General Knowledge

General Knowledge India Economy Industries in India

1

Cotton Textile

Most important industry in terms of employment and production of  export goods. In Maharashtra (Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Kolhapur, Satara, Wardha, Hajipur), Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Surat, Bhavnagar), Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore Manchestor of South India). Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton textile mills in India

2

Ju t e

India manufactures the largest quantity of jute goods in the world. Mainly located in West Bengal, f ollowed by Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, UP, MP

3

Silk Textile

The location of silk i ndustry is governed by two factors - prevalence of sericulture practices and availability of skilled labour. Karnataka is the leading producer, followed by West Bengal, Bihar, etc

4

Woollen Textile iles

In Punjab (Dhariwal, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Ferozpur), Maharashtra (Mumbai), UP (Kanpur, Mirzapur, Agra, Tanakpur), etc

5

Iron and steel

Located near the sources of raw materials and f uel (coal). In Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Durgapur, Burnpur (W.B.), Bhadrwati (Karnataka), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Orissa), Bhilai (Chhatisgarh), Salem (T.N.), Vishakhapatnam (A.P.)

6

Located mainly near the sources of raw materials, means of  transport and cheap electricity. In Hirakud, Koraput (Orissa), Aluminium Sm Smelti lting Renukoot (UP), Korba (MP), Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Mettur (TN), Alwaye

7

Copper Sm Smelting

In Khetri, Alwar, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Agnigundala (A.P.)

8

Heavy Machinery Machine Tools Industry

In Ranchi, Vishakapattnam, Durgapur, Tiruchirapalli, Mumbai, Naini it forms the basis for the manufacturing of industrial, defence equipments, automobiles, railway engines and electrical machinery. In Bangalore, Pinjore (Haryana), Kalamassery ( Kerala), Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Secunderabad, Srinagar, Ajmer.

9

Heavy Electrical Equipments

Power generation equipments. In Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Jammu, Ramchandrapuram Ramchandrapuram (Hyderabad), Hardwar, Bangalore, and Jagdishpur (UP).

Locomotives: In Chittaranjan (WB), Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Bhopal. 10 Rail Railwa way y Equip Equipme ment nts s Coaches: Perambur(TN), Perambur(TN), Kapurthala (Punjab), also at Bangalore and Kolkata. 11 Ship Ship Buil Buildi ding ng

Hindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Shipyard, Mumbai (Mazgaon Dock) and Kolkata (Garden Reach Workshop). For Indian Navy, only at Mazgaon

12 Cycles

In Mumbai, Asansol, Sonepat, Delhi, Chennai, Jalandhar and Ludhiana

13 Tractors

At Faridabad, Pinjore, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai

14 Fertilize izers

The location of fertiliz lizer ind industry is closely relat lated to petro-

chemicals. About 70% of the plants producing nitrogenous fertilizers use naphtha as raw material Naphtha is a by-product of oil refiners. Phosphate plants are dependent on mineral phosphate found in UP and MP. Now natural gas based fertilizer plants are also being set up. The Fertilizer Corporation of India (FCL) was setup up in 1961. National Fertilizer Limited (NFL) was set up in 1974. In Sindri (Bihar), Nangal, Trombay, Gorakhpur, Durgapur, Namrup, Cochin, Rourkela, Neyveli, Varanasi, Vadodara, Vishakhapattnam, Kota and Kanpur

15

Pharmaceuticals and Drugs

Antibiotics are prepared at Pimpri and Rishikesh. The Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited has 5 plants at Hyderabad, Rishikesh, Chennai, Gurgaon and Muzaffarpur. A number of other units are concentrated in Mumbai, Baroda, Delhi, Kolkata and Kanpur.

16 Pesticides

Delhi and Alwaye

17 Suga ugar Ind Indus ustr try y

UP, Ma Maha harrashtr shtra, a, AP, AP, TN TN, Ka Karnata natak ka and and Biha ihar

18 Airc ircraft

Hindustan Aeronautics India Ltd. Was formed by merging two aircraft factories at Bangalore and Kanpur. Four other f actories are at Nasik, Hyderabad, Koraput (Orissa), Lucknow

19 Rubb Rubber er Indu Indust stry ry

Bareilly (UP), Baroda (Gujarat) - Synthetic Rubber Units, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Amritsar - Reclaimed Rubber Units

Five Year Plans

1

2

3

4

First Plan (1951 - 56)

It was based on Harrod-Domar Model. Community Development Program Program was launched in 1952. Emphasized on agriculture, price stability, power & transport. It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two years.

Second Plan (1956 - 61)

Also called Mahalanobis Plan after its chief architect. Its objective was rapid industrialization. Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis f rom agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a decline of 13% during the First Plan.

Third Plan (1961 - 66)

At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a take-off stage. Therefore, its aim was to make India a 'self-reliant' and 'self-generating' economy. Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of  export and industry. Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), severest drought in 100 years (1965-66).

Three An Annual Plans (196669)

Plan holiday for 3years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the emhasis on agriculture during the Annual Plans. During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving widespread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was

put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production. During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.

Fourth Plan (1969 - 74)

Main emphasis on agriculture's growth rate so that a chain reaction can start. Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure because of poor monsoon. Had to tackle the infl ux of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak war.

6

Fifth Plan(1974-79)

The fifth plan prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve two main objectives viz, 'removal of poverty' (Garibi Hatao) and 'attainment of self reliance', through promotion of hi gh rate of growth, better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the domestic rate of savings. The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta Govt.came to power.

7

Rolling Plan (1978 - 80)

There were 2 Sixth Plans. One by Janta Govt. (for 78-83) which was in operation for 2 years only and the other by the Congress Govt. when it returned to power in 1980.

8

Sixth Plan (1980 - 85)

Objectives: Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning, etc.

Seventh Plan (1985 - 90)

The Seventh plan emphasized policies and programs which aimed at rapid growth in food-grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of  planning. It was a great success, the economy recorded recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%.

10

Eighth Plan (1992 - 97)

The eighth plan was postponed by two years because of political upheavals at the Centre and it was launched after a worsening Balance of Payment position and inflation during 1990-91. The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6% Some of the main economic performances during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit.

11

Ninth Plan (1997- 2002)

It was developed in the context of four important dimensions: Quality of  life, generation of productive employment, regional balance and selfreliance.

5

9

12 Tenth P Pllan (2002 - 2007)

To achieve the growth rate of GDP @ 8%. Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 10% by 2012. Providing gainful high quality employment to the addition to the labour force over the tenth plan period. Universal access to primary education by 2007. Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007. Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%. Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012.

Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012. Increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012. All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2012. Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012.

Growth During Five Year Plans Plan

Target

Actual

First Plan (1951 - 56)

2.9%

3 . 6%

Second Plan (1956 - 61)

4.5%

4 . 3%

Third Plan (1961 - 66)

5.6%

2 . 8%

Fourth Plan (1969 - 1974)

5.7%

3 . 3%

Fifth Plan (1974 - 79)

4.4%

4 . 8%

Sixth Plan (1980 - 85)

5.2%

6 . 0%

Seventh Plan (1985 - 90)

5.0%

6 . 0%

Eighth Plan (1992 - 97)

5.6%

6 . 8%

Ninth Plan (1997 - 2002)

6.5%

5 . 4%

Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007)

8.0%

-

Important Antipoverty Employment Generation Programs

Swaranjayanti 1 Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGRY)

Started on April 1, 1999. It has replaced the following programs: Integrated Rural Development Program Program (IRDP) : Started in 1978 79). Training Rural Youth for Self -Employment (TRYSEM): Started in 1978-79. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA): Started in 1978 -79. Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY): Started in 1997. Million Wells Scheme (MWS): Started in 1989. Supply of Improved Tool-kits to Rural Artisans (SITRA). The yojana takes into account all the strengths and weaknesses of  the earlier self-employment programs. Every assisted family will be brought above the poverty line. It is proposed to cover 30% of the rural poor in each block. To Target at atleast 50% Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 40% women and 3% disabled.

2 Prad Pradha han n Man Mantr trii Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)

It was introduced in 2000-01 with the objective of focusing on village level development in five critical areas I.e., primary health, primary education, housing, rural roads and drinking water and nutrition with

the overall objective of improving the quality of life of people in rural areas. Rural electrification was added as an additional component from 2001-02. It has the following components: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin Awas). Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Rural Drinking Water Project). It was started on Sept. 25,2001, with the mergence of the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and the Jawahar Gram Sampoorna Gramin Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY). Earlier Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, which 3 Rozgar Yojana started in 1989, was merged with Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana. (SGRY) The objective of the program is to provide additional wage employment in rural areas and also to provide food security. The SJSRY came into operation in Dec, 1997, through a restructuring and streamlining of the earlier urban poverty alleviation programs, the Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), the Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) and the Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty alleviation Program (PMIUPEP). It seeks to provide employment to the urban employed or underemployed underemployed living below poverty line and educated up to IX standard through encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.

