General Studies(ALL)

Review Of Some Science Facts – SSC CGL Exam 2014 JULY 28, 2014  

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The theory of relativity was propounded by Albert Einstein The principal metal used in manufacturing steel is Iron.

An altimeter is used for measuring altitude Oology is the study of Birds eggs Radioactivity was discovered by Henry Bacquerel The metal used in storage batteries is Lead. The instrument used to measure the relative humidity of air is Hygrometer. Barometer was invented by Torricelli. The unit of power is Watt. Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierrie Curie. The existence of isotopes was discovered by Frederick Soddy. Dynamo was invented by Michael Faraday. The nuclear reactor was invented by Enrico Ferni. The law of gravitation was propounded by Sir Isaac Newton. Crescograph was invented by J.C.Bose. Crescograph is used to measure the Rate of growth of a plant.

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Galileo’s first scientific discovery was Pendulum. Microscope was invented by Aaton Van Leewen Hock. The scientist who is known as father of modern biology is Aristotle. The first person to see a cell under microscope was Robert Hooke. The smallest flowering plant is Wolffia.

The four blood groups were discovered by Karl Landsteiner. Sodium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy. The atomic number of oxygen is Eight. The basic building blocks of proteins are Amino acids. The botanical name of the cotton plant is Gossipium Hirsutum. An Electroscope is used to Detect charges on a body. The unit of loudness level is Phon. An ammeter is used to measure Electric current. Plant that eat insects are called Insectivorous plant.

Important Amendments to Indian Constitution JULY 15, 2014

1st amendment – June 18, 1951 – zamindari abolition laws. 2nd amendment – May 1, 1953 – fix the size of each parliamentary constituency between 650,000 and 850,000 voters.

6th amendment – September 11, 1956 – the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes 7th amendment – November 1, 1956 – Reorganization of states on linguistic lines and Introduction of Union Territories 10th amendment – August 11, 1961 – Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory after acquisition from Portugal 11th amendment – December 19, 1961 – Election of Vice President by Electoral 12th amendment – December 20, 1961 – Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, after acquisition from Portugal 13th amendment – December 1, 1963 – Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article 371A 14th amendment – December 28, 1962 – Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India Creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa 15th amendment – October 5, 1963 – Raise retirement age of judges from 60 to 62 22nd amendment – September 25, 1969 – Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam 24th amendment – November 5, 1971 – Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution 31th amendment – October 17, 1973 – Increased size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats.

32nd amendment – July 1, 1974 – Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh 33rd amendment – May 19, 1974 – Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures Prescribes procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker 35th amendment – March 1, 1975 – Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India 37th amendment – May 3, 1975 – Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly 38th amendment – August 1, 1975 – Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances 42nd amendment – April 1, 1977 - Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a ―Socialist Secular‖ Republic 51th amendment – June 16, 1986 – Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies 52nd amendment – March 1, 1985 – Anti Defection Law – Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other 56th amendment – May 30, 1987 – Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa 58th amendment – December 9, 1987 – Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution

61th amendment – March 28, 1989 – Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18 65th amendment – March 12, 1992 – National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution. 69th amendment – February 1, 1992 – To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory 70th amendment – December 21, 1991 – Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election 82nd amendment – September 8, 2000 – Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SC / ST candidates 86th amendment – December 12, 2002 – Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six 93rd amendment – January 20, 2006 – To enable provision of reservation for other backward classes (O.B.C.) in government as well as private educational institutions 97th amendment – 12 January 2012 – Added the words ―or co-operative societies‖ in Article 19(l)(c) and inserted article 43B i.e, Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e, THE COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES

Important Years in INDIAN History JULY 9, 2014

1866 – First Indian Political Association 1870 – Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

1876 – The Indian Association 1884 – Madras Mahajana Sabha 1885 -Bombay Presidency Association 1885 Dec -Indian National Congress Three Important Periods : 1885-1905 – Moderate Period 1905-1919 – Extremist Period 1919-1947 – Gandhian Period 1905 – Vandemataram movement 1916 – Home Rule movement 1920 – Non-Cooperation Movement 1930 – Civil Disobedient Movement 1942 – Quit Indian Movement 1892 – Indian Council Act 1909 – Minto-Morely Reforms Act 1919 – Montague-Chelmsford Act 1919 – Rowlatt Act 1935 – Government of India Act 20th July 1905 – Division of Bengal by Lord Curzon 1906 – Birth of Muslim League 1940 – August offer 1922 October – Chauri-Chaurah incident 1922 – Swaraj Party Formation 1927 – Simon Commission appointed by British Parliament 1928 – Simon Commission visit ot India 1931 – Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1930, 31, 32 – Three Round Table Conference 1945 – Simla Conference (Lord Wawell) 1946 – Cripps Proposals 1946 – Cabinet Missions arrival 1947 – Mountbatten Plan 1950 – India became Republic

1956 – Re-organization of the States 23 rd March 1931 – Execution of Bhagath Singh,Sukhdev and Rajguru

Important Battles in History of India JULY 10, 2014

1. 1st battle of Tarain – 1191 – Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori 2. 2nd battle of Tarain – 1192 – Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan 3. 1st battle of Panipat – 1526 – Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi 4. Battle of Khanwa – 1527 – Babur defeated Rana Sunga further strengthening his foothold in India. 5. Battle of Ghaghra – 1529 – Babur defeated Mahmud Lodi and Sultan Nusrat Shah thus establishing Mughal rule in India. 6. 2nd battle of Panipat – 1556 – Akbar defeated Hemu 7. 3rd battle of Panipat – 1761 – Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas 8. Battle of Talikota – 1565 – Deccan Sultanates defeated the glorious Vijayanagar empire 9. Battle of Haldighati – 1576 – Undecisive battle between Raja Man Singh of Mughal Army and Rana Pratap of Mewar. 10. Battle of Plassey – 1757 – British defeated Siraj-ud-duala with the help of Mir Zafar. This battle laid the foundation of British empire in India. 11. Battle of Wandiwash – 1760 – British decisively defeated the French in India.

