Geotecnia Moyobamba

February 6, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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G_TWDH@ MG@TGOKHO@

Y^@XGOT@5 HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ_ OHWDJDG_ DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^, Y^@\HKOHJ DG B@X@NJBNJ ‟ _JK BJ^THK. O@K_WCT@^5 O@^Y@^JOH@K O@^Y@^JOH@K MG@_@CWTH@K_ _^C WNHOJOHßK 5 Y^@\HKOHJ 5 B@X@NJBNJ ^GMH@K

5 _JK BJ^THK CHBJ ‟ YG^W

CHBJ, := DG GKG^@ DGC >9:6

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

HKDHOG :.9 Mgkgr Mgkgrjchdj jchdjdgs dgs ............... ............................... .................................. .................................... ................................... .................................. .................... ... Gstrjthmrjlâj5 .................................................................................... :> :.?.? Mg`b`rl`c`mâj5 ................................................................................ :? :.?.4 Jmujs suntgrrêk suntgrrêkgjs5 gjs5 ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............... ...... :? :.?.7 O`kdhoh`kgs Ochbêthojs........ .................. ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... ............ ... :? :.4 Ojrjotgrhsthojs dgc pr`ygot`....................................................................... :4 >.9 Bjro` O`kogptujc ................................................................................................. :4 >.: Ojrjotgrhzjohÿk dgc sugc` .......................................................................... :4 >.> Ojrjotgrh Ojrjotgrhzjohÿk zjohÿk dg cj sun rjsjktg............ rjsjktg...................... ................... .................. .................. ................... ............ :7 >.? Jkêchshs dg trêlho` ...................................................................................... :7 >.4 Dhsgú` dg ohbgktjoh`k ohbgktjoh`kgs gs ......... ................... ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. ......... :.7 Dhsgú` dg pjvhbgkt`s pjvhbgkt`s.. ......... ................... ................... .................. .................. ................... .................. .................. ............. ... := ?.9Hkvgsthmjoh`kgs glgotujdjs .................................................................................... :8 ?.: Trjnje`s dg ojbp`. .................................................................................. :8 ?.> T`bj dg bugstrjs dg sugc`. .................................................................... >9 ?.? ^gmhstr` dg gxojvjoh`kgs ......................................................................... >9 ?.4 Gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` ............................................................................. >9 4.9Ygrlhc gstrjthmrêlho` ................................................................................................. >: 7.9Yjrêbgtr`s lâsho` bgoêkho` dg c`s sugc`s ............................................................. >: 7.: Yr`phgdjdgs lhshoj dg c`s sugc`s.................. ......... .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... ......... >> 7.> Yr`phgdjdgs bgojkhojs dgc sugc` ............................................................. >> 6 =.: Yr`lukdhdjd dg Ohbgktjohÿk ..................................................................... >6 =.> Oêcouc` dg cj Ojpjohdjd Y`rtjktg Y`rtjktg ......... .................. .................. .................. ................... ................... ............... ...... >6 =.? Dhsgú` pjrj cjs ojchojtj Kª 98 (OC) (U@KJ @YGJTH\J) .................... ........... ............... ...... >8 =.4 Dhsgú` pjrj cjs ojchojtj Kª 98 (OC) (U@KJ @YGJTH\J) .................... ........... ............... ...... ?9 =.7  Jsgktjbhgkt`s Gspgrjd`s ......... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ................. ........ ?: =. =.= Dhsgú` pjrj cjs ojchojtj Kª 9= (_B-_O) (U@KJ @YGJTH\J).................... @YGJTH\J)........... ......... ?? 6.9Jkêchshs dg ohbgktjohÿk gk (z`kj (z`kj jdbhkhstrjthvj) ......... ................... ................... .................. .................. .............. ..... ?4 6.: Yr`lukdhdjd dg ohbgktjohÿk. .................................................................... ?7 6.> Thp` dg ohbgktjohÿk .................................................................................. ?7 HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

6.? Ojcouc` dg cj ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg p`rtjktg z`kj jdbhkhstrjt jdbhkhstrjthvj hvj .... ............. .................. ................. ........ ?7 6.4  Jkjchshs dg jsgktjbhgkt` jsgktjbhgkt` ......... ................... ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. ......... ?.9Jmrgshvhdjd dgc sugc` j cj ohbgktjoh`k................................................................. 4> :?.9Ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg dgc sugc` ........................................................................... 44 :?.: Hktr` Hktr`duoo duoohÿk hÿk ............... ................................. ................................... .................................. .................................. ........................... .......... 44 :?.> Yrgsgkohj dg sugc`s `rmêkho`s `rmêkho`s y gxpjkshv`s ......... ................... ................... .................. ............ ... 44 :?.? \jc`r ^gcjthv` dg _`p`rtg dg cj _unrjsjkt _unrjsjktg g .......... ................... .................. .................. .............. ..... 47 :?.4 Khvgc Lrgêth Lrgêtho` o` ............... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................... ..................... .... 4 Bjr Bjro` o` cgmjc ............... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................... ........................ ....... 74 :4.? Bgt`d Bgt`d`c`m `c`mâj âj ................. .................................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ..................... .... 77 :4.4 Trjnje`s dg ojbp` ............................................................................... 77 :4.7 Gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` ......................................................................... 7? OWJD^@ K¹ 4 - YJ^JBGT^@_ _H_BHO@_ .............................................................. >6 OWJD^@ K¹ 7 ‟ ^G_WBGK DG OJYJOHD OJYJOHDJD JD Y@^TJKTG J^GJ @YG^JTH\J ....... ?4 OWJD^@ K¹ - OCJ_G_ DG YG^BGJNHCHDJD DG C@_ _WGC@_ YJ^J @N^J_ @N^J_ DG HKMGKHG^Â HKMGK HG^ÂJ J OH\HC ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................ ................ 4: OWJD^@ K¹ :? - CHBHTG_ YJ^J DGTG^BHKJ^ GC THY@ DG OGBGKT@ CÂBHTG_ YG^BH_HNC YG^B H_HNCG_ G_ ............... ................................ .................................. ................................... .................................. .................................. ......................... ....... 4> OWJD^@ K¹ :4 ‟ ^GZWH_HT@_ YJ^J O@KO^GT@ GVYWG_T@ J _@CWOH@KG_ DG _WCLJT@_ _WCLJT @_................. ................................... .................................. .................................. ................................... .................................. ........................... .......... 4? OWJD^@ K¹ :7 ‟ O@KTGKHD@ BJVHB@ DG H@KG_ DG OC@^W^@ YJ^J CJ Y^@TGOOHßK O@KT^J CJ O@^^@_HßK DGC O@KO^GT@ ......... .................. .................. ................. ........ 4? OWJD^@ K¹ :: ‟ OWJD^@ DG ON^ ......................................................................... 79 OWJD^@ K¹ >> ‟ OJ^JOTG^Â_THOJ_ DGC _WGC@ _GMÕK CÂBHTG_ DG YCJ_THOHD YCJ_TH OHDJD JD ............... ................................ .................................. ................................... .................................. .................................. ......................... ....... 7: OWJD^@ K¹ >4 >? ‟- OJCOWC@ DG BGE@^JBHGKT@_ BGE@^JBH GKT@_ _WGC@_ ......... ................... .................. .................. .............. ..... OWJD^@ K¹ DG ^GKDHB ^GKDHBHGKT@_ HGKT@_ DG CJ................... OJKTG^J ......... .................. .............. ..... 7: 76   OWJD^@ K¹ >7 ‟ ^G_WBGK DG OJYJOH OJYJOHDJD DJD Y@^TJKTG J^GJ @YG^JTH\J ..... 78 OWJD^@ K¹ >= ‟ _GOT@^G_ DG BGE@^JBHGKT@_ .............................................

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

4

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

HKDHOG DG M^JLHO@_ M^JLHO@ K¹ : ‟ WNHOJOHßK MG@M^JLHOJ .................................................. = M^JLHO@ K¹ > - U`kj dg pr`ygot` gk gc Dhstrht` dg B@X@NJBNJ .................. ............ ...... 6 M^JLHO@ K¹ ? ‟ BJYJ MG@C@MHO@ DGC Ê^GJ DG G_TWDH@ ................... ............. ...... :: M^JLHO@ K¹ 4 ‟ L@^BJOH@K MG@C@MHOJ DG CJ U@KJ DG G_TWDH@ ... :> M^JLHO@ K¹ 7 ‟ BJYJ DG U@KHLHOJOH@K U@KHLH OJOH@K _H_BHOJ ............ ......................... ....................... .......... >4 M^JLHO@ K¹ < ‟ OCJ_HLHOJOH@K DG _WGC@_ _WO_ X JJ_FT@ .............. 48 M^JLHO@ K¹ = ‟ G_YG_@^G_ DGC YJ\HBGKT@ ......................... ............ ......................... ................ .... 7?

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

7

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

HKL@^BG TGOKHO@ TGOKHO@

:.9 Mgkgrjchdjdgs Mgkgrjchdjdgs :.: @negt` dgc Gstudh` Gc prgsgktg hkl`rbg tèokho` thgkg p`r `negt` rgp`rtjr c`s trjnje`s dg gxpc`rjohÿk dg ojbp` pgrohnhd`s dgktr` dgc pr`ygot`5 O`ktrjtjohÿk dgc _grvhoh` dg Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`, Yjrj cj Gcjn`rjohÿk dgc Gxpgdhgktg Tèokho` dg Hklrjgstruoturj dg Trjtjbhgkt` y Dhsp`shohÿk Lhkjc dg ^gshdu`s _ÿchd`s Yjrj Cjs Ohudjdgs dg Xêktjc`, Ojczjdj y _`rht`r, Yr`vhkohj dg B`y`njbnj ‟ _jk Bjrthk. Gc `negthv` dgc prgsgktg gstudh`, gs hkvgsthmjr gc sunsugc` dg cj z`kj dgsthkjdj pjrj gc Êrgj @pgrjthvj, tgrrgk` qug gstê dgsthkjd` pjrj cjs `nrjs pr`ygotjdjs o`b` s`k cjs ogcdjs dg o`klhkjbhgkt` dg c`s rgshdu`s sÿchd`s y `tr`s1 Êrgj Jdbhkhstrjthvj, qug gs gc cumjr d`kdg sg pr`ygotjk cjs gdhlhojoh`kgs pjrj cjs êrgjs jdbhkhstrjthvjs y gdhlhojoh`kgs pjrj gc rgjpr`vgofjbhgkt` dg c`s rgshdu`s sÿchd`s, o`k sus rgspgothv`s sgrvhoh`s nêsho`s1 y cjs Êrgjs dg joogs` hktgrk`. Cjs hkvgsthmjoh`kgs sg rgjchzjr`k bgdhjktg cj gxpc`rjohÿk dg ojchojtjs –j ohgc` jnhgrt`‒, gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` gstêkdjr y gspgohjcgs j lhk dg `ntgkgr cjs

prhkohpjcgs ojrjotgrâsthojs lâshojs y bgoêkhojs dgc sugc`, sus pr`phgdjdgs dg rgshstgkohj y dgl`rbjohÿk y cj jmrgshvhdjd quâbhoj dg sus o`bp`kgkt o`bp`kgktgs, gs, y cjn`rgs dg mjnhkgtg gk njsg j c`s oujcgs sg dglhkg c`s pgrlhcgs gstrjthmrêlho`s, thp` y pr`lukdhdjd dg ohbgktjohÿk, Ojpjohdjd Y`rtjktg, dhsgú` gstruoturjc dg pjvhbgkt`, Jsgktjbhgkt`s, y cjs rgo`bgkd rgo`bgkdjoh`kgs joh`kgs mgkgrjcgs pjrj cj ohbgktjohÿk jdgbês dg c`s djt`s gxpgrhbgktjcgs rgo`mhd`s gk `nrjs jktgrh`rgs, pjrj vgrhlhojr cjs o`kdhoh`kgs dg lukdjohÿk dgc sugc`

:.> Wnhojohÿk dgc êrgj gk Gstudh` Cj z`kj dg gstudh` sg gkougktrj unhojdj gk gc dhstrht` dg B`y`njbnj, pr`vhkohj dg B`y`njbnj dgpjrtjbgkt` dg _jk Bjrtâk. Cj pr`vhkohj pr`vhko hj o`kstj dg < dhst dhstrht`s5 rht`s5 B`y`njbnj, Ojczjdj, Fjnjkj, Egpgcjoh Egpgcjoh`, `, _`rht`r y Xêktjc`. B`y`njbnj thgkg ukj jcthtud dg 67 ukhdjdgs. Gstjs hkhohjk su jpjrhohÿk gk gc Yrgoêbnrho` o`k uk o`bpcge` bgtjbÿrlho` (O`bpcge` Bjrjúÿk). Xj gk gc Yjcg`z`ho` pr`shmug ukj vjrhjdj sgdhbgktjohÿk bjrhkj y o`kthkgktjc hklcugkohjdj p`r cj tgotÿkhoj Fgrohkhoj, qug `rhmhkjnj rgmrgsh`kgs y trjksmrgsh`kgs bjrhkjs o`k jothvhdjdgs v`coêkhojs gsp`rêdhojs, dgp`shtêkd`sg j trjvès dg gccjs cj L`rbjohÿk O`ktjyj dgc @rd`vhoho`, Mrup` Jbn` dgc Ojrn`kâlgr` hklgrh`r, L`rbjohÿk Cjvjsgk dgc Ojrn`kâlgr` supgrh`r y gc Mrup` Bhtõ˘

dgc Yèrbho` supgrh`r. Dgktr` dg gst`s o`bpcge`s cht`cÿmho`s, gk gc

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

:9

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Ojrn`kâlgr` hklgrh`r sg djnj o`bhgkz` jc jlc`rjbhgkt` dg uk o`bpcge` hktrushv`, gc oujc jlgot` cjs sgougkohjs sgdhbgktjrhjs. Durjktg gc Bgs`z`ho`, cj jothvhdjd tgotÿkhoj sg bjkhlhgstj o`k hktgkshdjd `rhmhkjkd` tjbnhèk o`kstjktgs ojbnh`s gk c`s jbnhgktgs dg sgdhbgktjohÿk, c`s oujcgs dhgr`k cumjr j cj prgsgkohj dg sgougkohjs bjrhkjs dgc Mrup` Yuojrj dgc Trhêsho`, o`kthkgktjcgs dg cj L`rbjohÿk _jrjyjquhcc` dgc Eurêsho` supgrh`r, bjrhkjs-o`kthkgktjcgs dgc Mrup` @rhgktg dgc Orgtêog` hklgrh`r, bjrhkjs dg cj L`rbjohÿk Of`ktj dgc Orgtêog`

bgdh`,

y

lhkjcbgktg

ukj

sgougkohj

trjkshoh`kjc

o`rrgsp`kdhgktg o`rrgsp`kdhg ktg j cj L`rbjohÿk \hvhjk dgc Orgtêog` supgrh`r supgrh`r.. Gk gc Ogk`z`ho` cj hktgkshdjd dg cj jothvhdjd tgotÿkhoj dhsbhkuyg y sg `rhmhkj ukj jogcgrjdj gtjpj dgk`tjthv dgk`tjthvj, j, qug `rhmhkj cj sgdhbgktjohÿk dg cjs ojpjs rèjs o`kthkgktjcgs dg kjturjcgzj. Gktrg cjs qug sg gkougktrjk cjs l`rbjoh`kgs Xjfujrjkm` dgc Yjcgògk`, Ofjbnhrj dgc @chmògk` g Hpurur` dgc Bh`-Ychògk`. C`s ojbnh`s nhòchbêtho`s sg jogktõjk y c`s prògs`s mg`dhkêbho`s sg jorgohgktjk `rhmhkjkd` cj sgdhbgktjohÿk jcuvhjc y jcuvh`kjc dg cjs l`rbjoh`kgs Gc \jccg, Tòjofg, Eujkeuh y Wojyjch, t`djs gccjs dgp`shtjdjs j lhkgs dgc Tgrohjrh` fjstj gc Ycghstògk` hklgrh`r. Cj gr`shÿk lcuvhjc sg jorgohgktj durjktg gc Ycghstògk` trjygkd` o`kshm` sgdhbgkt`s y qug cugm` s`k dgp`shtjd`s gk cjs bêrmgkgs dg c`s râ`s. Gstg prògs` juk o`kthkuj o`k bgk`r hktgkshdjd. M^JLHO@ K¹ ? ‟ BJYJ MG@C@MHO@ DGC Ê^GJ DG G_TWDH@ U`kj dg Gstudh`s

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

::

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

M^JLHO@ K¹ 4 ‟ L@^BJOH@K MG@C@MHOJ DG CJ U@KJ DG G_TWDH@

-

Cht`c`mâj5

Dg jougrd` jc rgo`kòhbhgkt` mg`cÿmho` rgjchzjd`, rgjchzjd`, gk gc êrgj gk gstudh` sgrê o`kstruhdj prhkohpjcbgktg s`nrg sugc`s dg dgpÿsht`s jcuvhjcgs rgohgktgs5 - C`s sugc`s jcuvhjcgs5 _`k sugc`s dg lrjmbgkt` vjrhjncg, dg mrugsj j lhkj, o`k prgd`bhkh` dg jrgkjs y jrohccjs. Gst`s sugc`s o`kshstgk bjy`rbgktg dg jrohccjs pcêsthojs o`b` jrohccjs jrgk`sjs y jrgkjs jrohcc`sjs dg o`c`r jbjrhccgktjs y orgbj, qug yjogk gk gspjoh` f`rhz`ktjc b`strjkd` uk k`tjncg o`ktgkhd` dg pcjktjs.