Swarna Jayanti 4 Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

Antyodaya Anna Yojana

Launched on Dec. 25,2000. The scheme aims at providing food security to poor families. The scheme contemplates identification of 10 million 'poorest of the poor' families and providing the \m with 25kg of food grains per family per month at a low price of Rs.2 per Kg for wheat and Rs.3 per Kg for rice.

6 Anna Annapu purn rna a Yoja Yojana na

Inaugurated on March 19, 1999. Initially the scheme provided 10 kg food grains to senior citizens who were eligible fore old age pension but could not get it due to one reason or the other. Later on, it was extended to cover those people who get old age pensions. Food grains are provided to the beneficiaries at subsidized rates of  Rs.2 per kg of wheat and Rs.3 per kg of rice.

5

General Knowledge Indian Geography Indian States International Boundaries 1 Bord Border erin ing g Pakis Pakista tan n

Jamm Jammu u and Kas Kashm hmir ir,, Punja Punjab, b, Raja Rajast stha han, n, Guja Gujara rat. t.

2 Bord Border erin ing g Chin China a

Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.

3 Bord orderin ering g Ne Nepal pal

Bihar ihar,, Utta Uttarranc anchal, hal, UP, UP, S Sik ikk kim, im, Wes Westt Ben Beng gal

4

Bordering Bangladesh

West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam

5 Bord Border erin ing g Bhut Bhutan an

West West Beng Bengal al,, Sikk Sikkim im,, Arun Arunac acha hall Prad Prades esh, h, Assa Assam m

6 Border Bordering ing Myanma Myanmarr

Arunac Arunachal hal Prad Pradesh esh,, Nagal Nagaland and,, Manip Manipur, ur, Miz Mizor oram am

7

Bordering Afghanistan

Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan - occupied area)

Moon Important Facts Average distance from Earth

3,84,365 km

Diameter

3,476 km

Ratio of diameter of moon to that of  earth

1 : 3.7

Rotation speed

27 days, 2hrs, 43 min & 11.47Sec.

Revolution Speed

27 days, 7hrs, 43 min & 11.47 Sec.

Time Time take taken n by by moo moonli nlight ght to reach reach earth earth

1.3 Sec

Percent of of su surfac face visib isible le fro from ea earth

5 9%

First man to reach moon

Neil Armstrong and Edvin Aldrin on Apollo XI (1969)

Heights of Some Important Indian Peaks SNo

Peak

Height in metres above mean Sea Level

1

K2 K2

8,611

2

Kanchen Junga

8,598

3

Nanga Parvat

8,126

4

Gasher Brum

8,068

5

Broad Peak

8,047

6

Disteghil Sar

7,885

7

Masher Brum E

7,821

8

Nanda Devi

7,817

9

Masher Brum W

7,806

10

Rakaposhi

7,788

11

Kamet

7,756

12

Saser Kangri

7,672

13

Skyang Kangri

7,544

14

Sia Kangri

7,422

15

Chau Chauk khamb hamba a (Bad (Badrrina inath Peak Peak)) 7,13 7,138 8

16

Trisul West

7,138

17

Nunkun

7,135

18

Pauhunri

7,128

19

Kangto

7,090

20

Dunagiri

7,066

Important Crops India 1

Rice

West Bengal, Punjab, UP

2

Wheat

UP, Punjab, Haryana

3

Maize

Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka

4

Bajra

Rajasthan, Gujarat, UP

5

Jowar

Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP, AP

6

TOTAL COARSE Maharashtra, Karnataka, UP CEREALS

7

TOTAL PU PULSES

MP, UP UP, Ma Maharashtra

8

TOTAL FOOD GRAINS

UP, Punjab, West Bengal

9

Groundnut

Gujarat, Ta Tamil Na Nadu, An Andhra Pr Pradesh

10

Rapeseed And Mustard

Rajasthan, UP, Haryana

11 Soyabean

Madhya Pr Pradesh, Ma Maharashtra, R aj ajasthan

12 Sunflow lower

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra

TOTAL OIL SEEDS

MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan

14 Sugarcane

UP, Ma Maharashtra, Ka Karnataka

15 Cotton

Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh

16 Jute Jute and and Me Mest sta a

WB, WB, Bih Bihar ar,, Ass Assam am

17 Tea

Assam, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh

18 Coffee

Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu

19 Rubber

Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka

13

20 Silk

Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh. In India all 4 varieties of silk are available; Mulberry, tussar, eri and muga. Mulberry is the main variety, while tussar is mainly found in Bihar.

21 Tobacco

Gujarat, An Andhra P Prradesh, Karnataka

Important Indian Town Rivers SNo

Town

River

1

Allahabad

At the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna

2

Patna

Ganga

3

Varanasi

Ganga

4

Kanpur

Ganga

5

Hardwar

Ganga

6

Badrinath

Alaknanda

7

Agra

Yamuna

8

Delhi

Yamuna

9

Mathura

Yamuna

10

Ferozpur

Satluj

11

Ludhiana

Satluj

12

Srinagar

Jhelum

13

Lucknow

Gomti

14

Jaunpur

Gomti

15

Ayodhya

Saryu

16

Bareilly

Ram Ganga

17

Ahmedabad

Sabarmati

18

Kota

Chambal

19

Jabalpur

Narmada

20

Panji

Mandavi

21

Ujjain

Kshipra

22

Surat

Tapti

23

Jamshedpur

Swarnarekha

24

Dibrugarh

Brahmaputra

25

Guwahati

Brahmaputra

26

Kolkata

Hooghly

27

Sambalpur

Mahanadi

28

Cuttack

Mahanadi

29

Serirangapatnam

Cauvery

30

Hyderabad

Musi

31

Nasik

Godavari

32

Vijayvada

Krishna

33

Curnool

Tungabhadra

34

Tiruchirapalli

Cauvery

Important National Highways SNo National Highways

Connects

1

NH 1

New Delhi - Ambala - Jalandhar - Amritsar.

2

NH 2

Delhi - Mathura - Agra - Kanpur - Allahabad - Varanasi - Kolkata

3

NH 3

Agra - Gwalior - Nasik - Mumbai

4

NH 4

Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaun.

5

NH 5

Kolkata - Chennai

6

NH 6

Kolkata - Dhule

7

NH 7

Varanasi - Kanyakumari

8

NH 8

Delhi - Mumbai (Via Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad)

9

NH 9

Mumbai - Vijaywada

10

NH 10

Delhi - Fazilka

Important Rivers India

SNo

Name

Origin From

Falls into

Length (km)

23

Tungabhadra Western Ghats

Krishna river

640

1

Ganges

Combined Sources

Bay of Bengal

2525

2

Satluj

Mansarovar Rakas Lakes

Chenab

1050

3

Indus

Near Mansarovar Lake

Arabian Sea

2880

4

Ravi

Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass

Chenab

720

5

Beas

Near Rohtang Pass

Satluj

470

6

Jhelum

Verinag in Kashmir

Chenab

725

7

Yamuna

Yamunotri

Ganga

1375

8

Chambal

M.P.

Yamuna

1050

9

Ghagra

Matsatung Glacier

Ganga

1080

10

Kosi

Near Gosain Dham Peak

Ganga

730

11

Betwa

Vindhyanchal

Yamuna

480

12

Son

Amarkantak

Ganga

780

13

Brahmaputra Near Mansarovar Lake

Bay of Bengal

2900

14

Narmada

Amarkantak

Gulf of Khambat

1057

15

Tapti

Betul Distt. In M.P.

Gulf of Khambat

724

16

Mahanadi

Raipur Distt. In Chhatisgarh

Bay of Bengal

858

17

Lu n i

Aravallis

Rann of Kuchchh 450

18

Ghaggar

Himalayas

Near Fatehabad

494

19

Sabarmati

Aravallis

Gulf of Khambat

416

20

Krishna

Western Ghats

Bay of Bengal

0

21

Godavari

Nasik Distt. In Maharashtra

Bay of Bengal

1465

22

Cauvery

Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats Bay of Bengal

Important River Valley Projects

805

Sno

Project Name

River Name

1

Bhakra Na Nangal Pr Project

On Sutlaj in Punjab. Highest in India. Ht 226 m. Reservoir is called Gobind Sagar Lake.

2

Mandi Project

On Beas in HP

3

Chambal Valley Project

On Chambal in MP & Rajasthan. 3 dams are there: Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam.

4

Damodar Valley Project

On Damodar in Bihar. Based on Tennessee Valley Project, USA.