12. Battle of Buxar – 1764 – British defeated the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-duala (Nawab of Oudh) and Shah Alam II(Mughal emperor). 13. Battle of Samugarh – 1658 – Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh. 14. Battle of Karnal – 1739 – Nadir Shah defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah.

pH Values of Different Substances MAY 3, 2014 Substance

pH Values

7 Pure water

7.35 – 7.45 Human blood

7.5 – 8.4 Sea water 10.6 to 11.6 Ammonia

6.5 – 6.7 Milk

5.6 to 6 Normal rain

Acid rain

2 to 5.6

6 Human urine

5 Black coffee

4.5 Beers

2.8 to 3.8 Wines

2.9 Vinegar

Lemon juice

2.4

Famous Inventions and Inventors APRIL 25, 2014 Inventions and Discoveries Air Brake

George Westinghouse

Aniline Dyes

Hoffman

Adding Machine

Balise Pascal

Aeroplane

Wright Brothers

Air Conditioner

Carrier

Atom Bomb

Otto Hahn

Aspirin

Dreser

Alcohol Thermometer

Farenheit

Atomic Thermometer

Bohr

Atomic Theory

Dalton

Atomic Number

Mosley

Atomic Structure

Bohr and Rutherford

Automobile

Daimler

Antiseptic Surgery

Lord Joseph Lister

Archimedean Screw

Archimedies

Avogadro’s Hypothesis

Avogadro

Ball Pen

Loud

Balloon

Montogolfier

Blood Circulation

Harvey

Barometer

Torricelli

Bicycle

Mac Millan

Braily System

Louis Braille

Beri - Beri

Eijkman

Blood Circulation

Harvey

Boson

S.N.Bose

Boyle’s law

Boyle

Braille

Louis Braille

Computer

Charles Babbage

Chloroform

James Young Simpson

Cinema

Lumiere Brothers

Cinema Projector

Thomas Alva Edison

Crescograph

J.C. Bose

Celluloid

Parkes

Chloroform

James Harrison and James Young Simpson

Cholera Bacillus

Robert Koch

Coloured Photography

Lippman

Cosmic Rays

R.A.Millikan

Cyclotron

Lawrence

Diesel Engine

Rudolf Diesel

Dynamo

Michael Faraday

Dynamite

Alfred Nobel

Deuterium (Heavy Water)

H.C.Urey

Diesel Oil Engine

Rudolf Diesel

Discovery of Solar System

Copernicus (1540)

Discovery of Specific Gravity

Archimedes

Electric Battery

Volta

Electric Lamp

Edison

Electricity

Faraday

Electron Theory

Bohar

Electrical Waves

Heitz

Electric Measurement

Gauss

DDT

Dr. Paul Muller

Electron

J.J. Thompson

Electric Lamp

Thomas Alva Edison

Elevator

Elisha G Otis

Fountain Pen

Waterman

Fahrenheit Scale

Fahrenheit

Film & Photographic goods

Kodak

Glider

George Cayley

Generator

Piciontti

Gramaphone

Thomas Alva Edison

Gun Powder

Roger Bacon

Geometry

Euclid

Hydrogen

Cavendish

Helicopter

Broquett

Helium Gas

Lockyer

Homoeopathy

Hahnemann

Hovercraft

Cockrell

Hydrophobia

Louis Pasteur

Jet Engine

Sir Frank Whittle

Intelligence Tests

Binet

Insulin

F. Banting

Induction of Electric Current

Faraday

Incandescent Bulb

Edison

Induction Coil

Rohm Korff

Insulin

F.Banting

Intelligence test

Binet

Jet Propulsion

Frank Whittle

Law of Gravitation

Issac Newton

Law of Heredity

G. Mendal

Laser

Theodore Maiman

Lightning Conductor

Benjamin Franklin

Logarithm

John Napier

Laughing Gas

Priestley

Life Boat

Henry Great Head

Lift (Elevators)

Otis

Linotype

Mergenthaler

Line of demarcation (ship)

Plimsoll

Laws of Electrical Resistance

Ohm

Law of Electrolysis

Faraday

Law of gases

Gay Lussac

Laws of Gravitation

Newton

Laws of Heredity Gregory

Mandel

Laws of Motion Newton

Newton

Laws of Natural Selections

Darwin

Laws of Multiple Proportion

Dalton

Liquid Oxygen

Dewar

Machine Gun

Dr. Richard Gattling

Maser

Charles H. Townes

Microphone

Graham Bell

Measurement of Electrical Energy

Joule, James Prescoft

Meson

Hideki Yakawa

Microscope

Janes

MolecularScattering oflight in fluid

Ramanathan

Neon Gas

Ramsay,Travers Neutron Chadwick

Nuclear Fission

OttoHahn, Bohr and Fermi

Nylon Plastic

Carothers

Oxygen

J.B.Preistly

Origin of Species

Charles Darwin

Parachute

A.J. Garnerian

Pencillin

Alexander Fleming

Photography (Film)

John Carbutt

Periodic Law

Mendeleef

Phonograph

Edison

Phonographic Shorthand

Pitman

Photograph Dauguerre

Dauguerre

Principle for lever (S.P.Gravity)

