Generalidades de Neumatica

 

 

 FZPBKFPMQFGM×H  FZPBKF PMQFGM×H M @bgjhtj1 Tudíh @frëb Dumtrfeb Yulm`b J-kfml1 rdumtrfebp rdumtrfebpIjggm.j`u.gb Ijggm.j`u.gb Cjgnf1 RR/RR/RR  M`jhtmcmgfr, cbrkulfr y rjsblvjr prbdljkfs `j mhejhmjrëf fsbgmf`bs f lfs Bdajtmvb1 ljyjs `j lbs efsjs.

KFTGB PJ×TMGB Ejhjrflm`f`js `j lf Hjukætmgf Gbhtjxtuflmzfgm÷h Zhf mh`ustrmf gf`f vjz kæs futbkftmzf`f, gbh jxmejhgmfs `j kfybr cljxmdmlm`f`, prb`ugtmvm`f`, rfpm`jz y gbhcmfdmlm`f` `j lfs tfrjfs prberfkf`fs, jxmejh pjrsbhfl jspjgmflmzf`b y kuy fltfkjhtj jhtrjhf`b jh lbs smstjkfs quj lberfh rjflmzfr jstfs cuhgmbhjs. Lf mehbrfhgmf b cfltf `j ftjhgm÷h jh lf mhstflfgm÷h b cuhgmbhfkmjhtb `j lbs gbkpbhjhtjs hjukætmgbs, puj`j ejhjrfr efstbs mhhjgjsfrmbs jh cbrkf `j rj`uggm÷h `j gfpfgm`f` b, jh jl pjbr `j lbs gfsbs, pfrf`fs jh lfs kæqumhfs b prbgjsbs. Lf hjukætmgf bcrjgj uhf fkplmf efkf `j pbsmdmlm`f`js `j jhtrjhfkmjhtb y `j fplmgfgm÷h fgtufl jh lf mh`ustrmf. Lf tíghmgf hjukætmgf sj jkpljf nby jh kugnbs gfkpbs, sj prjví quj jh jl cuturb bgupj uh pujstb mkpbrtfhtj jh lf futbkftmzfgm÷h `j mhstflfgmbhjs y prbgjsbs mh`ustrmfljs pbr su kfhjab sjhgmllb y su fkplmf efkf `j sblugmbhjs? jstb sj `jdj, jhtrj btrfs gbsfs, f quj jh jl rjsultf`b `j fleuhbs prbdljkfs `j futbkftmzfgm÷h hb puj`j `mspbhjrsj `j btrb kj`mb quj sjf kæs smkplj y kæs jgbh÷kmgb.

@jcmhmgm÷h `j Hjukætmgf  Lf hjukætmgf trftf `j lf ejhjrfgm÷h y trfhscbrkfgm÷h `j kbvmkmjhtbs kj`mfhtj jl fmrj gbkb cujhtj `j jhjreëf? fplmgf tfkdmíh fl gbhauhtb `j fpfrftbs `jstmhf`bs f bpjrfr gbh fmrj. Jl tírkmhb prbvmjhj `j lf jxprjsm÷h ermjef phjukf quj smehmcmgf nælmtb, sbplb, fmrj. Yfrf lfs fplmgfgmbhjs `j lf hjukætmgf jl fmrj lb bdtjhjkbs `jl kfhtb efsjbsb gbh jl quj jstæ jhvujltf lf tmjrrf y, jspjgmflkjhtj, `j lf pfrtj kæs gjrgfhf llfkf`f trbpbscjrf. Jl fmrj gbkprmkm`b js uhf `j lfs cbrkfs `j jhjreëf kæs fhtmeufs quj gbhbgj jl nbkdrj y quj fprbvjgnf pfrf cbrtfljgjr sus gfpfgm`f`js cësmgfs. Fuhquj sus fplmgfgmbhjs `ftfh jhtrj lbs kæs fhtmeubs gbhbgmkmjhtbs `j lf nukfhm`f`, hb cuj smhb nfstf jl smelb pfsf`b gufh`b jkpjzfrbh f mhvjstmefrsj smstjkætmgfkjhtj su gbkpbrtfkmjhtb y sus rjelfs. W÷lb `js`j fprbx. 6=:9 pb`jkbs nfdlfr `j uhf vjr`f`jrf fplmgfgm÷h mh`ustrmfl `j lf hjukætmgf jh lbs prbgjsbs `j cfdrmgfgm÷h.

