Genki I - Integrated Elementary Japanese Course - Banno, Ohno, Sakane, Shinagawa 1999

Eri Banno t)j!l!f:J}d_l Yutaka Ohno :A!I!f* Yoko Sakane j:JjfllJI-1Chikako Shinagawa .H.JII�-1-

The JapanTimes

ピーターのスキャン

AN INTEGRATED COURSE IN

ELEMENTARY JAPANESE

GENKI Eri Banno t/i!l!f:l}dlJ!

Yutaka Ohno ::k!l!fm Yoko Sakane t/itl/M-1Chikako Shinagawa .?nJII$-1-

The JapanTimes

Copyright© 1999 by Eri Banno, Yutaka Ohno, Yoko Sakane, and Chikako Shinagawa All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. First edition: May 1999 32nd printing: November 2004

Editorial assistance: guild Illustrations: Noriko Udagawa and Reiko Maruyama Cover art and Editorial design: Nakayama Design Office Gin-o Nakayama, Mutsumi Sotoh, ond Mosotoko Muromotsu

Published by The Japan Times, Ltd. 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1 08-0023, Japan Phone: 03-3453-2013 http:// bookclub.japantimes.co.jp/ ISB N4-7890-0963-7 Printed in Japan

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Making a Date

Verb Conj ugation Verb Types and the "Present Tense" Particles Time Reference

--- i � /v iP Word Order Frequency Adverbs The Topic Particle �i

-------

53

5-1-

C M 4 � J ���(1)7- t'-..

The Fi rst Date

-----

72

X iJ� /b l'J * '9/ v � * 't Describing \Vhere Things Are Past Tense

t:. < f: lv -�F a� l\t' _, t; IJ\A.. c {) ® illfi: �\

®8 V'

Location s

'5 •

im

•

l,�j>5

F.J

•

-:>""

�

� I] t!.

adj ective + � �

c:· .:: il) �;:I c:· .:: �;: � -c· @'!RC' X.�

At th e Station ·· -- -- -- --···------·· -- --- ------ -- -----· - ------ ···- ----- --- ----- -- - - --· 2 08

f*b(l)®c '\'>�

After the Vacation ------ 2 1 o

-- t.:. lJ .-..... f.:_ lJ -t � .....__

.::

t iJ� J? �

noun

A �

noun

B

�0)? 5A z:· ®B* I� 1;;1v �

5 · I n t h e Japa ne se C l a ss - · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··· · · · · · · - ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · 22

Feeling Ill ------ 2 2 6

.-..... ,�v -r·-t ---- '"9 �- � .-..... �� -5 iJ� v ) v ) -r· '"9 .-.....

(]) c:·

---- i;t. < t? � 1,- ) �t * � lv -- c:· G J: -5 Health a n d Illness · · · · · · · · · ·· ·· · · · · · · ··· · ·· ·· ···· ·· · ·- · ·· ·· · · ·· · - · · · · · - 2 46

®111 ti c11ii � 111v �-5 UJ:?�

(...__? ..:_.�:'--'-=> &JI_ ..;..; J__ - 1'-_�)

Expression Notes

CD i3 �i J: ? I t.o tJ iJ{ c -? � J: ? t:t t? T 17- � -tt lv 1.-) ? 'l � � T /t.:.t.! 1.- ) *- I i3 -h� ;Z '? � � 1.- )

1.- ) 1.- ) ;Z

1.-) ? 'l t? ? � � 1.- ) I

ti l.- ll ;Z ;Z ;c. '5 -r-tiP Pronunciation of ti umbers GiYing one's telephone number -tt /v -t!- 1.- ) � lv Referring to the person you are talking to Japanese names

s

(2);00)

@(��) < t.! �

�)

C��) JotliJ> I.- ) � � T

(��)

l7

c ? "f

On the pronunciaBig numbers ------ 39

tion of number words

t J: -::> c. ---- 6-1< I*� ®ff \> < 82 @ X OJ W"i ;Z -::> 1 10 -::> =�ra,� t�t� �;(_

!:

1,; �·A.IJ:A.

L- v)/ t: �-�il' C 7:t) ----- 1 04 @1t 'l.JtfJf

1 22 cv� < l)!f£ 1.- l c? t .t�� j)� @.i!it� ------ 1 -1- 1 ;,� @....... T � 160

@� M c Lfi3tO)fJ! iJ{ t.o tJ � TiJ{. ::: t!lv �- ::: r.Jiv @ti in negative sentences t.! it

1 98

·····

t;:

F71 7

�

1)>!/)

t;: ii ------ 2 I 7

①

惨会話文法編

配 ﹃﹂

主 ￨

\ �J

.

Greetlngs

こんにちは。

おはよう 。

こんばんは。

号竺o ぐ 、

おやすみなさ

。 、

L

Ohayoo.

Good morning.

Ohayoo gozai masu.

Good morning. (polite)

.:_ 10 �= 't l j o

Konnichiwa.

Good afternoon .

.: 10 t J 10 t j 0

Konbanwa.

Good evening.

� J: ") 7J: t? o

Sayoonara.

Good-bye.

Oyasuminasai.

Good night.

Arigatoo.

Thank you.

Arigatoo goz a i m a s u .

Thank you. (polite)

S u m i masen.

Excuse me.; I'm sorry.

l i e.

No.; Not at all.

lttekimasu.

I'll go and come back.

ltterasshai.

Please

Tadaima.

back. I'm home.

Okaerinasai.

Welcome home.

ltadakimasu.

Thank you for the meal.

� LJ: J: "J o .:·· �-- �.r \ :f T o

� Li J: -7

� -\" T h 7J: �

Jty � -/:;{ ?.:: -)

�.r \ 0

0

&tJ � -h{ ?.:: -7

.:·· �-- �, \ :f To

T h :f -tt h,o

\, \ "'? -{ � j T o �.r \

"'? --c G "'? L � �, \o

t: f:3_' \, \ ;f

0

� -/:;> ;Z_ � 7J: �

\, \ 0

\, \ f::. f:3_- � j T o

go

and

come

(before eating) Gochisoosama.

Thank you for the meal. (after eating)

t j t o9) :f L --c o

Haj i m e m ashite.

How do you do?

?.::'' -J ·F J: � L < o

Doozo yoroshiku.

Nice to meet you.

��! ./ f'-... l:)(�J: 5 /® 0 ti'c 5 .,...

E

-

x

p r e s s i o n

N o t e s

Ohayoo is used between friends and family mem­

bers, while ohayoo gozaimasu is used between less intimate acquain tances,

gatoo and arigatoo gozaimasu. The rule of thumb is: if you similarly with ari are on a first-name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions. To give a concrete example, the social expectation is such that students are to use the longer variants when they speak with a professor.

c!d:: 5 fclb .,...

There are several good-bye expressions m Japanese,

the

choice among which depends on the degree of separation. Sayoonara indi­ cates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before she "turns a page in her life"; not until a new day arriYes, or until fate brings the two together again, or until they meet again in the other world.

t; �

�, £ t.:.o

jaa, mata.

(between friends, expecting to see each other again fairly soon)

l-'?tl, 1t l l- £ To

Sh itsureesh i masu.

(taking leave from a professor's office, for example)

1, ) -::> l � £ To

lttekimasu.

(leaving home)

9c1J�1:tlv .,... Sumimasen attention,

(3)

(2)

means

(1)

"Excuse me," to get another person's

"I'm sorry," to apologize for the trouble rou have caused, or

"Thank you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you.

l. \l. \;i .,... lie

is primarily "No," a negatiYe reply to a question. In the

dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or "You're welcome," with which you point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have done for them.

l. \? "C b ? v � l. \fl.\? "C � � 9/1: t't. l. \ �/l:) fJ' � 0 fJ 7 1; � < -lt 'v \ "('' T1J'o ryuugakusee desu ka.

Arizona daigaku

no

gakusee desu.

.

,,

Soo desu ka.

Senmon

wa

nan desu ka.

. 7 1) -

Mearii

Nihongo desu.

l ma

ninensee desu.

Mary: Excuse me. What time is it now? Takeshi: It's half past twelve. Mary: Thank you. Takeshi: You're welcome.

Takeshi: Um . . . are you an international student? Mary: Yes. I am a student at the University of Arizona. Takeshi: I see. What is your major? Mary: Japanese. I am a sophomore now.

v

f;_ lu 0

c

a

b

I

u

a

r

y

* � CT)

a no

urn . . .

* \. \ ;!

ima

now

eego

English (language)

ee

yes

gakusee

student

. . . go

language

i_ \. \ ::..··

ex. t :: t .f ,0 ::..·· (nihon­

go) Japanese language kookoo

high school

gogo

P.i\1.

gozen

A.i\1.

. . . sai

. . . years old

. . . san

Mr./Ms . . . .

. . . Jl

o'clock

\. ' � t (ichiji) one

ex.

o'clock . . . jin

people

ex. t : ti ,0

t ,0 (nihon­

jin ) Japanese people sen see

teacher; Professor . . .

* � ,0 t ,0

senmon

major

*

soo desu

That's right.

daigaku

college; university

"(' ,0 ;b

denwa

telephone

� t t::_' 'f?

tomodachi

friend

IJ: :l i.

namae

name

* IJ: ,0/ i;t. t :

nan/nani

what

* t : t i .Z,

Nihon

Japan

* � tJ. .Z, � \. \

. . . nensee

. . . year student

� ,0 * "' '

;c. -7 --e i"

* t:_' \. \ f.; { <

ex.

\. ' i? tl ,0 �

\. ' (ichinensee) first-year student hai

yes

han

half

ex. t :

t t.l ,0 (nijihan) half

past two

*

•

tJ,0 ::..·· -}

bangoo

number

� 11> -} f.;{ < � \. \

ryuugakusee

international student

b t::. L

watashi

I

Words that appear in the dialogue

ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

C o u n t r

e s

7 � l) tJ

Am erika

U.S.A.

1 �- 1) A

lgirisu

Britain

.:t - A r 7 1J 7

Oosutoraria

Australia

f;• lv ::.. <

Kankoku

Korea

Sueeden

Sweden

Chuugoku

China

i:J• i:J'' <

kagaku

science

7 :/ / lt /v � I'}> J

ajiakenkyuu

Asian studies

tt \, \ �-- �, \

keezai

economics

::.. < � 1, \ f; • /v tt l. \

kokusaikan kee

international relations

:::J / l:::" .::L - .Y -

konpyuutaa

computer

t lv ; \, \ fJt < -l:t i. ' L

jinruigaku

anthropology

seeji

politics

c:· :; * ;z u• t: t> T �) �' lv i:J " <

bijinesu

business

bungaku

literature

h� L

rekishi

history

L ::..·· �

shigoto

job; work; occupation

"' L �

ish a

doctor

h• " ' L � " , lv

kaishain

office worker

::.. "] ::.. "] -l:t- 1. \

kookoosee

high school student

shufu

housewife

t::· \, \ f; { < \, \ lv -l:t \, \

daigakuinsee

graduate student

t::· \, \ f; ,.

daigakusee

college student

bengoshi

lawyer

h f;• Jl:> � lv

okaasan

mother

h � J � Iv

otoosan

father

h tl -Z � Iv

oneesan

older sister

h t : \, \ � lv

oniisan

older brother

\, \ t 7 �

imooto

younger sister

h � J �

otooto

younger brother

I>

,

?

>)•

''

�

�

T

J;

:.;

T

t:

/Z 7

:I. i.

T

;,

�

I>

_ .:y / i.

-r:·

t:, vp ") ::_·· <

"-

M a i o r s

I>

l:

1-..

I>

u�

.,

;

t:

O c c u p a t

L

vp

)

�

h

o n s

.

< -l:t \, \

""- lv ::..·· L F a m i l y

G

-

r

a

m

m

a

r

X (� Y �g

"It is 12:30." " I am a student. " "My major is the Japanese language." These sentences will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu.

-c·9a

It is . . .

t I1J ") t: t t.l A., --c·· -t o

(It) is half past twelve.

Juuniji h a n desu.

I;� < -lt " \ --c·· -t 0

(I) am a student.

t : t i lv .:·· --c·· 1" o

(My major) is the Japanese language.

Gakusee desu.

Nihongo desu.

Note that none of these sentences has a "subject," like the "it," "I," and "my major" found in their English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener what or who they are referring to. What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit what we are talking about, we can say:

---- u

wa

Where

t : t i .z, .:·· --c·· 1" o nihongo desu.