Archimedes

Phototherapy

N.R.Finsen

Positive Electrons

Anderson

Powerloom

Cartwright

Pneumatic Tyre

Dunlop

Printing for the Blind

Braille

Printing Press

Caxton

Printing Types

John Guttenberg

Psycho-analysis

Dr.Sigmund Freud

Rayon

Sir Joseph Swan

Radio-activity of Uranium

Henry Becquerel

Raman effect

C.V.Raman

Radium

Madame Curie

Railway Engine

Stephenson

Radio transmitter

Alexanderson

Rare Gas

Cavandish

Replacing human heart

Christian Barnard

Revolver

Colt

Quantum Theory

Max plank

Refrigerator

James Harrison

Safety Lamp

Humphry Davy

Safety Match

Land Strom

Safety Pin

William Hunt

Safety Razor

Gillette

Sewing Machine

Barthelling Thimonnier

Short Hand

Pitman

Solar System

Copernicus

Steam Engine

James Watt

Steam Turbine

Parsons

Spectroscope

Bunsen

Stethoscope

Rene Laennee

Submarine

David Bushnell

Seismograph

Roberts Mallet

Sextant

Hadley

Steam boat

Fulton

Submarine

Bushwell

Talkies

Lee-de-Frost

Tank

Swinton

Telegraphy

WilliamF.Cooke&Charles Wheatstone

Telegraph

CodeMorse

Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell

Telescope

Galileo

Television

J.L. Baird

Thermosflask

Dewar

Transistor

Shockly and Bardeen

Typewriter

Sholes

Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin

Theory of Relativity

Albert Einstein

Uranium fusion

Oho Hahn

Uranus (Planet)

Herschel William

Vaccination

Jenner

Vaccum Flask

Sir James Dewar

Vulcanisation

Good Year

Washing Soda

Lablanc

Wireless Communication

Oliver Lodge

Wireless Telegraphy

Marcony

Wireless

Marconi

X-ray

W.C. Rontgen

New Appointments of 2014 APRIL 25, 2014

In view of the upcoming exams, today we are presenting to you the list of New Appointments of 2014. In this list, we covered all important National and International Appointments which occurred in the past 4 months of the year 2014 (January, February, March and first 3 weeks of April). This list will be helpful for your upcoming Postal Assistants / Sorting Assistants, SBI PO and SSC CGL Exams. Hope you like the post. 1. A L Banerjee - New DGP (UP) 2. Aditi Khanna - First Woman President of Indian Journalists‘ Association (IJA), London 3. Ajoy Misra - MD & CEO, Tata Global Beverages Limited 4. Akhilesh Das Gupta - President (Re-Elected), Badminton Association of

India (BAI) 5. Akhilesh Gupta - President of Indian Meteorological Society 6. Amitabh Kant - Secretary, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion 7. Arvind Mayaram - New Finance Secretary 8. Arseniy Yatsenyuk - Interim Prime Minister of Ukraine 9. Arun Kumar Gupta - CMD, Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) 10. Ashraf Jehan - First female judge, Pakistan‘s National Sharia Court 11. Chetan Tamboli - Chairman of CII (Confederation of Indian Industry), Western Region 12. Devendra Kumar Pathak - Special DG, Border Security Force 13. Dinesh Sarraf - CMD of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 14. Edward Snowden - New Rector of the University of Glasgow 15. Glen Attewell - New CEO to Tesco HSC 16. G. Rohini – First Woman Chief Justice, Delhi High Court 17. H C Meena - Secretary Security, Cabinet Secretariat 18. Harish Rawat - CM of Uttrarakhand. 19. Ibrahim Mahlab - New PM of Egypt 20. Jamila Bayaz - First Women Police Chief, Afghanistan 21. Janet Yellen – Head of US Federal Reserve (1st Woman) 22. Jatinder Bir Singh - Chairman and Managing Director of Punjab and Sind Bank (PSB) 23. John Thompson - Chairman of Microsoft 24. Justice Ashok Kumar Mathur - Chairman of the 7th Pay Commission 25. Justice B.S. Chauhan - Judge of the Supreme Court 26. Kailash Meghwal - Speaker, Rajasthan Assembly 27. Kalyan Singh - Vice President of BJP 28. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw - Chairperson, Indian Institute of Management-Bangalore (IIM-B) 29. Lt Gen P R Kumar - Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army 30. M Teresa Kho - ADB‘s (Asian Development Bank) new country director for India

31. Malala Yousafzai - World Children‘s Prize, Sweden 32. Manoj Vaish - MD and CEO, Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (MCX) 33. Marco Lambertini - Director-General of the WWF International 34. Matteo Renzi - Italy‘s youngest PM 35. Mukul Mudgal - Chairperson of Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) 36. Narendra Kothari – New Chairman, NMDC 37. N P Singh - CEO, Multi Screen Media 38. N. Ramachandran - President, Indian Olympic Association 39. N. Srinivasan - Chairman of the International Cricket Council 40. Oleksandr Turchynov - Interim President of Ukraine 41. P. Madhusudan - CMD, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd (RINL) 42. Poonam Khetrapal Singh - Regional Director of World Health Organization South-East Asia Region 43. Pradeep Kumar Saxena - GM, South Western Railway 44. Priyadarshni Mohapatra - MD Avaya‘s India and SAARC Operations 45. R. Chandrashekhar - President, NASCOM 46. R Gandhi - Deputy Governor of RBI 47. R.K. Tiwari - Chairman of Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) 48. R.M. Lodha - New Chief Justice of India 49. R.K. Dhowan - New Navy Chief 50. Rajeev Kher - Secretary in Department of Commerce 51. Rajiv Takru - New Revenue Secretary 52. Rakesh Maria - Mumbai Police Commissioner 53. Ravi Chauhan - MD, SAP India 54. S.K. Sharma - CMD of Bharat Electronics Ltd. 55. Sanjay Kirloskar - Deputy Chairman of CII, Western Region 56. Satya Nadella - CEO of Microsoft 57. Saurabh Chandra - Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas 58. Shankar Venkateswaran - Chief, Tata Sustainability Group 59. Sheikh Hasina - Prime Minister of Bangladesh (Third Time) 60. Shikar Dhawan - Brand Ambassador to Canara Bank