:.?.> Gstrjthmrjlâj5 Gk cj z`kj gxhstgk bjtgrhjcgs dgc oujtgrkjrh` rgohgktg, cjs bhsbjs qug gstêk o`ksthtuhdjs prhkohpjcbgktg p`r5 -

Oujtgrkjrh` ^gohgktg5

O`kshstg dg sgdhbgkt`s jrohcc`s`s y jrgk`s`s o`k hktgrojcjoh`kgs dg o`kmc`bgrjd`s lhk`s y lrjmbgkt`s dg ròjs vjrhjd`s. Gst`s dgpÿsht`s prgsgktjk sgdhbgktjohÿk grrêthoj y jctgrkjdj o`k sugc`s `rmêkho`s. Cj p`shohÿk dg cjs ojpjs dg jougrd` j cj jkthmógdjd dg l`rbjohÿk, gk cj o`cubkj mg`cÿmhoj sgrâj cj shmuhgktg, dg c`s sugc`s bês b`dgrk`s jc sustrjt` rò`s` bês jkthmu`. 

_ugc`s O`cuvh` ‟ ^gshdujcgs



Oujtgrkjrh` Oujtgrkj rh` ^gohgktg (F`cògk`)

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

:>

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`



_ugc`s Jcuvhjcgs



Oujtgrkjrh` Oujtgrkjrh` rgohgktg



_ugc`s Jcuvhjcgs



Oujt. Jkthmu` (Ycghstògk (Ycghstògk`) `)



^òjs Cuthtjs  Tgrohjrh`.

:.?.? Mg`b`rl`c`mâj5 C`s rjsm`s mg`b`rl`cÿmho`s gstêk gstrgofjbgktg o`ktr`cjd`s p`r cjs gstruoturjs rgsuctjktgs dg c`s prògs`s tgotÿkho`s rgohgktgs y gc thp` dg cht`c`mâj, jsâ o`b` c`s gvgkt`s bês rgohgktgs qug s`k c`s qug fjk djd` cj mg`b`rl`c`mâj jotujc. Cj gxprgshÿk dgc rgchgvg gs dg t`p`mrjlâj pcjkj, qug o`rrgsp`kdgk j t`dj cj z`kj dg gstudh`, o`b` o`ksgougkohj dg rgccgk`s jcuvhjcgs y p`stgrh`r rgccgk`s p`r gc f`bnrg, sg `nsgrvjk tgrrjzjs jcuvhjcgs, cjs oujcgs sg ojrjotgrhzjk p`r prgsgktjr ukjk t`p`mrjlâj dg tgrrgk`s ccjk`s o`k gsojsj pgkdhgktg.

:.?.4 Jmujs suntgrrêkgjs5 _hgkd` dg vhtjc hbp`rtjkohj dg chbhtjr cjs êrgjs d`kdg gc o`ktgkhd` dg fubgdjd gk c`s sugc`s gs pgreudhohjc, y gstê rgcjoh`kjd` k` s`c` o`k jmujs supgrlhohjcgs shk` o`k jmujs suntgrrêkgjs, cjs jmujs supgrlhohjcgs dgngrêk sgr drgkjdjs.

:.?.7 O`kdhoh`kgs Ochbêthojs Gc ochbj dg cj pr`vhkohj dg B`y`njbnj gs hbprgsohkdhncg rglgrhrsg j cj hklcugkohj qug gegrogk c`s ljot`rgs ochbêtho`s s`nrg cjs l`rbjs t`p`mrêlhojs1 trjtêkd`sg dg uk êrgj dg gstudh` unhojdj gk ukj rgmhÿk thp` _gcvj Jctj, o`k uk rgchgvg b`dgrjd` y sujvg, gk d`kdg sg gkougktrj cj ohudjd dg B`y`njbnj. Cj bjy`r ojkthdjd dg djt`s qug rgspgot` j gstg pukt` sg thgkg, dgrhvjk dg hkl`rbjohÿk rgo`mhdj gk cjs gstjoh`kgs fhdr`-bgtg`r`cÿmhojs dgc _GKJBFH5 Kjrjkehcc`, _`rht`r, B`y`njbnj y ^hèj. HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

:?

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

^hèj p`sgg uk ochbj oêchd` y _gbh _go` durjktg t`d` gc jú`, cjs prgohphtjoh`kgs pcuvhjcgs thgkgk d`s èpòjs nhgk bjrojdjs durjktg gc jú`5 ukj ccuvh`sj gktrg c`s bgsgs dg Dhohgbnrg j Bjy`, y cj `trj gk c`s bgsgs dg Eukh` y K`vhgbnrg. Gc pr`bgdh` dg prgohphtjoh`kgs pcuvhjcgs t`tjc vjrâj gktrg :999 y :499 jc jú`. Gc kõbgr` dg dâjs dg ccuvhj vjrâj gktrg 64 y ::4 j c` cjrm` dgc jú`. Cjs tgbpgrjturjs qug o`rrgsp`kdgk j gstg thp` ochbêtho` lcuotõjk gktrg >>¹O y ?>¹O y dgorgog fjstj ukj tgbpgrjturj bâkhbj dg :.9 Bjro` O`kogptujc >.: Ojrjotgrhzjohÿk dgc sugc` C`s sugc`s dg lukdjoh`k fjstj cj pr`lukdhdjd jcojkzjdj prgd`bhkjk c`s sugc`s ncjkd`s, jrohccjs hk`rmêkhojs dg njej j bgdhjkj pcjsthohdjd, jrgkjs jrohcc`sjs y HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

:4

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

jrgkjs chb`sjs chmgrjbkgtg jrohcc`sjs, ocjshlhojdjs gk gc _hstgbj Wkhlhojd` _WO_, o`b` (_B-_O), (_O), (OC) y (OF).

>.> Ojrjotgrh Ojrjotgrhzjohÿk zjohÿk dg cj sun rjsjktg Gstj gs cj gtjpj hkhohjc jktgs dg gvjcujr cjs `trjs gtjpjs. Cj ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg dg cj _unrjsjktg gstê rgprgsgktjdj p`r c`s vjc`rgs dg ON^ dgtgrbhkjd`s bgdhjktg c`s gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` rgjchzjd`s o`k cjs bugstrjs dg sugc`s `ntgkhdjs gk gc ojbp`. Gstudh` dg cj sun.- rjsjktg, ON^s dgtgrbhkjd`s ON^ ON^ pr`bgdh` 2 4.< %. Dg jougrd` j cj ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg y j cj mjbj dg ojchdjdgs dg sugc`s sg dgtgrbhkjr`k c`s f`rhz`ktgs f`b`mèkg`s m`ngrkjktgs nje` cj luturj gstruoturj dgc pjvhbgkt`. Gc trjnje` sg lukdjbg l ukdjbgktj ktj gk cj f`b`mgkgh f`b`mgkghdjd djd dg c`s bjtgrhjcgs, c` oujc pg pgrbhtg rbhtg dhsgújr nje` cjs o`kdhoh`kgs dg sugc`s lhk`s o`k njej ojpjohdjd ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg. _g pud` jprgohjr cj hkohdgkohj dg dgtgrbhkjd`s sugc`s, qug jc jmrupjrsg p`r cj shbhchtud dg c`s vjc`rgs dg ON^, sg gstjncgohgr`k z`kjs dg o`bp`rtjbhgkt` bgoêkho` o`kstjktg. Gk cj bjy`râj dg c`s ojs`s sg t`bÿ gc vjc`r dg ON^ pr`bgdh` dg 4.< %, o`b` ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg dg cj sun rjsjktg.

>.? Jkêchshs dg trêlho` Cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs dgc trêlho` jotujc, k`s hkdhoj qug dgngrgb`s t`bjr o`b` rglgrgkohj gc trêlho` gxhstgktg dg cjs vâjs jcgdjújs j cj z`kj gk gstudh`, tgkhgkd` pr`ygooh`kgs pjrj gc pgrh`d` dg vhdj õthc dg 97 jú`s, Dg tjc l`rbj t`bjrgb`s o`b` kõbgr` joubucjd` dg rgpgthoh`kgs dg ojrmj dg gegs gquhvjcgktgs dg 6.> t`kgcjdjs, djt` kgogsjrh` pjrj gc dhsgú` dg cj gstruoturj dgc pjvhbgkt`. _g hkdhoj gc HBD gc oêcouc` dgc Kõbgr` dg Gegs Gquhvjcgktgs, gs kgogsjrh` dglhkhr c`s ljot`rgs dgstruothv`s (LD) dg c`s vgfâouc`s pgsjd`s, c`s oujcgs sg ojcoucjk o`k cjs shmuhgktgs shmuhgktgs gxprgsh`kgs Geg _hbpcgs dg rugdj shbpcg (Y / 9:= o`b` hkhoh` dg `pgrjohÿk dg c`s trjb`s gk gstudh`. Ocjshlhojohÿk Gc trjb` gk gstudh` o`bprgkdhd` dgktr` dgc Yr`ygot`5 Gxpgdhgktg Tèokho`5 Hklrjgstruoturj dg Trjtjbhgkt` y Dhsp`shohÿk Lhkjc dg ^gshdu`s _ÿchd`s Yjrj Cjs Ohudjdgs dg Xêktjc`, Ojczjdj y _`rht`r, Yr`vhkohj dg B`y`njbnj ‟ _jk Bjrthk. Dg jougrd` jc orhtgrh` dgc Bjkujc dg Dhsgú` dg Ojrrgtgrjs K` Yjvhbgktjdjs dg Nje` \`cubgk dg Trêksht`, dgc Bhkhstgrh` dg Trjksp`rtg y O`bukhojoh`kgs, gc ojbhk` p`r sus ojrjotgrâsthojs nêshojs pjrj cj supgrlhohg dg r`djdurj

pgrtgkgog j ukj ojrrgtgrj dg Trêksht` 9, o`k uk âkdhog Yr`bgdh` Dhjrh` (HBD) dg 94 vgfâouc`s/dâj. >.4 Dhsgú` dg ohbgktjoh`kgs Cjs jpchojoh`kgs dg c`s gksjy`s sg fjk glgotujd` o`k prugnjs dg o`rtg dhrgot` J._.T.B ‟ D-?969 sgmõk cjs rgo`bgkdjoh`kgs dgc ^gmcjbgkt` Kjoh`kjc dg O`kstruooh`kgs, K`rbj Tèokhoj dg Gdhlhojoh`kg Gdhlhojoh`kgss G-979, Cjs jpchojoh`kgs dg c`s gksjy`s sg fjk glgotujd` o`k prugnjs dg o`rtg dhrgot` J._.T.B ‟ D-?969 sgmõk cjs rgo`bgkdjoh`kgs dgc ^gmcjbgkt` Kjoh`kjc dg O`kstruooh`kgs, K`rbj K`rbj Tèokhoj dg Gdhlhojoh`kg Gdhlhojoh`kgss G-979, sugc`s y ohbgktjoh` ohbgktjoh`kgs kgs gk su tjncj Kµ >>.7, fjk shd` gvjcujdjs gk c`s orhtgrh`s y l`rbucjs gstjncgohdjs p`r gc Dr. Ajrt \`k Tgrzjmfh y Ygoa, qug sg jdgoujk o`k gc thp` dgc sugc` dg lukdjohÿk qug prgd`bhkj gk t`dj gc êrgj dg gstudh`5 sugc`s jrohcc`s`s, jrohccjs hk`rmêkhojs, jrohccjs jrgk`sjs dg njej o`bprgshnhchdjd dg o`c`r jbjrhccgkt` `sour`, gk gstjd` sgbh-o`bpjot`, sugc`s o`kshdgrjd`s hbpgrbgjncgs. Yjrj gc Oêcouc` dg cj Ojpjohdjd Y`rtjktg, sg usjrê cj shmuhgktg lÿrbucj5

Zd 2 (>/?).O.Kÿ + y. U.Kq' + 9.7. X.N.Ky Zd5 Ojpjohdjd dg ojrmj (am/ob>) O5

O`fgshÿ O`fgshÿk k (am/ob>)

X5

Ygs` v`cubètrho` (T/b?)

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

:) Zd5 Ojpjohd Ojpjohdjd jd Y`rtjktg Ls5 Ljot`r dg sgmurhdjd ? p`r gc Dr. Tgrzjmfh y Ygoa ^glgrhd`s jc O`rtg gk r`turj. C`s ljot`rgs dg l`rbj s`k pjrêbgtr`s j dhbgksh`kjcgs qug dgpgkdgk prhkohpjcbgktg dgc êkmuc` dg rgshstgkohj jc gslugrz` o`rtjktg

 dgc

sugc` y dg cj

mg`bgtrâj dg cj ohbgktjohÿk.

>.7 Dhsgú` dg p pjvhbgkt`s. jvhbgkt`s. Dg jougrd` j c` hkdhojd` gk c`s Tèrbhk`s dg ^glgrgkohj dgc pr`ygot`5 Gxpgdhgktg Tèokho` dg Hklrjgstruoturj dg Trjtjbhgkt` y Dhsp`sh Dhsp`shohÿk ohÿk Lhkjc dg ^gshdu`s _ÿchd _ÿchd`s `s Yjrj Cjs Ohudjdgs dg Xêktjc`, Ojczjdj y _`rht`r, Yr`vhkohj dg B`y`njbnj ‟ _jk Bjrtâk. Gc dhsgú` dg pjvhbgkt`s sg glgotujrê jpchojkd` jpchojkd` c`s shmuhgktgs bèt`d`s5

j) Bgt`d`c`mâj JJ JJ_FT@ _FT@ :88? Gk c` qug rgspgotj gk bèt`d` dg dhsgú` pr`pugst` p`r cj JJ_TF@, sg fj t`bjd` cj hkl`rbjohÿk pr`vgkhgktg dg cj Muhdg l`r pjvhbgkt _tuoturgs, gdhohÿk :88?, qug sg njsj gk gc vjc`r dg ON^ (Ojchl`rkhj Ngjrhkm ^jth`) dg cj _unrjsjktg, kubgr` dg gegs gstêkdjr jkthohpjd`, pjrj dgtgrbhkjr gc kõbgr` gstruoturjc dg dhsgú`. Gstg bèt`d` pr`p`roh`kj ukj gxprgshÿk jkjcâthoj qug pjrj glgot`s dg oêcouc`s o`bputjrhzjd`s cj s`cuohÿk bjtgbêthoj gs subjbgktg õthc. Cj gv`cuohÿk dgc bèt`d`, gstjncgog cjs o`bpcgbgk o`bpcgbgktjoh`kgs tjoh`kgs shmuhgktgs5 _g hktr`duog gc o`glhohgk o`glhohgktg tg dg dr drgkjeg gkjeg o`b` pjrêbgtr`s dg



ojrjotgrhzjohÿk dgc jlhrbjd` pjrj lhkgs dgc Kubgr` Gstruoturjc. Hkdhrgotjbgktg sg bhdg cj hklcugkohj dgc jmuj gk cj ojpjohdjd gstruoturjc dgc pjvhbgkt`. _g dgej shk glgot` gc pjrêbgtr` ljot`r rgmh`kjc.



_g hktr`duog gc o`kogpt` dg –pgrdhdj dg sgrvhoh`‒.



HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

:=

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Gc vjc`r s`p`rtg dg cj _unrjsjktg –_‒, sg rggbpcjzj p`r gc bÿduc`



rgshcgktg B^. _g hktr`duog gc pjrêbgtr` dg o`klhjnhchd o`klhjnhchdjd jd pjrthgkd` dg cj



o`kshdgrjohÿk qug gc o`bp`rtjbhgkt` vs. Trjksht` shmug cj dhstrhnuohÿk k`rbjc dg Mjuss. J pgsjr dg cjs n`kdjdgs bgkoh`k bgkoh`kjdjs jdjs cj jpcho jpchojohÿ johÿk k dg cj vgrshÿ vgrshÿk k 6, gkougktrj uk vjoâ` gk kugstr` bgdh` gk oujkt` j cj gegouohÿk dhrgotj jc Gksjy` qug bhdg gc B^ gk sugc`, shk gbnjrm` pjrj gc dhsgú` sg fj gstjncgohd` cj o`rrgsp`kdgkohj o`k c`s vjc`rgs dg O.N.^., shmuhgkd` cjs rgo`bgkdjoh`kgs dg cjs gxpgrhgkohjs Nrjshcgrjs.

n) BGT@D@C@MÂJ dgc BTO - KJJ_^J Gc Bhkhstgrh` dg Trjksp`rtgs gk su bjkujc ojrrgtgrjs ‟ _ugc`s, Mg`c`mâj, Mg`tgokhj y Yjvhbgkt`s, sgoohÿk5 _ugc`s y Yjvhbgkt`s, jd`ptÿ pjrj gc dhbgksh`kjbhgkt` dg c`s gspgs`rgs dg cj ojpj dg jlhrbjd` cj goujohÿk pr`pugstj gk gc Bèt`d` KJJ_^J (Kjoh`kjc Jssòhjth`k `l Justrjchjk _tjtg ^`jd Jtf`rhthgs), f`y JW_T^@JD_, qug rgcjoh`kj gc vjc`r s`p`rtg dgc sugc` (O.N.^.) y cj ojrmj jotujktg s`nrg gc jlhrbjd`, gxprgsjdj gk Kõbgr` dg ^gpgthoh`kgs dg GG5 Dÿkdg5 

Gspgs`r dg ojpj dg Jlhrbjd` gk bb bb..



O.N.^.5 \jc`r dg O.N.^. d dg g cj cj _unrjsjktg.



Krgp5 Kõbgr` dg rgpgthoh` rgpgthoh`kgs kgs dg GG pjrj gc ojrrhc d dg g dhsgú`.