5

Hirakud Project

On Ma Mahanadi in in Orissa. Wo World's longest dam: 48 4801m

6

Rihand Project

On Son in Mirzapur, Reservoir is called Govind Vallabh Pant reservoir.

7

Kosi Project

On Kosi in N.Bihar.

8

Mayurkashi Project

On Mayrukashi in WB.

9

Kakrapara Project

On Tapi in Gujarat.

10

Nizamsagar Project

On Ma Manjra in AP.

11

Nagarjuna Sagar Project

On Krishna in AP

12

Tunga ungabh bha adra dra Pr Projec ojectt

On Tun Tung gabha abhad dra in in AP AP & Kar Karnatak ataka a

13

Shivasamudram Project

On Cauvery in Karnataka. It is the oldest river valley project of  India.

14

Tata Hydel Scheme

On Bhima in Maharashtra

15

Sharavathi Hydel Project

On Jog Falls in Karnataka

16

Kundah & Periyar Project

In TN

17

Farakka Project

On Ganga in WB. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to remove silt for easy navigation.

18

Ukai Project

On Tapti in Gujarat

19

Mahi Project

On Mahi in Gujarat

20

Salal Project

On Chenab in J & K

21

Mata Tila Multipurpose On Betwa in UP & MP Project

22

Thein Project

On Ravi, Punjab

23

Pong Dam

On Beas, Punjab

24

Tehri Project

On Bhgirathi, Uttaranchal

25

Sard Sardar ar Saro Sarova varr Proj Projec ectt On Narm Narmad ada, a, Guja Gujara rat/ t/MP MP..

Lengths of Some Important Indian Rivers SNo

River

Length (km)

1

Indus

3,000

2

Brahmaputra

2,900

3

Ganga

2,510

4

Godavari

1,450

5

Narmada

1,290

6

Krishna

1,290

7

Mahanadi

890

8

Cauvery

76 0

Major Ports in India SNo

Western Coast

Eastern Coast

1

Kandla (Child of partition)

Kolkata - Haldia (riverine port)

2

Mumbai (busiest and biggest)

Paradip (exports raw iron into Japan)

3

Jawahar Lal Nehru (fas fastest growing)

Vishakhapatnam (de (deepest port)

4

Marmugao (naval base also)

Chennai (oldest and artificial)

5

Mang Ma ngal alor ore e (ex (expo port rts s Kudr Kudrem emuk ukh h iron iron-o -ore re)) Enno Ennore re (mos (mostt mode modern rn in in pri priva vate te han hands ds))

6

Cochin (natural Harbour)

Tuticorin (southernmost)

Mineral Resources of India

1

Coal

West Bengal (Raniganj, Burdwan, Bankura, Purulia, Birbhum, Jalpaigudi, Darjeeling) Jharkhand (Jharia, Giridih, Kharhawadi, Bokaro, Hazaribagh, Karnapura, Rampur, Palamau), Orissa (Rampur, Hindgir, Talcher, Sambhal), Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh (Rewa, Pench valley, Umaria, Korba, Sohagpur, Mand river area, Kanha valley, Betul), etc. Power sector is the largest consumer of coal in India followed by steel industry, cement industry, etc.

2

Manganese

Orissa, Maharashtra (Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri), Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Chhindawara), Karnataka (Keonjhar, Bonai, Kalahandi), Andhra Pradesh (Kadur, Garibadi).

3

Copper

Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat), Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Masobani, Surda), Karnataka (Chitradurg, Hussan)

Mi ca

Jharkhand (Hazaribagh, Giridih, Kodarma, Bihar (Gaya, Bhagalpur), Andhra Pradesh (Guntur, Vizag, Kurnool), Rajasthan (Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur)

5

Petroleum

Assam (Digboi, Naharkatiya, Badarpur, Masinpur and Pallharia), Gujarat (Ankleshwar, Khambat, Kalol), Mumbai High, Bassein (south of Mumbai High), etc. Recently oil has been discovered in Cauvery basin, Krishna and Godawari basin, Kharmbat basin, etc.

6

There are 18 refineries in India, 16 in public sector, one in joint sector and one in private sector. Public sector refineries are located at Digboi, Guwahati, Bongaigaon, Barauni, Haldia, Koyali, Mathura, Kochi, Chennai, Oil Refineries Vishakhapatnam, Mumbai (2), Panipat, Narimanam, Numanigarh and Tatipaka. Joint sector refinery is at Mangalore. The private sector refinery of Reliance Limited is at Jamnagar.

7

Iron

India possesses Haematite, a very high-grade iron ore. In Madhya Pradesh (Bailadila, Jabalpur), Goa (North Goa), Karnataka (Bababudan hills, Chikmagalur, Hospet), Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Naomundi), Andhra Pradesh, Orissa India is the fifth largest exporter of Iron ore in the world. Japan is the biggest buyer accounting for about 3/4th of India's total exports. Major ports handling iron ore export are Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Marmagao and Mangalore.

8

Bauxite

Chief ore for producing aluminium. In Orissa (Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundargarh, Bolangir, Sambalpur), Jharkhand (Lohardaga, Gumla), Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur, Mandla, Shahdol, Katni, Balaghat), Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu

9

Gold

Karnataka (Kolar, Hutti, Raichur), Andhra Pradesh (Ramgiri and Yeppamanna goldfields in Chittor and Anantapur districts

10

Silver, Zinc and Lead

Rajasthan (Zawar mines near Udaipur), Andhra Pradesh (Mysore, Chitradurg), Karnataka (Kolar mines)

4

11 Uranium

Jharkhand (Jaduguda), Rajasthan (Ajmer), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore, Nalgonda), Karnataka (Gulbarga)

12 Thor Thoriu ium m

Kera Kerala la coas coastt (Fr (From om Mo Mona nazi zite te sand sand), ), rock rocks s of of Ara Arava vall llis is in Raja Rajast stha han n

Earth Some Important Facts

Age

4,550 million years

M a ss

5.976 x 10kg

Volume

1.083 x 10 litres

Mean Density

5.518 kg/lt

Total Surface Area

510 million sq.km

Land Area

29.2% of the total surface area

Water Area

70.8% of the total surface area

Equatorial Diameter

12,755 km

Polar Diameter

12,712 km

Escape Velocity

11.2 km/sec

Highest Land Point

Mount Everest (8,852 m)

Lowest Land Point

Dead Sea (396 m)

Greatest Ocean Depth

Mariana Trench (11,033 m)

Equatorial Circumference

40,076 km

Polar Circumference

40,024 km

Mean Surface Temperature

14C

Maximum Maximum distance distance from sun (Aphel (Aphelion) ion) About About 152 million million km Minimum Minimum distance distance from sun sun (Perihelion (Perihelion)) About About 147 million km km Rotation Speed

23 hrs, 56 min & 40.91 sec

Revolution Speed

365 days, 5hrs & 45.51 sec

Dates when days & nights are equal

Mar,21 (Vernal Equinox); Sept. 23 (Autumnal Equinox)

Dates of longest days and shortest nights

June 21 (Summer Solstice); Dec, 22 (Winter Solstice)

National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries

1

Gir Forests

Home of Asiatic lion. In Gujarat

2

Kaziranga Sanctuary

One horned rhino. In Assam

3

Manas Sanctuary

One horned rhino. In Assam

4

Chandraprabha Sanctuary

II home of Asiatic Lion. In UP

5

Ghan Ghana ao off Keol Keolad adeo eo Bird Bird Sanc Sanctu tuar ary y

In Bhar Bharat atpu pur, r, Raj Rajas asth than an

6

Dachigam Sanctuary

For Hangul. In Kashmir

7

Corbett National Park

In Uttaranchal. Home of tiger

8

Kanha National Park

In MP

9

Shiv Puri National Park

In MP

10 Hazaribagh National Park

in Jharkhand

11 Periyar Game Sanctuary

In Kerala

12 Dudhwa National Park

In UP

13 Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary

In TN

14 Nokrek National Park

In Meghalaya

15 Sariska Sanctuary

In Rajasthan

16 Ranthambhor National Park

In Rajasthan

17 Namdapha National Park

In Arunachal Pradesh

18 Keib Keibul ul Lamj Lamjo o Float Floatin ing g Natio Nationa nall Park Park In Man Manip ipur ur 19 Palamau Tiger Project

In Bihar

20 Simlipal National Park

In Orissa

21 Ranganthittoo B Biird Sa Sanctuary

In My Mysore, Ka Karnataka

22 Nagarhole National Park

In Karnataka

23 Mudumalai Sanctuary

In TN

24 Balpakram Sanctuary

In Meghalaya

25 Bandipur Sanctuary

Along the Karnataka - Tamil Nadu border

26 Jaldapara Sanctuary

In West Bengal. For rhinos

27 Wild Ass Sanctuary

In Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. For wild ass.