61. Soma Mondel - First Woman Director of National Aluminium Company Ltd. 62. B.N. Sri Krishna - Chairman of Financial Planning Standards Board India (FPSB) 63. Sudhir Gupta - Secretary, TRAI 64. Sunil Kumar Sood - General Manager, Central Railway 65. Sushil Koirala - PM of Nepal 66. T. Nanda Kumar - Chairman, National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) 67. Uday Sareen - Deputy CEO, ING Vysya Bank 68. V.Kannan - CMD of Vijaya Bank 69. Vinod Sawhney - CEO of Reliance Communication (RCom) 70. Yaduvendra Mathur - CMD of Export-Import Bank of India

History Quiz : – First in India ( Male ) MARCH 21, 2014

1. First Governor of Bengal – Lord Clive ( 1757 – 60)

2. Last Governor of Bengal – Lord Hastings ( 1772 – 74)

3. First Governor Genral of Bengal – Lord Hastings ( 1774 – 75) 4. First British Governor Gerneral of India – Lord Bentinck ( 1833 – 35)

5. First British Viceroy of India – Lord Canning ( 1856 – 62)

6. First President of Indian Rebublic – Dr. Rajendra Prasad

7. First Prime Minister of free India – Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru

8. First Indian to win Nobel Prize – Rabindranath Tagore

9. First Muslim President of Indian National Congress –Baduddin Tyabji

10. First Muslim President of India – Dr. Zakir Hussain

11. First Governor General of free India – Lord Mountbatten

12. First and last Indian Governor General of India – C. Rajgopalachari

13. First man who introduced printing press in India – James Hicky

14. First Indian to join the I.C.S – Satyendra Nath Tagore

15. India’s first Cosmonaut – Rakesh Sharma

16. First Prime Minister of India who resigned without completing the full term – Morarji Desai 17. First Indian Member of the Viceroy’s executive council – S. P. Sinha

18. First President of India who died while in office – Dr. Zakir Hussain

19. First Prime Minister of India who did not face the Parliament – Charan Singh

20. First Field Marshal of India – Field Marshal S.H.F. J. Maneckshaw

21. First Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics – C.V. Raman

22. First Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award – Dr. S. Radhakrishnan

23. First Indian to cross English Channel – Mihir Sen

24. First Person to receive Jananpith award – G. Shanker Kurup 25. First Speaker of the Lok Sabha – G V Mavalankar

26. First Vice – President of India – Dr. S. Radhakrsihnan

27. First Home Minister Of India – Sardar Vallabhbahi Patel

28. First Person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen – Sherpa Ang Dorjee 29. First person to reach the South Pole – Col J K Bajaj

30. First Person to get Param Vir Chakra – Major Somnath Sharma

31. First Chief Election Commissioner – Sukumar Sen

32. First Person to receive Magsaysay Award – Vinoba Bhave

33. First Indian Origin person to receive Nobel Prize in Medicine – Hargobind Khurana

34. First Person to receive Nobel Prize in Economics – Amartya Sen

35. First Chief Justice of Supreme Court – Justice H. J. Kania

36. First Indian to win back to back medals in Olympics – Sushil Kumar ( 2008, 2012)

37. First Man to climb Mount Everest Twice – Nwang Gombu

38. First Man to Climb Mt. Everest 19 times – Apa Sherpa

39. First Indian Chess Grandmaster – Vishwanathan Anand ( 1988) 40. First Indian Pilot – J.R. D. Tata ( 1929)

History Quiz : – First in India ( Female ) MARCH 21, 2014

1. First female officer to be court martial led - Anjali Gupta

2. First woman judge in the Supreme Court Justice - M. Fathima Bivi

3. First woman Ambassador/High Commissioner - Miss C.B. Muthamma

4. First woman Governor of a state in India –Mrs. Sarojini Naidu

5. First woman Speaker of a state Assembly – Mrs. Shanno Devi

6. First woman Prime Minister - Mrs. Indira Gandhi

7. First woman Minister in Government - Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

8. First woman to climb mount Everest - Bachhendri Pal

9. First woman to climb mount Everest twice - Santosh Yadav

10. First woman President of Indian National Congress - Mrs. Annie Besant

11. First woman pilot in the Indian Air Force - Harita K Deol

12. First woman graduates - Kadambini Ganguly & Chandramukhi Basu (1883)

13. First woman Airline Pilot - Durba Banerjee

14. First Indian woman Honours graduate - Kamini Roy (1886)

15. First woman Olympic medal Winner - Karnam Maleshwari (2000)

16. First woman Asian Games Gold Medal Winner - Kamaljit Sandhu

17. First woman President of United Nations General Assembly - Vijay Lakshmi Pandit 18. First woman Chairman of Union Public Service Commission - Roze Millian Bethew