 

 

Sjhtfafs `j lf Hjukætmgf Jh cbrkf ejhírmgf `jstfgfkbs1 - Tj`uggm÷h `j gbstbs `j kfhb `j bdrf `mrjgtbs jh lf bpjrfgm÷h `j lb lbs s jqumpbs. - Zhmcbrkm`f` jh jl prbgjsb `j prb`uggm÷h y rj`uggm÷h `j prb`ugtb hb gbhcbrkj. - Ybsmdmlm`f` `j rjprberfkfr f kj`mfhb y lfreb plfzb. - Fukjhtb `j lf gfpfgm`f` `j lf mhstflfgm÷h y jcmgmjhgmf jh lbs prbgjsbs. Gfhtm`f`1 jl fmrj sj jhgujhtrf `mspbhmdlj prægtmgfkjhtj jh tb`bs lbs luefrjs jh gfhtm`f`js mlmkmtf`fs. -Flkfgjhfkmjhtb1 Kj`mfhtj fgukulf`brjs js pbsmdlj rjgbpmlfr fmrj pfrf fdfstjgjr jl jqumpb `j trfdfab. -Prfhspbrtj1 Jl fmrj puj`j sjr lljvf`b f trfvís `j tudjrëfs f erfh`js `mstfhgmfs smh hjgjsm`f` `j mhstflfr uhf rj` `j rjtbrhb y puj`j tfkdmíh sjr trfslf`f`b kj`mfhtj rjgmpmjhtjs Gmlmh`rbs b dbtjllfs gbh fmrj gbkprmkm`b. - Wjeurm`f`1 Hb jxmstj rmjseb `j jxplbsm÷h hm `j mhgjh`mb, lb quj kmhmkmzf lf hjgjsm`f` `j f`jgufr smstjkfs `j sjeurm`f` jh mh`ustrmfs tjxtmljs, `jl pfpjl, `j lf kf`jrf y `j lf ebkf. -Sjlbgm`f`1 Lbs fgtuf`brjs hjukætmgbs prjsjhtfh erfh rfpm`jz jh sus kbvmkmjhtbs quj puj`jh sjr cægmlkjhtj rjeulfdljs. -Pjkpjrfturf1 Lfs vfrmfgmbhjs `j tjkpjrfturf hb fcjgtfh `j kfhjrf rjprjsjhtftmvf jl gbkpbrtfkmjhtb `j lbs jqumpbs hjukætmgbs, pjrkmtmjh`b uh cuhgmbhfkmjhtb sjeurb smh mkpbrtfr lfs gbh`mgmbhjs jxtrjkfs `j trfdfab. -Lmkpmjzf1 Jl fmrj hb gbhtfkmhf jl kj`mb fkdmjhtj, smjkprj y gufh`b hb sj lj fgbh`mgmbhjh ludrmgf`brjs? jstj `jtfllj js mkpbrtfhtj tjhjrlb jh gujhtf jh fplmgfgmbhjs `bh`j sj trfdfaf gbh flmkjhtbs, gbh prb`ugtbs cfrkfgíutmgbs y fqujllbs prb`ugtbs quj rjqumjrfh fleuhfs gbh`mgmbhjs `j nmemjhj. - Gbhstmtugm÷h `j lbs jljkjhtbs1 Lf gbhgjpgm÷h `j lbs jljkjhtbs `j trfdfab js smkplj, pbr tfhtb jl prjgmb js jgbh÷kmgb. - F prujdf `j sbdrjgfrefs1 Lfs njrrfkmjhtfs y jljkjhtbs `j trfdfab hjukætmgbs puj`jh mr nfstf su pfrf`f gbkpljtf smh rmjseb fleuhb, pujstb quj ístbs pfrfh jh gfsb `j sbdrjgfref `j lbs smstjkfs. - Pjghblbeëf `j cægml fprjh`mzfaj y ferf`fdlj kfhjab, `jdm`b f lf sjhgmlljz `j sus gbkpbhjhtjs. - Tjsmstjhtj f cfgtbrjs jxtrjkbs `j trfdfab gbkb mhstflfgmbhjs jxpujstfs f lf sugmj`f`, lf nukj`f`, gfkpbs kfehítmgbs jtg.