Nuclear Power Stations

1 Tarapur

In Ma Maharashtra - India' ia's old olde est an and bi biggest

2 Kalpak Kalpakka kam m

In Tamil Tamil Nadu, Nadu, called called Indira Indira Gandhi Gandhi Nuclea Nuclearr Powe Powerr Stat Station ion

3 Raw Rawatb atbhata hata

In Kot Kota, Raj Rajasth astha an

4 Narora

In Uttar Pradesh

5 Kaiga

In Karnataka

6 Kakrapara

In Gujarat

7 Kudank Kudankulam ulam In Tamil Tamil Nadu, Nadu, unde underr constr construct uction ion with with the assis assistan tance ce of Russi Russia a

Railway Zones SNo

Railway Zones

Head Quarters

1

Central

Mumbai VT

2

Eastern

Kolkata

3

Northern

New Delhi

4

North Eastern

Gorakhpur

5

North-East Frontier

Maligaon - Guwahati

6

Southern

Chennai

7

South Central

Secunderabad

8

South Eastern

Kolkata

9

Western

Mumbai Churchgate

10

East Coast

Bhubaneshwar

11

East Central

Hajipur

12

North Central

Allahabad

13

North Western

Jaipur

14

South Western

Bangalore (Hubli)

15

West Central

Jabalpur

16

SouthEast Central

Bilaspur

Sanctuaries and Parks in India

Name

Location

Reserves for

Achanakmar Sanctuary

Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

Tiger, bear, chital, sambar, bison

Bandhavgarh National Park

Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh

Tiger, panther, chital, nilgai, wild bear

Bandipur Sanctuary

Border of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu

Elephant, tigers, panther, sambar, deer, birds

Banarghatta

Bangalore

Elephant, chital, deer, gray

National Park

Karnataka

Partridges, green pigeon

Bhadra Sancturary

Chikmagalur, Karnataka

Elephant, chital, panther, sambar, wild bear

Bhimabandh Sanctuary

Monghyr, Bihar

Tiger, leopard, sambar, wild bear, chital, water birds

Bori Sanctuary

Hoshangabad, Madhya Tiger, panther, sambar, Pradesh chital, wild boar, barking deer

Borivli National Park

Mumbai

Panther, sambar, langur, wild boar, chinkara

Chandraprabha Sanctuary

Near Varanasi Uttar Pradesh

Famous for Gir lions, chital and sambar

Corbett National Park named in memory of Jim Corbett, famous sportsman

Nainital, Uttaranchal

Tiger, leopards, elephants, sambar

Dachigam Sanctuary

Dachigam, Kashmir

Kashmiri stag

Datma Sanctuary

Singbhum, Uttaranchal

Elephants, leopard, wild bear, barking deer

Dandeli Sanctuary

Dharwar, Karnataka

Tiger, panther, elephant, chital, sambar, wild bear

Dudhwa National Park

Lakhimpurkheri U.P.

Tiger, panther, sambar, chital, nilgai, barking deer

Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary

Mandsaur, M.P.

Chital, sambar, chinkara, barking deer, wild birds

Garampani Sanctuary

Diphu, Assam

Elephant, leopard, wild buffalo, langur

Ghana Bird Sanctuary

Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Water birds, black-buck, chital, sambar

Gir Forest

Junagarh, Gujarat

India's biggest wild life sanctuary famous for Gir lions

Gautam Buddha Sanctuary

Gaya, Bihar

Tiger, leopard, sambar, chital, barking deer

Hazaribagh Sa Sanctuary

Hazaribagh, Jh Jharkhand Tiger, le leopard, ch chital, ni nilgai,

sambar, wild cat Intangki Sanctuary

Kohima, Nagaland

Elephant, gaur, tiger, panther, barking deer, wild boar

Jaldapara Sanctuary

West Bengal

Rhinoceros

Kawal Sanctuary

Adilabad, A.P.

Tiger, panther, gaur, chital, wild bear

Kaziranga National Park

Jorhat, Assam

Horned rhinoceros, gaur, elephant, leopard, wild buffalo

Khan Khang gcha chandz ndzend endra Natio ationa nall Par Park

Gang angtok tok, Sik Sikkim

Snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan bear

Kinnersani Sanctuary

Khamrsan, A.P.

Tiger, panther, gaur, chital, sambar, nilgai

Kolleru Pelicanary

Elluru A.P.

Pelicans, painted stork

Nagerhole National Park

Coorg, Karnataka

Elephant, tiger, panther, sambar, chital

Namdafa Sanctuary

Tirap, Arunachal Pradesh

Elephant, panther, sambar, tiger, chital, king cobra

Nawegaon National Park

Bhandara, Maharashtra

Tiger, panther, sambar, chital, nilgai

Pachmarhi Sanctuary

Hoshangabad, M.P.

Tiger, panther, bear, sambar, nilgai, barking deer

Pakhal Sanctuary

Warangal A.P.

Tiger, panther, sambar, chital, nilgai

Parambikulam Sanctuary

Palghat, Kerala

Tiger, leopard, gaur, elephant, nilgai, chital

Pench National Park

Nagpur, Maharashtra

Tiger, panther, gaur, sambar, chital, nilgai

Periyar Sanctuary

Idukki, Kerala

Elephant, tiger, panther, gaur, nilgai, sambar, wild bear

Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary

Islands in Cauvery river in Karnataka

Important bird sanctuary

Rohla National Park

Kulu, H.P.

Snow leopard, brown bear, musk deer, snow cock, snow pigeon

Sariska Sanctuary

Alwar, Rajasthan

Tiger, panther, sambar, nilgai, chital, chinkara

Sharaswathy Valley Sanctuary

Shimoga, Karnataka

Elephant, tiger, panther, sambar, gaur chital, wild bear

Shikari Devi Sanctuary

Mandi, H.P.

Black bear, musk deer, panther, leopard, partridge

Shivpuri National Park

Shivpuri, M.P.

Tiger, panther, sambar, hyena, hyena, sloth bear, nilgai

Similipal Sanctuary

Mayurbhanj, Orissa

Elephant, tiger, leopard, gaur, chital

Someshwara Sanctuary

Canara, Karnataka

Tiger, panther, wild boar, leopard

Sunderban Tiger Reserve

South 24 parganas, West Bengal

Tiger, deer, wild boar, crocodile, Gangetic dolphin

General Knowledge Indian History Buddhism The Buddha: •

The Buddha also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagata.

•

Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in Nepal.

•

His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler.

•

His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up by stepmother Gautami.

•

Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son named Rahula.

•

After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a wanderer.

•

Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.

•

Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.

•

Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first sermon is called ‘Dharmachakrapracartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’. Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district of UP) in 483 BC at the age of of 80 in the Malla republic. republic.

•

Buddhist Councils: •

First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (king was Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas-Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka.

•

Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was Kalasoka).Followers Kalasoka).Followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahasanghikas.

•

Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka) In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.

•

Fourth council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was Kanishka, Vice-Chairman was Ashwaghosha). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana and Hinayana sects.

Buddist Literature: In Pali language. Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries. Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons. Abhidhamma Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion

Constitutional Development Regulating Act, 1773: •

End of Dual govt.

•

Governor of Bengal to be the Governor – General of British territories of India.

•

Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta.

Pitts Act of 1784: This Act gave the British Government a measure of control over the company’s affairs. In fact, the company became a subordinate department of the State. Act of 1786: •

Governor General General given the power to over-ride the Council and was made the Commander-in-chief also.

Charter Act of 1793: • •

Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years. It laid the foundation of govt. by written laws, interpreted by courts.

Charter Act of 1813: •

Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.

Charter Act of 1833: •

•

End of Company’s monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to close its business at the earliest. Governor General General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1 st Governor General of  India was Lord William Bentinck).

Charter Act of 1853: •

The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of  Indian territories in trust of the British crown.

•

Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competition examination (excluding Indians).

Government of India Act, 1858: •

Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began.

•

A post of Secretary of State (a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He was to exercise the powers of the Crown.

•

Secretary of State governed India through the Governor General.

•

Governor General General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt.

Indian Council Act, 1861: •

The Executive Council was now to be called Central Legislative Council.

Indian Council Act, 1892: •

Indians found their way in the Provincial Legislative Councils.

Indian Council Act, 1909 or Morley-Minto Act: It envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims. Government of India Act, 1919 Or Montague-Chelmsford Montague-Chelmsford Reforms: •

•

Dyarchy system introduced in the provinces. The Provincial subjects of administration were to be divided into 2 categories: Transferred Transferred and Reserved. The Transferred subjects were to be administrated by the Governor with the ai d of ministers responsible to the Legislative Council. The Governor and the Executive Council were to administer the reserved subjects without any responsibility to the legislature. Indian legislature became bicameral for the first time, it actually happened after 1935 Act.