 

ON^. pr`bgdh` Krgp. Krgp.



Gc Bjk Bjkujc ujc dg ojrrgtgrjs ‟ _ugc`s, Mg`c`mâj, Mg`tgokhj y

2 4.< (vjc`rgs jc 87% dg cj BD_) 2 :.:> x :97 gegs gquhvjcgktgs :6 ahps

Yjvhbgkt`s, sgoohÿk5 _ugc`s y Yjvhbgkt`s, hkocuyg ojtêc`m`s dg sgooh`kgs dg pjvhbgkt`, pjrj ojdj thp` dg trêlho` y dg sun rjsjktg. Dg jougrd` j cj ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg y j cj mjbj dg ojchdjdgs dg sugc`s sg dgtgrbhkjr`k c`s f`rhz`ktgs f`b`mèkg`s m`ngrkjktgs nje` cj luturj gstruoturj dgc pjvhbgkt`. Gc trjnje` sg lukdjbgktj gk cj f`b`mgkghdjd dg c`s bjtgrhjcgs, c` oujc pgrbhtg dhsgújr nje` cjs o`kdhoh`kgs dg sugc`s lhk`s o`k njej ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg. HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

:6

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

o) Bgt`d`c`mâj W_JO W_JOG G Gc ougrp` dg Hkmgkhgr`s dgc Geèroht` dg GG.WW. fj joubucjd` ukj mrjk gxpgrhgkohj gk gc dhsgú` y o`bp`rtjbhgkt` dg ojbhk`s pjrj nje` v`cubgk dg trêksht`. Jukqug cj bjy`r pjrtg o`kohgrkg j cj trjkshtjnhchdjd dg vgfâouc`s bhchtjrgs y jvh`kgs, cj gxpgrhgkohj dgc W_JOG hkocuyg tjbnhèk ojbhk`s dg thgrrj, dg mrjvj y jqugcc`s qug p`sggk trjtjbhgkt`s nhtubhk`s`s o`b` supgrlhohgs dg r`djbhgkt`. Gc prògdhbhgkt` sg njsj gk goujoh`kgs (Ênjo`) qug pgrbhtgk dgtgrbhkjr gc gspgs`r dg bjtgrhjc rgqugrhd` s`nrg ukj ojpj ` _unrjsjktg, hdgkthlhojdj p`r su rgshstgkohj (ON^), j o`kdhohÿk dg qug gc ON^ dgc bjtgrhjc dg rgounrhbhgkt` sgj bjy`r qug gc dgc sunyjogktg. Gc tèrbhk` –rgqugrhd`‒ sg rglhgrg j uk gspgs`r qug pgrbhthrê uk ohgrt` kõbgr` dg rgpgthoh`kgs dg ojrmj, jktgs qug cj gstruoturj jcojkog uk khvgc dg dgl`rbjohÿk qug o`rrgsp`kdj j ukj sgrvhohjnhchdjd njej. Gk cjs goujoh`kgs dg dhsgú` (Ênjo`), cjs ojrmjs p`r gegs gstêk ojrjotgrhzjdjs p`r gquhvjcgktgs p`r rugdjs shbpcgs (gk chnrjs) y p`r gc êrgj dg o`ktjot` (gk pucmjdjs)1 dg gstj bjkgrj, sg pugdg gstjncgogr gk tèrbhk`s dg rgpgthoh`kgs dg gegs shbpcgs gquhvjcgktgs dg :6 999 chnrjs.

?.9

Hkvgsthmjoh`k Hkvgsthmjoh`kgs gs glgotujdjs ?.:

Trjnje`s dg ojbp`. Yjrj dgtgrbhkjr cj ojrjotgrâsthoj lâshoj bgoêkhojs dgc sugc`, c` oujc k`s fj pgrbhthd` `ntgkgr cjs o`kdhoh`kgs dg rgshstgkohj pjrj cj ohbgktjohÿk ohbgktjohÿk,, sg fj rgjchzjd` cj gvjcujohÿk dg cjs o`kdhoh`kgs mg`cÿmhojs, jsâ o`b` dg cjs o`kdhoh`kgs hk shtu o`k pukt`s dg hkvgsthmjohÿk gxojvêkd`sg dòg ojchojtjs dg cjs qug sg fj `ntgkhd` bugstrjs gk sulhohgktg ojkthdjd pjrj cj gegouohÿk dg c`s rgspgothv`s gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt cjn`rjt`rh`. `rh`. Cj pr`lukdhdjd dg cjs ojchojtjs gxojvjdjs fjk shd` cjs shmuhgktgs5

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

:8

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

OWJD^@ K¹ > - O@@^DGKJDJ_ DG OJCHOJTJ_ OJCHOJTJ Kµ

Y^@LWKDHDJD

O@@^DGKJDJ_

O‟:

?.99 b.

G >=6 >=6899.=:=

K 8 8? ??=6 >=6664.

K 8 8? ??

O‟4

:.79 b.

G >=8 >=89>8.687

K 8 8? ??>>

O‟7

:.79 b.

G >= >=8:=?.66=

K 8??= >=8?::.=8=

K 8??= >=8>::.677

K 8??=8:74.94=

K 8??69

O ‟98

?.99 b.

G >= >=898= >=8:??.6>4

K 8??= >=8:68.

K 8??

?.99 b.

G >=8 >=8>46.?98

K 8 8? ??

T`bj dg bugstrjs dg sugc`. _g ccgvjr`k j ojn` c`s rgspgothv`s rgmhstr`s dgc pgrlhc gstrjthmrêlho` y sg ocjshlhojr`k vhsujcbgktg vhsujcbgktg c`s gstrjt`s gst rjt`s dg jougrd` j cj KTY ??8. :795>99: y cjs k`rbjs J_TB D->466. Jshbhsb` sg t`bjr`k bugstrjs rgprgsgktjthvjs dg ojdj gstrjt` pjrj sgr jkjchzjd`s gk gc cjn`rjt`rh`. C`s gksjy`s sg glgotujr`k glgotujr`k gk gc Cjn`rjt`rh` dg B Bgojkhoj gojkhoj dg _ugc`s dg –Mg`prègot –Mg`prèg ot Hkmgkhgr`s

_JO.‒ shmuhgkd` cjs k`rbjs dg cj Jbgrhojk

_òhgty l`r Tgsthkm jkd Bjtgrhjcs (J_TB).

?.?

^gmhstr` dg gxojvjoh`k gxojvjoh`kgs gs C`s rgmhstr`s dg gxojvjohÿk dg ojdj ukj dg cjs ojchojtjs gxpc`rjdjs fjk shd` o`kocuhd`s y ocjshlhojd`s dg jougrd` jc _hstgbj Wkhlhojd` dg Ocjshlhojohÿk dg _ugc`s (_WO_), y sg bugstrj gk c`s ogrthlhojd`s dg c`s gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` (jkgx` cc gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh`).

?.4

Gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` O`k c`s rgsuctjd`s `ntgkhd`s gk gc cjn`rjt`rh` sg vgrhlho` cjs ocjshlhojoh`kgs vhsujcgs dg cjs bugstrjs t`bjdjs gk ojbp`. C`s

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>9

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` lugr`k rgjchzjd`s dg jougrd` j cjs K`rbjs Tèokhojs Ygrujkjs (KTY) jpr`njdjs p`r gc OTK dg Mg`tgokhj y cj Jbgrhojk _òhgty l`r Tgsthkm jkd B Bjtgrhjcs jtgrhjcs (J_TB (J_TB)) y s`k c`s shmuhgktgs5 J) Jkêchshs Mrjkuc Mrjkuc`bètrho` `bètrho` N) Câbhtgs dg O`kshstgkohj

(J_TB D 4> 4>>) >) (J_TB D =?:6)

O) O`ktgkhd` dg Fubgdjd

(J_TB D >>:4?4)

M) Trhjxhjc

(BTO G :?:)

F) Ocjshlhoj Ocjshlhojohÿk ohÿk _WO_ H) Ocjshlhojohÿ Ocjshlhojohÿk k JJ_FT@

L@T@ K¹ 9: ^GJCHUJKD@ GC JKJCH_H_ M^JKWC@BGT^HO@

4.9

Ygrlhc gstrjthmrêlh gstrjthmrêlho` o` Gc pgrlhc gstrjthmrêlho` sg o`kshmkj jc prgsgktg hkl`rbg dg jougrd` jc thp` dg sugc`s kjthv`s gko`ktrjd` gk ojdj ojchojtj gxpc`rjdj gk cj z`kj.

7.9

Yjrêbgtr`s lâsho` bgoêkho` dg c`s sugc`s Cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs lâshojs, bgoêkhojs, quâbhojs, fhdrêuchojs y dhkêbhojs gk oujkt` j su ocjshlhojohÿk dg c`s sugc`s dgsorhng cj prgsgkohj dg jc bgk`s trgs thp`s dg sugc`s gk gc êrgj dg hktgrès dgc pr`ygot`5 jrohcc`s`, jrgk`s` y jrgkj-

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>:

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

jrohcc`s`. C`s sugc`s jrohcc`s`s tgkdrâjk uk `rhmgk bês jkthmu` (gk cj èpòj mg`cÿmhoj dgc Tgrohjrh`) qug c`s `tr`s thp`s dg sugc`s (gk gc Oujtgrkjrh`). Gst`s pjrêbgtr`s pugdgk dgtgrbhkjrsg o`k prugnjs dg cjn`rjt`rh`, prugnjs dg ojbp` rgjchzjd` gk-shth`, ` bgdhjktg gsthbjoh`kgs y oêcouc`s njsjd`s gk gxpgrhgkohjs hkmgkhgrhcgs, gc êrgj dg hktgrès k` bugstrj ukj hbp`rtjktg jothvhdjd dhkêbhoj gxtgrkj dgnhd` j qug cj z`kj dg gstudh` sg gkougktrj gk ukj z`kj rgcjthvjbgktg gstjncg y p`r cj ojchdjd dg c`s sugc`s jrohcc`-jrgk`s`s supgrlhohjcgs qug prgsgktj. Gs prgohs` sgújcjr qug gc ochbj (ccuvhjs, tgbpgrjturjs y vhgkt`), hklcuygk o`b` uk ljot`r gxtgrk` hbp`rtjktg, qug jotõj o`k bjy`r ljohchdjd gk l`rbj pr`mrgshvj y o`kthkujdj gk gc o`bp`rtjbhgkt` dgc sunsugc`. Gk o`ksgougkohj gc pr`ygot` dgng o`ktgbpcjr dhsgú` dg shstgbjs dg drgkjeg jdgoujd`s pjrj ojptjr cjs jmujs pcuvhjcgs.

7.: Yr`phgdjdgs lhshoj dg c`s sugc`s Cjs pr`phgdjdgs lâshojs dgc sugc` dg lukdjohÿk gko`ktrjd` k`s pgrbhthgr`k hdgkthlhojrc` y ocjshlhojrc` dg jougrd` j sus pr`phgdjdgs mg` bgoêkhojs, p`r su p`shohÿk mg`mrêlhoj dgc sugc`, cj pr`lukdhdjd y gspgs`r dg gst`s gstrjt`s gko`ktrjd`s gk ojdj ukj dg cjs ojchojtjs tgkhgkd` gk ougktj cjs tèokhojs dg bugstrg` J_TB - D 449. Jdgbês dg cj dgsorhpohÿk vhsujc dg sugc`s J_TB D >46=1 jsubhgkd` cjs shmuhgktgs o`kshdgrjoh`kgs5  Cj

o`bp`shohÿk dgc sugc`

 Cj dgkshdjd

y p`r`shdj p`r`shdjd. d.

 Gc tjbjú` y

l`rbj dg cjs pjrtâoucjs.

 Cj tgxturj y

gc o`c`r

 Cj

o`kshstgkohj y gc o`ktgkhd` dg fubgdjd.

 Cj

pgrbgjnhchdjd y ojphcjrhdjd.

 Cj

o`bp rgshnhchdjd. o`bprgshnhchdjd.

 Cj

ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg.

7.> Yr`phgdjdgs bgojkhojs dgc sugc` O`k gc lhk dg hkvgsthmjr cjs pr`phgdjdgs lâsho` bgoêkhojs dgc sun-sugc` sg rgjchzÿ dòg (:>) ojchojtjs j dhlgrgktgs pr`lukdhdjdgs, dg d`kdg sg rgoupgrÿ cjs bugstrjs dg sugc` rgqugrhdjs pjrj o`kògr, p`r bgdh` dg prugnjs dg HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>>

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

cjn`rjt`rh`, c`s pjrêbgtr`s bês dgtgrbhkjktgs, tjkt` gk gc oêcouc` dg cj ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg dgc sugc` o`b` p`stgrh`rbgktg gk gc dhsgú` dg cj ohbgktjohÿk. Dg jougrd` j c`s gksjy`s mrjkuc`bètrho`s tgkgb`s qug c`s bjtgrhjcgs dg lukdjohÿk o`rrgsp`kdgk j sugc`s ncjkd`s, jrohccjs hk`rmêkhojs dg njej j bgdhjkj pcjsthohdjd, jrgkjs jrohcc`sjs y jrgkjs chb`sjs chmgrjbkgtg jrohcc`sjs, ocjshlhojdjs gk gc _hstgbj Wkhlhojd` _WO_, o`b` (_B-_O), (_O), (OC) y (OF), p`r c` o`kshmuhgktg gk gst`s sgot`rgs sg dgngrê o`kshdgrjr bge`rjbhgkt`s dgc sugc` dg lukdjohÿk bgdhjktg rgccgk`s o`ktr`cjd`s ` dg hkmgkhgrâj. _g prgsgktj gc oujdr` dg rgsõbgkgs dg c`s sugc`s dg lukdjohÿk. OWJD^@ K¹ ? ‟ Y^@YHGDJDG_ DG C@_ _WGC@_ OJCHOJ OJ CHOJTJ TJ BWG BWG_T^J _T^J

O -9 ? O -9 4 O -9 7 O -9 <

: : : : : :

9.99 j ?.99 9.99 j ?.99 9.99 j :.79 9.99 j :.79 9.99 j :.79 9.99 j :.79

_O _O _B-_O OC OC OC

J->-4 (9) J->-4 (9) J->-4 (9) J-4 (?) J-4 (4) J-4 (4)

O -9 =

:

9.99 j ?.99

_B-_O

J-4 (:)

O -9 6 O -9 8 O -: 9 O -: : O -: >

: : : : :

9.99 j ?.99 9.99 j ?.99 9.99 j ?.99 9.99 j ?.99 9.99 j ?.99

_O OC OC OF OC

J->-4 (9) J-< (4) J-< (?) J-=-< (:=) J-< (4)

Jkêchshs sâsbho` Cj jothvhdjd sâsbhoj gk Ygrõ gs dgnhdj prhkohpjcbgktg jc prògs` dg sunduoohÿk dg cj pcjoj dg Kjzoj nje` cj _udjbgrhojkj, prgsgktg dg K`rtg j _ur gk su n`rdg @gstg, o`k ukj vgcòhdjd rgcjthvj dg 6 ob. Gc bjrmgk @gstg dg _udjbèrhoj, d`kdg cj cht`slgrj ògêkhoj sunduog nje` cj pcjoj o`kthkgktjc, gs uk` dg c`s bês jothv`s y dg c`s n`rdgs dg pcjoj gc bjy`r gk cj Thgrrj, shgkd` su jctj vgcòhdjd dg o`kvgrmgkohj cj qug pgrbhtg qug sg mgkgrg uk lugrtg jo`pcjbhgkt` gktrg gccjs, pr`duohgkd` shsb`s dg dhlgrgktgs bjmkhtudgs j dhvgrs`s khvgcgs dg pr`lukdhdjd. O`b` rgsuctjd` dg gstg prògs` sg fj l`rbjd` cj l`sj pgrujk`-ofhcgkj y cj O`rdhccgrj Jkdhkj gk dhlgrgktgs pgrâ`d`s `r`mèkho `r`mèkho`s. `s.

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>?