--- is the Japanese language.

--- stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic," which is later in

the sentence identified as nihongo. For example, (My) major is the Japanese language. Senmon wa

nihongo desu.

Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item Y. X (;t Y c·9 o -t

Watashi wa

:.

i

b f::. L t.l A. -

·

X is Y As for X, it is Y

t:

� L.. "('' T o

Suu Kimu desu.

I am Sue Kim.

!11r. Yamashita is a teacher. Yamashita san wa

sensee desu.

Mearii san wa

amerikajin desu.

l !ary is an A 'merican. v

Wa is a member of the class of \Yords called "particles." So is the word no, which we will turn to later in this lesson. Particles attach themseh·es to phrases and indicate how the phrases relate to the rest of the sentence. Note also that nouns like gakusee and sensee in the above examples stand alone, unlike their English translations "student" and " teacher," which are preceded by "a." I n Japanese, there i s no item that corresponds to "a," nor i s there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s" at the end of a noun. \Yithout background situations, a sentence like gakusee desu is therefore ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations;

it may mean "We are/you are/they are students, " as well as "I am/you are/she is a student. "

g

Question Sentences

It is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the end of a statement. ry rp 7 I;{ < -tt " \ "'{'' -t 0

ry rp ") !;>.' \

(I am) an international student.

(Are you) an international student?

1 ( -t!- \ \ '"' "t 1J • o Ryuugakusee desu ka. -

Ryuugakusee desu.

The above sentence, Ryuugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences 2

may also contain a "question word" like nan (what) . In this lesson, we learn how to ask, and answer, questions using the following question words: nanji (what time), nansai (how old), nannensee (what year in school). Note carefully that the order of words i n a sentence may be quite different from what you find in your language.

-t!- /v t /v tj: Senmon wa

( -tt lv t lv tj: )

� /v "'('' "t 1J ' o nan desu ka.

(Senmon wa)

;(_ � \ .:· "'('' -t 0 eego desu.

(N!y major) is English.

What is your major?

1 lt is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese.

nan and nani. Nan is used immediate­ ji (o'clock). The other form, nani, is used before a particle. nanijin (person of what nationality).

2The Japanese question word for "\vhat" has two pronunciations: ly before desu or before a "counter" like

Nani

is also used in the combination

\, \ l

� ,{, t "('' T iJ �o

lma

What time is it now? If>

iJ

(\ \ J ) ( I ma)

nanji desu ka.

I)

\'

\

t "C'' T o

kuji desu.

It is nine o 'clock.

_;( J 1) - � .Z, t.;l: � ,{, � \, \ '{'' T iJ � o

t � 7 � � 7 � '. \ '{'' T o

Mearii san wa

J u ukyuusai desu.

nansai desu ka.

How old are you, Mary?

I'm nineteen years old. t : t;t .z, -li- "' \ --c-- To

Nannensee desu ka.

N i nensee desu.

What year are you in college?

I'm a sophomore.

"C'' h, b t.f',{, _::'' 7 tj � ,{, '{'' T iJ � o

1 86 cry 7343 "C'' T o

Denwa bangoo wa

lchi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu.

nan desu ka.

What is your telephone number?

0

It

is 186-7343.

noun10) noun2

No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Toozai daigaku no gakusee means 3 "(a) student at Tozai University." The second noun gakusee provides the main idea (being a student) and the first one Toozai daigaku makes it more specific (not a high school, but a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like the possessive ("x's") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it connects two nouns in the following examples.

t:. tt L � .z- cry --c-· ,{, b ti' ,{, .::-- 7 Takeshi san no

t�- '. \ i7 { < cry {t ,{, % \, \ daigaku no

a student of the Japanese language

gakusee

t : t l h, cry t�- '. \ ]ji < nihon n o

a college professor

sen see

t : t l .Z, .:·' cry ]ji < {t \, \ nihongo no

Takeshi's phone number

denwa bangoo

cr college

in Japan

daigaku

Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in the same order, while in the last two, they are i n the opposite order. Japanese seems to be more consistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with any further description placed before it.

3

Here is what we mean by the "main idea." In the phrase Takeshi san no denwa bangoo ( Takeshi's

phone number), the noun denwa bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something

is Takeshi's phone number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea, because Takeshi's phone number is not Takeshi.

noun1 (])

t

main idea further restriction

A phrase of the form "noun1 no noun2" acts more or less like one big noun. You can put i t wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example:

Takeshi san no

kookoo no

okaasan wa

sensee desu.

Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher.

�JJ2 / - �

E x

0�5 1j'fu

pre

5 5

ion

Note

5

®(]) � Ano indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting some­ thing someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example.

lctL VXX� Both hai and ee mean "res" in response to yes-no questions. Compared to hai,

ee

is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal

situations, un is used.

Hai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's name, meaning "Here," as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.) T

.;,.

T

Teacher: :A � A. � lv ?

JV!r. Smith?

Student: kl:v)o

Here.

Sumisu san?

Hai

t 5 c·91J'� Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. "Is that so?" or "I see."

Pronunciation of let� The particle �j: is pronounced "zva," not "ha." It

should be written with �i. All other instances of "zva" are written with b.

(ij\ w

b t.:. l,. O) -c·�n �i� .::· ? kt 37-8667-c·-to

Watashi no denwa ban goo wa san nana no hachi roku roku nana

My

desu.

telephone number is 37-8667.

There are a few exceptions, such as konnichiwa (good afternoon) and

konbanwa (good evening). They are usually written with

.:: � �;: iS �;!: and .::

lv �i � �;!: .

Numbers

..,. Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer

to the table at the end of this book for a general picture. -t!

6

0 -li o and tu,> are both commonly used. 1 J.... > i? , but pronounced as J.... > -:J in 1,. > -:J l�/v (one minute) and

J.... > -:J �

J.... > (one-year old). 2

�;: all the time. When you are reading out each digit separately,

as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as �: J.... >. 3

� lv all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as

in � �.1:./v, instead of � lvl-,. /v. 4

J: lv is the most basic, but fourth-year student is J: blv-tt- V > and

four o'clock is J: C . In some combinations that we will later learn, it is read as G (as in l,iJ)-:::> , April). The part that follows this number may change shape too, as in J: lv.l:.lv.

5

.::-· all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as .::·· ? .

6

? < , but pronounced as ?

7

t:t t:t is the most basic, but seven o'clock is L. iS C .

8

�;!: iS , but usually pronounced as �;!: -::> in �;!: -::J .1:./v and �;!: -:J � v > .

9

� �� ? is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < C .

10

-::>

C @> ? , but pronounced as C

in ?

19> -::>

-:J

.1:./v.

in C @> -::> .lP� and C

Giving one's telephone number ..,. The particle

19> -:J

� J.... >.

no is usually placed in

between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-345-6789 is zero ichi ni, san yon go no, roku nana hachi kyuu.

itJvitl. \ ..,. The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. Watashi wa sensee desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word sensee actually means an "honorable master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want

to be really modest, you can use the word kyooshi instead.

7 juugo

19

ku

20

L l1> 7

� \ t tP 7 rokujuu

juushi

.:"

70

� � t l1> 7 nanajuu

80

t l1> 7 � <

t.l "l? t 11> 7 hachijuu

90

7 � � / t 11> 7 L "l? juushichi

� 11> 7 L I1> 7 kyuujuu

t 11> 7 tj "l?

1 00

U' � \ hyaku

L l1> 7 � 11> 7 / t 11> 7 < juukyuu

juu

.:_'' t 11> 7 gojuu

juuhachi

� 11> 7 / \ kyuu

50

t vp 7 � ,Z,

L' 11>

.J:: ,Z, t \1> 7 yonjuu

juunana

hachi

9

40

7 t:

juuroku

roku

7

� juuni

juuyon

go

6

t

� ,Z, t � 7 sanjuu

juusan

J:: ,Z,/ L / ( J: ) yon

30

t ..P 7 '1f \ l? juuichi

ni

4

e

(Numbers)

... \ "l?

3

c

-li o / tv " \ zero

2

t

c

juuku

t : t 11> 7 nijuu

A. Read the following numbers. @)

B.

(a) 5

(b) 9

(c ) 7

(d)

(e) 1 0

(f) 8

(g) 2

(h) 6

( i) 4

(j) 3

Read the following numbers. @) (a) 45

(b) 83

(c) I 9

(d) 76

(e) 52

(f) I 00

(g) 38

(h) 6 1

( i ) 24

( j ) 97

(d) 6 - 6

(e) 1 0 + 9

C. What are the answers? 8J (a) 5 + 3

(b) 9 + I

(c) 3 + 4

( f) 8 - 7

(g) 40 - 25

0 u1J'Iv

(Time)

~ OJ C9 C9 CD \d; t

t: t niji

ichiji

��t

l t

=� t

sanji

yoji

goji

< t

t vp -J t

CD 0 0 7:> < t

L i? t

Li i? t

rokuji

shichiji

hachiji

~

kuji

(]

C) t Vi>

l: vp ") \ \ i? t

")

\ \ i? t t;i �

t: t

juuniji

juuichiji

ichiji han

(]

A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions. ED Example:

Q : \. \ � lma

� � l: "'(' T IJ � o

Ex.

nanji desu ka.

A : \ \ i? t tJ � ·e-to lchiji han desu.

(2)

(1)

(C) Q) ------

(4)

e)

(5)

co

(3)

0)" Q

(6)

juuji

B. Answer the questions. 6J

Tookyoo wa

ima

nanji desu ka.

A · ::�-lf lv � lv l' --c· -t o Gozen

sanji desu.

0 3. Nairobi 9 : 00 P.M.

@ cfvt>(�fv 25 A.

(Tel ephone Numbers)

Read the following people's telephone numbers. 8J

� � L t::.

Example:

283-9547

�

;/)

;,

')

t : tj 1? � /v t7) � IP -) ::·· .,t lv tJ: tJ: ni hachi san no

Yamashita

kyuu go yon nana

,,

1 . ;l 7 1) -

951-0326

Mearii

2. t::. �t L

362-4519

Takeshi T

�

7-. -

691-4236

4 . o ; \' - r

852-1032

3.

Suu 7, If i> 1:::

Robaato

B. Pair Work-Read the dialogue below with your partner. till)

Denwa bangoo wa

B

:

nan desu ka.

283-9547 "C" T o Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu.

A

283-9547 "'C'' T tlo

N i hachi san n o kyuu go yon

B

C.

lj v \ , Hai,

nana desu ne.

--c-- -to

.f -J

sao desu.

Group Work-Use the dialogue above and ask three classmates their telephone numbers. telephone number

name

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

® (: (�fu C.(J) jj' < tt L\ Translate the following phrases into Japanese using (]) (no) . ED Example:

student of the Japanese language

t : t i A..t :::.''. tJ) h { < -tt 'v \

�

nihongo no

gakusee

1 . my teacher

2 . my telephone number

3 . my name

4 . Takeshi's major

5 . Mary's friend

6 . student of the University of London

7 . teacher of the Japanese language

8 . high school teacher

Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues in (a) through (e). ED -r

Takeshi

�

2 . ;z - � A..t

1 . f::. t t L � A..t san

;'>

i!

;,

1::

3 . D J \ - � � h.t

4 . � � L f::. -tt A..t -tt v \

Robaato san

Suu san

Yamashita sensee

(a) national ity Example:

/1)

;,

'1

,,

/- 7 l) - � A..t

it)

�

Mearii san

;,

1 '

/- T 1)

,, -

;,

"'

�

lr

� h.t tj 7 .7- 1) n t A..t --c-- -t o

Mearii san wa

amerikajin desu.

(b) year in school Examp 1e:

&!)

i>

l

/' 7 1) ..1

. \

-

Mearii san

� I ... IV

*">

�

h

')

� \

..1 7 1) - � I tj /' - IV Mearii san wa

I� : � I � \- \ __,. ifcol iV� 1..,, --:f'J 0 ninensee d es u .

(c) age 1/)

;l

Example:

1>

\, \

'J

;,

�

7 1) - � lv

Mearii san

(d) school "'

;l

Example:

;,

l\

Mearii san wa

,,

')

'}

;,

;l 7 1) - � lv U: t I'P "7 � I'P "7 � \. ' "C'' T o

"'

�

7 1) - � lv

;,

j u u kyuu sai desu.

,,

?

;,

?

·'' < -tt \- \ --c·· -t i;• 0 l m ooto wa

daigakusee desu ka.