@jsvjhtfafs @j svjhtfafs `j lf Hjukætmgf   Lf hjukætmgf gbkpfrftmvfkjhtj gbh btrfs tjghblbeëfs prjsjhtf fleuhfs `jcmgmjhgmfs1 Cujrzf1 Jl fmrj gbkprmkm`b js jgbh÷kmgb s÷lb nfstf gmjrtf cujrzf. Gbh`mgmbhf`b pbr lf prjsm÷h `j sjrvmgmb hbrkflkjhtj usufl `j 599 oYf (5 dfrjs), jl lëkmtj, tfkdmíh jh cuhgm÷h `j lf gfrrjrf y lf vjlbgm`f`, js `j 49.999 f 79.999 H. Tum`b1 Jl fmrj quj jsgfpf `j lbs jljkjhtbs hjukætmgbs bgfsmbhf dfstfhtj rum`b, smh jkdfreb ístj puj`j sjr gbhtrblf`b udmgfh`b jljkjhtbs smljhgmf`brjs b utmlmzfh`b kftjrmfljs mh sbhbrmzfhtjs.

 

  Yrjpfrfgm÷h1 Fhtjs `j sjr utmlmzf`b jl fmrj `jdj sjr lljvf`b f uh prbgjsb `j lmkpmjzf y sjgf`b, prbgurfh`b gbhsjrvfr lbs jljkjhtbs hjukætmgbs jxjhtbs `j `jsefstj, jstb lb nfgj `jkfsmf`b gbstbsb. Kbvmkmjhtbs njtjrbeíhjbs1 @jdm`b f lf gbkprjsm÷h `jl fmrj sj prjsjhtfh vfrmfgmbhjs jh jl gbkpbrtfkmjhtb `j lfs vjlbgm`f`js `j lbs fgtuf`brjs hb sj puj`jh bdtjhjr kbvmkmjhtbs uhmcbrkjs hm prjgmsbs.

Gbstbs1 Lf prjpfrfgm÷h `jl fmrj nfgj quj ístf tjghblbeëf, tjhef gbstbs `j cuhgmbhfkmjhtb jljvf`bs, jstb js gbkpjhsf`b gbh jl dfab vflbr `j sus gbkpbhjhtjs.

GBKYFTFGMBH JHPTJ JHPTJ KJ@MBW @J PTFDFA B 

 

 

Ljyjs `j lbs Efsjs gbh Fplm Fplmgfgm÷h gfgm÷h f lf Gbkprjsm÷h `jl Fmrj. Jh jl gbkprjsbr, lbs clum`bs quj sbh gbkprmkm`bs puj`jh sjr `j `mvjrsf hfturfljzf, ejhjrflkjhtj sbh uhf kjzglf `j efsjs. Jh `jtjrkmhf`fs bgfsmbhjs jstbs efsjs sj gbkpbrtfh gbkb efsjs pjrcjgtbs. Jl fmrj hb tmjhj uhf cbrkf `jtjrkmhf`f, tbkf lf cbrkf `jl rjgmpmjhtj quj lb gbhtmjhj, pjrkmtj sjr gbkprmkm`b y tmjhj lf tjh`jhgmf f `mlftfrsj, jstj gbkpbrtfkmjhtb lb vfkbs f gbkprjh`jr kjabr bdsjrvfh`b lf prbpujstf `j Dbylj.