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

O`kl`rbg c` bgkoh`kjd` gk cj k`rbj shsb`-^gshstgktg G-9?9 y sus b`dhlhojt`rhjs Dgorgt` _uprgb` K¹ 99?->9:4

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

f`rhz`ktjcgs o`rtjktgs gk cj njsg pugdgk ojcoucjrsg dg jougrd` j cjs k`rbjs dg dhsgú` shsb` rgshstgktg G-9?9, dgc ^gmcjbgkt` Kjoh`kjc dg Gdhlhojoh Gdhlhojoh`kgs. `kgs. Ojrjotgrâsthojs Mg`b`rl`cÿmhojs Mg`b`rl`cÿmhojs dg cjs z`kjs sâsbhojs5 -

U`kj H5 O`stjkgrj O`kl`rbjdj p`r c`s jlc`rjbhgkt`s rò`s`s, c`s gstrjt`s dg mrjvj o`cuvhjcjcuvhjc

dg c`s phgs dg cjs ccjdgrjs jdgrjs qug sg gkougktrj j khvgc supgrlhohjc `

ounhgrtjs p`r uk gstrjt` dg bjtgrhjc lhk` dg pò` gspgs`r. Gstg sugc` thgkg uk o`bp`rtjbhgkt` râmhd`, o`k pgrâ`d`s dg vhnrjohÿk kjturjc dgtgrbhkjd`s p`r cjs bgdhoh`kgs dg bhor` trgphdjoh`kgs (rgmhstr` dg vhnrjohÿk jbnhgktjc) qug vjrâjk gktrg 9.: j 9.?s. Yjrj cj gvjcujohÿk dgc pgchmr` sâsbho` j khvgc dg supgrlhohgs o`kshdgrj qug gc ljot`r dg jbpchlhojohÿk sâsbhoj p`r glgot` còjc dgc sugc` gs dg _2:.9 y uk pgrâ`d` kjturjc dg Ts29.4s, o`rrgsp`kdhgkd` j uk sugc` Thp` : dg Cj K`rbj _hsb` ^gshstgktg. -

U`kj HH5 Cj O`rdhccgrj @ooh @oohdgktjc dgktjc y Cj O`rdhccgrj @rhgktjc

Gk gstj sg hkocuygk cjs êrgjs dg tgrrgk` o`kl`rbjd` p`r uk gstrjt` supgrlhohjc dg sugc`s mrjkucjrgs lhk`s y sugc`s jrohcc`s jrohcc`s`s, `s, ouyjs p`tgkohjs vjrâjk gktrg ?.9 y :9.9 b. _unyjohgkd` j gst`s gstrjt`s sg gkougktrj Cj mrjvj jcuvhjc ` mrjvj o`cuvhjc. C`s pgrâ`d`s prgd`bhkjktgs dgc tgrrgk` dgtgrbhkjd`s p`r cjs bgdhoh`kgs dg bhor` trgphdjoh`kgs, gk gstj z`kj vjrâjk gktrg 9.? y 9.7s. Yjrj Cj gvjcujohÿk dgc pgchmr` sâsbho`, j khvgc dg supgrlhohg dgc tgrrgk`, sg o`kshdgrj qug gc ljot`r dg jbpchlhojohÿk sâsbhoj p`r glgot` còjc dgc sugc`, gs dg _2:.>s y Gc pgrâ`d` kjturjc Dgc sugc` gs dg Ts29. dg cj K`rbj _hsb` ^gshstgktg -

U`kj HHH. _unjkdhkj

Gstj z`kj gstê o`kl`rbjdj, gk su bjy`r pjrtg p`r c`s dgpÿsht`s dg sugc`s lhk`s y jrgkjs dg mrjk gspgs`r, qug sg gkougktrjk gk gstjd` sugct`. C`s pgrâ`d`s prgd`bhkjktgs gko`ktrjd`s gk gst`s sugc`s vjrâjk gktrg 9.7 y 9.=s, p`r c` qug su o`bp`rtjbhgkt o`bp`rtjbhgkt` ` dhkêbho` fj shd` thphlhojd` o`b` uk _ugc` Thp` ? dg Cj K`rbj _hsb` rgshstgktg, o`k uk ljot`r dg jbpchlhojohÿk _âsbhoj _2:.4y uk pgrâ`d` kjturjc dg Ts29.8s -

U`kj H\.

Gstj z`kj gstê o`kl`rbjdj p`r c`s dgpÿsht`s dg jrgkj gÿchoj dg mrjk gspgs`r y sugct`, dgpÿsht`s lcuvhjcgs, dgpÿsht`s bjrhk`s y sugc`s pjktjk`s`s. C`s HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>7

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

pgrâ`d`s prgd`bhkjktgs gko`ktrjd`s gk gst`s sugc`s s`k bjy`rgs qug 9.=s, p`r c` qug su o`bp`rtjbhgkt` dhkêbho` fj shd` thphlhojd` o`b` uk _ugc` Thp` 4 dg Cj K`rbj _hsb` rgshstgktg, jshmkêkd`cgs uk ljot`r dg jbpchlhojohÿk sâsbhoj _2:.< y uk pgrâ`d` kjturjc dg Ts2:.>s (ojs` gspgohjc sgmõk Cj K`rbj)

U`kj \.

-

Gstêk o`ksthtuhd`s p`r êrgjs puktujcgs o`kl`rbjd`s p`r dgpÿsht`s dg rgccgk` sugct`s dg dgsb`ktgs fgtgr`mèkg`s qug fjk shd` o`còjd`s gk dgprgsh`kgs kjturjcgs ` gxojvjoh`kgs rgjchzjdjs gk gc pjsjd` sg gko`ktrjnjk lugrj dgc êrgj urnjkj y gk cj jotujchdjd fjk shd` urnjkhzjd`s. Gc o`bp`rtjbhgkt` dhkêbho` dg gst`s rgccgk`s gs hkohgrt`. -

Mg`dhkêbhoj Gxtgrkj

Gc êrgj dg gstudh` k` prgsgktj gvhdgkohjs dg glgot`s mg`dhkêbhojs tjcgs o`b` dgschzjbhgkt`s, dgrrubngs y fujyo`s, p`r cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs lâsho` bgoêkhojs qug prgsgktj c`s o`kmc`bgrjd`s, gs dgohr qug gc êrgj k` gs vuckgrjncg j prògs`s dg mg`dhkêb mg`dhkêbhoj hoj gxtgrkj. -

O`kshdgrjoh`kgs _âsbhojs

Cjs o`kshdgrjoh`kgs jd`ptjdjs pjrj p`dgr rgjchzjr uk jkêchshs dhkêbho` dg cj gdhlhojohÿk s`k t`bjdjs bgdhjktg b`vhbhgkt`s dg supgrp`shohÿk gspgotrjc, gs dgohr, njsjd` gk cj uthchzjohÿk dg pgrh`d`s kjturjcgs y b`d`s dg vhnrjohÿk qug p`drêk dgtgrbhkjrsg p`r uk prògdhbhgkt` dg jkêchshs qug o`kshdgrg jpr`phjdjbgktg cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs dg rhmhdgz y cj dhstrhnuohÿk dg cjs bjsjs dg cj gstruoturj. Gktrg c`s pjrêbgtr`s dg shth` usjd`s y gstjncgohd`s p`r cjs K`rbjs dg Gstruoturjs tgkgb`s5 -

U`khlhojohÿk (U)

Cj z`khlhojohÿk pr`pugstj sg njsj gk cj dhstrhnuohÿk gspjohjc dg cj shsbhohdjd `nsgrvjdj, cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs gsgkohjcgs dg c`s b`vhbhgkt`s sâsbho`s, cj jtgkujohÿk dg gst`s o`k cj dhstjkohj y cj hkl`rbjohÿk mg`tèokhoj `ntgkhdj dg gstudh`s ohgktâlho`s. Dg jougrd` j c` jktgrh`r cj K`rbj G-9.?9 dg dhsgú` shsb`-rgshstgktg jshmk jshmkj j uk ljot`r –U –j ojdj ukj dg cjs 4 z`k z`kjs js dgc tgrrht`rh` kjoh`kjc. Gstg ljot`r rgprgsgktj cj jogcgrjohÿk bêxhbj dgc tgrrgk` o`k ukj pr`njnhchdjd dg :9% dg sgr sgr gxogdhdj gk 79 jú`s. HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

> :. > -

Ljot`r dg jbpchjohÿk _âsbhoj (O)

Dg jougrd` j cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs dg shth`, sg dglhkg jc ljot`r dg jbpchlhojohÿk sâsbhoj (O) p`r cj shmuhgkt shmuhgktg g gxprgshÿk5

O 2 >.7 x (Tp/T)1 O≤ >.7 -

Ojtgm`râj dg cjs Gdhlhojoh`kgs (W)

Ojdj gstruoturj dgng sgr ocjshlhojdj dg jougrd` j cj ojtgm`râj dg us` dg cj gdhlhojohÿk, cj k`rbj gstjncgog uk ljot`r dg hbp`rtjkohj W 2 :.?, qug gs gc qug sg t`bjrê pjrj gstg jkêchshs. -

_hstgbjs Gstruoturjcgs (^)

C`s shstgbjs gstruoturjcgs sg ocjshlhojk sgmõk c`s bjtgrhjcgs usjd`s y gc shstgbj dg gstruoturjohÿ gstruoturjohÿk k shsb` rgshstgktg prgd`bhkjktg gk ojdj dhrgoohÿk. Dg jougrd` j cj ocjshlhojohÿ ocjshlhojohÿk k dg ukj gstruoturj gchmg uk lljot`r jot`r dg rgduoohÿk Dg cj lugrzj sâsbhoj (^). Gk jbnjs dhrgooh`kgs, ojsh cj t`tjchdjd dg rgshstgkohj y rhmhdgz cj gstruoturj _grê pr`p`roh`kjdj p`r pÿrtho`s dg o`korgt` jrbjd` y bur`s jrbjd`s, qug Yrgd`bhkjk gk gstjs dhrgooh`kgs, p`r c` oujc sg usjrê gc ljot`r dg rgduoohÿk dg lugrzj sâsbhoj pjrj uk shstgbj dujc dg gstruoturjs, ^ 2 = pjrj joohÿk dg _hsb` sgvgr`. -

Dgspcjzjbhgkt`s Cjtgrjcgs Ygrbhshncgs

_g rglhgrg jc bêxhb` dgspcjzjbhgkt` rgcjthv` dg gktrgphs`, ojcoucjd` sgmõk uk jkêchshs chkgjc gcêstho` o`k cjs s`chohtjoh`kgs sâsbhojs rgduohdjs p`r gc o`glhohgktg ^.

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>=

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

-

Jkêchshs Dhkêbho`

Yjrj p`dgr ojcoucjr cj jogcgrjohÿk gspgotrjc pjrj ojdj ukj dg cjs dhrgooh`kgs jkjchzjdjs sg uthchzj uk gspgotr` hkgcêstho` dg sgud`-jogcgrjoh`kgs dglhkhd` p`r5 _j 2 UWO_ x m ^ OWJD^@ K¹ 4 - YJ^JBGT^@_ _H_BHO@_ O@GLHOHGKTG_ _Â_BH _Â_BHO@_ O@_

U`kj ?

U2>

9.?7

W

:.99

Ljot`r dg us` Ljot`r dg jbpchlhojohÿk dg sugc`

_?

:.>9

Ygrâ`d` Yrgd`bhkjkt Yrgd`bhkjktgg

Tp

:.99 sgm

Ygrh`d` dg Hkhoh` dg cj U`kj O`glhohgktg dg ^gduoohÿk

TC ^

:..79 b. y 7.99 b. D`kdg sg jp`yjrj cj gstruoturj s`nrg uk gstrjt` dg sugc`s jrohcc`s`s, jrohccjs hk`rmêkhojs, jrohccjs jrgk`sjs dg njej o`bprgshnhchdjd dg o`c`r jbjrhccgkt` `sour`, gk gstjd` sgbh-o`bpjot`, sugc`s o`kshdgrjd`s hbpgrbgjncgs.

=.>

Oêcouc` dg cj Ojpjohdjd Y`rtjktg Zd 2 (>/?).O.Kÿ + y. U.Kq' + 9.7. X.N.Ky Zd5 Ojpjohdjd dg ojrmj (am/ob >)

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>6

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

O5

O`fgshÿk (am/ob >)

X5

Ygs` v`cubètrho` (T/b ?)

U5

Yr`lukdhdjd dg dgspcjktg

Dl5 Yr`lukdhdjd ohbhgkt ohbhgkt` ` (b.) N5 Jkof` dg njsg K'o, K'q, K‘y5 o`glhohgktg dg ojrmj

j) Yrgshÿk Jdbhshncg Zj 2 qd/Ls Zuc5 Yrgshÿk Jdbhshncg Am/ob> Zd5 Ojpjohd Ojpjohdjd jd Y`rtjktg Ls5 Ljot`r dg sgmurhd sgmurhdjd jd ? p`r gc Dr. Tgrzjmfh y Ygoa ^glgrhd`s jc O`rtg gk r`turj. C`s ljot`rgs dg l`rbj s`k pjrêbgtr`s j dhbgksh`kjcgs qug dgpgkdgk prhkohpjcbgktg prhkohpjcbgkt g dgc ê êkmuc` kmuc` dg rgshstgkohj jc g gslugrz` slugrz` o`rtjktg  dgc sugc` y cj mg`bgtrâj dg cj ohbgktjohÿk.

=.?

Dhsgú` pjrj cjs ojchojtj Kª 98 (OC) (U@KJ @YGJTH\J) YJ^J WKJ Y^@LWKDHDJD (Dl 2 >.79 b.) _ugc` dg lukdjohÿk Jkmuc` dg lrhoohÿk lrhoohÿk hktgrkj

_ugc` dg bjtrhz jrohcc`sj - hk`rmêkhoj 

2 :8.=µ

O`fgshÿk

O 2 9.:> Am/ob >.

Dgkshdjd

2 :.4=: T/b?.

Cugm` jpchojkd` cj rgcjohÿk pr`pugstj p`r Ajrt Tgrzjmfh, cj ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg

Jdbhshncg (Orhtgrh` dg Ljccj Mgkgrjc) sgrê dg5

OJYJOHDJD Y@^TJKTG Ljccj pjrj o`rtg mgkgrjc

Zd 2 (>/?).O.Kÿ + y. U.Kq' + 9.7. X.N.Ky

Dÿkdg5 HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

>8

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Zd 2 Ojpjohdjd dg Ojrmj câbhtg gk T/b> O 2 O`fgshÿk dgc sugc` gk T/B> X 2 Ygs` v`cubètrho` dgc sugc` gk T/b? Dl 2 Yr`lukdh Yr`lukdhdjd djd dg dgspcjktg dg cj ohbgktjohÿk gk bgtr`s N 2 Dhbgkshÿk bgk`r dg cj zjpjtj rrgotjkmucj gotjkmucjrr Ko, Kq, Ky, K‘o, K‘q, K‘y 2 Ljot`rgs dg ojrmj `ntgkhdjs dgc mrêlho`.

DJT@_

Zd 2 >:.4? T/b>

:8.=µ O 2 9.:> X 2 :.4=: Dl 2 >.79 N 2 >.99 Ko 2 ::.6 Kq 2 >.6 Ky 2 :.7 

Zuct 2 :.4? Am/ob>

Zjdb 2 9.=: Am/ob>

=.4

2

Dhsgú` pjrj cjs ojchojtj Kª 98 (OC) (U@KJ @YGJTH\J) YJ^J WKJ Y^@LWKDHDJD (Dl 2 7.99 b.) _ugc` dg lukdjohÿk _ugc` dg bjtrhz jrohcc`sj - hk`rmêkhoj Jkmuc` dg lrhoohÿk lrhoohÿk hktgrkj



2 :8.=µ

O`fgshÿk

O 2 9.:> Am/ob >.

Dgkshdjd

2 :.4=: T/b?.

Cugm` jpchojkd` cj rgcjohÿk pr`pugstj p`r Ajrt Tgrzjmfh, cj ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg

Jdbhshncg (Orhtgrh` dg Ljccj Mgkgrjc) sgrê dg5

OJYJOHDJD Y@^TJKTG Ljccj pjrj o`rtg mgkgrjc

Zd 2 (>/?).O.Kÿ + y. U.Kq' + 9.7. X.N.Ky Dÿkdg5 Zd 2 Ojpjohdjd dg Ojrmj câbhtg gk T/b> O 2 O`fgshÿk dgc sugc` gk T/B> HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

?9

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

X 2 Ygs` v`cubètrho` dgc sugc` gk T/b? Dl 2 Yr`lukdh Yr`lukdhdjd djd dg dgspcjktg dg cj ohbgktjohÿk gk bgtr`s N 2 Dhbgkshÿk bgk`r dg cj zjpjtj rrgotjkmucj gotjkmucjrr Ko, Kq, Ky, K‘o, K‘q, K‘y 2 Ljot`rgs dg ojrmj `ntgkhdjs dgc mrêlho`.

Zd 2 ?:.?: T/b>

DJT@_

Zuct 2 ?.:? Am/ob>

Zjdb 2 :.94 Am/ob>

=.7

:8.=µ O 2 9.:> X 2 :.4=: Dl 2 7.99 N 2 >.99 Ko 2 ::.6 Kq 2 >.6 Ky 2 :.7 

2

Jsgktjbh Jsgktjbhgkt`s gkt`s Gspgrjd`s _g fj t`bjd` gc orhtgrh` dg chbhtjr gc Jsgktjbhgkt` t`tjc dg cj ohbgktjohÿk j >‒ 2 (7.99 ob), jsâ gc Jsgktjbhgkt` gcêstho` hkhohjc sgmõk

cj Tg`râj dg cj Gcjsthohdjd dg Cjbng ]htfbjk, gstê djd` p`r5

Dÿkdg5 _

2 Jsgktjbhgkt Jsgktjbhgkt` ` (ob.)

Z

2 Gslugrz` Kgt` Trjsbhthd` (Am/ob>)

N

2 Jkof` dg cj ohbgktjohÿ ohbgktjohÿk k

Gs 2 Bÿduc` dg Gcjsthohdjd W

2 ^gcjohÿk dg Y`hss`k (9.?9)

] 2 Ljot`r dg l`rbj (>:9)

Z jdb. 2 9.=: am/ob>1 Yjrj uk jsgktjbhgkt jsgktjbhgkt` ` pgrbhshncg _ 2 7.99 ob.

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

?:

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

=.<

Dhsgú` pjrj cjs ojchojtj Kª 9= (_B-_O) (U@KJ @YGJTH\J) YJ^J WKJ Y^@LWKDHDJD (Dl 2 >.79 b.) C`s sugc`s dg lukdjoh`k dg gstj ojchojtj o`rrgsp` o`rrgsp`kdgk kdgk j cjs jrgkjs bjc mrjdujdjs, sugc`s dg mrjkuc`bgtrhj lhkj, jrgkjs bjc mrjdujdjs, jrgkjs jrohcc`sjs, jrgkjs chb`sjs chmgrjbkgtg pcjsthoj. dg bgdhjkj o`bpjohdjd dg o`c`r jbjrhccgkt` `sour` 

_ugc` dg lukdjohÿk - Jrgkjs bjc mrjdujdjs (_B-_O)



Jkmuc` dg lrhoohÿk hktgrkj





O`fgshÿk

O 2 9.9= Am/ob>.