Government of India Act, 1935: •

Provided for the establishment of All-India Federation consisting of the British Provinces and the Princely States. The joining of Princely States was voluntary and as a result the federation did not come into existence.

•

Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (Eg, Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence were reserved for the Governor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in provinces. They were granted separate legal identify.

•

Burma (now Myanmar) separated from India.

Governor Generals of India Lord William Bentinck (1828 – 1835): •

Carried out the social reforms like Prohibition of Sati (1829) and elimination of thugs (1830).

•

Made English the Medium of higher education in the country (After the recommendations of Macaulay).

•

Suppressed female infanticide and child sacrifice.

•

Charter Act of 1833 was passed; made him the first Governor General of India. Before him, the designation was Governor General of Bengal.

Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 – 1836): Abolished all restrictions on vernacular press (called Liberator of the Press). Lord Auckland (1836 – 1842): The most important event of his reign was the First Afghan War, which proved to be a disaster for the English. Lord Ellenborough (1842 – 1844) Lord Hardinge I (1844 – 1848) Lord Dalhousie (1848 – 1856): •

Opened the first Indian Railway in 1853 (from Bombay to Thane).

•

Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First was from Calcutta to Agra).

•

Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).

•

Established the postal system on the modern lines through the length and breadth of  the country, which made communication easier.

•

Started the Public Works Department. Many bridges were constructed and the work on Grand Trunk Road was started. The harbors of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were also developed.

•

Made Shimla the summer capital.

•

Started Engineering College at Roorkee.

•

Encouraged science, forestry, commerce, mineralogy and industry.

•

In 1854, “Wood’s Dispatch’ was passed, which provided for the properly articulated system of education from the primary school to the university.

•

Due to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s efforts, remarriage of widows was legalized by Widow Remarriage Act, 1856).

Newspaper Journals Newspaper/Journal

Founder/Editor

Bengal Gazette(1780) (India’s first newspaper)

J.K.Hikki

Kesari

B.G.Tilak

Maharatta

B.G.Tilak

Sudharak

G.K.Gokhale

Amrita Bazar Patrika

Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh

Vande Mataram

Aurobindo Ghosh

Native Opinion

V.N.Mandalik

Kavivachan Sudha

Bhartendu Harishchandra

Rast Rast Goft Goftar ar (Fi (Firs rstt news newspa pape perr in Guja Gujara rati ti))

Dada Dadabh bhai ai Nao Naoro roji ji

New India (Weekly)

Bipin Chandra Pal

Statesman

Robert Knight

Hindu

Vir Raghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar

Sandhya

B.B.Upadhyaya

Vichar Lahiri

Krishnashastri Chiplunkar

Hindu Patriot

Girish Chandra Ghosh (later Harish Chandra Mukherji)

Som Prakash

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Yugantar

Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghosh

Bombay Chronicle

Firoze Shah Mehta

Hindustan

M.M.Malviya

Mooknayak

B.R.Ambedkar

Comrade

Mohammed Ali

Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq

Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan

Al-Hilal

Abdul Kalam Azad

Al-Balagh

Abdul Kalam Azad

Independent

Motilal Nehru

Punjabi

Lala Lajpat Rai

New India (Daily)

Annie Besant

Commonweal

Annie Besant

Pratap

Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi

Essays in Indian Economics

M.G.Ranade

Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali)

Ram Mohan Roy

Mirat-ul-Akhbar

Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)

Indian Mirror

Devendra Nath Tagore

Nav Jeevan

M.K.Gandhi

Young India

M.K.Gandhi

Harijan

M.K.Gandhi

Prabudha Bharat

Swami Vivekananda

Udbodhana

Swami Vivekananda

Indian Socialist

Shyamji Krishna Verma

Talwar (in Berlin)

Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya

Free Hindustan (in Vancouver)

Tarak Nath Das

Hindustan Times

K.M.Pannikar

Kranti

Mirajkar, Joglekar, Ghate

Jainism •

Jainism founded by Rishabha.

•

There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath

(Emblem: Bull).

•

•

The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of  Banaras.

The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was born in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.

•

His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan.

•

His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi Prince Chetak of Vaishali.

•

Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.

•

Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple.

•

At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.

•

In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of  Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).

•

From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.

•

At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.

•

Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more, Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.

Social and Cultural Uprising Brahmo Samaj: • • •

•

Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828. Criticized Sati Pratha, casteism and advocated widow remarriage. He was opposed to Sanskrit system of education, because he thought it would keep the country in darkness. Other important leaders were Devendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) and Keshap Chandra Sen.

Arya Samaj: • •

•

Founded by Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar) in 1875. His motto was ‘Go back to the vedas’ & ‘India for the Indians’. He disregarded Puranas, idol worship, casteism and untouchability. He advocated widow remarriage. Dayanand’s views were published in his famous work, Satyarth Prakash. He also wrote Veda Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya.

Ramakrishna Mission: •

• •

Founded by Vivekanand (earlier, (earlier, Narendranath Dutta) (1863 – 1902) in 1897, 11 years after the death of his guru Ram Krishna Paramhans. Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion at Chicago in 1893. Irish woman Margaret Nobel (Known as sister Nivedita) popularized it.

Young Bengal Movement: •

•

Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31). He was a teacher in Hindu College in Calcutta. He urged the students to live and die for truth. He also supported women’s education and their rights.

Veda Samaj: • •

Veda Samaj called Brahmo Samaj of South. Started by Sridharalu Naidu. He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Tamil and Telegu.

Dharma Sabha: • •

Initiated by Radhakant Deb in 1830. Was opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy, orthodoxy, but played an active role in promoting western education even to girls.

Lokahitawadi:

•

•

Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Advocated western education and a rational outlook. He advocated female education for the upliftment of women. As a votary of national self-reliance, he attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing handspun khadi cloth.

Servants of India Society: • •

Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915. It did notable work in providing famine relief and in improving the condition of the tribal.

Radhaswami Radhaswami Movement: •

•

Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly known as Shiv Dayal Saheb or Swami Maharaj. The sect preached belief in one supreme being, the Guru’s supreme position and a simple social life for the believers (the Satsangis).

Theosophical Theosophical Society: • •

•

•

Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture. Madam H P Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in US in 1875. Later, Col.M.S. Olcott of the US Army joined her. In 1882, it was shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu). Annie Besant was elected its president in 1907. She founded the Central Hindu College in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.

Viceroys Of India Lord Canning (1856 – 1862): • • • • • •

The last Governor General and the fi rst Viceroy. Mutiny took place in his time. On Nov, 1858, the rule passed on to the crown. Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse. The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1857. Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.

Lord Elgin (1862 – 1863) Lord Lawrence (1864 – 1869): • • • •

Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe. High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865. Expanded canal works and railways. Created the Indian Forest department.

Lord Mayo (1869 – 1872):

• •

• • •

Started the process of financial decentralization in India. Established the Rajkot college at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian princes. For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871. Organised the Statistical Survey of India. Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872.

Lord Northbrook (1872 – 1876): Lord Lytton (1876 – 1880): • •

• •

Known as the Viceroy to reverse characters. Organised the Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877 to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of   ‘Kaiser – I – Hind’. Arms Act(1878) made it mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms. Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878).

Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884): • • • •

• •

Liberal person, who sympathized with Indians. Repeated the Vernacular Press Act (1882) Passed the local self – government Act (1882) Took steps to improve primary & secondary education (on William Hunter Commission’s recommendations). recommendations). The I Factory Act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting child labour. Passed the libert Bill (1883) which enabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals. But this was withdrawn later.

Lord Dufferin (1884 – 1888): •

Indian National Congress was formed during his tenure.

Lord Lansdowne (1888 – 1894): •

• • •

II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for women and children, although it failed to address concerns such as work hours for men. Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate. Indian Council Act of 1892 was passed. Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and Afghanistan.

Lord Elgin II (1894 – 1899): •

Great famine of 1896 – 1897. Lyall Commission was appointed.

Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905): •

Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in which official control over the Universities was increased.

•

•

•

•

•

•

Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces 1, Bengal (proper), 2.East Bengal & Assam. Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police administration of every province. The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 – 98 led him to create the North Western Frontier Province(NWFP). Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore India’s cultural heritage. Thus the Archaeological Survey of India was established. Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) and put India on a gold standard. Extended railways to a great extent.

Lord Minto (1905 – 1910): •

•

There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the revolutionary activities. Extremists Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907) and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma. The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley – Minto Reforms was passed.