19. First woman Director General of Police - Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya

20. First Indian woman Judge - Anna Chandy (1937)

21. First woman Chief Justice of High Court - Mrs. Leela Seth

22. First woman Lieutenant General - Dr. Punita Arora

23. First woman Air Vice Marshal - Dr. Padmavathi Bandopadhyaya 24. First woman chairperson of Indian Airlines - Sushma Chawla

25. First woman IPS officer - Mrs. Kiran Bedi

26. First and last Muslim woman ruler of India - Razia Sultan

27. First woman of receive Ashoka Chakra - Nirja Bhanot

28. First woman to receive jnanpith Award - Ashapurna Devi

29. First woman to cross English Channel - Aarti Saha 30. First Indian woman to receive the Nobel Prize - Mother Teresa

31. First woman to receive Bharat Ratna - Mrs.Indra Gandhi

32. First Indian women to cross Gobi Desert - Sucheta Kadethankar (2011)

33. First Indian woman to reach the final of an Olympic event - P.T. Usha

34. First Test Tube Baby (Documented) - Indira

35. First Indian woman Merhcant Navy Officer - Sonali Banerjee

List of Important Battles for SSC CGL Exam MARCH 21, 2014

Dear readers, here we are providing list of some Important Battles of Indian history which can be useful in your upcoming SSC exams.

1. Battle of Chausa: 1539 A.D. - The battle of Chausa was fought between Mughal emperor Humayun and Sher Shah Suri. In this battle Humayun was defeated. It facilitated Sher Khan to march on to Delhi at Agra. 2. Battle of Hydaspes 326 B.C.—Alexander the Great, defeated Porus, the Paurava king. 3. Battle of Kannauj (1540 A.D.) – Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun. After this battle, Humayun fled to Iran and Sher Shah Suri occupied Delhi. 4. Battle of Kalinga 261 B.C.— Ashoka defeated the king of Kalinga. Ashoka embraced Buddhism and preached it during the rest of his life after this war. 5. First Battle of Tarain or Thaneswar A.D. 1191 - Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori. 6. Second Battle of Tarain A.D. 1192 - Mohammed Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan. Ghori’s victory paved the way for the establishment of Muslim rule in India. 7. First Battle of Panipat 1526— Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. This laid the foundation of the Mughal rule in India. 8. Second Battle of Panipat 1556—Bairam Khan (Akbar’s General) defeated Hemu (the Hindu General and right-hand man of Mohd. Adil Shah). It also ended the Afghan Rule and Mughal Rule began instead. 9. Third Battle of Panipat 1761—Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Marathas. It gave a terrible blow to the Maratha power. It made the field clear for the English. 10. Battle of Khanwah 1527— Babar defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar. This battle resulted in the defeat of the powerful Rajput confederacy.

11. Battle of Talikota 1564- 65—United alliance between Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmednagar and Golkonda under Hussain Nizam Shah defeated Ram Raja of Vijayanagar. It destroyed the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar. 12. Battle of Haldighati 1576—Akbar’s forces headed by Raja Man Singh defeated Rana Pratap, the brave Rajput king. Though defeated, Rana Pratap refused to accept Mughal authority and carried on warfare till his death. 13. Battle of Plassey 1757— The English under Lord Clive defeated Sirajud-Daulah. It brought Muslim Rule in Bengal to an end and laid foundations of the British Rule in India. 14. Battle of Wandiwash 1760—The English defeated the French. The battle sealed the fate of the French in India and paved the way for English rule in India. 15. Battle of Buxar 1764— Fought in 1764 between the forces of the English and the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Oudh) and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam. The English victory at Buxar finally riveted the shackles of the Company’s rule upon Bengal. 16. First Mysore War (1767- 68)—In 1768, Haider Ali was defeated by the English relinquishing all his rights over Mysore in favour of the English. 17. Second Mysore War 1780— A grand alliance between Haider Ali, the Nizam and the Marathas was formed and Haider Ali. He defeated the English and took possession of Arcot and became the undisputed master of the Carnatic. 18. Third Mysore War 1790- 92—Fought between the English and Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan had to submit and was compelled to sign the Treaty of Seringapattam stripped him of half his territory. 19. Fourth Mysore War 1799— The British forces under Arthur Wellesley defeated Tipu Sultan, which brought the end of the Tipu Sultan. 20. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first of three AngloMaratha wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha

Empire in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai. 21. Second Anglo Maratha War 1803-05—It weakened the Maratha power. The English annexed Tanjore, Surat and Carnatic. 22. Third Anglo Maratha War 1817- 18—The British forces defeated Marathas and this campaign finally extinguished the Maratha Empire. 23. Battle of Cheelianwala 1849—Forces of the East India Company under Lord Hugh Gough defeated the Sikhs under Sher Singh. 24. Burmese War 1885—As a result of this War, the whole of Burma was occupied by the English and made a part of India. 25. Afghan War III 1919—As a result of this War, Treaty of Rawalpindi was signed by which Afghanistan was recognised as an independent State.

FEW FACTS ABOUT INDIA MARCH 21, 2014

In the prevailing scenario, we know we have many reasons to be mad about the situation of our country. But it’s always better to look at positive side and be happy and proud about it, then to look at the negative side and criticise. So, enlisting below just few of the many positive points about INDIA. 1. India is the world’s largest, oldest, continuous civilization. 2. India is the world’s Largest democracy. 3. India never invaded any country in her last 1000 years of history. 4. India invented the number system. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.