Dgkshdjd

2 :..

2 >8.6µ

Cugm` jpchojkd` cj rgcjohÿk pr`pugstj p`r Ajrt Tgrzjmfh, cj ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg Jdbhshncg (Orhtgrh` dg Ljccj Mgkgrjc) sgrj dg5

OJYJOHDJD Y@^TJKTG Ljccj pjrj o`rtg mgkgrjc

Zd 2 (>/?).O.Kÿ + y. U.Kq' + 9.7. X.N.Ky Dÿkdg5 Zd 2 Ojpjohdjd dg Ojrmj câbhtg gk Tb/b> O 2 O`fgshÿk dgc sugc` gk T/b> X 2 Ygs` v`cubètrho` dgc sugc` gk T/b? Dl 2 Yr`lukdh Yr`lukdhdjd djd dg dgspcjktg dg cj ohbgktjohÿk gk bgtr`s N 2 Dhbgkshÿk bgk`r d dg g cj zjpjtj rrgotjkmucj gotjkmucjrr Ko, Kq, Ky, K‘o, K‘q, K‘y 2 Ljot`rgs dg ojrmj `ntgkhdjs dgc mrêlho` .

Zd 2 48. Zuct 2 4.8= Am/ob>

Zjdb 2 :.

DJT@_

>8.6µ O 2 9.9= X 2 :..79 N 2 >.99 Ko 2 :6.99 Kq 2 6.99 Ky 2 7.79 

2

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

?>

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

=.=

Dhsgú` pjrj cjs ojchojtj Kª 9= (_B-_O) (U@KJ @YGJTH\J) YJ^J WKJ Y^@LWKDHDJD (Dl 2 7.99 b.) C`s sugc`s dg lukdjoh`k dg gstj ojchojtj o`rrgsp` o`rrgsp`kdgk kdgk j cjs jrgkjs bjc mrjdujdjs, sugc`s dg mrjkuc`bgtrhj lhkj, jrgkjs bjc mrjdujdjs, jrgkjs jrohcc`sjs, jrgkjs chb`sjs chmgrjbkgtg pcjsthoj. dg bgdhjkj o`bpjohdjd dg o`c`r jbjrhccgkt` `sour` 

_ugc` dg lukdjohÿk - Jrgkjs bjc mrjdujdjs (_B-_O)



Jkmuc` dg lrhoohÿk hktgrkj





O`fgshÿk

O 2 9.9= Am/ob>.



Dgkshdjd

2 :..

2 >8.6µ

Cugm` jpchojkd` cj rgcjohÿk pr`pugstj p`r Ajrt Tgrzjmfh, cj ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg Jdbhshncg (Orhtgrh` dg Ljccj Mgkgrjc) sgrj dg5

OJYJOHDJD Y@^TJKTG Ljccj pjrj o`rtg mgkgrjc

Zd 2 (>/?).O.Kÿ + y. U.Kq' + 9.7. X.N.Ky Dÿkdg5 Zd 2 Ojpjohdjd dg Ojrmj câbhtg gk Tb/b> O 2 O`fgshÿk dgc sugc` gk T/b> X 2 Ygs` v`cubètrho` dgc sugc` gk T/b? Dl 2 Yr`lukdh Yr`lukdhdjd djd dg dgspcjktg dg cj ohbgktjohÿk gk bgtr`s N 2 Dhbgkshÿk bgk`r dg cj zjpjtj rrgotjkmucj gotjkmucjrr Ko, Kq, Ky, K‘o, K‘q, K‘y 2 Ljot`rgs dg ojrmj `ntgkhdjs dgc mr êlho`.

Zd 2 6>.9> T/b> Zuct 2 6.>9 Am/ob>

Zjdb 2 >.=? Am/ob>

DJT@_

>8.6µ O 2 9.9= X 2 :..99 Ko 2 :6.99 Kq 2 6.99 Ky 2 7.79 

2

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

??

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

=.6

Jkjchshs dg jsgktjbhgkt` _g fj t`bjd` gc orhtgrh` dg chbhtjr gc Jsgktjbhgkt` t`tjc dg cj ohbgktjohÿk j :‒ 2 (>.74 ob), jsâ gc Jsgktjbhgkt` gcêstho` hkhohjc sgmõk

cj Tg`râj dg cj Gcjsthohdjd dg Cjbng ]htfbjk, gstj djd` p`r5

D`kdg5 _

2

Jsgktj Jsgktjbhgkt` bhgkt` (obs)

Z

2

Gslugrz` Kgt` Trjsbhthd` (Am/ob>)

N

2

Jkof` dg cj ohbgktjohÿ ohbgktjohÿk k

Gs

2

Bÿduc` dg Gcjstho Gcjsthohdjd hdjd

W

2

^gcjohÿk dg Y`hss`k (9.?9)

]

2

Ljot`r dg l`rbj (>:9)

Z jdb. 2 :. Yjrj uk jsgktjbhgkt` pgrbhshncg _ 2 >.997 obs. OWJD^@ K¹ 7 ‟ ^G_WBGK DG OJYJOHDJD Y@^TJKTG J^GJ @YG^JTH\J Ojchojtj

O`fgshÿk O Am/ob> 9.:>

Jkmuc` 9µ

O-98

Yr`lukdhdjd Ohbgktjohÿk BT_ >.79

:8.=

Ljot`r sgmurhdjd Ls ?

Yrgshÿk Jdbhshncgs Am/ob> Zjdb 9.=:

O-98

7.99

9.:>

:8.=

?

:.94

O-9=

>.79

9.9=

>8.6

?

:.8.6

?

>.=?

Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj

6.9

Jkêchshs dg ohbgktjohÿk gk (z`kj jdbhkhstrjt jdbhkhstrjthvj) hvj) Cjs jpchojoh`kgs dg c`s gksjy`s sg fjk glgotujd` o`k prugnjs pru gnjs dg o`rtg dhrgot` J._.T.B - D-?969 sgmõk cjs rgo`bgkd rgo`bgkdjoh`kgs joh`kgs dgc ^gmcjbg ^gmcjbgkt` kt` Kjoh`kjc dg O`kstruooh`kgs, K`rbj

Tèokhoj dg Gdhlhojoh` Gdhlhojoh`kgs kgs G-979, sugc`s y

ohbgktjoh`kgs gk su tjncj Kµ >>.7, fjk shd` gvjcujdjs gk c`s orhtgrh`s y l`rbucjs gstjncgohdjs p`r gc Dr. Ajrt \`k Tgrzjmfh y Ygoa, Yg oa, qug sg jdgoujk o`k HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

?4

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

gc thp` dgc sugc` dg lukdjohÿk qug prgd`bhkj gk t`dj gc êrgj dg gstudh` jrgkjs chb`sjs o`k hktgrojcjoh`kgs dg jrgkjs jrohcc`sjs dg bgdhjkj pcjsthohdjd dg o`c`r jbjrhccgkt` `sour` chmgrjbgktg fõbgd`, dg o`bprgshnhchdjd njej sugc`s qug fjk shd` Hdgkthlhojd`s Hdgkthlhojd`s gk gc _hstgbj Wkhlhojd Wkhlhojd` ` _WO_ o`b` (_O) J->-4 (9)

6.:

Yr`lukdhdjd dg ohbgktjohÿk.

Gc shstgbj gstruoturjc o`kshstg gk ohbgktjohÿk jrbjdj y o`kgotjdj. Yjrj glgot`s dg oêcouc` sg gvjcõj o`b` ohbgktjohÿk o`rrhdj, gk jbn`s ojs`s cjs zjpjtjs o`kgotjdjs dgngrêk sgr dgspcjktjdjs s`nrg gc sugc` kjturjc bgdhd` dgc khvgc dg o`tj dgc sugc` kjturjc (Dl. :.49 b).

6.>

Thp` dg ohbgktjohÿk

O`kl`rbg j cjs o`kdhoh`kgs dg sugc` gko`ktrjdjs y c` `nsgrvjd` gk ojbp`, sg rgo`bhgkdj uthchzjr ohbgktjohÿk jrbjdj y o`kgotjdj. Yjrj glgot`s dg oêcouc` sg gvjcõj o`b` ohbgktjohÿk o`rrhdj.

6.?

Ojcouc` dg cj ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg z`kj jdbhkhstrjthv jdbhkhstrjthvjj

J cj pr`lukdhdjd o`kshdgrjdj, c`s ohbhgkt`s dgngrêk jp`yjrsg s`nrg gc sugc` kjturjc ouyjs ojrjotgrâsthojs `ntgkhdjs, gk gc Gksjy` dg O`rtg Dhrgot` ^gb`cdgjd` Ö y O 2 am/ob¾) gk cj o`kdhohÿk bês dgsljv`rjncg y jpchojkd` cj Tg`râj dg Tgrzjmfh y o`rr`n`rjd` p`r Bgygrf`ll pjrj ohbgktjoh`kgs supgrlhohjcgs sg thgkg5 _ugc` dg lukdjohÿk Jkmuc` dg lrhoohÿk lrhoohÿk hktgrkj O`fgshÿk

_ugc` dg bjtrhz jrgk`sj, chb`sj jrohcc`sj. 

2 >7. Am/ob>.

Dgkshdjd

2 :.-4 (9)

Cugm` jpchojkd` cj rgcjohÿk pr`pugstj p`r Ajrt Tgrzjmfh, cj ojpjohdjd p`rtjktg Jdbhshncg (Orhtgrh` (Orhtgrh` dg Ljccj Mgkgrjc) sgrê dg5

Zu 2 _.o OKo + 9.79 X.N.KX + _q.q.Kq

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

?7

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

DH_GÚ@ YJ^J CJ_ OJCHOJTJ Kª 9> (_O) (U@KJ JDBHKH_T^JTH\J) Jkmuc` dg Lrhoohÿk Lrhoohÿk Hktgrkj

Ö 2 >7.

O`fgshÿk

O 2 9.:>

Dgkshdjd

X 2 :..9=6 Kq 2 Ky 2 X 2 q 2 Ls 2

Ljot`r dg sgmurhdjd.

4.6 ?.?46 :,=.: T/b> Zuct 2 >.= Am/ob> Zjdb 2 9.89 Am/ob>

6.4

>7. :..74 ob.). Jsâ, gc jsgktjbhgkt` gcêstho` hkhohjc sgmõ sgmõk k cj Tg`râj dg cj gcjsthohdjd (Cjbng y ]htfbjk, :,8

Gs

) H ]

Dÿkdg5 _ 2 Jsgktjbhgkt` (ob) Z 2 Gslugrz` kgt` trjksbhthd` (OO2:.>4m (OO2:.>4m/ob /ob>) N 2 Jkof` dg ohbgktjohÿk (OO29..) u 2 ^gcjohÿ ^gcjohÿk k dg Y`hss`k (9.?9). Hw2 Ljot`r dg L`rbj (>:9). HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

? Tgkdrgb`s uk Jsgktjbhgk J sgktjbhgkt` t` pgrbhshnc pgrbhshncg g

_2 ?.9: ob.

OWJD^@ K¹

Yr`lukdhdjd Ohbgktjohÿk Bts :.69

O`fgshÿk O > Am/ob 9.:>

Jkmuc` 9µ >7.<

Ljot`r sgmurhdjd Ls ?

Yrgshÿk Jdbhshncgs >

Am/ob Zjdb 9.89

Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj

8.9

Gstjnhchdjd dg tjcudgs C`s tjcudgs pjrj cjs sgooh`kgs gk o`rtg vjrâjk dg jougrd` j cj gstjnhchdjd dg c`s tgrrgk`s gk qug gstêk prjothojd`s1 cj jcturj jdbhshncg dgc tjcud y su hkochkjohÿk sg dgtgrbhkjr`k dgtgrbhkjr`k gk gc gstudh` dg mg`c`mâj y mg`tgokhj. Cj hkochkjohÿk dg c`s tjcudgs gk o`rtg vjrâj j c` cjrm` dg cj `nrj sgmõk sgj cj ojchdjd y gstrjthlhojohÿk dg c`s sugc`s gko`ktrjd`s. Gc dhsgú` dg tjcudgs, sg dglhkhÿ s`nrg cj njsg dgc jkêchshs dg cjs o`kdhoh`kgs gspgoâlhojs dgc cumjr, sgmõk c`s rgsuctjd`s dgc gstudh` mg`cÿmho`-mg`tèokho`, ljohchdjdgs dg bjktgkhbhgkt`, pgrlhcjd` pgrlhcjd` y gstèthoj, `ptjkd` p`r cj s`cuohÿk bês o`kvgkhgktg. Gxhstgk vjrh`s ljot`rgs gk gc dhsgú` dg tjcudgs5 

Mg`bgtrâj dgc tjcud



Ljot`r fhdr`cÿmho` fhdr`cÿmho`



Lugrzjs gxtgrkjs



Y`shncgs tèokhojs dg pr`tgoohÿk

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

?=

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Cjs hkochkjoh`kgs dg c`s tjcudgs pjrj tgrrjpcgkgs vjrhjrêk gk lukohÿk dg cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs dgc bjtgrhjc o`k gc oujc gstê g stê l`rbjd` gc tgrrjpcèk, pudhgkd` uthchzjrsg c`s hkdhojd`s gk cjs shmuhgktgs tjncjs5 OWJD^@ K¹ = ‟ TJCWDG_ YJ^J TG^^JYCGKG_ Tjcud (\5F) Bjtgrhjcgs

Jcturj (b) 3 7.99

7.99 ‟ :9.99

; :9.99

Bjtgrhjc O`bõk (chb`s jrgk`s`s)

:5:,7

:5:,=7

:59>

Jrgkjs Chbphjs

:59>

:5>,>7

:5>,7

Gkròjd`s

:59:

:5:,>7

:5:,7

Lugktg Yr`phj

OWJD^@ K¹ 6 ‟ \JC@^G_ DG JKMWC@_ DG TJCWD JY^@VHBJD@_ (F/\) THY@ DG _WGC@_ THY@ DG TG^^GK@

JCTW^J DGC DG_B@KTG (gk bgtr`s)

F3 ?

?3F;<

Mrjkucjr y Ujf`rrjs Mrjkucjr

O`fgrgktg

:,75:

:,75:

Jrgkj Mrugsj Mrugsj y bgdhjs bgdhjs k` chb`sjs chb`sjs Jrgkj lhkjs chb`sjs ukhl`rbgs ukhl`rbgs

:,75:

:,=75:

Chb`s y Chb`s jrgk`s`s

:,75:

:,75:

Jrohccjs jrgk`sjs jrgk`sjs y Chb`s Chb`s jrohcc`s`s jrohcc`s`s dg HY :9 j >9

:1>75:

:,>75:

>9 j ?9

:,>75:

:.75:

j ?9

:,>75: :,>75:

:.>7.:

Jrohccjs dg HY Jrohccjs dg HY ;

Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj

:9.9

Ygrbgjnhchdjd. Yjrj cj hkstjcjohÿk dg p`zjs sèpthojs, rgccgk` sjkhtjrh`, gktrg `trjs sg dgng fjogr ukj gvjcujohÿk dg cj pgrbgjnhch p grbgjnhchdjd djd dgc sugc` pjrj llhkgs hkgs dg o`ksgrvjohÿk dg cj ojchdjd dgc rgours` fâdrho`. Jsâ, gk cj ocjshlhojohÿk dg cj pgrbgjnhchdjd o`k lhkgs fhdr`mg`cÿmho`s sg pugdg dgstjojr qug uk sugc` o`k ukj ojtgm`râj dg bjcj pgrbgjnhchdjd pugdg sgr ljothncg gc us` pjrj rgccgk` sjkhtjrh`. Yjrj c`s ojs`s dg ojpjs dg jrohccj cj hbpgrbgjnhchzjohÿk dg cj njsg dg rgccgk` _jkhtjrh`, dgng tgkgr bukj pgrbgjnhchdjd bêxhbj dg a2:9 7 ob/sgm. y sgrê

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

?6

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

O`bpjotjdj gk gspgs`rgs k` bjy`r dg

9,:7 b

Yjrj gvjcujr gc shmkhlhojd` dg cj pgrbgjnhchdjd sg pr`p`roh`kj cjs shmuhgktgs ocjshlhojoh`kgs5 OWJD^@ K¹ 8 ‟ Ocjshlhojohÿk dg c`s sugc`s sgmõk su âkdhog dg pgrbgjnh pgrbgjnhchdjd chdjd

OJTGM@^ÂJ D DG C C J YG^BGJNHCHDJD

O@GLHOHGKTG (Ob /s /sgm)

THY@ D DG B BJTG^HJC

Buy nugkj

:9> - :9:

Mrjvj, jrgkj mrugsj dgspr`vhstj Dg bjtgrhjc lhk`.

Nugkj

:9 - :9-?

Jrgkj purj, jrgkjs jrgkjs y mrjvj lhkj shk Bjtgrhjc lhk`.

Bjcj

:9-4 - :9- =

Jrgkj buy lhkj, chb`, bgzocjs dg Jrgkjs y jrohccjs. jrohccjs.

Hbpgrbgjncg

:9-= - :9 - 8

Lugktg5 Tgrzjmfh A. y Ygoa., :869

Jrohccjs f`b`mèkgjs.

OWJD^@ K¹ :9 ‟ Ocjshlhojohÿk dg c`s sugc`s sgmõk su âkdhog dg pgrbgjnh pgrbgjnhchdjd chdjd Mrjd` dg O`glhohgktg dg pgrbgjnhchdjd Thp` dg sugc` pgrbgjnhchdjd a 2 ob/s Gcgvjdj _upgrh`r j :9-: _ugc`s mrjv`-jrgk`s`s, chbph`s shk rgccgk` Bgdhj

:9-: ‟ ‟ :9-?