8 . \- \ t ') � t.! � � :: 1_, \ "('' TiJ'o l m ooto wa

nansai desu ka.

� * clt.J(J)

nfv u � 5 (Review Exercises)

A. Class Activity-Ask five classmates questions and fill in the chart below. Example questions: •

1? 7j .i

i.. U: ? C\Yhat is your name?)

Onamae wa?

•

t:'' -:: n' I? Doko kara

·

L _::'' t:

kimashita ka.

(occupation) tj � ;\.; "'(' T n ' o

Shi goto wa

·

(\Yhere do you come from?)

� .i L f: iJ' o

nan

desu ka.

ij ,4.; tl ,4.; -tt '- \ --r, T iJ, o annensee desu ka.

•

7j ;\.; � I. \ "'('' T n'o Nansai desu ka. Senmon wa

t\ame

B.

nan

desu ka.

Occupation/ School

Nationality

Major , etc.

Age

Self-introduction-Introduce yourself to the class. Example:

.,.,

;,

ry

tj l.: � .i L --c o � 7 1) Hajimemashite. n

'l

7 1)

.:r·

�·

ninensee d es u

.

]uukyuusai desu.

•

;;.

/ " -

Mearii Haato desu.

'/-T t::' l. \ n � <

Arizona dai gaku no

!.i.

' '

-

� -I:J{

I:

r "'(' To

< -t!- �t \ "'('' T o lt \ .i I rna

gakusee desu. Senmon wa Doozo

nihon go

desu.

yoroshiku.

C.

Class Activity-Ask your classmates what their majors are, and find someone who has the following major.

Senmon wa

nan desu ka.

A : t: t.i lv ::--"'C' T o Nihon go desu.

name 1 . Japanese

2 . econom1cs 3 . English 4 . history

;:> .

business

I

A g e

Time hours

minutes

'- \ i? L ichiji

2

t: L

2

� ,Z, L

3

J: L

4

.:·· c

5

goji

6

12

..

J: ,.\., "'�: ,.\.,

14

sanp u n

..

'--

.,...) �

L i? L

7

ij: ij: ..) ' ,.\.,

8

tJ: i? L

8

tj:

< L

9

L' ¥P -7 .;

""?

L' ¥P -7 ij: ij: "'; , ,z,

17

) : ,.\., / tj: i? .-). ,.\.,

L' ¥P -) tj: ""? ..; : ,.\., /

18

.-

hachifun

juuhappun

� \1) -) .-). ,.\.,

L' ¥P -) ti i? .-L ,Z,

kyuufun

10

L ¥P

-?

juppun

juuji

juuhachifun

.-) : ,z,

l' \1) -) � \1) -) .-). ,.\.,

19

j u ukyuufun

L � -) �.- \ i? t

20

L f1> -7 � = t

30

�= t �

juuichiji

12

nijuppun

The counter suffix ""' �

\, \ -? � '. \

�

sanjuppun

t: � " \

"'

:: lv � \, \ sansai

4

J: ,Z, � \. \ yonsai

""? .-)' '• ,Z,

is used to indicate "- y ears old."

5

:: � " \

9

gosai

6

nisai

3

"'�� ,z,

Oikutsu desu ka.

issai

2

--:>

� ,Z, L f1>

juuniji

Nansai desu ka.

..;: ,z,

juunanafun

happun

kuji

""?

juuroppun

nanafun

hachiji

I I

16

.-�: ,.\.,

7

L � -7 L

..

juugofun

roppun

shichiji

L ¥P -7 J: ,z, ..;: ,z, L ¥P -7 .:·· �. ,z,

15

6

""?

..._

juuyonpun

lv

gofun

.;

L ¥P -7 � ,.\., ....)' �• ,Z,

juusanpun

yonpun

rokuji

10

..

13

'

.-�: ,z,

L ¥P -) t: ;. ,z,

- ,.\., ..,...)' :a• ,Z, �

�--

'- \ ""?

juunifun

.; < t

9

L ¥P -7

juuippun

nifun

yoji

5

). lv

t:

sanji

4

I I

ippun

niji

3

'. \ ""? --� : ,.\.,

.; < � I, \

kyuusai

10

l' f-P -? � 1, \

I I

t f1> -) \, \ ""? � I, \

20

tj: f.: i? *

jussai

rokusai

7

ij: ij: � \, \

8

tj: ""? :: 1,. \

nanasai hassai

� f'P J � I, \

juuissai hatachi

*For 20 years old, li t:= � (lzatachi) is usually used, although I: l "" -? � " ' (nijussai) can be used.

� �� �

S

E

L

N

0

s

7'J \l \=50) S h o p p in g a

D

{!) �

�

'l

3

4

.:

Sumimasen.

Kore wa

;;.;. -1:t � V' 'C.

-t n t.i � !v -tr 1v ;Z 1v ---c·· "T 0

Mise no hito

Sore wa

h

ry

ikura desu ka.

sanzen en desu.

7 1) - : Takai desu ne.

;;.;. -1:t � V' 'C.

� n t.i � !v � !v ::: v "(=> < ;Z !v ---c·· ""to

Mise no hito

Are wa

I>

')

ano tokee wa

) aa,

ikura desu ka.

sanzengohyaku en desu.

\ '

;l 7 1) - : Soo desu ka.

;;.;. 4:1: � V' 'C.

•

Mise no hito "'

7

�.,

,,

Mea rii 6

n t.i

Mearii

V>

5

\ < G ---c·· ""t�J·o

T ;;.;. � -1:t !vo

�

e

\l

Mea r ii

"'

u

g

Mary goes to a flea market.

, ;l 7 1) - : 2

0

J,

'J

Are mo

takai desu ne.

.:: n t .1 4:1: 1v u ""? lf "(=> < ;Z 1v ---c·· _, J: o Kore wa

senhappyaku en desu yo.

.'

;l 7 1) - : Mearii

) aa,

kudasai.

sono tokee o

*

*

*

A man finds a wallet on the ground. a

L G � \ \ Yf 'C

.:: n t.i t=· n � � 1., \ ,..�. ---c·· ""t iJ ·o

Shiranai hito

Kore wa

"'

9

h

ry

· '

dare no

saifu desu ka.

;l 7 1) - :

b t::. L � � �., \ ,..L "('To

Mearii

Watashi no

saifu desu.

� ry 1.7 ,_- c::. 7 .::·· �-· '"' \ :i To Arigatoo gozai masu .

..

([) "i

.:t

After shopping, Mary goes to a restaurant. .:t

r

it

T

.,,

7 .x. - r v 7-.

'-

Ueetoresu

lrasshaimase.

\G

""?

L

"(=>

'-

.:

.,

7

\ � -1:t o � -=- ..:2. - � Menyuu o

c::.·· 7 -t· o doozo.

..............................

2�

2

Mearii 1 � �

c::

Doomo.

·�t T

3 7 :r... - r v A

c-· n -z-- -t h, 0

Ueetoresu

1) 4 ;( 7 �

�

Mearii -j

;(

'}

;t

�"

�

.fl.

-;-

Ueetoresu

) 6 ;( 7 1

Dare desu ka.

C /v -IJ• --:J ?

-

5 7 J... - r v A -

Kore wa

Tonkatsu?

.

'. \ '. lie,

\

,Z '

nan desu ka.

ib ib , c 1v h, "":) -z-- -t Aa,

�

0

tonkatsu desu.

h' � "'('' T h'o

Sakana desu ka.

� h' � t � ;b ry � -\t lv o t : < "'('' T 0 ;b '. \ L sakana ja arimasen.

Niku desu.

.

Mearii

) aa,

onegaishimasu.

kore o

*

7 Mearii j i._ ;(

t'

.tt

-t

8 7 :r... - r v A Ueetoresu

Sumimasen,

otearai wa

doko desu ka.

ib :C :. -z-- -to Asoko desu.

Mary: Excuse me. Ho\Y much is this? Vendor: It is 3,000 yen. Mary: It's expensive. \Yell then, how much is that watch? Vendor: That is 3,500 yen. Mary: I see. That is expensive, too. Vendor: This is 1,800 yen. Mary: Then, I'll take that watch. *

*

Stranger: Whose wallet is this? Mary: It's my wallet. Thank you Yery much.

vVaitress: Welcome. Here's the menu. Mary: Thank you. \Vhat is this? Waitress: Which one? Oh, it is tonkatsu (pork cutlet). Mary: Tonkatsu? Is it fish? \;I,Taitress: No, it is not fish. It is meat. It is delicious. Mary: Then, I'll have this. *

*

*

Mary: Excuse me. Where is the restroom? Waitress: I t is over there.

'. \

"'(" T J:

Oishii desu yo.

0

v

* * *

* *

* * *

0

T h

W o r d s *

t� fv a

c

t

b

a p 0

u

a

r

n t

.: n

kore

this one

� ft

sore

that one

;b ft, �-- n

a re

that one (over there)

dare

which one

.: C')

kono

this . . .

� CT)

sono

that . . .

;b cr)

a no

that . . . (over there)

�--CT)

dono

which . . .

;b � .:

asoko

over there

�· .:

doko

where

t=.' fl,

dare

who

J? �, , L �, ,

oishii

delicious

� 1.1 - �

sakana

fish

� !v ii•--?

ton katsu

pork cutlet

t: <

niku

meat

;;( =- ::L -

menyuu

menu

� � I, \

yasai

vegetable

i lv l!--?

enpitsu

pencil

1.1· �

kasa

umbrella

'h·tJiv

kaban

bag

( --?

kutsu

shoes

saifu

wallet

:;; - / ;('

jiinzu

jeans

t l .J:

jisho

dictionary

t "C iv l �

jitensha

bicycle

L /v ,):/v

shinbun

newspaper

7-/

teepu

tape

� tt l, \

tokee

watch; clock

toree n aa

sweat shirt

F o o d * * * * *

;,

1:

..

i

T h i n g s

L

*

I'

"'

-r

r v - -T I::

*

y

It

.t

�o:

;,

Words that appear in the dialogue

J- �

nooto

notebook

pen

pen

boos h i

hat; cap

hon

book

otearai

restroom

� -? � "'C A..,

kissaten

cafe

':}' h., :. -7

ginkoo

bank

� L J:

tos hokan

library

yuubinkyoku

post office

I ;J. 1) tJ

Am erika

U.S.A.

1 �- 1) :7-.

lgirisu

Britain

IJ· Iv :. <

Kankoku

Korea

t_,

C h u u go k u

China

keezai

economics

:J / t.o .:J.. - 7 -

konpyuutaa

computer

t.' � ;:t- A.

b i j ine s u

business

n� L

rekishi

history

}.; 1J if:> � A,

okaasan

mother

}.; � "J � ,Z,

otoosan

father

P I

a

c

e s

* }.; "'( if:> � \ \

n· ,Z,

11> -? lf ,Z, � J: < C o u n t r i e s ;,

n

�

lr

''

�

�

T

V)l

-7 :.· <

M a j o r s tt \, \ �-· �, \ :

:,o:

A. l'

r/ �,

n

"i

t-

J;.

T

F a m i l y '

M

0

n e y

M a t t e r s

* \, \ < �

ikura

how much

*

. . . en

. . . yen

takai

expensive

* " ' � -? L � " ' .;t -tt

Welcome (to our store)

*

( . . . o) onegaishimasu . .

*

(� � ) J::; ;tJ.n"" 'L.i T ( � � ) < t:.· � \ \

irasshaimase

( . . . o) kudasai

Please giye me . . .

*

L � ib

jaa

then . . . ; if that is the

� x. lv

* t::. tJ ' \, \ E x p r e s s i o n s

� ) �-- -7

*

(

*

�-· -? t

""'

. , please.

case, . . . ·F

( . . . o) doozo

Here it is.

doomo

Thank you.

G

r

m

a

m

a

r

What do we do when we want to talk about things that we do not know the names of? We say "this thing," "that one," and so forth. In J apanese, \Ve use kore, sore, and are.

= n u:

\, \ <

� -·c- -tn'o

How much is this?

.C n Lt

:: A.t -tf A.t X. A.t --c-- T o

That is 3, 000 yen.

Kore wa

Sore wa

ikura desu ka .

sanzen en desu.

Kore refers to a thing that is close to you, the speaker (" this thing here"). Sore is something that is close to the person you are talking to ("that thing in front of you"), and

are refers to a thing that is neither close to the speaker nor the listener ("that one over there"). .--: /...,

&�; n tj: h t::. L o:> ...-..::. / --c-- -t o Are wa

=

n tj:

Kore wa

"'

/...,

b t::. L o:> ...-..::. :,.- --c-- -t o watashi no

pen desu.

watashi no

.C n tj: Sore wa

pen desu.

