Geology Report Group 6

GROUP MEMBERS 1. MUHAMMAD MUIZ BIN MOHD SOFI (CF150002) 2. NAZURAH BT LAUSMAN (CF150101) 3. NOOR RIDHWAH BT NOOR BAHARIM (CF150067) 4. MUHAMMAD HAIKAL BIN NASIR (CF150010) 5. MUHAMMAD FARUQ BIN RUSLAN (CF150121)

CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION  Objectives  Description of projects 2. LITERATURE  Theory 3. METHODOLOGY  Procedure of all related site work performed. 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION  Picture  Significant study  Problem 5. QUESTIONS 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 7. REFERENCES 8. APPENDIX

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INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives 

To study the type of rock at Ayer Hitam and Gunung Ledang



To investigate the evolution and their usage in industry.

1.2 Description of projects Date : 4 – 5 November 2016 Venue : Ayer Hitam, Batu Pahat and Gunung Ledang Johor Group member : 5 Number of participant : 57 From : Faculty of Civi and Environmental Engineering (FKAAS) UTHM Firstly, we went to Ayer Hitam to make a site visit. Ayer Hitam simply means Black Water. A lively town, Ayer Hitam is always bustling with passing vehicles and people who travels north and south. This place is well known for its ceramic items such as flower vases in an assortment of colours, photo frames, jars, ashtrays, and other home decorative items. Located in the district of Batu Pahat. Before the advent of the North-South Expressway, Air Hitam was a major route intersection leading to Malacca and Kuala Lumpur going northbound, Johor Bahru and Singapore going southbound, and Kluang and Mersing going eastbound. It was a popular rest stop for many tour buses and travellers between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. Visitors could find souvenir shops, restaurants and locals peddling to sell their vegetables. Lastly,as we planned,we went to Ledang Mountain to stay 2 days 1 night. The Ledang mountain is 1276m high (4186ft). According to a sign at the entrance to the park, Gunung Ledang is Malaysia's 64th highest mountain and the 6th most difficult to climb, Ledang is actually only the 134th highest peak and it does not rank in the top 20 peaks in terms of difficulty.Be that as it may, it is the highest mountain in Johor stateand its accessible location, being only a couple of hours drive from

both Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, means that it is one of the most popular and frequently climbed mountains in Malaysia. That does not mean that it is easy to climb. It is a 5 to 6 hour energetic hike to the summit for a reasonably fit person and there are some steep rocky faces to negotiate with the aid of ropes. Accidents happen and there have been some fatalities which is why it is compulsory to engage a guide from the Ranger's office.The most popular trail from in front of the Gunung Ledang Resort is closed for climbers until further access so when I visited recently I had to content myself with a short 20 minute trek along stone pathways and steps to the Puteri Waterfalls, a cascade of about 60m with pools and a pleasant picnic and bathing area further downstream

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LITERATURE 2.1 Theory Minerals are formed in various ways and different conditions. Most of the minerals require thousands of years to develop and others need just a few years. The mineral formations takes places either in the molten rock or magma, near the Earth surface or deep in the Earth crust as a result of transforming. Rock is defined as a mixture formed of aggregates of one or more minerals (aggregate of minerals). Rocks can be formed by many different processes. Some are formed from: 1) Crystallization of a melts (Igneous) 2) Solidifying sediments like sand or clay (Sedimentary) 3) Re-crytallizing previously formed rocks in the solid state (Metamorphic) 4) Some are formed by crystallization form hot aqueous fluid (Hydrothermal) Rocks that are formed by crystallization of a melt are igneous. These may be formed at deeper earth crust layer (instrusive or plutonic), or they may form on the surface (extrusive or volcanic). In general, igneous rocks that cool rapidly are very fine-grained; whereas rocks that cool slowly are coarsegrained. Rocks that are formed on the dsurface of the earth by solidification (lithification) of weathered or dissolved material are sedimentary. These are generally classified by by the size of the particles, although the composition change systematically with particle size.