5.When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization) 6. There are 300,000 active mosques in India , more than in any other country, including the Muslim world 7. Sanskrit is the mother of all the European Languages . Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software – a report in Forbes magzine July 1987. 8. Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India. 9. India has the second largest pool of Scientist and Engineers in the World. 10. India is the largest English speaking nation in the world. 11. India is the only country other than US and Japan, to have built a super computer indeigenously. 12. India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world 13. One of the largest employer in the world is the Indian Railways , employing over a million people 14. India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India’s wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake. 15. The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982 16. The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the world’s largest religious pilgrimagedestination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average

of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday. 17. Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called “the Ancient City” when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today. 18. Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries. 19.Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years. 20. Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world. 21. The value of ―pi‖ was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, long before the European mathematicians. 22. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The Father of Medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. 23. India provides safety for more than 300,000 refugees originally from Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, who escaped to flee religious and political persecution. 24. Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Over2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones, plastic surgery and brain surgerie 25. The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word ‗NAVGATIH‘. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word ‗Nou‘. Jai Hind!!!

SSC Quiz : : The First Men in India who made history MARCH 21, 2014

Dear readers we are providing here the first men and there accomplishment which has been asked in every competitive examinations. The first President of Indian Republic

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

The first Prime Minister of free India

Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru

The first Indian to win Nobel Prize

Rabindranath Tagore

W.C. Banerjee The first President of Indian National Congress

The first Muslim President of Indian National Congress

Badruddin Tayyabji

The first Muslim President of India

Dr. Zakir Hussain

The first British Governor General of India

Lord William Bentinck(1833-1835)

The first British Governor General of Bengal

Lord Warren Hasting(1774-1885)

The first British Viceroy of India

Lord Canning

The first Governor General of free India

Lord Mountbatten

The first and the last Indian to be Governor General of free India

C. Rajgopalachari

The first man who introduced printing press in India

James Hicky

The first Indian to join the I.C.S

Satyendra Nath Tagore

India’s first man in Space

Rakesh Sharma

The first Prime Minister of India who resigned without completing the full term

Morarji Desai

The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of India

General Cariappa

The first Chief of Army Staff

Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji

The first Indian Member of the Viceroy’s executive council

S.P.Sinha

The first President of India who died while in office

Dr. Zakhir Hussain

The first Muslim President of Indian Republic

Dr. Zakhir Hussain

The first Prime Minister of India who did not face the Parliament

Charan Singh

The first Field Marshal of India

S.H.F. Manekshaw

The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics

C.V.Raman

The first Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award

Dr. Radhakrishnan

The first Indian to cross English Channel

Mihir Sen

The first Person to receive Jnanpith award

Sri Shankar Kurup

The firs Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Ganesh Vasudeva Mavalankar

The first Vice-President of India

Dr. Radhakrishnan

The first Education Minister

Abdul Kalam Azad

The first Home minister of India

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel

The first Indian Air Chief Marshal

S. Mukherjee

The first Indian Naval Chief

Vice Admiral R.D. Katari

The first Judge of International Court of Justice

Dr. Nagendra Singh

The first person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen

Sherpa Anga Dorjee

The first person to get Param Vir Chakra

Major Somnath Sharma

The first Chief Election Commissioner

Sukumar Sen

The first person to receive Magsaysay Award

Acharya Vinoba Bhave

The first person of Indian origin to receive Nobel Prize in Medicine

Hargovind Khurana

The first Chinese traveller to visit India

Fahein

The first person to receive Stalin Prize

Saifuddin Kitchlu

The first person to resign from the Central Cabinet

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

The first person to receive Nobel Prize in Economics

Amartya Sen

The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court

Justice Hirala J. Kania

The first Indian Pilot

J.R.D. Tata (1929)

All About Bharat Ratna Award: India‘s Highest Civilian Honour MARCH 21, 2014

Legendary cricketer Sachin Tendulkar and eminent scientist Prof C N Rao was presented with the Bharat Ratna Award by India’s President Pranab Mukherjee on 4 February 2014 in New Delhi. The Little Master Tendulkar, who retired from international cricket on November 16 last year, is the first sportsman to bestowed with the honour. An outspoken scientist, Prof Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao is a well recognized international authority on solid state and materials chemistry is the third scientist after C V Raman and former President A P J Abdul Kalam to be conferred with the Bharat Ratna.

Tendulkar (40) and Rao (79), both of whom are recipients of Padma Vibhushan — the country’s second highest civilian honour, will join a list of 41 eminent personalities who have been conferred with the award that is given in recognition of exceptional service of the highest order since it was instituted in 1954. Bharat Ratna Award: The Bharat Ratna, (Jewel of India in English) is India’s highest civilian honour. Until 2011, the official criteria for awarding the Bharat Ratna stipulated it was to be conferred ―for the highest degrees of national service. This service includes artistic, literary, and scientific achievements, as well as ―recognition of public service of the highest order. In December 2011, the Government of India modified the criteria to allow sportspersons to receive the award; since then, the award may be conferred ―for performance of highest order in any field of human endeavor. Any person without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex is eligible for the award. The recommendations for an award of the ―Bharat Ratna‖ are made by the Prime Minister of India to the President of India; a maximum of three awards may be made in a given year. Specifications of Bharat Ratna Award: The original specifications for the award called for a circular gold medal, 35 mm in diameter, with the sun and the legend ―Bharat Ratna‖ (in Devanagari) above and a floral wreath below.

The reverse was to carry the state emblem and motto. It was to be worn around the neck from a white ribbon.

There is no indication that any specimens of this design were ever produced and one year later the design was altered.

The decoration is in the form of a peepal leaf, about 5.8 cm long, 4.7 cm wide and 3.1 mm thick. It is of toned bronze.