.--:

/...,

b t::. L o:> ...-..::. :,.- --c-- -t o watashi no

pen desu.

There is also an expression dore for "which." Here we \Yill learn to use dore in sentences like:

t''n "'C"Tn'o Dore desu ka.

Which one is it (that you are talking about)?

In this lesson, \\·e \Yill not explore the full extent to \Yhich the \\·ord dare can be put to use, because there is a slight complication \Yith question \Yards like dare. Question v.rords like dare and naui cannot be follo"·ed by the particle wa. Instead, you must use the particle ga and say: (::'' ft. h � � 1j: t: Dore ga

0

0

anata no

"

h.

"'"' / "{'' -t h > 0 pen desu ka.

'Z. (J)/t(J)/'®(J)/ c.'(J) +

Trhiclz one

s i

your pen?

noun

If you want to be slightly more specific than kore , sore, and are, you can use kono, sono, and ana together with a noun. (Note here that the re series must always stand alone, while the no series must ahyays be follo\Yed by a noun.) Thus, if you know that the item in your hand is a \Yatch (tokee), instead of: -= n tt \, \ < b "{'' -t h · o Kore wa

How much is this?

ikura desu ka.

you can say: How much is this watch? Kono tokee wa

ikura desu ka.

Similarly, if you are talking about a \Yatch that is held by the person you are talking to, you can say: That watch is 3, 000 yen. Sono tokee wa

sanzen en desu.

And if the watch is far from both the speaker and lhe lislener, you can say: That watch over there is 3,500 yen. Ano tokee wa

sanzengohyaku en desu.

If you already know that one of several watches is 3,500 yen but do not know which, you can say: Which watch is 3, 500 yen? Dono tokee ga

sanzengohyaku en desu ka.

Since dono is a question word, just like dare discussed above, we cannot use the particle wa with it; we must use ga .

To summarize:

0

z: n Clet-)

Z:(J)

noun

(let-)

close to the person speaking

-ttL (let-)

-t(J)

noun

(let-)

close to the person listening

®n Clet-)

®(J)

noun

(let-)

far from both people

c:n CtJ-)

c(J)

noun

(1J'' -)

u n known

t::fLO) noun

In Lesson 1 , we learned how to say things like Mearii san no denwa bangoo (Mary's phone number) and Takeshi san no okaasan (Takeshi's mother). vVe now learn how to ask who something belongs to. The question word for "who" is dare, and for "whose," we simply add the particle no.

n tJ:

n

t::C1) -= Kore wa dare no

-t

�.�, t.f 1v --c-- i" �.�, 0

1

f n tJ: ;z_ - :: 1v 0 n' tJ'Iv --c-- i" o Sore wa

kaban desu ka.

Suu san no

kaban desu.

That is Sue's bag.

Whose bag is this?

D Vve

will learn j ust one more ko-so-a-do set in this lesson: koko, soko, asoko, and doko are

words for places . ...,.. ...,.. (._ (._

here, near me there, near you over there where

You can ask for directions by saying: Excuse me, where is the post office? Sumimasen,

yuubinkyoku wa

doko desu ka.

If you are close by, you can point toword the post office and say: (The post office is) rght i over there. (Yuubinkyoku wa)

asoko desu.

We will learn how to give more specific directions in Lesson 4.

0

noun

=5

In Lesson 1, \Ye learned how to say '·Item A is this, item B is that." \Ye now learn how to say "Item A is this, and item

B

is lhis,

Loo."

Takeslzi is a Japanese person. Takeshi san wa

h. t? ::.

nihonjin desu.

� h., t t : t i h., t h., "(•' ""t

Michiko san mo

0

J1ichiko is Japanese, too.

nihonjin desu.

Note that these two sentences are almost identical in shape. This is natural, as they both claim that a certain person is J apanese. The second sentence, however, is different from the first in that \Ye do not find the particle wa in it. \Ye have mo instead. Jl!Jo is a particle that indicates that that item, too , has the given property. One thing that you should watch out for is exactly "-here the particle is placed. In English, the \Yord "too" can be placed after the sentence as a whole, as in the example above. Not so in Japanese. In the above example, mo must directly follo''" J1iclziko san.

A

let

X

c·9o

A is X.

.B ·

=5

X ·

c9o

B too

1'

1' two items

g

noun

is X.

1

shared property

Li � ® O �tt/v

To negate a statement of the form X zva Y desu, where Y is a noun, you replace desu with ja a rimasen.

2

� j f�.' � h., lj IJ� < -t!" \, \ L � J6 � j -t!" A.,o Yamada san wa

Mr. Yamada is not a student.

gakusee ja arimasen.

1 We cannot use mo to describe a situation like the following: Our friend, Pat, has dual citizenship; Pat is a Japanese, but at the same time. she is an American. To describe the second half of this situation, '''e cannot say, Patto mo amerikajin desu, because the sentence would mean that Pat, in addition to somebody that has been mentioned, is an American. leither can we say, Patto wa amerikajin mo desu. (Japanese speakers would say, Pallo zva amerikajin demo arimasu.) 2 l n the dialogues, there are two sentences that end with desu , which call for special attention: Are mo

takai desu ne (That one too is expensiYe), and Oishii desu yo (It is delicious). These sentences cannot

be negated by replacing desu ·with ja arimasen, because takai and oislzii are not nouns. Are mo takai

ja arhnasen and oishii ja arimasen are therefore not grammatical. Instead, one would haYe to say

takaku arinwsen and oislziku arimasen. We will learn about the conjugation pattern of adjectives in

Lesson 5.

Ja in ja arimasen is a contraction of dewa. In written Japanese, the uncontracted form is more common; thus, the above sentence more likely appears in writing as Yamada san wa gakusee dewa arimasen. affirmative:

(X I�) Y c·9 o

X is Y

negative:

(X I�) Y l./ f.> ® � *itlvo

X is not Y

Statements often end with the tags ne or yo, depending on the way the speaker views the interaction with the listener. If the speaker is seeking the listener's confirmation or agreement to what has been said, then ne ( " right?") could be added. ')

l)

�\ -

:: /v Cl) -lt /v t /v t j v)� /v l.J >' < "(' T tlo senmon wa

Rii san no

.: n tj t: < t � � � l -tt lv tlo Kore wa

Ms. Lee, your major is literature, right?

bungaku desu ne.

This is not meat, is it?

niku ja arimasen ne.

Another particle, yo ( " I tell you"), is added to a statement if the speaker wants to assure the listener of what has been said. With yo added, a statement becomes an authoritative decree. � !v ;Q� -:::> tj :: ;Q� ij: t � � � � -tt lv J: 0

Tonkatsu wa

sakana ja arimasen yo.

Let me assure you. "Tonkatsu " is not fish. "t 7.

"t

''

"'

�

T

A � A :: /vlj 1 .:f 1) A t lv "C'' T J: o Sumisu san wa

igirisujin desu yo.

(In case you 're wondering,} Mr. Smith is British.

�JR / - �

Expression

V'J:5 l::fA.r

Notes

(-�) < t.: �t.i'L Ho� * 9 .._. ( . . . o) onegaishimasu too is a request for item X . When used to ask for a concrete ob.iect,

(

. . . o) onef{aishimasu sounds

slightly more upscale than ( . . . o) kudasai. It is heard often when ordering food at a restaurant ("I will haYe . . . " ) . ( . . . o) onegaishimasu can also be used to ask for "abstract objects," such as repairs, explanations, and understanding.

(-�)c' -5 � .._. ( . . . o) doozo is used when an offer is made with respect to

item X. In the dialogue, the restaurant attendant uses it when she is about to hand the menu to the customer. It may also be used when a person is

waiting for you to come forth with item X; a telephone operator, asking for your name, would probably say Onamae o doozo . ( 0 is a politeness marker. Therefore onamae is "your honorable name.")

On the pronunciation of number words .._. Note that the words for 300, 600,

800, 3,000 and 8,000 involve sound changes. "Counters" whose first sound is h , like hyaku (hundred), generally change shape after 3, 6, and 8. Some counters that begin with s, like sen (thousand), change shape after 3 and 8. Refer to the table at the end of the volume.

Big numbers .._. In addition to the digit markers for tens (juu), hundreds ( hyaku), and thousands (sen), which are found in Western languages as well, Japanese uses the marker for tens of thousands (man). Thus 20,000, for example, is niman ( = 2 x 10,000), rather than nijuusen ( =20 x 1,000). 'While the next unit marker in vVestern languages is one million, Japanese describes that number as 100 x 10,000, that is, hyakuman . More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller numbers, as in the following examples.

234,567

-

23 X 10,000 4 X 1,000 5X 100 6X 7

10

�� t.::

�

-) � lv * lv J: lv it lv ::·· v �

< -? < t.:: � -3

l;t l;t

( n i j u usanman) (yo n sen ) (gohyaku) (rokujuu) (nana)

(�)\ \.i!)

p

ttfvlJ�5

CD 9 5 u 1 00

r

a

I , 000

V' "'(=' <

� = V' "'(=' <

2 , 000

� � if "'(=' <

3 , 000 4 , 000

::..·· u "'(=' <

5 , 000 6 , 000

� � tf "'(=' <

7 , 000

i;J. ij: V' "'(=' <

8 , 000

u. � tf "'(=' < � 1-P -? V' "'(=' <

9 , 000

40 , 000

d: � l �

yon sen

yon man

::_'' -1t �

5 0 , 000.

::_·' 1 �

J: � -\t �

go man

� < -1t �

6 0 , 000

� < l � rokuman

i;J. i;J. -\t �

70 , 000

tj: � -1t �

t:t t:t l � nanaman

80 , 000

l:J. "t? l � hachiman

� !-P -? -1t �

90 , 000

� 1-P -? l � kyuuman

kyuusen

kyuuhyaku

��l � san man

hassen

happyaku

900

3 0 , 000

nanasen

nanahyaku

800

� � -1{ �

�: l � niman

rokusen

roppyaku

700

2 0 , 000

go sen

gohyaku

600

� = -1t � sanzen

l � V' "'(=' <

\, \ i? l � ichiman

nisen

yonhyaku

500

1 0 , 000

*� sen

sanbyaku

400

e

@)

nihyaku

300

c

(Numbers)

hyaku

200

t

c

A. Read the following numbers. @)

B.

( a) 34

(b) 67

( c) 83

(d) 99

(e) 1 25

(f) 5 1 5

(g) 603

(h) 850

( i ) I , 300

( j ) 3 , 400

(k) 8 , 900

(1) 35 , 000

(m) 64, 500

(n) 92 , 340

Look at the pictures and answer how much the things are. @) Example:

�

lv

Q : � / tj: \ ' < � ··e -t h�o Pen wa

A

:

ikura desu ka.

t.i t? t 11> -? ;Z. � --c-·-t o Hachijuu en desu.

� 2 � ... --.:

h.,

Ex. � /

(1) ;{_ lv 7.f-J

/

�

I ¥8 o I

I ¥5 o I ..

(4) t :i lv

� .....

tlfJfJ cs) -�;- tr 1v

1 ¥2o,ooo 1 '7)

;?

t:

(12) / - �

1 ¥6oo 1 (9)

(3) L /v ,) � lv

1 ¥1 , ooo 1

1 ¥11 0 1

�. ��·

(5) 7 - 7°

1 ¥1,5 oo 1

(2) -h' ::

l: L J:

1 ¥8,ooo 1 (13) tl' -J L

(6) < -J

(7) � �t \ \

&� 1 ¥3, 5oo 1 t:

·'

h.,

1 ¥1 o.oo o 1

-t'

(10) :; - / 7..''

(11) l: "C iv L �

1 ¥9,ooo 1

1 ¥2, soo 1 C.

Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A and the other looks at picture B (p. 50). (Don't look at the other picture.) Find out the price of all items. Enpitsu wa

Hyaku en desu.

ikura desu ka.

8

Picture A

j¥1,2001

j¥36,0001

j¥10,oool

I ¥s,ooo 1

A. Items (1) through (6) are near you, and items (7) through (12) are near your friend. Your friend asks what these things are. Answer the questions. Pay attention to � n (kore) and trt (sore). @) Example

1:

your friend

Sore wa

You Example 2:

: � n Li � lv i:'' T 1;� 0 :

Your friend :

nan desu ka.