Rocks that form by recrystallization in the solid state are metamorphic. They may be metamorphosed from sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic, or

hydrothermal rocks. Rocks that form by recrystallization from hot aqueous fluid are hydrothermal. These are commonly formed near intrusive igneous bodies. This is a very effiecient way to concentrate the elements of flow natural abundance, so many of the economically important ore minerals are formed this way. Rocks are materials that compose the earth’s crust, the outermost zonal structure of the earth. The unconsolidated soils and sediments that overlie the hard rocks over most of the earth’s crust are simply materials that result form rock weathering processes, the physical and chemical breakdown or rocks under the influence of climatic and biological factors operating over the surface of the crust.

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METHODOLOGY

3.1 Procedure of all related site work performed.

All of the group member compile the result from the site visit.

esult will be examine by all of the group member to ensure there is no repetition fact and ensure th

Brainstorming among group member to added some extra fact to strengthen the point.

The task are divide by each team to get an extra fact and references.

The task are compiled and the report are done.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Picture

Ayer Hitam, Batu Pahat

Take the coordinate of dip angle and dip direction for the sample rock

Volcanic Rock

Taman Hutan Lagenda, Taman Negara Johor, Gunung Ledang

Sediment rock

4.2 Significant study a) Weathering From the observation that we had done at Ayer Hitam and Gunung Ledang,we had recognize a few type of weathering that always happen to a rock around us such spheroidal weathering, unloading or exfoliation, oxidation, b) Spheroidal Weathering

In this type of weathering, a rounded shape is produced because weathering attacks an exposed rock from all sides at once, and therefore decomposition is more rapid along the corners and edges of the rock. c) Unloading and Exfoliation This is a process of reduction of pressure on underlying rocks by erosion that takes place on the overburden. The rocks expand as pressure is released and this process is known as unloading. The response to unloading may cause large joints (sheeting) to develop. d) Oxidation The oxidation weathering can be recognize by their changes of colour from red to grey but it is only happen at outside layer of rock. e) Organic Activities The activities of plants and animals also promote rock disintegration. Burrowing animals such as worms, ants and rodents mechanically mix the soil and loose rock particle. Pressure from growing roots widens cracks and contributes to the rock breakdown.

f) Classification of rock One of the class of soil that we had been find at there is residual soil. The characteristic of the soil is is formed by the weathering in place but have a original structure of rock that completely destroy such as clay. The residual soil is develop in situ and their characteristic depends on the kind of bedrock from which they are derived . residual soil deposits are common in humid tropical countries such as Malaysia

4.3 Problem a) Procedure Test procedures not according properly to standard methods and all the group members not professional about this experiment. b) Equipment Error during taking the real data from the field because all the members not familiar with the equipment. b) Environment During the observation at Ayer Hitam was quite suitable for site investigation but at Gunung Ledang was a bite cloudy.

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QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Describe generally the differences between index and direct test Index or direct test Dose not involved preparation of sample

Direct test or strength test Direct test require detailed

(which is costly) and test may not be

preparation (size and shape) using specific

associated with destruction of sample (non-

laboratory equipments.

destructive test or NDT) These tests are relatively

Equipments used in the test are complex,

undertake and cheaper.

easier

to

sample

bulky and expensive. These factor mike direct test more expensive and thus limited

to rock parameters that are essential for design purpose.

5.2 Explain the discontinuities in rock and their effect on strength. a)

of rock material and rock mass consist of compression (uniaxial and triaxial), tensile shear (discontinuity planes) and other strength properties like fatigue and creep. Depending on the scale being considered (material or rock mass scale), the strength of rock is affected by the presence of discontinuities (big and small scale) in rock. The most important effect is strength reduction.

b) all laboratory rock sample, it is affected by minerals arrangement and how cleavage such as schistoscity in metamorphic rock. On a larger scale, rock masses are affected by geological structures and discontinuities like bedding, joint and fault.

c) laboratory testing it is important to note the direction of loading with respect to rock anisotropy. Strength parameters of rock mass the exhibits small and large-scale discontinuities are more appropriately assessed using in-situ largescale testing. d) Weathering also affects the strength of rock. Degree of weathering of rock usually evaluated by site assessment. Since weathering grade could only be assessed subjectively with little information on numerical value of weathering degree, the effect of weathering is relatively difficult to included in design. Slake durability test may be used to assessed the degree of weathering numerically.

