singular. The Acoua. Neuter Singular is the same as the Nominative. Nominative, GeniThe Dative Plural ends tive, and Accusative P'ural are the eame. in n.

Plural

To decline a noun, the Genitive Singular must be known. (a)

'N.

The boy

G. D.

of the

A.

to the the

WEAK

DECLENSION.

Knabe Knaben dem Knaben der des

den Knaben.

Knaben Knaben den Knaben

die

boys of the

to the

der J?

the (The

die

Knaben.

The weak declension includes (a) All Masculine and most Feminine nouns ending in e ; (b) some Masculine monosyllables, the principal of which are Filrst (Prince), .HieZd(hero) .B#r(bear) Graf (count), Eerr (gentleman), Thor (fool), Print (prince), Mensch (man), Christ (christian) (c) most Feminine nouns, except those mentioned under strong declension (d) some nouni of foreign origin with tonic accent on last syllable.

Nora.

:

:

,

,

;

;

(b)

I.

N. G. D. A..-

STBONG DECLENSION.

Masculine. SINGULAR. The stream der Strom The streams of the des Stromea of the to the dem Stroma to the tin den S> the ,

,

die

StrOme

der Str&ma

den die Sfr&ma.

I

66

N.

The night

G. D.

of the to the

A.

the

N.

The year

G.

D.

of the to the

A.

the

Feminine. dieNacht

67

NeuUr. ft.

G. D.

The there

The shores

das Ufer dea Ufera dem Ufer das Ufer.

of the

of the to the

die Ufer

der Ufer to the ii den Ufern ,, the the A. die Ufer. NOTB. Includes 2 Feminine nouns: Mutter (mother), Tochter Masculine and Neuter nouns iu (daughter) el, en, er; ending all Diminutive nouns ending in chen, and lein ; Neuter nount with prefix Ge-, and ending in 0. N.B. Most Masculine, one Neater (Klotter, convent), and both Feminist modify vowel in Plural. III. Masculine. SINGULAB. PLURAL. der Rand The borders die Randet N. The border des RandQB der Rander of the G. of the dem Rando to the den Randern D. to the i, den Band. the A. the die Bander. ,,

:

Neuter.

N.

The

G. D.

of the to the

A.

the

das

land

Land

The

Landea dem Lande das Land.

of the to the

des

,,

lands

die

Lander

der LandQ,.

den Landern die Lander. NOTB. Includes all Neuter monosyllables except those mentioned under I., page 66 and about a dozen Masculine monosyllables of which the principal are Oeist (ghost), Oott (god), Leib i,

,,

the

;

:

(body),

Wald

Mann (man), Wunn (worm). MIXED DECLENSION.

(forest),

(c)

SINGULAH.

N.--The G. D. A.

state

of the

Masculine.

der Stoat des Staat(e)s dem Staat(e) den Stoat.

to the the

Nei

The

das Auge

N. G. D.

of the to the

des Augea

A.

the

das Auge.

ye

dem Auge

PLUBAII.

fiS

jjEOUEKSION OF PfiOPEB NAMES.

when preceded by the article, remain unchanged in the Singular. Masculine and Neuter Proper Names, when used without the article, add s to the Genitive Singular. Feminine Proper Names ending in e, add ns to the Genitive Singular, as Elise, Elisens. Feminine Proper names ending in a, add to the Genitive Singular, as Emma, Emmas. If two or more

Names

of persons,

:

:

together, the last only is to be declined, as Friedrich Wilhelms. Names of countries and places add s to the Genitive Singular, as : Deutschland, Deutschlands.

names appear

:

The Adjective. (Das EigenscTiaftswort.) Adjective, when used predicatively, remains invarider Tisch ist klein (the table is small) as when

3.

The able,

:

;

used attributively,

it is

declined in three

ways

:

It takes the endings of the Definite Article when not preceded by any other determinative word the Geni-' tive Masculine and Neuter Singular, however, generally take n instead of *.

(1)

;

Maso (N. GI

1

D.

(A.

Neat.

alien

alte alter

altcm

Fern. alte alter alter

altem

alien

alien

alte

altes.

alte.

Old

alter

of old to old

alien

old

All gender*.

altes

When

preceded by the Definite Article, dieser (this), jener (that), welcher (which), &c., the Nom. Sing, (and the Ace. Fern, and Neut., which are like the Nom.) take , the other cases n.

(2)

? em

Masc.

(N. G. J 1 D.

The old of the old to the old the old

t* (A.

(8)

Neut.