Ljy @j Dbylj- Kfrmb Kfrmb ttj Tjlfgm÷h jhtrj lf prjsm÷h y jl vblukjh `j uh efs gufh`b lf tjkpjrfturf js gbhstfhtj. Cuj `jsgudmjrtf pbr Tbdjrt Dbylj jh 6334. J`kj Kfrmbttj tfkdmíh llje÷ f lf kmskf gbhglusm÷h quj Dbylj, pjrb hb pudlmg÷ sus trfdfabs nfstf 6353. Jstf js lf rfz÷h pbr lf quj jh kugnbs lmdrbs jhgbhtrfkbs jstf ljy gbh jl hbkdrj `j Ljy `j Dbylj y Kfrmbttj.

Jl vblukjh js mhvjrsfkjhtj Yrbpbrgmbhfl f lf prjsm÷h1 Wm lf prjsm÷h fukjhtf, jl vblukjh `mskmhuyj. Wm lf prjsm÷h `mskmhuyj, jl vblukjh fukjhtf.  Fl fukjhtfr jl vblukjh, lfs pfrtëgulfs (ætbkbs b kblíg kblígulfs) ulfs) `jl efs tfr`fh k kæs æs jh lljefr f lfs pfrj`js `jl rjgmpmjhtj y pbr lb tfhtb gnbgfh kjhbs vjgjs pbr

 

  uhm`f` `j tmjkpb gbhtrf jllfs. Jstb smehmcmgf quj lf prjsm÷h sjræ kjhbr yf quj ístf rjprjsjhtf lf crjgujhgmf `j gnbqujs `jl efs gbhtrf lfs pfrj`js. Jl prb`ugtb `j lf prjsm÷h pbr jl vblukjh js gbhstfhtj.

Wupbhefkbs quj tjhjkbs uh gmjrtb vblukjh `j efs S 6 quj sj jhgujhtrf f uhf prjsm÷h Y6 fl gbkmjhzb `jl jxpjrmkjhtb. j xpjrmkjhtb. Wm vfrmfkbs jl vblukjh `j efs nfstf uh hujvb vflbr S4, jhtbhgjs lf prjsm÷h gfkdmfræ f Y 4, y sj gukplmræ1

Jajkplb1 3.9 L `j uh efs jstæh f 69 YWM `j prjsm÷h. ²Guæl sjræ su hujvb vblukjh sm fukjhtfkbs lf prjsm÷h nfstf 79 YWM2 Wblugm÷h1 Wustmtumkbs lbs vflbrjs jh lf jgufgm÷h (69 YWM) (3.9 L) ; (79 YWM) (S4) Wm `jspjafs S4 bdtjh`ræs uh vflbr pfrf jl hujvb vblukjh ; 4L.

Ljy `j Efy-Lussfg Tjlfgm÷h jhtrj lf prjsm÷h y lf tjkpjrfturf `j uh efs gufh`b jl vblukjh js gbhstfhtj. Cuj jhuhgmf`f pbr Absjpn Lbums Efy-Lussfg f prmhgmpmbs `j 6>99. Jstfdljgj lf rjlfgm÷h jhtrj lf tjkpjrfturf y lf prjsm÷h `j uh efs gufh`b jl vblukjh js gbhstfhtj.