Based on the study that we had done,there is 6 grades of weathering zone such as Weathering Zone material grade descriptive terms material description and likely engineering characteristics firstly for the first zone or grade I for fresh. There is no visible sign of rock material weathering and no internal discolouration or disintegration. Normally requires blasting or cutting for excavation may require minimal reinforcement in cut slope unless rock mass is closely jointed. Secondly, for the second zone is determine by Slightly weathered some discolouration on an adjacent to discontinuity surfaces, discoloured rock is not significantly weaker than undiscoloured fresh rock and its weak or soft parent rock may show penetration of discolouration.Normally requires blasting or cutting for excavation such as suitable as a foundation rock but with open jointing will tend to be very permeable. Thirdly is determine by Moderately weathered Rock is significantly discoloured and discontinuities will tend to be opened by weathering process and discolouration have penetrated inwards from the discontinuity surfaces there is less than 50% of the rock material is decomposedor disintegrated to a soil rock samples containing discolouration are noticeably weaker than the fresh undiscoloured rock an originally weak rock will comprise relict blocks of substantially weathered material. Occasionally may be excavated without blasting or cutting such as by block leverage at the discontinuities will be relatively easily crushed by construction plant moving over it in situ and may be suitable as rockfoundation with some reinforcements and joints may exhibit lower strength characteristics, so rendering side slopes unstable. For the fourth zone, Highly weathered rock is substantially discoloured and more than 50% of the material is indegraded soil condition and the original fabric near to the discontinuity surfaces have been altered to a greater depth and a deeply weathered,originally strong rock, may show evidence of fresh rock as a discontinuous framework or as corestone. it is originally weak rock will have been substantially altered, with perhaps small relict blocks but little evidence of the original structure.

Fifth zone is depends on completely weathered rock is substantially discoloured and has broken down to a soil but with original fabric thats is mineral arrangement & relict joints but still intact and soil properties depend on the composition of the parent rock. Its also can be excavated by hand or ripped relatively easily. Not suitable as foundation for large structures. May be unstable in steep cuttings and exposes surfaces will require erosion protection. Lastly,for the sixth zone is called residual soil is completely degraded to a soil, original rock fabric is completely absent , exhibit large volume change and the soil has not been significantly transported.Stability on slopes relies upon vegetation rooting and substantial erosion & local failures if preventive measures are not taken.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The conclusion from our observation during that day we have learn new knowledge that we have depth from engineering geology. From all the activities that we have done, we know how to classify the types of rocks and also the advantages and disadvantages about the rocks. In addition, we also known about the types of continuities and the strength of rock. Otherwise, we learn how to manage project In the proper way and distributed all the task succesfully. We also can apply the theory that we already learn at classroom at site, so,this is a great thing that we can also use it for future. The type of soil and rock are different at any place eventhough it is from the same state. This might be consider that the nature itself and we must to investigate it to ensure it can be use in civil engineering industry and at the same time, we can turn the rock into an important material and grab the benefit from it. Some of the

rock might have a different strength and durability, but it doesn’t mean that the lowest strength of rock do not have any benefit. Weathering might be a bad thing that can effect the rock body and can damage it. But,the bright side of the weathering is may give a benefit to human and that place. This can be proof by the spheroidal weathering that turn the rock into a unique and aesthetic value. The discontinuity of rock also the give the same impact because it is make the people to work easily on the rock structure. In another hand,it can help people to produce a material can be used in daily life such as the oxidation of feldspar that turn the rock into kaolin and kaolin turn into clay. Clay are widely used in ceramic invented around the Johor. The recommendation that we need to set right is duration of the program and time management. We also need to know how to handle the equipment properly and follow the right procedure. Besides that, additional activities is also needed to fulfil our tentative programs. Additional activities must affective and bring additional knowledge about the engineering geology such as work field.

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REFERENCES

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APPENDIX