Njej

:9-? ‟ ‟ :9-7

Buy njej

:9-7  ‟ ‟ :9-=

Hbpgrbgjncg

Bgk`r j :9-=

Jrgkjs buy lhkjs Chb`s `rmêkho`s, bgzocj dg mrjvj, jrgkj y jrohccj Thcc mcjohjc, jrohccjs gstrjthlhojdjs gstrjthlhojdjs Jrohccjs pgsjdjs. pgsjdjs. _ugc`s mrjv`-jrgk`s mrjv`-jrgk`s`s `s o`k rgccgk` jrohcc`s` ` jrohcc` chb`s`.

Lugktg5 Tgrzjmfh A. y Ygoa., :869

Dg jougrd` jc oujdr` dg rglgrgkoh rglgrgkohj, j, c`s sugc`s jrohcc`s`s dgc sunstrjt` dgtrâtho`, o`rrgsp`kdgk j sugc`s pgrbgjncgs j sugc`s ouy`s o`glhohgktgs dg pgrbgjnhchdjd pgrbgjnhchd jd sg gkougktrjk gktrg a 2 :9-7  ‟ ‟ :9-= ob/s. 

Gk gc Gksjy` dg Ygrbgjnhchdjd dg c`s sugc`s kjthv`s dg ccj j z`kj gk gstudh` p`r trjtjrsg dg uk bjkt` dg sugc`s `rmêkho`s jrohccjs fjk shd` hdgkthlhojd`s o`b` sugc`s Ygrbgjncgs, shgkd` su O`glhohgktg dg Ygrbgjnhchdjd5

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

?8

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Ojchojtj K¹:9 _ugc`s (OC) A2 :.?= G-9< ob/s. Ojchojtj K¹:: _ugc`s (OF) A2 :.96 G-9< G -9< ob/s. 

Cjs ojrjotgrâs ojrjotgrâsthojs thojs cht`cÿ cht`cÿmhojs mhojs rgmhstrj rgmhstrjdjs djs o`k ccjs js gxojvjoh` gxojvjoh`kgs kgs dg cjs ojchojtjs y gc pgrlhc cht`cÿmho cht`cÿmho` ` gstjncgohd`, rgvgcjk qug c`s sugc`s dg lukdjohÿk dg cj z`kj s`k jrohcc`s`s dg gcgvjdj pcjsthohdjd y p`r o`kshmuhgktg dg pr`phgdjdgs hbpgrbgjncgs. hbpgrbgjncgs.

::.9

Tgst dg pgro`cjohÿk. Cj pgro`cjohÿk dg sugc` pgrbhthr gc lcue` dg câquhd`s j trjvès dg uk mrjdhgktg fhdrêucho` ojsh t`d`s c`s thp`s dg sugc` s`k buy vjrhjncgs y dgpgkdgk gk mrjk bgdhdj dg vjrhjoh`kgs rgcjthvjbgktg pgqugújs dg cj bjsj gdjl`cÿmhoj. Yugst` qug mgkgrjcbgktg dgpgkdg dgc tjbjú` y cj o`kthkuhdjd dgc gspjoh` p`r`s` dgc sugc` y, gk o`ksgougkohj, dgc tjbjú` dg cjs pjrtâoucjs dg èstg, cj pgro`cjohÿk gs tâphojbgktg ukj pr`phgdjd jkhs`trÿphoj ouy` vjc`r gs bês jct` gk cj dhrgoohÿk f`rhz`ktjc f`rhz`ktjc qug g gk k cj vgrthojc gc prògs` dg hhklhctrjohÿk klhctrjohÿk gs dg mrjk hbp`rtjkohj prêothoj djd` qug su vgcòhdjd dgtgrbhkj mgkgrjcbgktg cj ojkthdjd dg jmuj dg gsourrhbhgkt` pudhgkd` dgtgotjrsg jsâ gc pgchmr` dg gr`shÿk durjktg hkukdjoh`kgs j ccuvhjs buy hktgksjs, gk gstg bjro`, gc prgsgktg dòubgkt` thgkg o`b` lhkjchdj l hkjchdjd d dgtgrbhkjr cj vgcòhdjd dg hklhctrjohÿk dgc jmuj gk gc sugc`, gk tèrbhk`s dg dhsgú` fhdr`cÿmho`. fhdr`cÿmho`. Cjs gsthbjoh`kgs dg hklhctrjohÿk qug dgpgkdgk dgc thp` dg sugc`, yj sgj, chb` `rmêkho`, jrgkj chb`sj y jrohccj chb`sj, rgvgcj qug cj dhsthkohÿk dg cjs sgrhgs dg jougrd` jc thp` dg sugc` jrrèj rgsuctjd`s gquhpjrjncgs o`k c`s gko`ktrjd`s o`k cj sgrhg t`tjc dg c`s djt`s. Yjrj cjs jrohccjs j rohccjs qug s`k dg jctj pcjsthohdjd, hbpgrbgjncgs y njej ojpjohdjd dg hklhctrjohÿk. Cj pgrbgjnhchdjd dg c`s sugc`s gk t`d`s c`s sgot`rgs gs njej, gktrg : y 7 bb/f. Gc tgrrgk` prgsgktj gk su ljsg ukj pgkdhgktg ccjkj, c`s pjrêbgtr`s `ntgkhd`s pjrj cj pgro`cjohÿk sg hkdhojk gk cj tjncj shmuhgktg5

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

49

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

OWJD^@ K¹ :: - OCJ_HLHOJOH OCJ_HLHOJOH@K @K DG C C@_ @_ TG^^GK@_ _GMÕK ^G_WCTJD@_ DG Y^WGNJ_ DG YGÔ@CJOH@K

Ocjsg dg Tgrrgk` ^êphd`s Bgdh`s

Thgbp` dg Hklhctr Hklhctrjohÿk johÿk pjrj gc Dgsogks` dg : ob. Dg 9.9 j 94 bhkut`s Dg 9.4 j 96 bhkut`s

Cgkt`s

Dg 9.6 j :> bhkut`s

Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj OWJD^@ K¹ :>- Ocjsgs dg pgrbgjnhchdjd dg c`s sugc`s pjrj `nrjs dg hkmgkhgrâj ohvhc

O`glhohgktg dg pgrbgjnhchdjd (A gk b/s) Ocjsgs dg pgrbgjnhchdjd dg c`s sug/`s Câbhtg hklgrh`r Câbhtg supgrh`r Ygrbgjncg > x :9-= > x :9-: : x :9-:: : x :9-::

_gbhpgrbgjncg Hbpgrbgjncg

: x :9-7 7 x :9-=

Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj

MWÂJ DG DH_GÚ@  Ojcoucjr

gc o`glhohgktg dg hklhctrjohÿk ` pgro`cjohÿk

Gc êrgj õthc  Gc

dg pgro`cjohÿk dgc p`z` c` o`ksthtuyg gc êrgj cjtgrjc dgc p`z`

gxojvjd` (gxocuygkd` gc l`kd`). Yjrj gc g c oêcouc` sg o`kshdgrjr o`kshdgrjrê ê gc d dhêbgtr` hêbgtr` dgc p`z` y cj jcturj qugdjrê lhejdj p`r cj dhstjkohj gktrg gc pukt` dg hkmrgs` dg c`s câquhd`s y gc l`kd` dgc p`z`, J 2 Z / ^

Dÿkdg5 Êrgj dg  Êrgj

pgro`cjohÿk gk (b>)

 Ojudjc

pr`bgdh`, glcugktg dgc tjkqug sèptho` (C/dâj)

O`glhohgktg dg  O`glhohgktg  T`d`

hklhctrjohÿ hklhctrjohÿk k (C/b>/dâj) (C/b>/dâj)..

p`z` dg pgro`cjohÿk dgngrê tgkgr ukj pr`lukdhdjd bâkhbj õthc dg > b y

ukj pr`lukdhdjd pr`lukdhdjd bêxhbj dg 7 b. Gc l`kd` dgc p`z` dgng gstjr p`r c` bgk`s j > b s`nrg gc khvgc bês jct` dg cj ojpj lrgêthoj, c` oujc sg sustgktjrê tèokhojbgktg. HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

4:

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

 Cj

supgrlhohg dg dhsgú` sg ojcoucjrê gk njsg j cjs prugnjs dg hklhctrjohÿk qug

sg fjmjk gk ojdj gstrjt`, usêkd`sg gc pr`bgdh` p`kdgrjd` dg c`s rgsuctjd`s. Gc dhêbgtr`  Gc

bâkhb` dgc p`z` dg pgro`cjohÿk sgrê dg :,7 b, y gc dhêbgtr`

bêxhb` sgrê dg ? b

:>.9

Jmrgshvhdjd dgc sugc` j cj ohbgktjoh`k Cj jmrgshÿk qug òjsh`kj gc sugc` j cj ohbgktjohÿk dg cj gstruoturj, gstê gk lukohÿk dg cj prgsgkohj dg gcgbgkt`s quâbho`s qug jotõj s`nrg gc o`korgt` y gc jogr` dg rglugrz`, ojusêkd`c ojusêkd`cg g glgot`s kòhv`s. Gstj joohÿk quâbhoj òurrg gk prgsgkohj dgc jmuj qug pugdj ccgmjr j cj ohbgktjohÿk (ohbgktjohÿk nje` p`r khvgc lrgêtho`, z`kj dg jsogkshÿk ojphcjr, lhctrjohÿk, hkukdjoh`kgs gto.). C`s gcgbgkt`s quâbho`s j gvjcujr s`k c`s sucljt`s y oc`rur`s p`r su joohÿk quâbhoj s`nrg gc o`korgt` y jogr` dgc ohbhgkt` rgspgothvjbgktg y cj sjcgs s`cuncgs t`tjcgs p`r ojusjr pèrdhdj dg rgshstgkohj p`r chxhvhjoh chxhvhjohÿk. ÿk. Cj K`rbjthvhdjd sg njsj gk cjs rgo`bgkdjoh`kgs dgc JOH y gk cj K`rbj Tèokhoj Kjoh`kjc

G-9999 B`dgrjd` @ojsh`kj uk jtjqug quâbho` jc >999_gvgr` o`korgt` dg cj ohbgktjohÿ ohbgktjohÿk k >9999 Buy _gvgr` ;>9 999 ;< 999 Ygreudhohjc @ojsh`kj pr`ncgbjs dg o`rr`shÿ o`rr`shÿk k dg jrbjdurjs ` gcgbgkt`s bgtêcho`s. ;:7 999 Ygreudhohjc @ojsh`kj pr`ncgbjs dg pèrdhdj dg rgshstgkohj bgoêkhoj p`r pr`ncgbj dg chxhvhjohÿk p.p.b.

Lugktg5 O`bhtè JOH ?:6-6?

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

4>

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

OWJD^@ K¹ :4 ‟ ^GZWH_HT@_ YJ^J O@KO^GT@ GVYWG_T@ J _@CWOH@KG_ DG _WCLJT@_

Lugktg ^KG K@^BJ G 9 _ucljt`s O`b` h`k _@4 2 (ppb) KTY ??8.:=6 >99> Oc`rur`s O`b` h`k Oc - (ppb) KTY ??8.:== >99>

9.9>:>7 9.947: 9.9966 9.9:76 9.998> 9.9:?8 9.9:6? 9.9>:9 9.9:8: 9.9>97

Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj Yr`phj..

Tgkhgkd` gk ougktj c`s rgsuctjd`s y cj o`ktrjstjohÿk o`k cjs rgo`bgkdjoh`kgs, sg bjkhlhgstj qug cj jmrgshvhdjd jc o`korgt` p`r o`ktgkhd` sjcgs y sucljt`s, gs b`dgrjd` p`r c` tjkt` sg dgngrê gbpcgjr ogbgkt` Thp` \ Y`r c` tjkt`, dg jougrd` j cc`s `s Ouj Oujdr`s dr`s K¹ K¹:?, :?, K¹ K¹:4 :4 y K¹:7 c`s p p`rogktjegs `rogktjegs `ntgkhd`s sg gkougktrjk lugrj dg c`s câbhtgs bêxhb`s pgrbhshncgs o`k prgsgkohj dg sjcgs dg jmrgshvhdjd b`dgrjdj. Y`r c` tjkt` sg p`drê uthchzjr ogbgkt` Y`rtcjkd Thp` \ gk cj prgpjrjohÿk dgc o`korgt` dg c`s ohbhgkt`s dg cj gstruoturj y dg t`d` gcgbgkt` gktgrrjd gktgrrjd` `

:?.9

Ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg dgc sugc` :?.:

Hktr`duoohÿk _`nrg cj njsg dg c`s trjnje`s dg gxpc`rjohÿk dg ojbp`, gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` g hkspgoohÿk òucjr rgjchzjdj sg dgsorhng c` shmuhgktg5

C`s sugc`s dg lukdjohÿk dg gstg sgot`r, o`rrgsp`kdgk j c`s sugc`s jrohcc`s`s hk`rmêkho`s, dg bgdhjkj j njej pcjsthohdjd, jrohccjs jrgk`sjs, jrohccjs chb`sjs, jrohccjs p`nrgs dg o`c`r jbjrhccgkt` `sour` gk gstjd` sgbh-o`bpjot`,, cgvgbgktg fõbgd`. sgbh-o`bpjot` C`s sugc`s dg gstg trjb` fjk shd` Ocjshlhojd`s gc _hstgbj Wkhlhojd` _WO_ o`b` (OC) ‟ (_B-_O)

:?.>

Yrgsgkohj dg sugc`s `rmêkho`s y gxpjkshv`s Gstj gs cj gtjpj lhkjc o`rrgsp`kdg j dgtgrbhkjr cj rgshstgkohj dg cj vgrhlhojohÿk dg cj prgsgkohj dg sugc`s `rmêkho`s gk gc tgrrgk` dg lukdjohÿk sg rgjchzÿ jc b`bgkt` dg gegoutjr cjs pr`spgooh`kgs dg

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

44

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

ojbp`. Dg dhofj hkspgoohÿk sg o`kocuyg qug gc trjb` dg cj vâj gk gstudh` prgd`bhkj c`s sugc`s ncjkd`s, jrohccjs hk`rmêkhojs dg njej j bgdhjkj pcjsthohdjd, jrgkjs jrohcc`sjs ocjshlhojdjs gk gc _hstgbj Wkhlhojd` _WO_ o`b` (_B-_O) y (OC)

:?.?

\jc`r ^gcjthv` dg _`p`rtg dg cj _unrjsjktg Gstj gs cj gtjpj lhkjc o`rrgsp`kdg j dgtgrbhkjr cj rgshstgkohj dg cj sunrjsjktg shgkd` gstj cj ojpj supgrlhohjc, s`nrg cj oujc sg jp`yj gc jlhrbjd`. _u ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg gk o`kdhoh`kgs dg sgrvhoh`, eukt` o`k gc trêksht` y cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs dg c`s bjtgrhjcgs dg o`kstruoohÿk dg cj supgrlhohg dg r`djdurj, o`ksthtuygk cjs vjrhjncgs nêshojs pjrj gc dhsgú` dgc jlhrbjd`. Gk njsg j c`s rgsuctjd`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` sg dgtgrbhkj c`s vjc`rgs dg cj ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg dg c`s sugc`s (ON^), gc bhsb` qug pjrj lhkgs dg dhsgú` sgrê ojcoucjd` gk njsg j cj bgt`d`c`mâj dg pgrogkthcgs (Hksthtut` dgc Jsljct`), o`k cj oujc sg dgtgrbhkjrê cj ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg dg dhsgú` dg c`s sugc`s (ON^ dhsgú`). Gc bhsb` qug o`rrgsp`kdgrê o`rrgsp`kdgr ê jc pgrogkthc dg =7% Dg jougrd` j cj ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg dg cj sun rjsjktg (ON^), sg dhsthkmugk sghs ojtgm`râjs. OWJD^@ K¹ := ‟ \JC@^G_ DG ON^

Ojtgm`râj dg sunrjsjktg _95 _unrjsjktg _unrjsjktg hkjdgo hkjdgoujdj ujdj _:5 _unrjsjktg p`nrg _>5 _unrjsjktg rgmucjr _?5 _unrjsjktg nugkj _45 _unrjsjktg buy nugkj _75 _unrjsjktg gxtrj`rd. Lugktg JJF_T@

ON^ ON^ 3 ?% Dg ON^ ≧ ?% j ON^ 3 9% j ON^ 3 ?9% ON^ ≧ ?9%

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

47

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

OWJD^@ K¹ :6 - OJYJOHDJD DG _@Y@^TG DG _WN^J_JKTG (ON^s) Kµ Ojc.

Yr`mrgshvj Ab

Yr`lukdhdjd

Ocjshlhojohÿk _WO_

Ocjshlhojohÿk JJ_FT@

9?

9+999

9.99 - :.79

_B-_O

94

9+:>9

9.99 - :.79

OC

J-4 (?)

97

9+?79

9.99 - :.79

OC

J-4 (4)

9<

9+769

9.99 - :.79

OC

J-4 (4)

BD_

ON^ :99%

ON^ 87%

7.?

4.<

J->-4 (9)

:.=>>

Y^@BGDH@

4.<

Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj

:?.4

Khvgc Lrgêtho` Gk t`d` gc rgo`rrhd` dgc trjz` dg cj ojrrgtgrj gk cjs gxojvjoh`kgs rgjchzjdjs k` sg dgtgot` gc khvgc lrgjtho`, shk gknjrm` c`s sugc`s dg lukdjoh`k o`kthgkg fubgdjd kjturjc o`kshdgrjncg dgnhd` j cjs ccuvhjs o`kstjktgs gk cj z`kj.