Lf prjsm÷h `jl efs js `mrjgtfkjhtj prbpbrgmbhfl f su tjkpjrfturf1 Wm fukjhtfkbs lf tjkpjrfturf, fukjhtfræ lf prjsm÷h. Wm `mskmhumkbs lf tjkpjrfturf, `mskmhumræ lf prjsm÷h.  Fl fukjhtfr lf tjkpjrfturf lfs kblígulfs `jl efs sj kujvjh kæs ræpm`fkjhtj y pbr tfhtb fukjhtf jl hñkjrb `j gnbqujs gbhtrf lfs pfrj`js, js `jgmr fukjhtf lf prjsm÷h yf quj jl rjgmpmjhtj js `j pfrj`js cmafs y su vblukjh hb puj`j gfkdmfr.

 

  Efy-Lussfg `jsgudrm÷ quj, jh guflqumjr kbkjhtb `j jstj prbgjsb, jl gbgmjhtj jhtrj lf prjsm÷h y lf tjkpjrfturf smjkprj tjhëf jl kmskb vflbr1

Wupbhefkbs quj tjhjkbs uh efs quj sj jhgujhtrf f uhf prjsm÷h Y 6 y f uhf tjkpjrfturf P6 fl gbkmjhzb `jl jxpjrmkjhtb. Wm vfrmfkbs lf tjkpjrfturf nfstf uh hujvb vflbr P4, jhtbhgjs lf prjsm÷h gfkdmfræ f Y 4, y sj gukplmræ1

Jajkplb1 Gmjrtb vblukjh `j uh efs sj jhgujhtrf f uhf prjsm÷h `j 679 Opf gufh`b su tjkpjrfturf js `j 4:.9¹G. ²F quí tjkpjrfturf `jdjræ jstfr pfrf quj su prjsm÷h sjf 694 opf2 Wblugm÷h1 Yrmkjrb jxprjsfkbs lf tjkpjrfturf jh ojlvmh1 P6 ; (4: + 457) O; 4=> O  Fnbrf sustmtumkbs lbs `ftbs jh lf jgufgm÷h1

Wm `jspjafs P 4 bdtjh`ræs quj lf hujvf tjkpjrfturf `jdjræ sjr 477.> O b lb quj js lb kmskb -7=.4 ¹G.

Ljy `j Gnfrljs Tjlfgm÷h jhtrj lf tjkpjrfturf y jl vblukjh `j uh efs gufh`b lf prjsm÷h js gbhstfhtj. Jh 65>5, Afgo Gnfrljs jstu`m÷ pbr prmkjrf vjz lf rjlfgm÷h jhtrj jl vblukjh y lf tjkpjrfturf `j uhf kujstrf `j efs f prjsm÷h gbhstfhtj y bdsjrv÷ quj gufh`b sj fukjhtfdf lf tjkpjrfturf jl vblukjh `jl efs tfkdmíh fukjhtfdf y quj fl jhcrmfr jl vblukjh `mskmhuëf. Jl vblukjh js `mrjgtfkjhtj prbpbrgmbhfl f lf tjkpjrfturf `jl efs1 Wm lf tjkpjrfturf fukjhtf, jl vblukjh `jl efs fukjhtf. Wm lf tjkpjrfturf `jl efs `mskmhuyj, jl vblukjh `mskmhuyj.

 

  Gufh`b fukjhtfkbs lf tjkpjrfturf `jl efs lfs kblígulfs sj kujvjh gbh kæs rfpm`jz y tfr`fh kjhbs tmjkpb jh flgfhzfr lfs pfrj`js `jl rjgmpmjhtj. Jstb qumjrj `jgmr quj jl hñkjrb `j gnbqujs pbr uhm`f` `j tmjkpb sjræ kfybr. Js `jgmr sj prb`ugmræ uh fukjhtb (pbr uh mhstfhtj) `j lf prjsm÷h jh jl mhtjrmbr `jl rjgmpmjhtj y fukjhtfræ jl vblukjh (jl íkdblb sj `jsplfzfræ nfgmf frrmdf nfstf quj lf prjsm÷h sj meuflj gbh lf jxtjrmbr).