�

/\-

-: (ttj: """ / i:'' To Kore wa

pen desu.

.: (t tj: iJ iv i:'' T h ' o Kore wa nan desu ka.

You

:

� n tj:

Sore wa

t:

.fl.

� v

;(

-

�·

-r

n

-

toreenaa desu .

--c,- -:r 0

2 Ex.

(?)

� ( tl#[J

6 (1

��

Ex.

(g)

u

Friend

(2)

1

�

/

f�(6�

�� You

B.

Look at the picture and tell what each building is. SJ Are wa

A

:

nan desu ka.

Gb n U: � L Are wa

J:

IJ· !v "C'' T o

toshokan desu.

BANK

L i b .- a. ry

0 1:1

0 0

00 00

0 D

o o

00

0

o o

o o 0 0

0 0

Tozo.i o o Univer-sity o o D

0

(1)

(2)

(4)

C.

Pair Work-Point out five things in the classroom and ask your partner what they are using Z: ;tt

(kore),

tft

(sore),

or �;tt

(are).

Refer to the picture on p. 53

for the vocabulary. Example 1 :

Example 2 :

A • Gb n u: ij: lv "('' -t h Are wa

8

A ' f ;ft lj 7J: lv "('' -t h

0

Sore wa

J1J n t;t � tt 1.. ' "{'·--to Are wa

D.

>

nan desu ka.

8

0

.:: n t;t "" / "(' -t 0 Kore wa

tokee desu.

>

nan desu ka.

.-.:

A-

pen desu.

Pair Work-One of you looks at card A and the other looks at card 8 (p. 51). Ask and answer questions to find out the price of each item. Use Z:O)

(sono),

or 650)

Example:

(ana)

(kono),

t-0)

appropriately.

Customer : .:: 0) ti lv t;t Kono hon wa

1.. '

\ G "C"T h· o

ikura desu ka.

Store attendant : t : -1:t lv V' � < ;t lv -z·· -;- o Nisen hyaku e n desu.

Card A

Ex.

�

# /(5) ,--Je , r----'-, ¥2,100

Part I. You are a store attendant. Tell

Part II. You are a customer. Ask for the

the customer how much each item is.

prices ·of items (1)-(J).

Pair Work-Point at each item below (picture A) and ask whose it is. Your partner will refer to the picture 8 (p. 52) and tell you who it belongs to. Example:

A

:

.: n U: t:· n 0

h' � --c·· -tn'o

Kore wa

kasa desu ka.

,.,

1:

dare no •

8 : ./- 7 1} - � /v O) -h ' � •'(-'To Mearii san no

kasa desu.

Picture A (2)

(1)

ca�

(3)

Switch roles ''"ith your partner. (6)

(7)

&D

@J

(8)

c n w

Look at the pictures below and describe each picture.

6J Ex.

Example: Father nihonjin desu.

Okaasan mo

nihonjin desu.

�

8

� �*t.:�Jv=B r;: ta=Jv l.lfvc9

Otoosan wa

(5)

Japanese Mother

(2) ¥5,800

(1) second year

(3) 22-years old

Tanaka

Mary

(4) � tt " \

Takeshi

(5) vegetable

0

tokee

(6) U. of London students Robert

I /1)

®

�

!,)

® � Y U -��� �� �� � � � � � � *tt� A.

Look at the chart on the next page and answer the questions. @) If>

3>

')

\'

Q · ;J 7 1) - � ,.Z, t.;l:

Example:

Mearii san wa

lie,

Takeshi san wa 7,

l;f

.n

t: L I ,.Z, t ,.z, -r·-t�;�o nihonjin desu ka.

nihonjin ja arimasen.

chuugokujin desu ka.

�

j,

V;

?

,.

2 . o r ,· - � � ..Z. t:i 7 ;; 1) 7J t ,.z, --c·· T �;� o Robaato san wa

amerikajin desu ka.

Yamashita sensee wa 7,

l;f

h

kankokujin desu ka.

�

4 . 0 / '\· - � � ,.Z, � -t!- ,.Z, t ,.Z, t;i t : ti ,.Z, .:_'' "(·' -f /; � 0 Robaato san no

5.

1"

senmon wa

nihongo desu ka.

1

/Z - � A, � -tt" ,.Z, t ,.Z, tj tt \, \ �·· \, \ -{'' T /; � 0 Suu san no

Takeshi san wa

senmon wa

keezai desu ka.

Toozai daigaku no

Robert

gakusee desu ka.

Amerikajin desu.

�

h

q

7 . � 7 1)

,,

;;

c /...

/...

:: � U: o / r·· / t:· " \-hi < r7J -h" < * " \ i:·· -t n'o

-

Rondon daigaku no

Mearii san wa

gakusee desu ka.

8 . t: tt L :: � t .:i t : h. � -tt ... \ ··c-· -t t; · o Takeshi san wa T

n inensee desu ka.

-;

9 . A. - :: � t.:i " \ 1? h. � -tt- " \ -c·· -t t; ·o S u u san wa ;;

If h

ichinensee desu ka.

l:

10. O r \' - r :: � tj: J: b � -tl- \ \ '"C" T -h ' o Robaato san wa

yonensee desu ka.

Hart, Mary

� ;.:,(,

t=

,:.. .t 1 t'

\\

I:

it \ \ IJ'

1ht

0

B)t .:·· l;i /v l;i ?

IH.

�""' l -lt /v o '=

" \ --:) "C G -::> L � " \o

h.

t:'' � B*.@J � Jt l .t \ \ I;•

J-J.

Takeshi: :\Iary, what do you usually do on the "·eekend? Mary: Let's see. I usually study at home. But I Takeshi: I see .

.

.

ometimes see moYies.

then, "-ould �·ou like to see a moYie on Satu rday?

:\Iary: Saturday is not a good day. (lit., Saturday is a little bit

[ inconYenient]

Takeshi: Then, how about Sunday? l\lary: That's fine.

:\Iary: Good morning. Host mother: Good morning. You are early. aren't you? Mary: Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today. I will see a moYie in Kyoto. Host mother: Good . -\round what time ,,-ill you come back? .

l\Iary: Around nine. Host mother: How about di nner?

M ary : I will not eat. Host mother: I see. Well, ha,·e a nice dar. l\Iary: Good-bye_

. . . )

*

;n: p�

t.:.fv

V N o

u

n

o

c

a

2':

b

u

I

a

r

y

s

Enterta inment and Sports

* ;Z_ I. \ I,rt j? A_, 1;>' < �- -?

L

�@I

movie

13�

music

:/.t.Ro o�� ;f a�

magazine

:A ;f - '/

sports

y-·· - ]'

date (romantic, not calendar)

j- :::. ;z. t:· 7v

tennis

�::·· ::r- ;;f

video tape; VCR

TV

Foods a n d Drinks

if:> � .::·· U: A_,

.fJH�rt&.

breakfast

j? � tt

:t?5�

sake; alcohol

:t? t? f>

j? >-t'K /

green tea

::1 - l:: * ti A_, .::·· (;;l: A_,

coffee

1Jt1ifpi[

dinner hamburger

�{ifpi[

lunch

7�

water

Pla ces

*

1,. \ .:{_

home; house

� t?

home; house; my place

LL

language lab

1;>'-? .:: �

school

..::r..JL-.1:./V

Time morning tomorrow when today at about

.:: .z, tr .z,

�1!5t

tonight

*

L !'P �

�*

weekend

*

�·· J: � u·

Saturday

*

t : t? J: � Zl

±BI B B ifili B

*

.i --:::>

Words that appear i n the dialogue

Sunday

u

j � q : "t

-lii:- 8

eYery day

.;1 \. \ (JA,.

�l!Jt

eYery night

ff < 1� "6

to go

e r b s

- v

*

\. \ <

*

1;• X. "6

(destination t : l ""-)

to go back; to return

(destination t : I""-) � <

lllj <

to listen; to hear

cry �·

�k �'

to drink

t.;l: 1j: -t

�-t

to speak; to talk

("-' � )

("-' � )

(language � I "'C") J: �

*

� � �-· �

E x p r e s s

;c -? "'(•' -t � "'('' t �-· -? "'(•' -t 1; '

not much

a little

* /.(

J: <

*

�)

early

��

*

"-'

good

J:i> .i � + negatiYe -lf A-. -tf' A-. + negatiye

*

(

e s

\� \

*

(destination t: I""-)

to come to do

A d j e c t i

A d

b s

sometimes · often; much

o n s That's right. ; Let me see. but

How about . . . ?; How is . . . ?

G

0

r

m

a

m

a

r

Verb Conjugation

Verbs in Japanese conjugate, or take various shapes. In this lesson, we learn three forms:

(1) the "dictionary forms," (2) the present tense affirmative forms, and (3) the present tense negative forms.

,

There are two kinds of verbs that follow regular conjugation

patterns, and an example of each is below. ru-verb

u-verb

verb bases

tabe

ik

dictionary forms

�"(.@ (to eat)

(to go) fj< �I

present, affirmative

�"'* 9

1jTI*9 �I

present, negative

�"'*ttlv

r:r�*ttlv �I

stems

�"'

fj� �I

�

�

� �

iz.......::: � belongs to the group of verbs called the " ru-verbs." Ru-verbs are so called, because t:

you add the suffix ru to the verb base (tabe, in the above example) to form the dictionary form. For the two long forms we learn in this lesson, you simply add the suffixes masu and masen, instead of ru, to the bases. V\Te learn four ru-verbs in this lesson:

Another major group of verbs is called the "u-verbs." The dictionary form of an u-verb like it < can be broken down into the base (ik in the above example) and the suffix u . The ,,

long forms like 1t � � T and 1t � � -\t lv, then, are formed with the base plus suffixes ,.

l•

imasu and imasen. You may find the u-verb conjugations slightly more difficult than the

ru-verb conjugations, because of the extra vowel i. We learn six u-verbs in this lesson:

I.Hi :

1t < ,,

1The use of the term "dictionary forms" i s by n o means restricted t o listings i n a dictionary. They also appear in various constructions in actual sentences. We will learn their uses in later chapters. Don't be misled by the names given to the long forms too; the "present tense" in Japanese can indicate both the "present" and the "future." We will return to this issue in Section 2 below. For the moment, we will concentrate on the forms, not the meaning of these Yerbs.

In later lessons, we "·ill haYe many opportunities to refer to the parts like iz� and .ff � , t:.

which come before l T and l -1t lv in the long forms. For the sake of ease of reference, we \•

will call these parts (same as bases \Yith ru-Yerbs, and bases plus i with u-Yerbs) "stems. "

I n addition to ru-verbs and u-verbs, there are two "irregular verbs ." Note that the vowels in their bases are different in the short (dictionary) forms and the long forms. irregular verbs

9-Q (to do)

dictionary forms

< -@ (to come)

u*9

present, affirmative

�*9

u * ttfv

present, negative

� * iifv

u

stems

These two verbs are also used to form compound verbs. In this lesson, we learn the verb

>'fM! T 6 , which conjugates just like the verb T 6 .

.....;A...;.!.;

I t is important to remember which verb belongs to which conjugation class. I t is a good idea, therefore, to memorize each verb as a set: instead of memorizing just the dictionary

form, try to memorize the dictionary form and the present tense affirmative, like .ff < ,, .ff � j T. This is especially important with verbs that end with the hiragana 6 , because

they may be irregular verbs like T 6 and < 6 , or ru-verbs, or u-verbs whose bases just "

If you know the verb classes and the rules that apply 2 to them, you know why it is wrong to say x Jt � l T and x ')\i l T.

happen to end with the consonant

r.

�

�.@ (= a ru-verb) h

verb bases

mi

lr i..

�m-@ (= an u-verb that ends with -@) ty.;-1 1: ..t A....lt:Ji

t:

. ..

l 'to

I get up at 10:42.

:fL � t : lJ* (

/;'-?

I;· ;t

� j --r 0

I will go back in September.

You do not use the particle � = with (1) time expressions defined relative to the present

moment, such as "today" and "tomorrow, " (2) expressions describing regular intervals, such as "every day," and (3) the word for "when."

I will come tomorrow. I watch TV every evening. When will you go?

You normally do not use t : with (1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at

night," and (2) the word for "weekend. " Unlike words like s L t: and .titlJ)t above, how· ! ... JJ\. ever, these words are sometimes followed by � = . depending on styles, emphases, and

personal preferences. I read the newspaper in the morning. What will you do on weekends?