Lord Hardinge (1910 – 1916): • • • • •

Held a durbar in dec, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V. Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911) . A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (Dec 23, 1912). Gandhiji came back to India from S.Africa (1915). Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.

Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921): •

• • • • • •

August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people. The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague – Chelmsford reforms) reforms) was passed. Rowlatt Act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919). Non – Cooperation Cooperation Movement. An Indian Sir S.P.Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal. A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916. Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.

Lord Reading (1921 – 1926): • • • • • • • • • • •

Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910. Suppressed non-cooperation movement. Prince of Wales visited India in Nov.1921. Moplah rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala. Ahmedabad session of 1921. Formation of Swaraj Party. Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922. Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N.Roy. Kakory Train Robbery on Aug 9, 1925. Communal riots of 1923 – 25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc. Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and a leader of the Arya Samajists, was murdered in communal orgy.

Lord Irwin (1926 – 1931): • • • • • •

•

Simon Commission visited India in 1928. Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929. Dandi March (Mar 12, 1930). Civil Disobedience Movement (1930). First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930. Gandhi – Irwin Pact (Mar 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobediance Movement Movement was withdrawn. Martydorm of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike (1929).

Lord Willington (1931 – 1936): • •

•

• • •

Second Round Table conference in London in 1931. On his return Gandhiji was again arrested and Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed in Jan 1932. Communal Awards (Aug 16, 1932) assigned seats to different religious communities. Gandhiji went on a epic fast in protest against this division. Third Round Table conference in 1932. Poona Pact was signed. Government of India Act (1935) was passed.

Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 1944): •

•

• • •

Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11 provinces. They remained in power for about about 2 years till Oct 1939, when they gave up offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim League observed the days as ‘Deliverance Say’ (22 December) Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter (issued jointly by the UK and US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have been forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to India. Outbreak of World War II in 1939. Cripps Mission in 1942. Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).

Lord Wavell (1944 – 1947): •

• •

•

Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress and Muslim League; failed. Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946). Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Govt. was appointed under Nehru. First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946.

Lord Mountbatten (Mar.1947 – Aug.1947): Aug.1947): • • •

•

Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India. Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan. Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament parliament on July 4, 1947, by which India became independent on August 15, 1947. Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last Indian Governor General of free India).

Important National Activities The Indian National Congress: • • •

•

Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant. First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it). In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity. But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).

Partition of Bengal: •

• •

By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal. The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims. A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.

Swadeshi Movement (1905): • •

•

Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role. INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K.Gokhale. Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.

Formation of Muslim League (1906): •

•

Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. It was a l oyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.

Demand for Swaraj: •

In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people.

Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907): •

The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.

Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909): • •

Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims. Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government’s side.

Ghadar Party (1913):

• •

Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna. HQ was at San Francisco.

Home Rule Movement (1916): •

• •

Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916). Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire. Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it.

Lucknow Pact (1916): •

•

Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims. Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative representative government and dominion status for the country).

August Declaration (1917): •

After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an i ntegral part of the British empire”. This came to be called the August Declaration.

Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919): •

•

This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of  Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain. Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919): • • • •

• •

People were agitated over the arrest arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919. General O’ Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar. As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured. Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this. Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it. On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.

Khilafat Movement (1920): •

•

Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War. Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.

Non-cooperation Movement (1920):

• •

It was the f irst mass-based political movement under Gandhiji. Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.

Chauri –Chaura Incident (1922): •

•

A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922. This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement movement on Feb.12, 1922.

Simon Commission (1927): •

• •

Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy. democracy. Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it. The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.

Lahore Session (1929): •

•

On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) independence) as its ultimate goal. On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.

Revolutionary Activities: •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers, brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of  the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot. In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international). In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case). In 1909, M L Dhi ngra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of   “India Office” in London. In 1912, R asbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case). In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA). They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway line on Aug. 9, 1925. Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928. Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur. In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in jail. Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933. In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.

Dandi March (1930): • •

• •

Also called the Salt Satyagraha. Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small vill age Dandhi to break the salt law. He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930. He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.

First Round Table conference (1930): •

•

It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission. Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.

Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931): •

•

•

•

Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government. The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931. In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement movement and agreed to join the second round table conference. The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.

Second Round Table Conference (1931): •

•

Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald. However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo – Indians.

The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932): • •

•

Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British. Envisaged representation representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes. Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a f ast unto death against it.

Poona Pact (September 25, 1932): •

•

•

•

After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place almost everywhere. everywhere. Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became active. Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932). In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.

Third Round Table Conference (1932):

•

Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.

Demand For Pakistan: •

• • •

In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation. Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923. Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality. Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.

The Cripps Mission – 1942: •

•

• • •

In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia. The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders. He offered a draft which proposed dominion dominion status to be granted after the war. Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises. Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.

The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement: • •

• •

• •

•

•

• •

Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt. The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’. On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested. The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of  action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country. The movement was however crushed. The Indian National Army: Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh. S.C.Bose secretly escaped escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him. The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E.Asia. Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore). INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.

The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946): •

•

•

The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V.Alexander) will visit India. The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals. On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. proposals. It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely States was suggested.

•

Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.

Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946): •

Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General Governor-General remained as its President.

Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946): •

•

•

•

Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly. Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946. It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots. Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.

Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946): •

The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as its president.

Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947): •

• •

•

•

• •

On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India’s political problem. The outlines of the Plan were: India to be divided into India and Pakistan. Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of  Assam would be held. There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution. The Princely states would enjoy the li berty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain independent. Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan. The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.

Partition and Independence (Aug 1947): • • •

All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan. At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the French.

Venue, Year and Presidents of India National Congress (INC) Year 1885,

Venue Bombay,

President W.C.Bannerji

1882

Allahabad

1886

Calcutta

Dadabhai Naoroji

1893

Lahore

"

1906

Calcutta

"

1887

Madras

Badruddin Tyyabji (fist Muslim President)

1888

Allahabad

George Yule (first English President)

1889

Bombay

Sir William Wedderburn

1890

Calcutta

Sir Feroze S.Mehta

1895, 1902

Poona, Ahmedabad

S.N.Banerjee

1905

Banaras

G.K.Gokhale

1907, 1908

Sura Surat, t, Mad Madra ras s

Rasb Rasbeh ehar arii Ghos Ghosh h

1909

Lahore

M.M.Malviya

1916

Lucknow

A.C.Majumdar (Re-union of the Congress)

1917

Calcutta

Annie Besant (first woman President)

1919

Amritsar

Motilal Nehru

1920

Calcutta (sp.session)

Lala Lajpat Rai

1921,1922

Ahmedabad, Gaya

C.R.Das

1923

Delhi (sp.session)

Abdul Kalam Azad (youngest President)

1924

Belgaon

M.K.Gandhi

1925

Kanpur

Sarojini Naidu (first Indian woman President)

1928

Calcutta

Motilal Nehru (first All India Youth Congress Formed)

1929

Lahore

J.L.Nehru (Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed)

1931

Karachi

Vallabhbhai Patel (Here, resolution on Fundamental rightsand the National Economic Program was passed)

1932, 1933

Delh Delhi, i, Calc Calcut utta ta

(Ses (Sessi sion on Bann Banned ed))

1934

Bombay

Rajendra Prasad

1936

Lucknow

J.L.Nehru

1937

Faizpur

J.L.Nehru (first session in a village)

1938

Haripura

S.C.Bose (a (a Na National Pl Planning Co Committed se set-up un underJ.L.Nehru).

1939

Tripuri

S.C.Bose was re-elected but had to resign due to protestby

Gandhiji (as Gandhiji supported Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya). Rajendra Prasadwas appointed in his place. 1940

Ramgarh

Abdul Kalam Azad

1946

Meerut

Acharya J.B.Kriplani

1948

Jaipur

Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya.

General Knowledge India Politics The Governor Citizen of India Completed 35 yrs of age. Shouldn't be a member of either house of parliament or the State 1 Qual Qualif ific icat atio ion n legislature. Must possess the qualification for membership of State Legislature. Mustn't hold any office of profit.   

 



Nominal executive in States.

Normally each State has its own Governor, but under the Seventh Amendment Act 1956, the same person can be appointed as Governor of  one or more States or Lt. Governor of the Union Territory. 

Appointed by the President on the recommendations of Union Council of  Ministers. 

His usual term of office is 5 yrs but he holds office during the pleasure of  the President. He can be asked to continue for more time until his successor takes the charge. 

2 Status

Can give his resignation or can be removed earlier by the President. The legislature of a State or a High Court has no role in the removal of a Governor. 

Salary from the Consolidated Fund of the State (Rs.36,000 per month) and is not subject to the vote of the State Legislature. When the same person is appointed as the Governor of two or more States, the emoluments and allowances payable to him shall be allocated among the States in such proportion as determined by the President of India. 

His oath is administrated by the Chief Justice of the concerned State High Court and in his absence, the senior - most of that Court. 