Kftjkætmgfkjhtj pb`jkbs jxprjsfrlb fsë1

Wupbhefkbs quj tjhjkbs uh gmjrtb vblukjh `j efs S 6 quj sj jhgujhtrf f uhf tjkpjrfturf P6  fl gbkmjhzb `jl jxpjrmkjhtb. Wm vfrmfkbs jl vblukjh `j efs nfstf uh hujvb vflbr S 4, jhtbhgjs lf tjkpjrfturf gfkdmfræ f P4, y sj gukplmræ1

Jajkplb1 Zh efs tmjhj uh vblukjh `j 4.: L f 4: ¹G. ²Guæl sjræ su hujvb vblukjh sm dfafkbs lf tjkpjrfturf f 69 ¹G2 Tjgujr`f quj jh jstbs jajrgmgmbs smjkprj nfy quj usfr lf jsgflf Ojlvmh. Wblugm÷h1 Yrmkjrb jxprjsfkbs lf tjkpjrfturf jh ojlvmh1 P 6  ; (4: + 457) O; 4=> O P4 ; (69 + 457) O; 4>7 O  Fnbrf sustmtumkbs lbs `ftbs jh lf jgufgm÷h1

Ljy Ejhjrfl `j Lbs Efsjs Hbs pjrkmtjh sblugmbhfr prbdljkfs jh lbs gufljs sj prjsjhtfh gfkdmbs jh lfs gbh`mgmbhjs `j lfs vfrmfdljs `js`j Y 6, S6, P6 nfstf Y4, S4, P4.  Fsë lf ljy ejhjrfl `j lbs efsjs efsjs sj jsgrmdj gbkb1

 

  Jajkplb1 Zhf kfsf `j bxmejhb bxmejhb bgupf 9.9499 k 7 f lf prjs prjsm÷h m÷h ftkbscírmgf, 696 Opf, y : ±G. @jtjrkëhjsj su vblukjh sm su prjsm÷h sj mhgrjkjhtf f 69> Opf kmjhtrfs su tjkpjrfturf gfkdmf f 79 ± G.

PFLLJT @J GLFWJ 6 6. Zhf gfhtm`f` `j efs bgupf uh vblukjh `j >9 kl f uhf prjsm÷h `j 9,=>3 ftk. ²Vuí vblukjh bgupfræ f uhf prjsm÷h `j 6,4 ftk sm lf tjkpjrfturf hb gfkdmf2   gfkdmf2 4. @mspbhjkbs `j uhf kujstrf `j efs quj f 499¹G prjsjhtf uhf prjsm÷h `j 4,> ftk y uh vblukjh `j 6:,= L. ²Vuí vblukjh bgupfræ, sm f lf kmskf tjkpjrfturf, lf prjsm÷h dfaf nfstf 6,9 ftk2  ftk2  7. Zh efs, f uhf tjkpjrfturf `j 7:¹G y uhf prjsm÷h `j 009 kk `j Ne, sj gflmjhtf nfstf quj su prjsm÷h sjf `j 539 kk `j Ne. Wm jl vblukjh pjrkfhjgj gbhstfhtj, ²Guæl js lf tjkpjrfturf cmhfl `jl efs jh ¹G2 0. Lf prjsm÷h `jl fmrj jh uh kftrfz gjrrf`b js `j 039 kk `j Ne f 0:¹G. ²Guæl js lf prjsm÷h `jl efs sm sj gflmjhtf nfstf 64:¹G y jl vblukjh pjrkfhjgj gbhstfhtj2 :. Zhf `jtjrkmhf`f gfhtm`f` `j hj÷h bgupf 9,7 lmtrbs f 499±G. Gflgulfr jl vblukjh quj bgupfrëf f 9±G sm lf prjsm÷h sj kfhtmjhj gbhstfhtj. 3. Zhf `jtjrkmhf`f gfhtm`f` `j bxëejhb bgupf 4,: lmtrbs f :9±G. Gflgulfr lf tjkpjrfturf f lf quj bgupfræ 6 lmtrb.