You can use .i -\t !v iJ · (

=

the present tense negative Yerb, plus the question particle) to

extend an invitation. It should be noted that its affirmative counterpart, .i TIJ>, cannot be so used. Thus a sentence like � ::..·· t.i lv � "t""- l T h ' can only be construed as a question, :,• ;.

t,

not as an invitation. � ::._'' l.± /v [t � ry (not often; not very much). These adverbs anticipate the negatiYe at the end of the sentence. I f you use -1f � -1£ lv or && � � , in other words, you need to conclude the sentence with � -1t � -

I do not watch TV at all. t:: tt L :?: 10 ti �

a

1

ry Jfa1� L j -\!- 10 o

Takeshi does not study much.

-.:,{,�·.:"

The Topic Particle (�

As we saw in Lesson 1, the particle t.i presents the topic of one's utterance ("As for item

X, it is such that . . . "). I t puts forward the item that you want to talk about and comment on. You may have noted that the topic phrases in sentences such as � 7 1) - � � t.i..:=.Sf� ;:, A-hA--Iti .

·r·-;- (Mary is a third-year student), and �t- cry..W. r , t.i E ;.f..'*-c·· -t (My major is Japanese hf.:l

�� t. h..

.: f!k . ::

language), are the subjects of those sentences. A topic phrase, however, need not be the subject of a sentence. \Ve see three sentences in the dialogue of this lesson where nonsubject phrases are made topics with the help of the particle t.i. Jl ;

1) - :?: 10� il! ;f:. ti t:: " \ "C \ \M � L L�z;-, J ?

� :t :

1 -t-h'o

Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend?

� .1 To � E tJ: * :li� t : ff �\ � .t "l

�.ti �

I'm going

to Kyoto today.

In the above two examples, t.l promotes time expressions as the topic of each sentence. Its effects can be paraphrased like these: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on weekends?" " Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto . "

iz"'"' J: � /vo

lDt ::_'' tJ: lv tJ: ?

t:

l .t k

How about dinner?

I n this example, t.± is used

I

m

will not eat.

directing the listener's attention and thereby inviting a

comment or completion of a sentence. You may also note that the broached topic, BJt ::..-· t.±

lv, does not stand in subject relation to the verb, but is rather its direct object.

�J.JI / - "

Expression

O.ic51:ffv

.... < I*� n Ll <

When you move to a place where the hearer is, you say "I'm

coming." in English. However in the same situation, Japanese.

N otes

fL�i1T � i T is used in bt:l-

"

* � is a movement toward the place where the speaker is. 1-T < <

is a movement in a direction away from the speaker.

\'

I ' m coming.

speaker's viewpoint

o c::l:: -::> C: ..,. i:> J: -:> t literally means "a little," "a bit, "a small amount," as "

in i:>

J: -:> t < t.:: � 1.- >

J: -:> t 1� -:> -r < f!_ � 1.- > for a polite r�fusal. In this

(Please give me a little) and i:>

(Please wait for a moment). It is commonly used

case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on. Japanese people don't normally reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with 1.- > I, > .:Z_

( 1o),

because it sounds too direct. Will you see a movie on Saturday,'? Saturday is not convenient. {lit., Saturday is a little bit.)

.lh,

ffi �

P

r

a

t

c

c

e

CD ��mc,�1J:�di*9 c '-' d: fJ'Iv

l3:1v

J;

@D

A. Change the following verbs into -*9 and -*ttfv. Example:

t:: � .:f> t::. � -:f>

�

t:: � -J. T t::. � j -l:t A-

1 . 0) ;t·

2. � <

3 . 7;;. -:f>

--1 . T .:f>

6 . I, \ <

7.

8 . -/; > � .:f>

9 . tl .:f>

1 1 . }; � �

B.

�

< ;

;) .

ti � T

10 . J: iL'

12 . � h.- � J: '? T .:f>

Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues.

@D

(a) Add the appropriate verbs to the following direct objects.

(1) 7 - 7°

library/2:00 (4) :1 - t -

(2) T ..=.. :A

L.L./4:30

school/Saturday

(5) 7 v t··

(6) v

McDonald's/5: 00

8.: *� !!k :::

t\ " r-�----_--

coffee shop/3:00

home/tonight

college/ every day

(b) Add the place to the above sentences.

C.

Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues.

Example: Ex.

go to the post office

-

(1) go to the library

go to the post office

GJ

(2) come to school

8:30

1 : 00 (3) come to the coffee shop Sunday

(4) return home

(5) return to the U. S.

-��· @ /,\

tomorrow

5:30

D.

Pair Work-Make questions, using verbs we have learned in this lesson.

Example:

A : B :

0 :$ i'g '"('' � �;t � �fth .i T IJ'o � l ! rrl.

� .., L

.!:

i._ i._ , �Jt h .i To / 1.. \ \r \ i._ , �Jt h .i -1t /0 o J:

.t

E.

Pair Work-Guessing game Ask questions and find out the items your partner has chosen.

1 . Before you start, both of you "·ill choose one item in each row of the table and mark it. 2 . In each ro\\·, using the Yerb and one of the four items, make a yes-or-no­

question sentence and find out \Yhich item your partner has chosen. 3 . You can ask at most two questions with one verb. If you have guessed correctly the item your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner will not giYe a\\·ay the right answer when you ask a wrong question. 4 . \Vhen you have asked questions about all the verbs in the table, switch roles

with your partner and anS\Yer their questions. 5 . Tabulate the score. You \Yin the game if you haYe scored higher than your partner.

Example:

A : � 1X t : ;ft � l T n ' o /)' '? ::. �

B :

\.

.'

' \. ' .Z

�

1t � l % ,Z,o

A : "��� -"1t � .i T n ' o � ..,

:::-

"(,.{.

� \

B : t;± \. ' � 1t � l To (A guessed what B marked, therefore A won. )

"' �=tr !t � -t "' � � � .., '"'-' � 1kh � -t

post office TY sake

"' � �ith � -t

book

L

date

�

"' �

� -t

I I I

I I

I

school

coffee shop

mone

video

green tea

water

coffee

newspaper

magazine

Japanese book

study

I

telephone

library

I cartoon ( � A-. h'') I

tennis

0 1DJB�(���*97J' tJ.Iv l..i

A.

·'->,j. ..lp.. � } •. n - tv

ib � t;•' t: -J o

41

@

On the phone.

1

t::. �t L :

2

;�. 7

3

1)

-

4

t::. � t L :

5

;1.

6

t::. �t L :

1) 7

t.;t � ' , ;f..# "(" T o � t: ?

t L t L , t::. � t L � A.- --c·· -t f.l'o

;1. 7

1J

- ---c·· -to

t::. �t L � A.- , � E *- .i -tt A.- ---c·· L t::. tlo � .: .:.

:ff � .i L t::. l o '- '

.:Z

"?

o

/

�

" - 7 / y-· ''J 'Y 0) WI "C''- * M 1� i? .i L t::. o .! :t

. d ? L: lrlv �

/ " - -'f / y-· ''J 'Y L � � � .i -tt A.- J: o

7 7 F -T lv F' · · · · · · -:··60 h- ij: � " ' !

7

7 F -J- lv F ---c·- T l a

CD Mary: Excuse me. Where is :\1cDonald's? Stranger: It is in front of that department store. Mary: Thank you.

0 Mary: I'm home. Host father: Welcome home. How ''"as the movie? Mary: I didn't see it. Takeshi didn't come. Host father: Oh, why? Mary: I don't know. So, I went to a bookstore and a temple alone. Host father: Were there a lot of people? Mary: Yes, I took many pictures at the temple. I also went to a department store. Here's a souvenir for you. Host father: Thank you. Host mother: Oh, Mary, you had a phone call a little while ago.

Takeshi: This is Kimura. Mary: Hello, is this Takeshi? This is Mary. Takeshi, you didn't come today, did you? Takeshi: I went there. I waited for one hour in front of the Haagen-Dazs place, Mary: iot Haagen-Dazs. l\IcDonald's! Takeshi: McDonald's . . . I'm sorry!

V N o

u

o

c

a

b

u

I

a

r

y

n s

Activities

T ll"' / " 1 r

part-time job

h' \. \ t �

shopping

7 7 'A

class

People and Things

}.> � t� *

*

you

\. \ .tcl

*

dog

;l? h. � if' .: �-- t

;)? ±�

souvenir

-1-1�

child

.:'' lJ: lv

{!fp�

rice; meal

L � L A.,

�A

picture; photograph

-:J < i.-

*JL

desk

"( h{ h

.,_�

letter

;1-J .:

1tii

cat bread person

Places temple park

supermarket *

*

r·,� { - r

department store

/ '\ A, "( \ \

bus stop

tf' ;r 7 \. \ lv

hospital

;t 7 Jv

hotel

t i lv�

bookstore

� t:, v A. r 7 :.---

town; city restaurant

Time yesterday a little while ago *

"-'

t h' lv

cf. \. \ t:, t h' lv *

Words that a p pear in the dialogue

hour one hour

last \Yeek when . . . ; at the time of . . .

(�c?))

� "f "'? J: -J u·

Jj � E

:\1onday

1r J: -J u·

j(� E

Tuesday

T " \ J: -J u·

J}c.� E

\Yednesday

t < J: -J Z.f

*-� E

Thursday

� � J: -) if'

1t� E

Friday

U - v e r b s � -)

to meet; to see (a person)

(person t : ) *

(

� .:6

there is . . .

1,]> -)

to buy

1,] > <

to write

*

C:: .:6

to take (pictures)

*

j: "'?

to wait

* b iJ' .:6 R *

u

- y

\\

.:6

(� � )

r

f.J")

(person t : ( "" � )

to understand

e

�

thing

c� � )

�)

( �f.J")

b (a person) is in . . . ; stays at

.

(ptace t:) A d v e r b s "" ry .l -t when we want to say that an event will take place.

2

There will be an exam on Tuesday.

�

L t�

t.i E .:$-� 0 7 7 7-.. 7?{ � r:

r.:A- :::

0 .1 1t lvo

There will be no Japanese class tomorrow.

When you want to present a person or some other sentient being, rather than a thing, you 3

need to use the verb " ' .l T. Thus,

1

Note the difference between: 7 v t" ;Q ' JIJ � 1 1tlv (I don't have a TV), the negative ve rsio n of T v t"IJ >' JiJ � l T, and 7 v t· t;

f'

JiJ � 1 1t lv (I t isn't a TV), the negative version of 7 v t:-z:·--t.

21n a minor detail which we will not discuss any further here, when &iJ � l T is used in the sense of an event taking place, the place description is followed by the particle -z:·, like normal verbs and unlike the

other uses of ci:> � 1 T.

ote also that some time expressions (such as

Ri 8 t:) come with the particle

.:.� ,� y

8

•

t:,

and some others (such as &iJ L t: ) do not (see Lesson 3). The rule applies to the &iJ � l T sentences as well. 3 Note th at the same Yerb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese: 1:> f .:: t: fflJ ¥ j:_ 1.1:, ' 1 To There s i an international student over there. ......... ..,�( �

Mary s i an international student. ;;l 7 1) - � lv l J: 'ilf f!F j:_ -z:· -To ' ' 1 T and &iJ � 1 �F ���- strictly for descriptions of existence and location, while -z:· --t is for description of

an attribute of a person or a thing.

� ;c

.:

t :: w � � '/.1{1, ry,.-jl;' ( -\t l '

(place (;:)

U

\

;i

-r

{thing

0

There's an international student over there.

tJ''

person

There is/ are . . .

15'

Describing Where Things Are

' Vve learned in Lesson 2 that to ask for the location of item X, you can use the word t'' -:: (where) and say X t.i �· -:: --c·· -t �J·.

Where's 1\!lcDonald's? In response, one can, of course, point and say :

"?

:7 1-· 1- 1H· t;t

{

� ;c �

:�

�

'-

}

-c·-t o

McDonald's is

{

over there. right there near you. right here.

'-

I n this lesson, we will learn to describe locations in more detail. More specificall y , we learn to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y." The Japanese version looks like X t.i Y 1t). is behind X,

or farther away from a street and cannot be

directly seen because of the intervening you can also describe it as being

� ? /®? �

X,

in addition to calling it

X 0) 1& 0 ,

X 0) -:5 i? .

-j (._

In the dialogues, we observe Mary's host father saying :Z -.::> ,

and her host mother saying J5 -.::> . :Z -.::> is like the incredulous "what?" that you use when you have heard something that is hard to believe. J5 -.::> is used when you have suddenly noticed or remembered something. The small

-.::>

at

the end of these little words indicates that these words, when pronounced, are very short.