-_

All genders.

der alte

die alte

das alte

des alien dem alien den alien

der alien der alien

des alien dem alien

die alte' M

das

%

~

^

alte.

die alien der alien den alien

die alien.

When preceded by the Indefinite Article or Possessive

Adjective, the Masc. Nom. Sing, takes er, the Fern. Nom. and Ace. Sing, take e, the Neut. Nom. and Aoo. Sing, take es ; the other cases take en. Masc. h"

%

N.

mein

G. D.

meines alien

(A.

meinen alien

j?

S

alter

memem alien

Fern.

meine alte meiner alien meiner alien meine alte

Neut.

mein

All genders,

^ (meine

altes

meines alien

S

memem alien mem altes.

alien

meiner alien 1 meinen alien (meine alien. !

The Demonstrative Adjectives dieser, diese, dieses (this) ; jener, jene, jenes (that) ; welcher, welche, welches (what, or which), are declined like the Definite Article. The Ad-

NOTE.

jective wasfilr ein

f

(what sort of

?) is

Interrogative declined like evn.

69

COMPARISON or ADJECTIVES. The Comparativt is formed by adding er the Superlative by add. ;

Ing ste :jung (young), jilnger (younger), der, die, or dasjttngste (the youngest). For most Adjectives there is a modification of the vowel. The declension follows the same rules as those given for the Positive of the Adjective. Einjilngerer Bruder (a younger brother), desjilngsten Bruders (of the youngest brother). Irregular Comparisons are der (die, das) beste (the best). besser (better), Out (good), meiste (the most). mehr (more), viel (much), hdchste (the highest hither (higher), hoch (high), n&chste (the nearest nah(e) (near), ndher (nearer), :

Cross (great),

grdsser (greater), For list of Adjectives see

The Numeral.

4.

The Numerals

grosste (the greatest

pp 51-54

(Das Zahlwort.)

are of two kinds:

Cardinal (Grundand Ordinal ( Ordinahdhlen) numbers. See pp. 48-61 NOTE. Ein, eine, ein, when joined to a noun, is declined like the Indefinite Article but einer, eine, eines (or eins), when without zahlen)

;

declined like the Definite Article. The Plural is only employed with the Definite Article die einen (the ones, or and is regarded as an Adjective. Zwei and drei preceded some), by an Article, Pronoun, or Preposition, and followed by a Substantive in the same case, are not inflected, otherwise they take er for the Genitive, and en for the Dative. The Ordinals ar declined like Adjectives and used as in English.

a noun,

is

:

The Pronoun. (Das Furwort.) DECLENSION OF PERSONAL PBONOUNS. thou du ihr ich we urir you 5.

N. G. D.

I

me

A.

meiner of us to us tomemir me mich us

N.

he

G. D.

of him to him

of

unser

uns uns

thee

she er seiner of her

sie

it

i hrer

ihm

ihr

Of to

to her

or Sfc

you euerotlhrer you euchoilhnen euchox Sie. you

of thee deiner of to totheedir

dich es

they

sie

it

seiner

of

it

Him

them to them them

ihnen

ihrer

her sie es sie. ihn it A. him NOTB. Sie (yon) is always used in addressing strangers, du (thou) in speaking to relations

and intimate

friends, also in poetry

The DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

are

and divine worship.

:

SlNGUIAB. Maac. dor, he,

who,

it

die, she,

who,

dieser

die.se

jener derjenige derselbe dernarnliche der andere

jene

P&URAE,. Neat.

Fern.

he

All genders.

she das, what, this, that.it die, these, those it

dieses, this,

the latter

jenes, that, the former dasjenige, this one diejenige dieselbe dasselbe, the same dienttmliche das nftmliche, the same das andere, the other die andere

diese, these

jene, those [thosk diejenigen, these, dieselben, the samt

dien&mlichtn, die anderen, *b.e

70 of der (he, Neat.

die

das

dssn

deren der

destm

DECLENSION j

5

I

}

]

gg

U.

he who,

Fern.

der

Masc.

/N. G. D.

dem den

It).

All gen dew _. /dt

g

dem

^

derer,

dw

denen

3,

das.

die

I

,

\

(die.

NOTE. Der, used as a demonstrative and relative pronoun, is emphasised. and differs In this respect from the same word used as definite article.

The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS wer (who) ? was (what)

?

are

:

welcher, welche, welches (which,

which one) f

DECLENSION of wer ? was t D. to whom wem Who wer what was wen whose wessen of what wesson A. whom

N. G.

what wot what was,

I

\

The RELATIVE PRONOUNS welcher, welche, welches

are: ;

der, die,

DECLENSION Maso.