:?.7

Bge`rjbhgkt Bge`rjbhgkt` ` dg cj _unrjsjktg O`k cj lhkjchdjd dg bge`rjr c`s sugc`s dg lukdjohÿk j c` cjrm` dg cj ojrrgtgrj sg dgngrê cgvjktjr cj rjsjktg 9.49 b. y 9.7 ‟ 9.79 9.79 ‟ 9.=7 9.=7 ‟ :.99 ; :.99

Gstjd` dg sugc` Chquhd` _gbh chquhd` Ycêstho` buy ncjkd` Ycêstho` ncjkd` Ycêstho` dur` _ÿchd`

Lugktg Bjkujc dg Ojrrgtgrjs BTO >9:?

Gc âkdhog dg O`kshstgkohj sg dgtgrbhkj bgdhjktg cj shmuhgktg lÿrbucj5 HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

4=

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Ho2 (CC-])/HY Dÿkdg5 CC5 Chbhtg Chquhd` ]5 O`ktgkhd` dg Fubgdjd HY5 Âkdhog dg Ycjsthohdjd j) Orhtgrh` dg O`bprgshnhchdjd dgc _ugc` Gstg orhtgrh` gs jpchojncg j sugc`s ncjkd`s, gk d`kdg cj dgl`rbjohÿk dg sugc`s o`fgshv`s jõk nje` ojrmjs rgcjthvjbgktg pgqugújs, hkv`cuorj uk pr`ncgbj dg lukdjbgktjc hktgrès, p`r sgr ojusj dg mrjvgs dglhohgkohjs dg o`bp`rtjbhg o`bp`rtjbhgkt` kt` Gc jut`r Ojrc`s Orgsp` \hccjcjz, gk su tgxt` Bgoêkhoj dg _ugc`s y Ohbgktjoh`kgs, bugstrj uk oujdr` gk gc qug dgtgrbhkj gc mrjd` dg O`bprgshnhchdjd O`bprgshnhch djd dg uk sugc` gk lukohÿk jc Âkdhog dg O`bprgshnhchdj O`bprgshnhchdjd5 d5 OWJD^@ K¹ >9 - Mrjd` dg O`bprgshnhchdjd dgc _ugc`

Oo O`bprgshnhchdjd 9.99 ‟ 9.:8 Njej 9.>9 ‟ 9.?8 Bgdhj Bjy`r j 9.49 Jctj Lugktg Bjkujc dg Ojrrgtgrjs BTO >9:? Jdgbês Tgrzjmfh y Ygoa, dgbugstrj dgbugstrjk k qug gc âkdhog dg o`bprgsh o`bprgshnhchdjd nhchdjd dg uk sugc` pugdg sgr gxprgsjd` gk lukohÿk jc câbhtg câquhd`, cj gxprgshÿk gs cj shmuhgktg (].Cjbn (].Cjbngg- ^.]fhtbjk, –Bgoêkhoj dg _ugc`s‒). Oo 2 9.998 (CC-:9) Dÿkdg5 CC5 Chbhtg Chquhd` O`k

gstj

gxprgshÿk

p`dgb`s

ojcoucjr

hkbgdhjtjbgktg

cj

o`bprgshnhchdjd o`bprgshnhc hdjd dg uk sugc`, o`kshdgrêkd o`kshdgrêkd`sg `sg èstg o`b` hkjdgou hkjdgoujd` jd` (dg o`bprgshnhchdjd jctj) oujkd` gc âkdhog dg o`bprgshnhchdjd (Oo) gs bjy`r ` hmujc j 9.?8. Y`r tjkt`, dg jougrd` j c`s d`s orhtgrh`s jktgrh`rgs bgkoh`kjd`s, sg prgsgktj gk cj shmuhgktg tjncj c`s vjc`rgs `ntgkhd`s pjrj gc Âkdhog dg O`bprgshnhchdjd O`bprgshnhch djd y gc Âkdhog dg O`kshstgkohj, gk cj vâj gk gstudh`.

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

46

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

\jc`rjohÿk dgc _ugc` dg _unrjsjktg (JJ (JJ_FT@) _FT@) Dg jougrd` j cj lhmurj jdeuktj dgc jpèkdhog OO-:, BgofjkhsthoGbphrhojc Dgshmk `l Kgw & ^gfjnhchtgd Yjvgbgkt _truoturgs >99>, sg `nsgrvj qug cj ocjshlhojohÿk dg sugc`s JJ_FT@ ojchlhoj j c`s sugc`s dg sunrjsjktg gk 4 ojtgm`râjs shmuhgktgs5 

C`s sugc`s J-:, J-> y J-? prgsgktjk ukj ojchlhojohÿk o`b` sugc` dg sunrjsjktg dg gxogcgktg j nugk`,



C`s sugc`s J-4 fjstj J-7 ojchlhojk oo`b` `b` sugc sugc` ` dg sunrj sunrjsjktg sjktg dg rgmucjr j bjc` y C`s sugc`s J-< y J-= ojchlhojk o`b` sugc` dg sunrjsjktg bjc`. Yjrj gc prgsgktg pr`ygot` sg gstê o`ktgbpcjkd` bge`rjr j c`s sugc`s qug sg gkougktrgk dgktr` dg cj ojtgm`râj dg sugc` dg sunrjsjktg bjcj.

M^JLHO@ K¹ 9:?, ^gvhsjd` gk Jnrhc dgc >9:4 (^gs`cuohÿk Dhrgot`rjc 97->9:?-BTO/:4). Gk cj gtjpj dg gstudh` sg dgtgrbhkj gc ON^ dg Dhsgú`, o`kshdgrjkd` qug gstg sg gkougktrj jc 87% dg cj Bêxhbj Dgkshdjd _goj, gs pr`njncg qug sg prgsgktgk sugc`s dg njej ojpjohdjd dg s`p`rtg qug sg gkougktrgk p`r dgnje` dg gstg khvgc dg o`bpjotjohÿk, shgkd` jsâ cj rgshstgkohj `lrgohdj hklgrh`r j cj supugstj, tjbnhèk sg gko`ktrjrê sugc`s ouyj fubgdjd sg jcgeg dgbjshjd dgbjshjd` ` dgc ÿpthb` o`ktgkhd` dg fubgdjd dg cj bhsbj bjkgrj gst` `rhmhkjrê qug cj o`bpjotjohÿk dg gstg sugc` kjturjc k` sgj cj supugstj gk cj gtjpj dg Dhsgú`. _hgkd` qug k` sg pugdg dgtgrbhkjr cj vgrdjdgrj rgshstgkohj gk sus o`kdhoh`kgs kjturjcgs dg dgkshdjd y fubgdjd, yj qug gc gksjy` dg ON^ sg trjnjej nje` o`kdhohÿk ÿpthbj y p`stgrh`r sjturjd`, sg trjtjrê gk c` p`shncg dg gchbhkjr t`d` sugc`s ojchlhojd`s o`b` buy p`nrg y p`nrg. Dg gstj bjkgrj sg mjrjkthzjrê qug cj gstruoturj dgc tgrrjpcèk gstg o`kl`rbjd` p`r ojpjs o`ks`chdjdjs (jlhrbjd` jkthmu`) y bjtgrhjcgs mrjkucjrgs pr`vgkhgktgs pr`vgkhgktgs dg bge`rjbhg bge`rjbhgkt` kt` dgc tgrrjpcèk jktgrh`r jsâ o`b` bge`rjbhgkt`s dg sunrjsjktg y jbpchjohÿ jbpchjohÿk k dg cj pcjtjl`rbj. OWJD^@ K¹ >: ‟ OWJD^@ DG ON^

Lugktg Bjkujc dg Ojrrgtgrjs BTO >9:? HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

79

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Jshbhsb`, dg jougrd` jc Bjkujc Ygrujk` dg Ojrrgtgr Ojrrgtgrjs js _ugc`s, Mg`c`mâj, y Yjvhbgkt`s dgc >9:?, ^gvhsjd` gk Jnrhc dgc >9:4 (^gs`cuohÿk Dhrgot`rjc 97->9:?-BTO/:4), sg thgkg cjs shmuhgktgs ojrjotgrâsthojs y ocjshlhojoh`kgs dg sugc`s, sgmõk gc âkdhog dg pcjsthohdjd g âkdhog dg mrup` (JJ_FT@) rgspgothvjb rgspgothvjbgktg. gktg.

OWJD^@ K¹ >> ‟ Ojrjotgrâsthojs dgc sugc` sgmõk câbhtgs dg Ycjsthohdjd

Lugktg Bjkujc dg Ojrrgtgrjs BTO >9:?

OWJD^@ K¹ >? - DG BGE@^JBHGKT@_ _WGC@_

Yr`mrgshvjj Yr`mrgshv

Yr`mrgshv Yr`mrgshvjj Cjrm`

Gspgs`r (b)

Ab. 9+999

Ab. 9+

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Ojpjs dg mrjkucjrgs dg dhlgrgktgs gspgs`rgs, dg jougrd` j c`s pjrêbgtr`s dgc pr`ygot`. Jktgs dgc j o`còjohÿ o`còjohÿk k dg cj gstruoturj dg cj ojpj dg r`djd r`djdurj, urj, gs kgogsjrh` qug sg o`kl`rbg cj sunrjsjktgs gxhstgktg, y sg o`bpjotg jc 87% dg cj BD_ dgc Yròt`r b`dhlhojd`, vgrhlhoêkd`sg gc mrjd` dg o`bpjotjohÿk dg jougrd` j c` hkdhojd` gk cjs rgspgothvjs gspgohlhojoh`kgs gspgohlhojoh`k gs tèokhojs Cj ojpj dg sun njsg j o`còjrsg, dgng sgr o`kl`rbjdj gk c`s gspgs`rgs hkdhojd`s y o`bpjotjd` jc :99% dg cj BD_ dgc Yròt`r b`dhlhojd`1 gk o`ko`rdjkohj o`k cjs gspgohlhojoh`kgs tèokhojs o`rrgsp`kdhgktgs. Cugm` dg cj o`còjohÿk dg cj ojpj dg sun njsg mrjkucjr, sg dgngrê o`còjr ukj ojpj dg bjtgrhjc mrjkucjr ouyj d`shlhojohÿ d`shlhojohÿk k dgngrê gstjr dg jougrd` jc ogrthlhojd` dg gksjy` dg cjn`rjt`rh` jdeukt` dg jougrd` j c` hkdhojd` gk cjs rgspgothvjs gspgohlhojoh`kgs tèokhojs qug dgngrêk sgr o`ko`rdjktgs o`k gc Bjkujc dg Gspgohlhojoh`kgs Tèokhojs Mgkgrjcgs pjrj O`kstruoohÿk dg Ojrrgtgrjs dgc BTO (GM->9:?).

M^JLHO@ K¹ = ‟ G_YG_@^G_ DGC YJ\HBGKT@

9.>9

9.>9 9.>9 9.>9

Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj

:4.9

Ojktgrjs y jnjstgohb jnjstgohbhgkt` hgkt` dg jmuj. :4.:

Hktr`duoohÿk Gc gstudh` dg ojktgrjs thgkg o`b` `negthv` unhojr cjs lugktgs dg bjtgrhjcgs dhsp`khncgs1 glgotujkd` trhkofgrjs ` ojchojtjs pjrj gvjcujr cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs lâsho`-bgoêkhojs dg c`s bjtgrhjcgs y su ojchdjd, o`k gc lhk dg dgtgrbhkjr c`s us`s y trjtjbhgkt`s qug rgquhgrgk gst`s

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

7?

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

bjtgrhjcgs, pjrj sjthsljogr c`s v`cõbgkgs rgqugrhd`s pjrj gc Yr`ygot`5 O`ktrjtjohÿk dgc _grvhoh` dg Gstudh` Mg`tèokho` g Fhdr`cÿmho`, Yjrj cj Gcjn`rjohÿk dgc Gxpgdhgktg Tèokho` dg Hklrjgstruoturj dg Trjtjbhgkt` y Dhsp`shohÿk Lhkjc dg ^gshdu`s _ÿchd`s Yjrj Cjs Ohudjdgs dg Xêktjc`, Ojczjdj y _`rht`r, Yr`vhkohj dg B`y`njbnj ‟ _jk Bjrthk. J c` cjrm` dgc trjb` sg vhgkg hkvgsthmjk hkvgsthmjkd` d` cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs dg c`s sugc`s qug pgrbhtjk gstjncgogr qug ojktgrjs sgrêk uthchzjdjs gk cjs dhsthktjs ojpjs gstruoturjcgs dgc pjvhbgkt`, jmrgmjd`s pjrj ^gccgk`, Jlhrbjd`, Jmrgmjd`s pjrj O`korgt` Y`rtcjkd, gst`s bjtgrhjcgs qug sg gkougktrjk s`cjbgktg gk c`s ojuogs dg c`s râ`s y tgrrjzjs jcuvhjcgs dg qugnrjdjs dg râ`s sgo`s. Gst`s dgpÿsht`s s`k gxpc`tjd`s durjktg t`d` gc jú`. Y`r o`kshmuhgktg su gxpc`tjohÿk, sh sg rgjchzj rjz`kjncgbgktg, k` dgej fugccjs pgrbjkgktgs gk gc bgdh` jbnhgktg dgnhd` j qug gk èpòjs dg ccuvhjs y jvgkhdjs sg rgo`ksthtuygk. Mgkgrjcbgktg gc p`rogktjeg dg bjtgrhjcgs dhsp`khncgs o`k dhêbgtr` supgrh`r j c`s 79 bb gs nje` y k` pgrbhtg ukj pr`duoohÿk gcgvjdj dg pjrtâoucjs zjrjkdgjdjs ` ofjkojdjs p`r c` tjkt` gs prglgrhncg fjogr rglgrgkohj j c`s fus`s dg dhêbgtr` bêxhb` rgduohd` qug sg gkougktrjk gk cjs Gspgoh Gspgohlhojoh`kgs lhojoh`kgs Tèokhojs5

:4.>

Bjro` cgmjc Gc `negthv` prhkohpjc gs djr oubpchbhgkt` j cj k`rbjthvj jbnhgktjc vhmgktg, bgdhjktg cj gcjn`rjohÿk dg ukj gvjcujohÿk jbnhgktjc, qug pgrbhthrê gvjcujr c`s p`shncgs hbpjot`s p`shthv`s y kgmjthv`s qug sg pugdgk mgkgrjr gk t`djs cjs gtjpjs dgc dgsjrr`cc` dgc pr`ygot`. O`ksthtuohÿk Y`câthoj dgc Ygrõ.



Cgy Mgkgrjc dgc Jbnhgktg.



Cgy Mgkgrjc dg Jmujs



Mc`sjrh` dg tèrb tèrbhk`s hk`s dg us` lrgougktg gk pr`ygot`s d dg g



hklrjgstruoturj \hjc ^.D. K¹ :6->9:?-BTO :6->9:?-BTO/:4) /:4)



Bjkujc dgc Dhsgú` Mg`bètrho` dg O Ojrrgtgrjs jrrgtgrjs DM->9:4 (^.D.



HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

74

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

K¹ 9>6- >9:4- BTO/>9: BTO/>9:4) 4)



Bjkujc dg Ojrrgtgr js js –Gspgohlhojoh`kgs Tèokhojs Mgkgrjcgs



Yjrj O`kstruooh O`kstruoohÿk ÿk Dg Ojrrgtgrj Ojrrgtgrjss (GM->9:?)



Gspgohlhojoh`k Gspgohlhojoh`kgs gs Tèokhojs Mgkgrjcgs pjrj cj O`ksgrvjoh O`ksgrvjohÿk ÿk dg



Ojrrgtgrjs (GM- >99=)



Bjkujc dg Ojrrgtgrjs –_ugc`s, Mg`c`mâj, Mg`tgokhj



Yjvhbgkt` _goohÿk _ugc`s y Yjvhbgkt`s.



:4.?

Bgt`d`c`mâj Yjrj gc gstudh` dg ojktgrjs sg fj tgkhd` gk ougktj cjs shmuhgktgs jothvhdjdgs5 ^go`kòhbhgk ^go`kòhbhgkt` t` d dg g ojbp` dgktr` dgc êrgj dg hklcugko hklcugkohj hj dgc



pr`ygot`, Yjrj Hd Hdgkthl gkthlhojr hojr jqugcc`s cumjrgs o`kshdgrjd`s o`b` pr`njncg lugktg dg bjtgrhjcgs



Gcjn`rjohÿk dg uk pr`mrjb pr`mrjbj jd dg g gxpc`rjohÿk dg ojbp`.



Gxojvjohÿk dg oojchojtjs jchojtjs ` trhkofgr trhkofgrjs js pjrj dgtgr dgtgrbhkjr bhkjr cjs



Ojrjotgrâsthojs dgc Bjtgrhjc y p`tgkohj. _g rg rgjchzjr`k jchzjr`k ? oojchojtjs jchojtjs y/` trhkofgrjs o`b` bâkhb`.



Gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` o`k gc `negt` dg o`kògr cjs



ojrjotgrâsthojs y us`s dgc Bjtgrhjc dg Ojktgrjs pjrj ^gccgk`, Jlhrbjd` y O`korgt`. O`korgt`.