=�mi.$: � � {;::

r.; 1J'Iv!Uv

li/u

and a half" is

=b u =b v �

(half) appears after the unit word like

=!eyFa1-*. rather than =-*!eyFa1 . 1;

t; IJ•/ull:/u

�rs,. Thus, t; tJ•!u

"two hours

r; ll:/u t; fpfu

tJ L- tJ L- is "hello," which is used only in telephone conversa­

tions. Some people use tJ L- tJ L- when they place a call. Some other people use it when they receive a call.

�

�

p

r

a

c

t

c

e

CD7\.�t5'® � *9 t.:.!-' fJ' <

A.

Look at the picture and tell what you see, using 08 � * 9 or L '*9.

B. Answer the following questions.

6 . .:: ��1: (classroom) t : t_:' n -h� '. \ l T'h�o Ct:>A.--1!-' ' 4 . � r 7!:� Cl).w- r, t j * � "'(' L t:: �;�0 t: -1!-A.. -!t • '

-I±A.. L A..

;t ' ' .:·

1'1 L f: -!!- 1.,-!t''

-ItA- L A..

n �- l

1' 1 l

5 . � r 7!:� Cl).w- r , tj� � --(· L t:: �;� 0

B.

Pair Work-Guessing game Ask questions and find out the prices your partner has chosen.

1. Before you start, both of you will choose one price in each row of the table and mark it. 2. In each row, use the item and one of the four prices, make a yes-or-no-question sentence and find out which price your partner has chosen. 3. You can ask at most two questions with one item. If you have guessed correctly

the price :rour partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner

will not giye away the right answer when you ask a wrong question. 4. When you have asked questions about all the items in the table, switch roles with your partner and answer their questions. 5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your partner.

Example:

A : .:C

(?) 1.1� t�f � ti .::. � P3

.: � 4 >t 4

...

(" L t::. -h� o

B : 1, \ \, \ .:Z. , .::. � fi3 t -'(-> S � j: -tt � "C" L t::. o . : :. 4 .:t 4

A : - � 1i. -1- P3 --c-· L t::. 1J ' o ' •

"> ;!. IV

1;• ti' �

¥ 5 , 000

t;� ::

¥ 600

tJ:' -7 L

¥ 1 , 600

� v - -t- -

¥ 3 , 500

* �+

¥ 3 , 000

� .� ... \

C.

:· -\!' IV ;/. IV

I I I

¥ 1 0 , 000

¥ 1 5 , 000

¥20, 000

¥ 1 , 000

¥ 1 , 300

¥ 2 , 000

¥ 2 , 000

¥ 2 , 400

¥ 3 , 000

¥ 4 , 000

¥ 6 , 500

¥ 8 , 000

¥ 1 0 , 000

¥ 1 7 , 000

¥ 25 , 000

Pair Work-Suppose you got one thing as a birthday present and choose it from the items on the next page. Your partner guesses what you got. Answer your partner's questions. Example:

8 : 7° v -e· / � t;i 1;• ti' � "'(·· L f::. IJ� o

A : X.. � , t; • t J' � "'(·· L t::. o �.,

\ �., \ � , t;· ti' � t -'(-> S � j: -tt � --c-· L t::. o

® � BiB r�1CJ1£ u* u t�tJ' (j::> � 5 u

A.

t.,J:(;:

Change the following verbs into - * u t.:: and -*ttfvc· u t.:: . Example:

1.

tJ: � i"

9. T �

f:: """ �

�

f:: """ � L f::

t:: """ �

�

t:: """ � -lt h_. --c·· L t::

2. n· 7 1 0 . c: �

3 . J: t: n . jt; �

4 . n· <

5.

12. b �

< �

6. � �

13. � <

SJ

7 . ;F:; � �

14. iJ' � �

s. bn· �

15. (/) t_.·

B . The pi ctures below show what Mary d i d last week. Te l l what she did. Example:

� 7

1)

Ex. Monday

-

SJ

� h_. tJ: 13 B1f 8 t : @ :a: tit "C'' � 5! L � L t:: o lf-:>.J: � (I

�

l

(4) Friday

at a friend's house

--.:A,.�.t i

(2) Wednesday

(1) Tuesday

in the library

� b·A-

at home

at school

(5) Saturday

in Kyoto

at a coffee shop

(6) Sunday

at a department store

C.

Look at the pictures in B and answer the questions. Example:

ED

Q : ;1. 7 1) - � � l.± }j � 8 t : � :�" n --c·-�7� L j L t::. -h'o , .. --;; ..:: ..:. :t

�

...

,:. .?·4

.....:.f.... 3- _ ;

A : l.i '- ' , �7� L j L t::. o Q : ;l. 7 1) - � !v t.± Jl lli 8 t : �® � Jt j L t::. -h 'o ,.-."';; .:_ ;. :./·

A

:

" , '- , .:Z.

"'- �

t;•

A

Jt j -tt lv --c·· L t::. o ;

,

,

1 . ;1. 7 1) - � /v l.J: j( Si 8 t : .:.f- �* � :f" � l L f::. IJ ' o ��. l

:/ . ·

-: :; ;�

�?·

2 . ;1. 7 1) - � � t.± 7](. Hi 8 t : "3( -1t � t : rr � 1 L t::. �; 1"� ' :. .:. j'

:- � �- "":A.

•

0

�

3 . ;I. 7 1) - � � l.J: ;t.. Si 8 t : 8 *A_ O) � f:' "t t : 4 '. ' l L f::. -h'o � ( .; ; .,_,

.

: .:.A.. .: !..-

l:: t

h

4 . ;1. 7 1) - � lv t.J: �Wi 8 t : j:; -9=- t : rr � j L t::. -h'o .:- A. .! -1

:,

'"\: .,

...

_,

5 . ;/. / 1) - � � l.J: ± W1f 8 t : j- ..=. _A � L l L f::. IJ 'o 6 . ;1. 7 1) - � � t.± E !Ii 8 t : Jt �t ,4n � L l L t::. -h 'o .:;:, ..:: .:.

D.

J

s�

;')"

Look at the p ictures above and answer the questions. Example:

ED

Q : ;I. 7 1) - � � l.± }j Hi 8 t : 1PJ � L l L f::. -h'o

A

:

� :!" tg --c·-�7� L 1 L t::. o � L 1 tr/,.,

......:A,., -5 .; 1

1 . ;1. 7 1) - � 1v t.±J](.Si 8 t :M � L 1 L t::. -h'o T , , _r 1

J'

-:..·.:.

2 . ;1. 7 1) - � 1v t.± .klli 8 t :1PJ � L 1 L t::. -h'o 3 . ;I. 7 1) - � � {j: \, \ '"'::) �@! � Jt l L f::. IJ'o � \ ' ;;..:

) ..

5 . ;1. 7 1 ) - � � t.± �Wi 8 t : �-- .:: --c-- � .::·' t.± � � iz"'"'- l L t::. -h ' 0 _: . ;._.): 1

:;-

!;:;._

t;

6 . ;I. 7 1} - � � l.J: ;t.. !li 8 t : �-· .:: "("� f::' "t t : 4 '. \ l L f::. IJ'o (. ( .J: i :.J

E.

:: t

h

Pair Work-Ask what your partner did on Monday, Tuesday, etc.

B

:

7 =- ::z.. � L i L t� o

0 -T1ttO)B�� < �1d:�ch* u t::.tJ' ;:: c:=o

C::�

1�/v

J;

Pair Work-Using the expressions below, ask your partners how often they did the following activities when they were a child or in high school. A : -T-1� 0* / � ;fX O) * l < *- � Mt h � L t:: i7 'o

Example:

.:

!::' !.

�::. :.

.:

;

�::. :.

.: ;

.J:

!lA..

B : t.l 'v \ , J: < �!C h � L t:: o .J:

l.- \ 1.- \ � , S � ry � .,;. � -tt ,z,··e L t:: o .t

1 . ifa5! T � .-..: .{.�:1

�8

!V•I:�

2 . 7-. f- - 'Y � T �

l <

3 . B:k.@' � Jt � i. \ '

b

h.

t: � t:'' �

4 . � ��� t : .ff < .: i i.A..

,,

s � ry

5 . +#.* � :t < ' b'h

b·

-tf' h, -lf h,

6 . ::y-_ r � -t �

} }

.'"""' � L t::

---... � -tt A, --c-- L t::

® :J - l::: - =b�ch*9 (J)

A. Compare sentences (a) and (b), and change sentence (b) using :0 . Example:

(a) / \ / .1 \'- jf- tj ::: e P3 "C'' To 1: /J'(i.fv

�

(b) :::1 - I:: - t.l ::: e P3 --c·· To t : V'

4f a , -M"a� M Jfa?£ L :i 't lJ'o ;! 1 • ! : .l:

v'

ir l: i J'

SUN

---c·· 't lJ · 0

tJ: �:lit --c-· JtzH£ L :i 'to '

L � .&·4

---=4 �·�i

TUE WED THU FRI SAT

PaW-��

(12. - 5' p. f1'\. . ) ___ _

Example:

A

:

B

:

� I!J tj: (:'' .:: �· T IJ ' o

.: ; ,;_ ;._

� I H J: ;t 7 Jv 0

.: ; ,;_ ,i·

At the post office.

-t .1:7- 1 -tt" fv o

i:J:IJ{ � i:J:, 1 .:¥' 1} A 1 "('' \, \ \ � "('' i"h "o

-c+ P3 --c· -t 0

L '\"> JtJ , -c + P3 -lJJ -=t- � .:: tx B .w� "' \ L 1

"-' ;;,.·t:op"i;t A.,

3 4

e

0 .! '\' - }- :

-0.· �:l:�-!�1.i A.... :-· -?

\:

1 :. ;_ � ,

nb··

-t

0

;c n h · � , .n. + P3-w-=t- � -tx :.: t.:I1'1 X. A, � "?

--c

l \ "Q .� \ ,

® 1

On Monday at school.

t: lt L :

P / \'- �

� fu , tj: IJ>' � , tJ � IJ>' � J o :QR{ttj:� L IJ � -? f:: "('' TIJ�o � 1 .: i

fo !f>

X:.. X:.. 0 �tf'�i ct)�� tJ: � --c t 2 n " \ "'(' L t: J: o n .:. :·1-:>

3

t:.. tt L :

4

•

" \ " \ X:.. ,

&tJ � � � < &tJ � � -tt ..Z. --(· L t:.. o t:.. I t L � ..Z. c1) :r· - r tJ: �-- -? --c·· t.: l.. ·

L f:.. h'o

6 7

.;. ;z..

J: h � -? t:.. --c·· 't :fd. o t i < t �� 7J,. ::kilf 2 --c-- To Rll: 1t.#l c1) -lJJ 1'f t J: � h -? t:.. --c·· � � � .; : t.:.fr .; :h : - • ' --r .. .: .; :0 Th'o

t:.. I t L

·

Robert: �ice weather. Ken: Yes. But it is a little hot Robert: \Vow, beautiful sea! Ken: Let's swim . *

•

Ken: What kind of sports do you like, Robert? Robert: I like surfing. Shall we do it together tomorrow? Ken: But isn't it difficult? Robert: No.

Robert: Excuse me. How much is a postcard to Britain? Person at the post office: 70 yen. Robert: Then, two 70-yen stamps, please. And one 50-yen stamp, please.

Takeshi: Robert, thank you for the postcard. Did you enjoy. the trip? Robert: Yes. The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa. Takeshi: Good.

I like the

sea very much,

too. \Yas the airline ticket expensive?

Robert: No, it wasn't so expensiYe. How was your date, Takeshi? Takeshi: . . .

V _N o

u

n

o

c

a

b

I

u

a

r

y

s

*

-) 7:1-

sea

*

� -? "'C

postal stamps ticket

-tt - 7 1 /

*

*

*

surfing

L .p < t::_· �, ,

*!!!

homework

t::. "'-. t Cl)

iz"'-4�

food

t::. A., t J: -) if

�j:_ E

birthday

r "A r

test

"'( A., �

weather

Cl) 7:J. t Cl)

drink

t.i i>,l' �

postcard bus

*

*

*

L\ *

v ::: -J �

�1-r-ll

airplane

"'-..!(>

:g�&

room

ti• <

1�

I (used by men)

.!(> T h

1*-h

holiday; day off; absence

� J: ::: -)

4tZ1t

travel

a

•

d i

e c

t

v e s

� t::. G L " ' ;b "'? \ \ � "'::) \, \ " ' f IJ'f L �.- ' \, \ }.; }.; � t:; t L JS " '

new hot (weather) hot (objects)

·It L " '

busy (people/ days)

*�"'

large

oo 'En ' l'tii I, \

interesting

*"'

cold (weather-not used for

frightening objects)

*

f::. Cl) l " '

fun

J? l, \ ::. 1, \

small

--? l G � �,. , v) -!> \, \

bming

t=. c:9

d3=ts Lt-3 < ® rJ *ttlvc Ltt=.