3 Powe owers

App Appoint oints s Chie Chieff Min Minist ister, er, Coun ouncil cil of Min Ministe isterrs, Cha Chairma irman n & memb member ers s of  State Public Service Commission, Advocate General of the State and Election Commissioner of the State. 



Summons, Prorogues & dissolves the State Legislature.

President consults Governor while appointing Chief Justice and other  judges of High Court. Appoints judges of courts below the High Court. 

Reports to the President if the State Government is not running constitutionally and recommends the President's rule (Article 356). When the President's Rule is in progress, he becomes the 'Agent of the Union Government in the State'. He takes over the reigns of administration directly into his own hands and runs the State with the ai d of the Civil Servants 

President

1 Qual Qualif ific icat atio ion n

Must be a citizen of India. Completed 35 yrs in age. Eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha. Must not hold any Government post. Exceptions: President and Vice-President. Governor of any State. Minister of Union or State.

2 Election

Indirectly elected through 'Electoral College' consisting of Elected members of both the Houses of Parliament & Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. (No nominated members). Security deposit - 15,000/Supreme Court inquires all disputes regarding President's election. Takes OATH in presence of Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, senior most judge of Supreme Court.

3

Term &  Emoluments

5 year term Article 57 says that there is no upper limit on the no. of times a person can ecome President. Can give resignation to Vice President before full-term. Present Salary - 50,000/month (i ncluding allowances & emoluments).

4 Imp Impeac eachmen hmentt

Quasi-judicial procedure. Can be impeached only on the ground of violation of Constitution. The impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the Parliament.

5 Vacancy

In case the office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the Vice-President acts as President. If he is not available then Chief Justice, if not then senior-most judge of Supreme Court shall act as the President of India. The election is to be held within 6 months of the vacancy.

7 Powers

Appoints P PM M, min miniisters, Ch Chief Ju Justice & Judges of of Su Supreme Co Court & High courts, Chairman & members of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General, Attorney General, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of  Election Commission, Governors, Members of Finance Commission, Ambassadors, Ambassadors, etc. Can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok Sabha. Appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 yrs) that recommends distribution of taxes between Union & State govts. Appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies: National Emergency (Article 352) State Emergency (President's Rule) (Article 356)

Financial Emergency (Article 360) He is the Supreme Commander Commander of the Defence Forces of India. President appoints Chiefs of Army, Navy & Air Force. Declares wars & concludes peace subject to the approval of the Parliament.

Prime Ministers of India Jawahar Lal Nehru

15.08.1947

27.05.1964

Gulzari Lal Nanda

27.05.1964

09.06.1964

Lal Bahadur Shastri

09.06.1964

11.01.1966

Gulzari Lal Nanda

11.01.1966

24.01.1966

Indira Gandhi

24.01.1966

24.03.1977

Morarji Desai

24.03.1977

28.07.1979

Charan Singh

28.07.1979

14.01.1980

Indira Gandhi

14.01.1980

31.10.1984

Rajiv Gandhi

31.10.1984

01.12.1989

V.P.Singh

02.12.1989

10.11.1990

Chandra Shekhar

10.11.1990

21.06.1991

P.V.Narsimha Rao

21.06.1991

16.05.1996

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

16.05.1996

01.06.1996

H.D. Deve Gowda

01.06.1996

21.04.1997

I.K.Gujral

21.04.1997

18.03.1998

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

19.03.1998

12.10.1999

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

13.10.1999

21.05.2004

Dr.Manmohan Singh

22.05.2004

Till Date

Strength of State Legislatures

SNo

State / UTs

Legislative Assembly

Legislative Council

1

Andhra Pradesh

294

Nil

2

Arunachal Pradesh

40

Nil

3

Assam

126

Nil

4

Delhi

70

Nil

5

Bihar

243

75

6

Jharkhand

81

Nil

7

Goa

40

Nil

8

Gujarat

182

Nil

9

Haryana

90

Nil

10

Himachal Pradesh

68

Nil

11

Jammu & Kashmir

76

36

12

Karnataka

224

75

13

Kerala

140

Nil

14

Madhya Pradesh

230

Nil

15

Chhatisgarh

90

Nil

16

Maharashtra

2 88

78

17

Manipur

60

Nil

18

Meghalaya

60

Nil

19

Mizoram

40

Nil

20

Nagaland

60

Nil

21

Orissa

147

Nil

22

Pondicherry

30

Nil

23

Punjab

117

Nil

24

Rajasthan

200

Nil

25

Sikkim

32

Nil

26

Tamil Nadu

234

Nil

27

Tripura

60

Nil

28

Uttar Pradesh

403

104

29

Uttaranchal

70

Nil

30

West Bengal

294

Nil

Supreme Court of India 1 Status

 

Stands at the apex of the judicial system of India. Consists of Chief Justice & 25 other judges.

2 Appo ppointm intme ent

The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the Chief Justice of India. Other judges are appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court as the President may deem necessary.

3 Qual Qualif ific icat atio ion n

Citizen of India Have been a judge of High Court for 5 yrs or An advocate of High Court for 10 yrs minimum or In President's view, a distinguished jurist of the country.

4 Term erm & Sala Salarry

The Chief Justice & other judges hold office till 65 yrs of age. Can give resignation to President. Can be removed by the Parliament. After retirement, a judge of Supreme Court cannot plead or act before any authority. Salary: Chief Justice - 33,000/- per month, Other Judges - 30,000/per month



 

   



A motion seeking the removal of the judge can be preferred before either House of the Parliament. The resolution should be supported by a majority of total membership of both houses & by 2/3 majority of the members present & voting. 

5

Removal of  Judges



Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court settles all disputes between Centre - State, State - State, etc. 

Writ Jurisdiction: Every individual has the right to move the Supreme Court directly by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of his Fundamental Rights. 



Advisory Jurisdiction: If the President seeks the advice of  Supreme Court, it is duty bound to give its opinion. (Its opinion isn't a binding of President). 

Revisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court under Article 137 is empowered to review any judgement or order made by it with a view to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the Jurisdiction of The 6  judgement or order. Supreme Court 

It is a court of record as its decisions are of evidentiary value &  cannot be questioned in any court. 

The Supreme Court also enjoys the power of Judicial review as it can ensure that the laws passed by legislature and orders issued by the executive do not contravene any provision of the Constitution. 

The Supreme Court decides disputes regarding the election of the President and the Vice President. 

The Supreme Court recommends the removal of members of UPSC to the President. 

Attorney General of India Status: •

Highest legal officer of the Union Govt.

•

Appointed by the President.

•

The person should be qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court.

•

He is entitled to audience in all courts of the country & can take part in the proceedings of the Parliament & its committees. However, he is not given the right to vote.

•

He is also allowed to take up private practice provided the other party is not the State. Because of this, he is not paid salary but a retainer to be determined by the President.

•

In England, the Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet, but in India he is not. It is a political appointment and therefore, whenever there is a change in the party in power, the Attorney General resigns from his post to enable the new Government to appoint a nominee of his choice.

•

The Attorney General is assisted by two Solicitors-General and four Additional Solicitors - General.

•

The Attorney General gets a retainer equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court.

•

Gives advice on all such legal matters which may be referred or assigned to him by the President.

•

Appears before the Supreme Court and various High Courts in cases involving the govt. of India.

Vice President •

Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and the vote being secret. Nominated members also participate in his election.

•

The Supreme Court has the final and exclusive jurisdiction for resolving disputes and doubts relating to the election of the Vice-President.

•

Citizen of India.

1 Election

2 Criteria

3 Other Points

•

More than 35 yrs of age

•

Possess the qualification for membership of Rajya Sabha.

•

Not hold any office of profit under union, state or local authority. However, for this purpose, the President, Vice-President, Governor of a State and a Minister of the Union or a State, are not held to be holding an office of profit.

•

Holds office for 5 yrs. Can be re-elected.

•

Term can be cut short if he resigns or by a resolution of the Raja Sabha passed by a majority of all the then members of the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.

•

He is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. Since he is not a member of Rajya Sabha, he has no right to vote.

•

Being the Vice President of India, he is not entitled for any salary, but he is entitled to the salary and allowances payable to the Chairman of  the Rajya Sabha.

•

All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya Sabha after his consent.

•

Can discharge the function of President if the post falls vacant. (For maximum 6 months).

•

When he discharges the functions of the President, the Vice President shall not perform the duties of the office of the Chairman of Rajya Sabha and shall not be entitled to receive the salary of the Chairman. During

this period, he is entitled for the salary and privileges of the President of  India.

•

Present salary is Rs.40,000/- per month.

