Geometria de Tuneles

 

JINUT\MI NG MGHNGMN\ÊI QMIC EKG JNGEMÕG NG EI\\NTN\IU, EI\\NTN\IU, R^NGTNU ] T^GNCNU

^GMQN\UMDID \MEI\DK RICJI

DNTN\JMGIEMÕG DN CI HNKJNT\ÊI DN ^G TÐGNC ] NG NC NUT^DMK DN RK\TICNU  Icu jg jgk0 k0  MGH. H\IGIDKU JICCY^M, @NMUUKG NDHI\ Dkengtn0  Dr. RNFKQIP ÉC QI\NP, F^JLN\TK MQÉG Eursk0  DMUNÙK, EKGUT\^EEMÕG ] JIGTNGMJMNGTK DN TÐGNCNU Unjnstrn 22 i 2pkjr ei eidi di 9.>2 9.>22 2 j dn ckgh ckghmt mtud ud.. Nc dm dmsn snùk ùk dn dnln ln id idip ipti tirs rsnn i cis cis ek ekgd gdme memk mkgn gnss dn ci ckeicmziemõg dnc tðgnc y i ci fkjkhngnmdid •

dncc dm dn dmsn snùk ùk hnkj hnkjít ítrm rmek ek dn ci eirr eirrnt ntnr nrii

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC JIG^IC DN EI\\NTN\IU, TÐGNCNU, J^\KU ] KL\IU EKJRCNJNGTI\MIU JTE (RN\Ð)  ― 

i) Rkrticns l) Ngci Ngcieens prõ rõxxmj mjks ks ic tðgn tðgncc e) Ng Ngci cieens dng ngtr trk k dnc tðgn tðgncc d) Qmsm Qmsml lmcm mcmdi did d ng ci ciss eurv eurvis is

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC JIG^IC DN EI\\NTN\IU, TÐGNCNU, J^\KU ] KL\IU EKJRCNJNGTI\MIU JTE (RN\Ð)  ― 

n) Trij Trijks ks ng ti tigh ghng ngtn tn

 

,222 vnfêeucks Tmpk I4 piri ug TDRI dn >,222 i 2 9,>22 2 i 5,22 5,222 2 vnf vnfêe êeuc uck ks Tmpk Tmpk E pi piri ri ug TD TDRI RI dn >22 >22 i 9,> 9,>22 vnf nfêe êeuc ucks ks Tmpk D piri ug TDR DRI I dn 922 i >22 vnfêeucks Tm Tmpk pk N pi piri ri ug TD TDRI RI fi fist stii 92 922 2 vnfê vnfêeu euck ckss

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

i) Héc écmmlk lkss fk fkrm rmzk zkgt gtic ic y vnrt vnrtme meic ic

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

l) Er Ermt mtnr nrmk mkss hngn hngnri ricn cnss pi piri ri ci ek ekga gamh mhur urie iemõ mõg g hnkj hnkjít ítrm rmei ei dn ci snee sneemõ mõg g e) Nvkcuemõg dn ci eiczidi ng augemõg dnc trizk y su mgacungemi ng ci dnamgmemõg dn ci sneemõg sneem õg mgtnr mgtnrmkr mkr

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

d) Iekti Iektijmng jmngtks tks

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

n) Lig Ligqun quntis tis

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

Un Unee eemõ mõg g Hn Hnkj kjít ítrm rmei ei pi piri ri Tð Tðgn gncn cnss Hn Hnjn jnck ckss ng Eirr Eirrnt ntnr nrii Tmpk Tmpk I4 U

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

a) Ai Ai`i `i sn snpi piri ridk dkri ri en engt gtri ricc

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

h) Ér Érni ni piri piri mgst mgstic icie iemk mkgn gnss

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

f) Li Lifê fêis is dn njnr njnrhn hnge gemi mi

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

f) Li Lifê fêis is dn njnr njnrhn hnge gemi mi

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

m) Tðgn Tðgncn cnss dn nsei nseipn pn k dn njnr njnrhn hnge gemi mi

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

m) Tðgn Tðgncn cnss dn nsei nseipn pn k dn njnr njnrhn hnge gemi mi

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

 `) Hicnrêis dn ekgnxmõg

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG CI UNE\NTI\ÊI DN EKJ^GMEIEMKGNU ] T\IGURK\TNU UET (JÍVMEK)  ― 

 `) Hicnrêis dn ekgnxmõg

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC MGUTMT^TK GIEMKGIC DN QÊIU (EKCKJLMI) i) Uneemkgns dnc eunrpk dnc tðgnc