It was interesting.

It was not interesting.

It is interesting (and confusing) that the idea of past tense is encoded differently in the affirmatiYe and the negatiYe polarities: (}; t L J:,) IJ' "'? t.: ·c-i" is "past+ affirmative," 1 while ( B t L l:> ) < .f.> ry ,i {t h- --c- L t.: is " negatiYe +past. " Unlike verbs, adjectiYes conjugate fairly regularly. The only irregularity worth noticing at this stage is the behaYior of the adjectiYe '- ' '- ' (good). The first syllable of '- ' '- ' is changed to J: in all forms except the dictionary form and the long present tense affirma­ 2 tive form. L \ L \ (irreg ular)

negative

affirmative

present

L\L\�·SI

� < � � * ttfv

past

� 1J' -::> t::.. �·51

� < 65 0 *ttfv�· u t::..

fd:-adjectives The conjugation pattern of lj: - adjectives is much more straightforward. It actually is exactly the same as the conjugation table of --c·-t which follows a noun, as discussed in Lesson 4. 3 affirmative

:n::; 3[ ( fJ:)

1-tlu t!

present

past

:n::;3[ 1J f.> 65 � *ttfv

n3[cSI

1-Jiv t!

negative 1-Jiv ' � � *tt fv �- u t::..

She was healthy.

She was not healthy.

111v t!

111v ..

The final syllable Jj: is dropped in these long forms of lj: -adjectives.

1 Some

speakers follow a more regular conjugation, where ·r---t is inert in both polarities. For these

speakers, the chart looks like the following: negative

affimatiYe

2

present

"" • ' -c·--t

past

"" 11 ' ?

t: -c· T

""

""

< � • ' -c·--t < t:i. 11' --::>

t: -c· i'

There actually are alternate forms, J: • ' and J:: \ ' -c·-t, but they are much less frequently used than \ ' \ ' and

3 As

' ' ''-c· -t.

with l, ).. adjectives, some speakers prefer an alternative paradigm, such as the following: negative

affirmatiYe present past

""

-c -t ·

"" -c· L t:

""

l: -f> � \ \ -c· -t

"" l: -f> t:i. 11' ? t: -c· -t

II

fiT� (fc£) I� b L \ (tc:J:) 9

In this lesson, we learn two t: - adjectives that are very important from the grammatical

point of view. They are J!f � ( t:) (to be fond of; to like), and � G " ' ( 1J ) (to be disgusted T

with; to dislike). The meaning of these adjectives is relational, and you need two terms: a person to like or dislike something on the one hand, and a person or a thing on the other hand that is liked or disliked. In sentences, these two terms usually appear with the 4 particles IJ: and IJ:, respectively.

X

o .1 ,- _

[- :: lv l;; l: E 1:

{

*'-� o:> 7 7 .A 'h��t � "C" T o

1 .! /v :::

T

}

likes dislikes

Y.

Robert likes his Japanese classes. Professor Yamashita dislikes fish.

The item that is liked or disliked can also be a person. You may want to be cautious using these words in reference to your preference for a specific person, however, because J!f � -t 5 --c·· -t is usually taken to be an admission of one's romantic interest. Let us note three more things about 1-t � ( 1j: ) and � G " ' ( t: ) before we go on. One, if you T

like or dislike something (or somebody) very much, you can use the intensified forms of 1-t � -r-- -t and � G " ' --c·· -t, namely, ::kJtt � -r-- -t and ::k � G " ' "'C"T. These forms are more t_·, , T

T

t,·, .

common than the combinations of J!f � ( 1J ) and � G " ' ( ;j.· ) and the degree modifier � "'(

T

t , to which we will turn shortly.

Two, when Japanese people want to say that they neither like nor dislike something, they usually say: I

neither like nor dislike (it).

Three, you can use 1-t � 1J and � G " ' t: as modifiers of nouns. For example, you can say things like:

T

4

1n contexts where you are contrasting two or more items, the particle tt is used instead of -�;:. Thus,

5

Jn the expression of romantic or familial affection, the complex particle (!) .: � -�; : can replace -�;:. Thus,

fL. IJ:Jf;ljH;t-» � -c·-tt;:, � �J: � G , , -e't'o

(a little; slightly) before adjectives. The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa. This room is a little hot.

Instead of having sified forms,

*-tt

t:·,, T

� "(

t added to them, tt � ( 7J ) and � G " ' ( 1j:) have their own intenT

� ( 1j:) (like very much) and *- � G " ' ( 1J: ) (hate). "''

t� �t L � .{; tJ: ::z - t - -h { ::k.. -9-T � t� , ,

Takeshi likes coffee a lot.

.::f L. � ,{; tJ: � -? �

T

--r'-t o

7 J;i *\ � � " \ --c·· -t f.:#\

0

Ms. Kim hates natto (a Japanese fermented soy bean delicacy).

Take a long form of a verb and replace the ending with � l will get

the Japanese expression for

"let's . . . , " which you

J:

can

-) or � L J: -) -h' and you

use to suggest a

plan of

action.

-#t t: � --�t --c·· Jta1! L .i L ' ' -? L

t

1::

L!

n'lv

--:, is used when we describe people and is not ''""!.>' used for places. When you want to say that Tokyo is busy, you should use l\tfJ'

�;: �-- � iJ> ( i;t) . Takeshi is busy.

Tok)'O is busy I lively.

Note that the sentence below is also acceptable, since the subject "I" is omitted in the sentence.

B Hi B �i1't t_., 1t > l'·9 �}.fbi I arn busy on Sunday. l: "t? J: -j v

o

=

B HI B �i C:fM:J:)·tt l., v >l''9

t: "t? J; �) T.J

.h ..:t... t

t ,_:::.fJi

o

rtf\ \JV

P

r

a

t

c

c

e

CD �L,c9 't.:.1J'

A. Change the following adjectives into the affirmatives. ED Example:

t::. h' I, \

�

tt'!v � �

�

1 . -\'=' T ... \

6.

�.,

\ -t- IJ�- L .... \

t::. IJ· ... \ i:'' T

t·f !v � i:'' T t:; t L ;t; \ \

2 . &.> "':) I, \

3 . � t.' I, \

4 ..

7 . \, \ \, \

8 . L f'IJ• �

9 . � : �t -'{'=' iJ' �

5 . "'? 1 � � \, \

1 0 . � if'L I, \ �

1 1 . V' 1 �

B. Change the following adjectives into the negatives. ED Example:

-\'=' T ... \ V' 1 �

C.

�

V' ! L � JiJ � ! -tt !v

2.

6 . � I, \ � I, \ l\

-\'=' i" \ &.> � 1 -lt !v

� I, \ -- · ; 7 . \ \ 1, \

1 . � {..' \, \

11.

�

3 . .:: b 'v \

4 . JiJ t::. � L I, \

8 . tf !v � �

9.

L f-h· �

5 . t.· f'IJ• L �., \ 10.

� if'L \ \ /j:

/ -tj- £,.. ij:

Look at the pictures below and make sentences. Example:

.::

O) * 't+ t.;t � 'v \ "'('' T o 1:: , . , ,

t:h·

.:_ O) * 'tf t.;l: !£ \ J!> � 1 -\t /v o 1:: I t ' '

Ex.

f> i"

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11) ::r:A-1- / 00/ ,/ioo I

0

2 0 3 0

4 0 s 0

(12)

I X 2 X 3 x 4 X 5 )(

JO 0

I

0/ /100 6 X

'1 )(

g X

q I<

JO ) "f

Pair Work-Make affirmative and negative sentences with your partner. Example:

� n "' ' � �

:ft. it 0fi� � t.± � n "' ' �----to �- t , srz. 0fi�� t.± � tl "' ' t � Ji:> � �

�f :.� :.,

......._

,,

2 . \, \ \, \ -tr l" \ 5 • 1'51 f: IJ·

bt:L

"

-'(>

3 . .:: tJ 'v \

4 . � "' ' L "' '

7 . Jt � �

8 . U' l �

,�·,{, �

F.

Pair Work-Make your own sentences on the topics below using adjectives, and tell your partner. 7 7-. � U: � L < � � l -tt lvo � � L � ' i:·· -t o

Example:

t :fr l.

2 . �h CJ) 1BJ l.i

1 . �l d.i hf;L

�.,T.:L

5 . * * '.i

4 . �h CJ) �� ,-i 'j: nt�L

""-

-'! !;

�

CD �fJ' -=> t� c'9 t.:.fJ'

A. Change the following adjectives into the past affirmatives. Example:

t:: t.J� � \

-7

t:: 1.1 � 1.1 � -? t:: i:" -t

t-flv � ij:

-7

tt'lv � i:·· L t::

1 . � -t � \

2 . � '"'::) � \

3 . � t..' � \

4 . B t L .; � '

6 . � ' f t;•· L � '

7. � \ � \

8 . L -r· t; � ij:

9.

t: �-- � 1;� ij:

8J

5 . '"'::) i G ij: � ' 10.

� n � ' ij:

1 1 . U' i ij:

B. Change the following adjectives into the past negatives. Example:

� T� '

-7

� T < � � l -tt lv i:·· L f::

t-f lv � ij:

-7

tt' lv � t_ � � � l -lt lv i:" L t:

8J

3. � � L � ' 6. � \ � \

C. This is what Robert wrote down about the trip to Okinawa. Look at the memo and make sentences. 8J Ex. Okinawa-hot 1 . food-not expensive 2 . food-delicious 3 . hotel-not big 4 . hotel-new 5 . restaurant-not quiet 6 . sea-beautiful

7 . surfing-interesting

Example:

D.

Pair Work-Use the chart below and practice a dialogue with your partner, substituting the underlined parts. A and B are talking about A's vacation.

Example:

A is Robert . ----+

A : 1:f.. � t: �t:f,%" t : .ff � l L t;: o l"i!- �.t>

'(>T

,,

-t- ") "C'' T h • o �·· '7 --c·· L t;: 7J • o

B :

A : � "{ t ·

:1 1J • -?

i> ?

f;: "{·'"to

Ex. Robert

went to Okinawa

very hot

(1) Mary

saw a movie

scary

(2) Takeshi

stayed home ( '7 i? t: � \ � )

very boring

(3) Sue

went to a party

not fun

(4) Mr. Yamashita

went to flea market ( 7 1) - ? - 7 '/ � )

not cheap

(5) �,t,L ft.

@ �L \B��tc9� f;;fJ'

A.

C: ltl\

Look at the pictures and make comments o n them.

Example: Ex.

(4) A en::

* -t+

@)

----+

(1) ;t- 7 Jv

(2) 7 v �::·

(3) tElM

(5) A

(6) lBJ

(7) ��}j_

v �::

i?

L· Ci t: 61J

.. s m ••

7 D 7'' 7

L.. - aerogramme

#• ----- letter

.;. i L l

.;.>:,.·U'IV

i ( f: --?

DDDDDDD

,�

.... .... ..

Stamps

�--..M-... ,.. - -...-.. '' '' .. .. " .. .. .. '.

L_l�_JL_l_l_l_J

Postcard

A t

a

Customer :

P h o t o

S h o p

T h. i -tt fvo �Jt � :iW L }; � \ ' L i To '(>

t:ll)'

!

Excuse me. I'd like a reprint, please.

Shop clerk :

tj: \ 'o 7t5!?.... � � --c·· J: � L \ ' --c·· T i?' o : � T: (

Certainly. Would the glossy finish be all right?

Customer :

tj: \ 'o Yes.

Shop clerk :

.:. .:. t : ;g f.r c ��ft.� � }; fi \ ' L i To ;;.: j ;t

-;:·A., h !.!"A.,:-�

t:>b·

Please fill in your name and telephone number here.

Customer :

\ ' --:::> --c·· � i T i?' o When will it be ready?

Shop clerk :

1± J:. IJ � � tj: + .E. E