The award is attached to a 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon, and is designed to be worn around the recipient’s neck. Interesting facts and information about Bharat Ratna award: Bharat Ratna is the most prestigious award given by Indian government. Anyone with a great performance in any field is eligible for this honor. 1. The medal looks like a peepul leaf with ―Bharat Ratna‖ written on it in Devanagari script. An image of sun is also printed on it. The back side of the award carries the state emblem and motto.

2. The award was started by formal President of India Rajendra Prasad on 2nd January, 1954. At that time only the alive people were eligible for their national service. Later these criteria were changed.

3. The first person to receive Bharat Ratna was scientist C.V. Raman and the first person to receive Bharat Ratna after death is Lal Bahadur Shashtri.

4. Rajiv Gandhi is the youngest receiver (after death, at age 47) of the award and Indira Gandhi is the youngest alive receiver (at age 54) of the award.

5. Vallabhbhai Patel is the eldest to receive (after death, at age 116) the award and Gulzarilal Nanda is the eldest alive person to receive (at age 99) the award.

6. Among 41 awards given so far only 2 awards were given to foreign citizenNelson Mandela (1990), Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987).

7. Subhas Chandra Bose was awarded with Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1992. But due to controversy (as there is no evidence of Subhas Chandra Bose’s death) the award was withdrawn. It is the only incident in the history of Bharat Ratna that an award was withdrawn.

8. There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. Bharat Ratna has been one award to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa (1980), and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) and Nelson Mandela (1990).

9. Hindustani music doyen Bhimsen Joshi being the last recipient in 2008.

10. Sachin Tendulkar is the youngest person alive at the time of receiving the award (at the age of 40). Dhondo Keshav Karve is the eldest person alive at the time of receiving the award (age 100).

11. CNR Rao became the third scientist after C V Raman and former President A P J Abdul Kalam to be conferred with the Bharat Ratna.

The Bharat Ratna holders however, come 7th in the Indian order of precedence behind: 1. The President 2. The Vice-President 3. The Prime Minister 4. The State Governors 5. The former Presidents and the Deputy Prime Minister 6. The Lok Sabha Speaker and Chief Justice of India The perks associated with Bharat Ratna are: 1. Free first class flight journey anywhere in India. 2. Free first class train journey. 3. Pension equal to or 50% of Prime Minister of India’s salary. 4. Can attend the Parliament meetings and sessions. 5. Precedence at par with Cabinet Rank. 6. Eligible for Z category protection, if needed. 7. Special Guest in Republic Day and Independence Day. 8. Status equal to VVIP.

SSC QUIZ ( IMPORTANT QUESTION ON GEOGRAPHY) MARCH 21, 2014

1. The first person to use the word geography was – Erastosthenes (276 – 194 BC)

2. The First presented the India on the world map – Tolmie

3. 10 latitude give the separation of – 111 kms

4. 10 Longitude is equal to – 4” (minutes)

5. The Closest capital to tropic cancer – Ranchi 6. 3 capitals are above to Tropic of Cancer – Jaipur, Aizwol, Agarthala

7. The atmosphere layer which reflects radio – waves is known as - Lonosphere

8. Which State is known as the name of Black Water? - Andaman and Nicobar

9. Which latitude divides India into two parts? – 23 ½ 0

10. The largest delta in the world is – The delta of Ganga

11. The type of climate in India is – Monsoon

12. Most of the iron in India is found in – Dharwar Rocks

13. Ozone layer is found in – Stratosphere

14. ―Ring of fire‖ refers to – Circum – Pacific Seismic belt

15. Willy – Willy is the tropical cyclone occurring in – Coast of North – west Australia

16. On which river, the Baglihar Hydro- power project is located? – Chenab

17. The term Rugur refers to – Black cotton Soil

18. Which two peninsular rivers flow through troughs? – Narmad and Tapi

19. How much area does India cover of the total geographical area of the world? – 2.42 %

20. The length of the Indian coastline is - 7516.6 km

Some Important Boundary Lines

Durand Line

Between Pakistan and Afghanistan

Hinderberg line

Between Germany and Poland

49 th Parallel

Between USA and Canada

Mac Mohan Line

Between India and Tibet / China

Maginot Line

Between France and Germany

38 Parallel

Between North and South Korea

Oder Neisse Line

Between Germany and Poland

Radcliffe Line

Between India and Pakistan

th

Between Inda and Pakistan 17 Parallel th

(as claimed by Pakistan)

RIVERS SIDE CITIES ( IMPORTANT FOR SSC 10 + 2) MARCH 20, 2014

Town

River

Kabul (Afghanistan)

Kabul

Confluence of Ganga, Allahabad

Yamuna, Saraswati (invisible)

Varanasi

Ganga

Nasik

Godawari

Kolkata

Hooghly

Cuttack

Mahanadi

Patna

Ganga

Chittagong (Bangladesh)

Maiyani

Lucknow

Gomati

Jamshedpur

Subarnarekha

Haridwar

Ganga

Delhi

Yamuna

Kanpur

Ganga

Surat

Tapti

Srinagar

Jhelum

Ferozepur

Sutlej

Ludhiana

Sutlej

Karachi (Pak)

Indus

Yangon (Myanmar)

Irawady

Akyab (Myanmar)

Irawady

Vijaywada

Krishna

Lahore (Pak)

Ravi

Paris (France)

Seine

Hamburg (Germany)

Elbe

Budapest (Hungary)

Danube

Rome (Italy)

Tiber

Warsaw (Poland)

Vistula

Bristol (U.K.)

Avon

London (U.K.)

Thames

New Castle (U.K.)