:4.4

Trjnje`s dg ojbp` C`s trjnje`s dg gxpc`rjohÿk dg ojbp` fjk shd` o`kocuhd`s. Gk gc ojbp` sg rgjchzÿ cj gvjcujohÿk dg c`s bjtgrhjcgs, dgtgrbhkêkd`sg cj mrjkuc`bgtrâj hktgmrjc dg c`s jmrgmjd`s gxhstgktgs, o`k gc lhk dg dgtgrbhkjr, gc tjbjú` bêxhb` dg c`s jmrgmjd`s bjy`rgs j > pucmjdjs (nc`qug y n`c`kgs), % dg mrjvjs bgk`rgs j > pucmjdjs y % dg jrgkjs, o`k gc lhk dg fjccjr rgkdhbhgkt`s dg cjs ojktgrjs pjrj ojdj uk` dg sus us`s. Cj ocjshlhojohÿk dgc bjtgrhjc bgk`r j > pucmjdjs dg dhêbgtr`, sg dgtgrbhkÿ gk cjn`rjt`rh` bgdhjktg gc jkêchshs mrjkuc`bètrho` dg cjs bugstrjs jctgrjdjs rgprgsgktjthvjs dg ojdj ojchojtj.

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

77

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

:4.7

Gksjy`s dg cjn`rjt`rh` Yjrj dgtgrbhkjr cjs ojrjotgrâsthojs, pr`phgdjdgs y ojchdjd dgc bjtgrhjc, jsâ o`b` gc us` dg ojdj ojktgrj, sg rgjchzjr`k c`s gksjy`s dg ocjshlhojohÿk y ojchdjd gk cjn`rjt`rh`, o`kshdgrjkd` cjs k`rbjs tèokhojs qug sg prgsgktjk gk cj rgcjohÿk shmuhgktg dg jougrd` j cjs Gspgohlhojoh`kgs Tèokhojs Mgkgrjcgs pjrj cj O`kstruoohÿk dg Ojrrgtgrjs (GM->999) y (GB->999) dgc BTO. J)

Jkêchshs Mrjkuc Mrjkuc`bètrho` `bètrho`

J_TB D 4>>

N)

Câbhtgs dg O`kshstgkoh O`kshstgkohj j

J_TB D 4?:6

O)

Gksjy` dg Yròt`r B`dhlhojd`

JJ_FT@ T-:69, :77=

D)

Gksjy` dg ON^

J_TB D :66?

G)

O`ktgkhd` dg Fubgdjd

J_TB D->>:<

L)

Durjnhchdjd dg Jmr. Mrugs` y lhk`

J_TB O-66

M)

_jcgs _`cuncgs dg Jmrgmjd` Mrugs`

KTY ??8.966

F)

Jnrjshÿk

H)

Gquhvjcgktg Jrgkj

J_TB D->4:8

E)

Bjtgrhj @rmêkhoj gk Jrgkjs

J_TB O-49

A)

Yjrtâoucjs Ofjtjs y Jcjrmjdj Jcjrmjdjss

J_TB D-4=8:

C)

% dg ojrjs lrjoturjdjs

J_TB D-76>:

B)

Mrjv Gspgo. y Jns. Jmrgmjd` Mrugs`.

J_TB O-:>=

K)

Mrjv Gspg y Jns. dg Jmrgmjd` Lhk`

J_TB O-:>6

@)

Y.W. Jmrg Mrugs` (sugct` y vjrhccjd`)

J_TB O->8

Y)

Ygs` Wkhtjrh` dg Jmrgmjd` Lhk`

J_TB O->8

Z) ^)

Ojrnÿk Chmkht` Tgrr`kgs dg Jrohccj

J_TB D-:9-:888

J_TB O-:?:

GK_JX@ ZWÂBHO@_ DG OJKTG^J_ O`ktgkhd`s dg Oc`rur`

KTY ??8.::=

O`ktgkhd`s dg _ucljt`s

KTY ??8.:=6

_jcgs _`cuncgs T`tjcgs

KTY ??8.:7>







:4.<

Ojktgrj :5 BGT@XJOW (Jrgkj Lhkj) Dhstjkohj dgsdg z`kj dg pr`ygot`5 6.8? ab (:.7 ab tròfj, =.4? ab jsljctjd`) O``rdgkjdj Gstg5 >646=?. >646=?.=: =:

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

75 T@KOFHBJ (Bjtgrhjcgs mrjkucjrgs) Dhstjkohj dgsdg z`kj dg pr`ygot`5 >6 ab Wnhojohÿk5 O``rdgkjdj Gstg5 >) 7=,9 % Mrjv ; 9.999 b?

Ygrd. Trjks. X Ojrmh5

9? % Mrjv 3 >‒ 2

:,=>6.999 b?

Y`tgkohj kgtj Õthc

== % Mrjv 3 >‒ 2

44,?7>.999 b?

5

^gccgk` Jlhrbjd` O`korgt` HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

7=

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Ygrh`d` dg Õthc.

5

T`d` gc jú`.

Thp` dg Gquhp`

5 Gquhp` o`kvgkoh` o`kvgkoh`kjc kjc o`b`5 Tjot`r dg @rumj, Ojrmjd` Lr`ktjc y Ujrjkdj y \`cqugtgs.

OWJD^@ K¹ >4 ‟ OJCOWC@ DG ^GKDHBHGKT@_ DG CJ OJKTG^J Ws`s

Yrògsjbhgkt`

^gkdhbhgkt`

Y`tgkohj B?

^gccgk`

Gxtrjoohÿk Gxtrjo ohÿk Dhrgotj

:99 %

7=,‒

== %

44,?7>.99

O`korgt`

Mrjvjs 3 >‒

== %

44,?7>.99

@nsgrvjoh`kgs5 Bjtgrhjc pjrj sgr uthchzjd` pjrj ^gccgk` y Jlhrbjd` jktgs dgng sgr zjrjkdgjd` gchbhkjkjd` mrjvjs ; ?‒ Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj

:7.9

Dhsgú` dg bgzocjs Gc dhsgú` dg bgzocjs L‘o >:9 Am/ob>, sg o`kshmkj gk c`s jkgx`s dgc prgsgktg hkl`rbg.

:7 ‟ ^G_WBGK DG OJYJOHDJD Y@^TJKTG J^GJ @YG^JTH\J Ojchojtj

O`fgshÿk O Am/ob> 9.:>

Jkmuc` 9µ

O-98

Yr`lukdhdjd Ohbgktjohÿk BT_ >.79

:8.=

Ljot`r sgmurhdjd Ls ?

Yrgshÿk Jdbhshncgs Am/ob> Zjdb 9.=:

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7.99

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:.94

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9.9=

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Gcjn`rjohÿk Yr`phj

Cj Ojpjohdjd Ojpjohdjd Y`rtjktg rgo rgo`bgkdjdj `bgkdjdj gk ccj j z`kj `pgr `pgrjthvj jthvj gs5 Zjdb 9.=:



Am/ob>, Y`r sgr cj bês njej gk cj z`kj dg gstudh`. Gk tjkt` qug gk cj z`kj jdbhkhstrjthvj gs dg Zjdb 9.89 Am/ob>. Gk cj z`kj dg gstudh` k` sg fj dgtgotjd` gc khvgc dg cj k kjpj jpj lrgêthoj



C`s khvgcgs dg ohbgktjoh ohbgktjohÿk ÿk lhkjcgs c`s dglhkhrê gc pr`lgsh`kjc gkojrmjd` dg cj



l`rbucjohÿk dgc pr`ygot`, dg jougrd` j cjs sgooh`kgs y pgrlhcgs t`p`mrêlho`s. Ojpjohdjd Y`rtjktg U`kj Jdbhkhstr Jdbhkhstrjthvj jthvj



OWJD^@ K¹ >

Jkmuc` 9µ

Ljot`r sgmurhdjd Ls

Yrgshÿk Jdbhshncgs Am/ob> Zjdb

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9.89

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

78

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

Lugktg Yr`phj K` `cvhdgb`s rglcgxh`kjr s`nrg cjs ljccjs gk cjs gstruotu gstruoturjs, rjs, cc`s `s ooujcgs ujcgs k` s`c`



dgpgkdg dgc bjc o`bp`rtjbhgkt` dgc sugc`, shk` tjbnhèk dg prògs`s o`kstruothv`s, hkjdgoujd`s, bjk` dg `nrj k` ojchlhojdj, ljctj dg uk jdgoujd` o`ktr`c dg cjs `nrjs y bjtgrhjcgs. Yjrj gc dhsgú` dg bur`s dg o`ktg o`ktgkohÿk kohÿk y ojczjdurj, sg uthchzjrê uk vjc`r dgc



o`glhohgktg dg gbpueg jothv` pr`bgdh` dg Aj29.?9. Gc thp` dg ogbg ogbgkt` kt` j usjr pjrj cj oh ohbgktjoh`k bgktjoh`k gs Y`rtcj Y`rtcjkd kd Thp` \, pjrj pr`tgm pr`tgmgr gr



gc jogr` y o`korgt` gbpcgjd` gk cj ohbgktjohÿk y gstruoturjs qug gstèk gk o`ktjot` o`k gc sugc`, sg rgo`bhgkdj uthchzjr ogbgkt` Y`rtcjkd k`rbjc thp` \. _g dgngrê hkvgsthmjr cj gxhstgkoh gxhstgkohj j dg tgkdh tgkdhd`s d`s dg tu tungrâjs ngrâjs dg d dgsjmóg, gsjmóg, jsâ



o`b` dg cjs hkstjcjoh`kgs gcèotrhojs, shc`s, gto., qug pugdjk o`bpr`bgtgr cj gstjnhchdjd dgc pr`ygot`. Dg sgr gc ojs` sg t`bjrêk cjs bgdhdjs o`rrgothvjs pgrthkgktgs. _g rgo`bhgkdj rgjchzjr uk o`ktr`c d dg g ojchdjd dg t`d`s cc`s `s bjtgrhjcgs g uthchzj uthchzjrsg rsg



gk cj o`kstruoohÿk dg c`s ohbhgkt`s, gk gspgohjc j c`s jmrgmjd`s (phgdrj y jrgkj)



_g rrgo`bhgkdj go`bhgkdj cj uthchzjohÿ uthchzjohÿk kd dg g Mg`shkt Mg`shktètho`s ètho`s dgnhd` qug gk cj jotujchdjd c`s Mg`shktètho`s sg fjk o`kvgrthd` gk uk gcgbgkt` prhb`rdhjc gk cj o`ksthtuohÿk dg shstgbjs dg njrrgrjs gk rgccgk`s sjkhtjrh`s1 su glhohgkohj dgb`strjdj j trjvès dgc thgbp` fj pgrbhthd` qug sgjk jogptjdjs tjkt` gk gc ojbp` dg cj o`ksuct`râj hkmgkhgrhc o`b` gk cjs gkthdjdgs rgmucjd`rjs. Jotujcbgktg gxhstgk ukj mrjk vjrhgdjd dg Mg`shktètho`s, dg c`s oujcgs c`s bês uthchzjd`s gk gstg ojbp` s`k c`s Mg`tgxthcgs y mg`bgbnrjkjs dg dhlgrgktgs thp`s y ojchnrgs. Jctgrkjthvjbgktg Jctgrkjthvjbgk tg sg gkougktrjk bjtgrhjcgs susthtut`s dg cjs jrohccjs, mrjvjs y jrgkjs kjturjcgs, tjcgs o`b` c`s mgò`bpugst`s y mg`rgdgs qug s`k bjtgrhjcgs qug oubpcgk cj bhsbj lukohÿk1 gk jcmuk`s ojs`s dhsbhkuygk o`st`s y o`ksgrvjk ` bge`rjk cj glhohgkohj dgc shstgbj.

•

_g rgjch rgjchzÿ zÿ gc Gksjy` Trh Trhjxhjc jxhjc dg cj ojchojtj K¹::, ouy` rgsuctjd rgsuctjd` ` gs gc shm shmuhgktg5 uhgktg5 (Jkmuc` dg lrhoohÿk hktgrkj

•



2 >:.9? µ) ‟ (O`fgshÿk O 2 9.:4 Am/ob>)

Gk gc Gksjy` d dg g Ygrbgj Ygrbgjnhchdjd nhchdjd dg c` c`ss sugc`s kjthv`s d dg g cj z`kj gk gstudh` p`r trjtjrsg dg uk bjkt` dg sugc`s `rmêkho`s jrohccjs fjk shd` hdgkthlhojd`s o`b` sugc`s Ygrbgjncgs, shgkd` su O`glhohgktg dg Ygrbgjnhchdjd5

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

9:?). Yjrj gc Gstudh` dg _u _ugc`s gc`s ccj j bg bgt`d`c`mâj t`d`c`mâj usjdj lug cj o`kvgkoh`kjc o`kvgkoh`kjc,, sg rgjchzÿ



cj gxojvjohÿk dg ojchojtjs j ukj pr`lukdhdjd dg :.79 b., sg prjothojr`k 94 p`z`s ` ojchojtjs. Yjvhbgkt` kt` o`rrgsp` o`rrgsp`kdg kdg j ccj j bgt`d`c` bgt`d`c`mâj mâj rgo`b rgo`bgkdjdj gkdjdj p`r gc  Gc dhsgú` dg Yjvhbg BTO, cj qug t`bj gk o`kshdgrjohÿk gc vjc`r dg s`p`rtg dgc sugc` dg Lukdjohÿk, c`s gegs gquhvjcgktgs y thp`s dg vgfâouc`s pr`ygotjd`s, pgrbhthgr`k gstjncgogr gc gspgs`r dgc pjvhbgkt` j khvgc dg ojpj mrjkucjr pjrj gc trjb` gk gstudh`. O`k cj lhkjchdjd d dg g p`dgr jsgmurjr ccj j gstjnhch gstjnhchdjd djd dg cj gstr gstruoturj uoturj dgc pjvhbgkt pjvhbgkt` `



j o`còjr, sg rgo`bhgkdj tgkgr gk ougktj t`djs cjs o`kshdgrjoh`kgs dg drgkjeg gstjncgohd`s gk gc gstudh` dg fhdr`c`mâj y drgkjeg dgc prgsgktg gstudh`. _g thgkgk sgot`rgs o` o`k k prgsgkohj dg sugc`s o`kshdgrj o`kshdgrjd`s d`s o`b` bjc`s o`b o`b` `



sunrjsjktg c`s oujcgs rgquhgrgk dg uk bge`rjbhgkt` o`k bjtgrhjcgs dg

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

= -

_GOT@^G_ DG BGE@^JBHGKT@_

Yr`mrgshvj

Yr`mrgshvj

Cjrm`

Ab. 9+999

Ab. 9+8.:6 Yjrj glgot`s dg o`kstruoo o`kstruoohÿk hÿk sg dg dgngrê ngrê o`k o`kshdgrjr shdgrjr gc ON^ d dgc gc bjtgrhjc



mrjkucjr dg Njsg bâkhb` 69% jc :99% dg cj bêxhbj dgkshdjd sgoj. Gc mrjd` dg o`bp o`bpjotjohÿk jotjohÿk j jcojkzjr gk cjs oojpjs jpjs dgc pjvhbgkt` sgr sgrê ê o`b`



bâkhb` gk c`s rgccgk`s 89%, _unrjsjktg 87%, _un Njsg y Njsg mrjkucjr :99% o`k rgspgot` jc Yrÿot`r B`dhlhojd` dgc bjtgrhjc gbpcgjd`.  C`s rgquhsht`s dg ojchdjd pjrj glgot`s dg o`ktr`c gk ojbp`, ojbp`, tjkt` pjrj c`s bjtgrhjcgs j gbpcgjrsg gk cj o`kl`rbjohÿk dg cjs dhsthktjs ojpjs dg cj gstruoturj dgc pjvhbgkt` dgngrêk rgmhrsg j cjs Gspgohlhojoh`kgs Tèokhojs GM(>999) dgc Bhkhstgrh` dg Trjksp`rt Trjksp`rtgs gs y O`bukhojo O`bukhojoh`kgs h`kgs jdeuktjs. Jsh bhsb` ojng bg bgkoh`kjr koh`kjr qug c`s pukt`s k` o`ktgb o`ktgbpcjd`s pcjd`s gk cjs



Gspgohlhojoh`kgs dgc prgsgktg gstudh`, dgngk gstjr gk o`ko`rdjkohj o`k cjs Gspgohlhojoh`kgs Gspgohlhojoh `kgs Tèokhojs Mgkgrjcgs p pjrj jrj O`kstruooh O`kstruoohÿk ÿk dg O Ojrrgtgrjs jrrgtgrjs dgc BTO (GM ‟ >9:?)

:= dg gkgr` dgc >9:=

HKL^JG_T^WOTW^J DG T^JTJBHGKT@ X DH_Y@_HOH@K LHKJC DG ^ ^G_HDW@_ G_HDW@_ _@CHD@_ YJ^J CJ OHWDJDG_ DG DG XJKTJC@, OJCUJDJ X _@^HT@^ Y^@\HKOHJ DG BJXKJ_ ‟ BJXKJ_ ‟ ^GMH@K ^GMH@K _JK BJ^THK.

Gstudh` Mg`tèokho`

NHNCH@M^JLHJ

:. Bgoêkhoj dg _ugc`s Gk Cj Hkmgkhgrâj Yrêothoj Dr. Ajrt Tgrzjmfh y ^jcpf N. Ygoa >. ^gmcjbgkt` Kjoh`kjc dg O O`kstruoohÿk `kstruoohÿk ?. Bgoêkhoj dg _ugc _ugc`s `s y Ohbgktjoh Ohbgktjohÿk ÿk Orgsp Orgsp` ` \hcjc \hcjcjs js 4. Yr`phgdjdgs Mg`lâshojs dg _ugc`s E`sgpf N`wcgs 7. K`rbj Tèokhoj dg Gdhlhojo Gdhlhojohÿk hÿk G2979 _ugc`s y Ohbgktjoh`kg Ohbgktjoh`kgss

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