M /N. Q. D. j

welche derer dessen welchem welcher welchen welche

Who, which, &o. welcher whose

to whom f] at A. whom I

6.

das (who, which).

of welcher. Fern. Neat.

The Yerb.

All gender*.

welche

welches dessen

deren,

welchem

welchen

welches.

welche.

derm

(Das Zeitwort.)

The

3rd person plural is used In speaking to strangers ; the pronoun tie then takes a Capital letter: sie haben (they have), Sie haben (you have).

NOTE.

HABEN

(to have). Inf. haben, eu haben,

to have.

PMB. Part, having. Past Part, had.

AUXILIARY VERBS. WERDEN (to become). SEIN (to be).

habend, Pies. gehabt,

su

sevn, to

Part,

seiend,

Inf. sein, be.

being. Past Part, been.

Inf.

Pros. Part,

werdend, becoming.

Past Part, geworden, become.

gewesen,

INDICATIVE. Present. Ich hdbe, I have Ich bin, I am, &o. du hast,ihou hast [has du bist er, sie, es hat, he, she, it er, sie, es ist tflir haben, we have wir sind ihr seid ihr habt, you have sie sind sie haben, they have j

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Ich habe, I have or may Ich sei, I be or may have, &c. du seiest be, &c.

wir haben ihr habet siehabtn

er sei wir seien

Ich werde, I become,

du

wirst

&o,

wvrd wir werden er, sie, es

ihr werdet sie

werden

Present. I

du habest er habe

wer den, eu werden> to become.

!

Ich werde, I become or du werdest may beer werde come.&o.

wir werden

ihr seiet

ihr werdet

sie seien

tie

werden

71

Ich hatte, I had,

fto.

du hattest er hatte

INDICATIVE. Past. Ich war, I as, &o. du worst er

war

wir waren ihr waret

wir hatten ihr hattet siehatten

sie

waren

SUBJUNCTIVE. Ich hatte, I had or

du

hattest

tr hatte vjvr

Mtten

ihr hattet sie

Mtten

might

Ich ware, I du warest

have,&o. er ware

wir waren ihr waret sie

waren

INDICATIVE.

72

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Present.

Ich vHlrde haben, I Ich wilrde sain, I Ich wilrde werden, I should or would should or wooJd should or would

become, &o.

be, &o.

have. &o.

SHORTER FOBM3. Ich ware, &o.

Ich hatte, &c.

\

Ich wtorde, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Slug, habe Plur. hab(e)t

S.

Sing, sei seien Sie Plur. seid

\

haben Sie I have )

[

be.

werde werden Sie

P. werdet

\ }

be-

oome

'

)

The formation of the Interrogative and Negative corresponds la English and German Habe ich (have I)? Ich habe nicht (I have not). :

is used in German with recht (right), unrecht (wrong) : Ich habe unrecht, Sie haben recht (I am wrong, you are right).

Haben There

and

there are are translated into

is,

es giebt (sing.

&

German by

es ist, es sind,

pi.).

Werden takes sein as an auxiliary verb in the perfect tenses. Was ist aus deinem Vater gewordent Werden aus (to become of) (What has become of your father ?) Werden (going to be): Was wollen Sie werden 9 /what are you :

going to be

?)

;

Ich wetde Soldat

am

(I

going to

lie

a

soldier).

THE REGULAR VERBS. The formation of the Regular Verb is very simple, viz., ISTFINITIVB : loben (to praise), drop the n, and you have the PRESENT : ich lobe praise) ; add if, to the Present, and you have the PAST : ich lobte (I

(I

praised)

;

the e

is

dropped when the pronunciation does not

Drop the final e of the Past and add the you have the PAST PARTICIPLE gelobt (praised).

quire

it.

prefix ye-,

re-

and

:

Verbs with the foreign termination ieren do not take the prefix gt in the Past Participle, as regieren (to reign), regiert. The PASSIVE is formed by means of werden (for conjugation AM pp. 70, 71, and above), and the Past Participle warden is used in:

stead of geworden.

CONJUGATION OF A REGULAR VERB. ACTIVE.

PASSIVE.

I

Gelobt werden, to be praised. Present.

Laben, to praise.

INDICATIVE. Ich

lobe,

du

lobst er loot

.

praise, &o.

Ich werde gelobt, I

du

wirst gelobt

wir loben

wvrd gelobt wir werden gelobt

ihrlobt

ihr werdet gelobt