Tyre China

Shanghai

Yang-tse-Kiang

Nanking

Yang-tse-Kiang

Chungking

Yang-tse-Kiang

Canton

Si-Kiang Middle East and Africa

Cairo (Egypt)

Nile

Basra (Iraq)

Tigris and Euphrates

Ankara (Turkey)

Kizil

Baghdad (Iraq)

Tigris

Khartoum (Sudan)

Blue and While Nile Europe

Berlin (Germany)

Spree

Belgrade

Dunube

Cologne (Germany)

Rhine

Lisbon (Portugal)

Tangus

Glasgow (Scotland)

Clyde USA

New York

Hudson

Philadelphia

Delaware

New Orleans

Mississippi

Monetreal (Canada)

Ottawa

Quebec (Canada)

St. Lawrence

Short Notes on MINERALS JULY 29, 2014

India is quite rich in minerals. Substances which are found in the rocks lie hidden under the ground are called minerals. Some /of the minerals like iron, copper, zinc, aluminium, GOLD AND SILVER are metals while some others like coal, petroleum, lime stone and salt are nonmetals. The metals are found in their crude form known as ores. The metals have to be obtained from their ores by melting or by other process. 1. IRON : Iron is found in the earth‘s surface in its crude form known as iron-ore.

India has huge deposits of iron-ore in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. Iron-ore is found in the mines at Singhbhum in Bihar and Mayurbhanj in Orissa. Steel is obtained by alloying iron with manganese. We have big steel plants at Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela and Bhadravati.

2.COAL : It is known as ‘black diamond‗. Products like nylon, chemicals, dyes, drugs and perfumes are obtained from the distillation of coal. Coal is found in Bihar, West Bengal, Damodar Valley, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Jharia in Bihar and Raniganj in West Bengal are the largest coal mines in India. Other coal mines are located at Suhagpur (Madhya Pradesh) Dhanbad (Bihar) Neyveli (Tamil Nadu) and Singarani (Andhra Pradesh). 3. PETROLEUM :

Petroleum is known as ‘black gold’. Petroleum is found at Digboi in Assam, Ankaieshwar and Kalol in Gujarat and Bombay High off the shore of Bombay. The petroleum produced in India is not sufficient to meet our requirements.

4. MANGANESE :

Manganese is used in the manufacture of steel. India is one of the largest producers of manganese in the world. It is found in Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. 5. MICA : It is a bad conductor of electricity. It is used as insulator in making electrical goods like radio sets and wireless sets. India is the largest producer of mica in the world. Its huge deposits are found in Gaya, Monghyr and Hazaribagh districts of Bihar. Mica is also found in large quantities in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. A large quantity of mica is exported to other countries. 6. ALUMINIUM : It is a light but hard metal. The ore from which aluminum is produced is known as bauxite.

Huge deposits of bauxite are found in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. 7. COPPER : It is a good conductor of electricity. It alloys with zinc to form brass and with tin to form bronze. It occurs in small quantities in India. It is found at Khetri in Rajasthan. Some copper has been found in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

8. GOLD : Gold is produced from the mines at Kolor and Hutti in Karnataka and Anantopuram in Andhra Pradesh.

9. DIAMOND : Diamonds are found in the mines at Panno in Madhya Pradesh

.

International bodies and their Headquarters JULY 30, 2014

1. United Nations Organization ——— New York 2. Economic Commission of Europe ———- -Geneva 3. Economic & Social Commission of Asia ——- Bangkok 4. Economic Commission of Latin America ———Santiago, Chile 5. Economic Commission for Africa ——–Addis Ababa ,Ethopia 6. Economic Commission for Western Asia——Baghdad, Iraq

7. UNESCO ——-Paris 8. Universal Postal Union (UPU) ——–Berne, Switzerland 9. WHO ————Geneva ( It is nt in Delhi ) 10. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) ——Geneva 11. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ——Geneva 12. World Trade Organization (WTO)—— Geneva,Switzerland 13. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)——Geneva 14. International Labour Organization (ILO)——- Geneva 15. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) —–Vienna 16. Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO) —–Rome 17. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Rome 18. International Maritime Organization (IMO) London 19. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) —-Vienna 20. IBRD (International Bank of Reconstruction & Development) or World Bank ——Washington 21. International Development Association —–Washington 22. International Finance Corporation (IFC) —–Washington 23. International Monetary Fund (IMF) ——Washington 24. International Telecommunication Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) —Washington 25. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). —–Montreal, Canada

26. UNICEF—– New York 27. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)—- Geneva 28. United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) —-Geneva 29. United Nations Institute for Training & Research (UNITAR) —-Geneva 30. United Nations Relief & Work for Palestine Refugees in the Near East —- Gaza City & Amman ,Jordan 31. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) —-New York 32. United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA)— New York 33. United Nations Development Programme —-(UNDP) New York 34. United Nations Environment Programme —–(UNEP) Nairobi 35. International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) —-New York 36. Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons —-The Hague,Holland 37. United Nations Drugs Control Program (UNDCP)—– Vienna 38. United Nations Interregional Crime & Justice Research Institute —-Turin, Italy 39. United Nations Fund for International Parterships —- New York 40. UN-HABITAT ( United Nations Human Settlement Programme ) —-Nairobi 41. United Nations International School (UNIS) —-New York 42. World Food Programme (WFP) —–Rome 43. World Tourism Organization (WTO) —–Madrid, Spain 44.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change( UNFCC )—- Rome

45. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) —-Geneva 46. United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)—- Geneva 47. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) —-Vienna, Austria 48. United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS – (UNAIDS) —Geneva, Switzerland