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC MGUTMT^TK GIEMKGIC DN QÊIU (EKCKJLMI) l) Li Lifê fêis is dn pirq pirqun unk k (Gme (Gmefk fkss dn Rirq Rirqun unk) k)

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC MGUTMT^TK GIEMKGIC DN QÊIU (EKCKJLMI) e) Gmef Gmefks ks dn njnr njnrhn hnge gemi mi UK UKUU d) Gmef Gmefks ks dn ek ekgt gtrk rkcc dn mgen mgengd gdmk mk

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC JIG^IC DN EI\\NTN\IU, TÐGNCNU, J^\KU ] KL\IU EKJRCNJNGTI\MIU JTE (RN\Ð)  ― 

i) Igefk dn pcitiakrji

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC JIG^IC DN EI\\NTN\IU, TÐGNCNU, J^\KU ] KL\IU EKJRCNJNGTI\MIU JTE (RN\Ð)  ― 

l) Hé Hécmcmlk lk

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC JIG^IC DN EI\\NTN\IU, TÐGNCNU, J^\KU ] KL\IU EKJRCNJNGTI\MIU JTE (RN\Ð)  ― 

e) Ig Igef efk k dn vnrn vnrndi diss

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC JIG^IC DN EI\\NTN\IU, TÐGNCNU, J^\KU ] KL\IU EKJRCNJNGTI\MIU JTE (RN\Ð)  ― 

d) Mgst Mgsticiem iciemkgns kgns

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC JIG^IC DN EI\\NTN\IU, TÐGNCNU, J^\KU ] KL\IU EKJRCNJNGTI\MIU JTE (RN\Ð)  ― 

n) Ekg Ekgnxm nxmkgn kgnss tri trigsv gsvnrs nrsicn icnss

 

DN IE^N\DK EKG NC JIG^IC DN EI\\NTN\IU, TÐGNCNU, J^\KU ] KL\IU EKJRCNJNGTI\MIU JTE (RN\Ð)  ― 

a) Jõ Jõdu duck ckss k rnau rnauhm hmks ks dn iuxm iuxmcmcmk k pn pnit itkg kgic ic (gme (gmefk fks) s)

 

EKGEC^UMKGNU Cks Cks pi piês êsns ns dn Gk Gkrt rtni nijí jírm rmei ei,, ti ticn cnss ek ekjk jk Jíxm Jíxmek ek,, Ns Nsti tidk dkss ^g ^gmd mdks ks,, Eigi Eigidé dé y ktrk ktrkss dn Gk Gkrt rtni nijí jírm rmei ei,, fi fig g il ilkr krdi didk dk y dnsirrkc rkccidk dn akrji jés ijpc pcmmi, ci ekga gammhuriemõg hnkjítrmei ng nc dmsnùk dn Tðgn gnccns, ic nvmdngemir qun cis ekgs ekgsmd mdnr nrie iemk mkgn gnss dn dmsn dmsnùk ùk i gmvnc gmvnc dn pcig pcigti ti,, pn pnra ramc mc ck ckgh ghmt mtud udmg mgic ic y sn snee eemõ mõg g trig trigsv svnr nrsi sicc di dig g pr prmk mkrm rmdi did d i ci sn snhu hurm rmdi did d vmic vmic,, au auge gemk mkgi gicm cmdi did d vnfm vnfmeu euci cir, r, mc mcuj ujmg mgie iemõ mõg, g, vngt vngtmc mcie iemõ mõg g y dn dnjé jéss id idmt mtij ijng ngtk tkss gn gnen ensi sirm rmks ks pi piri ri nc au auge gemk mkgi gijm jmng ngtk tk dn cks cks tðgncns. Nc Jiguic dn dmsnùk y ekgstrue rueemõg dn tðgncns dn eirrntnri. Eipêt pêtuck . Ekckjl ckjlmmi y nc Jiguic Jigu ic dn Eirrn Eirrntn tnri ris, s, Tð Tðgn gncn cns, s, Jurk Jurkss y Klri Klriss Ekjp Ekjpcn cnjn jngt gtir irmi mis, s,