Vice Presidents of India SNo

Name

Year

1

1952 - 1962

S. Radhakrishnan

2

1962 - 1977

Zakir Hussain

3

1967 - 1969

V.V.Giri

4

1969 - 1974

G.S. Pathak

5

1974 - 1979

B.D. Jatti

6

1979 - 1984

Md. Hidayatullah

7

1984 - 1987

R. Venkataraman

8

1987 - 1992

Dr. S.D. Sharma

9

1992 - 1997

K.R. Narayanan

10

1997 - 2002

Krishna Kanth

11

2002 -

Bhairon Singh Shekawat

Parts of the Constitution

Part - I (Article 1 - 4)

Deals with territory of India formation of new states, alterations, names of  existing states.

Part - II (Art. 5 11)

Deals with various rights of citizenship.

Part - III (Art. 12 - 35)

Deals with fundamental rights of Indian citizens. (Art. 31 - dealing with the right to property was deleted by 44th amendment).

Part - IV (Art. 36Deals with Directive Principles of State Policy. 51) Part - IV - A (Art. Added by 42nd amendment in 1976. Contains the duties of the citizens. 51A) Deals with govt. at the Union Level. (Duties & Function of PM, Ministers, Part - V (Art. 52 Presidents, Attorney General, Parliament - Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha, 151) Comptroller & Auditor General). Part - VI (Art. 152 - 237)

Deals with govt. at the State Level. (Duties & functions of Chief Minister &  his ministers, Governor, State legislature, High Court, Advocate General of  the State).

Part - VII (Art. 238)

Deals with States, was replaced in 1956 by the 7th amendment.

Part - VIII (Art. 239 - 241)

Deals with Union Territories.

Part - IX

Consists of 2 parts: 1. Added by 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule 'SCHEDULE ELEVEN'. It contains 29 subjects related to Panchayati Raj. (They have been given administrative powers). 2. Added by 74th amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule 'SCHEDULE TWELVE'. It contains 18 subjects related to Municipalities. (They have been given administrative powers).

Part - X (Art. 244, 244A)

Deals with Scheduled & Tribal Areas.

Part - XI (Art. 245 - 263)

Deals with relation between Union & States.

Part - XII (Art. 264 - 300A)

Deals with distribution of revenue between Union & States, appointment of  Finance Commission (Article 280), contracts, liabilities etc.

Part - XIII (Art.301 - 307)

Relates to trade, commerce & intercourse within the Territory of India.

Part - XIV (Art.308 - 323)

Deals with UPSC and Public Service Commissions.

Part - XV (Art.324 - 329)

Deals with elections (Also Election Commission)

Part - XVI (Art.330 - 342)

Deals with special provisions for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribed &  Anglo - Indian Representation.

Part - XVII (Art. 343 - 351)

Relates to official language.

Part, XVIII (Art.352 - 360)

Deals with emergency provisions. provisions.

Part - XIX (Art.361 - 367)

Exemption of criminal proceedings for their official acts as President &  Governors.

Part - XX (Art. 368)

Deals with Amendment of Constitution.

Part - XXI (Art.369 - 392)

(Art-369 gives temporary powers to the Parliament to make laws for State list). (Art -370 contains temporary provisions of J & K - Restricts the parliament to make laws for that State).

Part - XXII (Art.393 - 395)

Concerns the short title, commencement and repeal of the Constitution.

Part - XIV - A (Art.323A, 323B)

By 42nd amendment in 1976. Deals with administrative tribunals set up by parliament to hear disputes & complaints regarding Union, States or local govt.Employees. govt.Employees.

Parliament of India LOK SABHA: 

Maximum strength - 550 + 2 nominated members. (530 - States/ 20 - Union Territories)



Present strength of Lok Sabha - 545.

The Eighty Fourth Amendment, 2001, extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats till 2026. 

The normal tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years, but it may be dissolved earlier by the President. The life of the Lok Sabha can be extended by the Parliament beyond the five year term, when a proclamation of emergency under Article 352 is in force. But the Parliament cannot extend the normal life of the Lok Sabha for more than one year at a time (no l imit on the number of times in the Constitution). 

The Candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) Atleast 25 yrs of age. (c ) Mustn't hold any office of profit. (d) No unsound mind/ insolvent. (e) Has registered as voter in any Parliamentary Constituency. 



Oath of MPs is conducted by the Speaker. Can resign, by writing to Speaker.

Presiding officer is Speaker (In his absence Deputy Speaker). The members among themselves elect him. 

The Speaker continues in office even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha till a newly elected Lok Sabha meets. 

Usually the Speaker, after his election cuts-off all connection with his party & acts in an impartial manner. He does not vote in the first instance, but exercises his casting vote only to remove a deadlock. 



Charges his salary from Consolidated Fund of India.



Speaker sends his resignation to deputy Speaker.

The Majority of the total membership can remove Speaker after giving a 14 days notice. (During this time, he doesn't preside over the meetings). After his removal, continues in office till his successor takes charge. 

RAJYA SABHA •

Maximum Strength - 250 {Out of these, President nominates 12 amongst persons having special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of l iterature, science, art and social service}.

•

Presently, the Parliament, by law, has provided for 233 seats for the States and the Union Territories. The total membership of Rajya Sabha is thus 245.

•

All the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry are represented in the Rajya Sabha.

•

Representatives Representatives of the State are elected by members of State legislative assemblies on the basis of proportional representation through a single transferable vote.

•

There are no seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Rajya Sabha.

•

The candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) 30 yrs of age. (c ) Be a parliamentary elector in the State in which he is seeking election. (d) Others as prescribed by parliament from time-to-time.

•

The Rajya Sabha MPs are elected for a term of 6 years, as 1/3rd members retire every 2 years.

•

Vice-President is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. He presides over the proceedings of the Rajya Sabha as long as he does not act as the President of India during a vacancy in the office of the President of India.

•

Also a deputy chairman is elected from its members.

•

In Rajya Sabha any bill can originate, apart from money bill (i ncluding budget).

The New States Created After 1950

1

Andhra Pradesh

Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act, 1953 by carving out some areas from the State of Madras

2

Gujarat and Maharashtra

The State of Bombay was divided into two States, I.e., Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act, 1960

3

Kerala

Created by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. Te comprised Travancor and Cochin areas.

4

Karnataka

Created from the Princely State of Mysore by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It was renamed Karnataka in 1973.

5

Nagaland

It was carved out from the State of Assam by the State of Nagaland Act, 1962.

6

Haryana

It was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab (Reorganisation) Act, 1966

7

Himachal Pradesh

The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of  State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970

8

Meghalaya

First carved out as a sub-State within the State of Assam by 23rd Constitutional Amendment, 1969. Later in 1971, it received the status of a full-fledged State by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971

9

Manipur and Tripura

Both these States were elevated from the status of Union Territories by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.

10 Sikkim

Sikkim was first given the Status of Associate State by the 35th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1974. It got the status of a f ull State in 1975 by the 36th Amendment Act, 1975.

11 Mizoram

It was elevated to the Status of a full State by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986.

12

Arunachal Pradesh

It received the status of a full State by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986.

13 Goa

Goa was separated from the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and was made a full-fledged State by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987. But Daman and Diu remained as Union Territory

14 Chha Chhatt ttis isga garh rh

Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 2000

15 Utta Uttara ranc ncha hall

Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Uttar Pradesh on November 9, 2000

16 Jhar Jhark khand hand

Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Bihar on November 15,2000.

Important Constitutional Amendments

1

First Amendment Added Ninth Schedule. 1951

2

Seventh Amendment 1956

Necessitated on account of reorganisation of States on a linguistic basis

3

Eighth Amendment 1959

Extended special provisions for reservations reservations of seats f or SCs, STs and Anglo-Indian in Lok Sabha and Leg. Assemblies for a period of 10 years from1960 to 1970.

4

The Ninth Amendment 1960

Gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the 1958 Indo-Pak agreement.

5

The Tenth Amendment 1961

Incorporated Incorporated Dadra & Nagar Haveli as a UT.

6

Twelfth Amendment 1962

Incorporated Incorporated Goa, Daman & Diu as a UT.

7

Thirteenth Amendment 1962

Created Nagaland as a State.

8

Fourteenth Amendment 1963

Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, the former French territories were included in the I schedules as UT of Pondicherry.

9

Eighteenth Amendment 1966

Reorganised Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and UT of Chandigarh.

Twenty first 10 Amendment 1967

Included Sindhi as the Fifteenth Regional language.

Twenty second 11 Amendment 1969

Created a sub-state of Meghalaya with in Assam.

Twenty third 12 Amendment 1969

Extended the reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of AngloIndians for a further period of 10 years (till 1980).

13 Twenty sixth

Abolished the titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely

Amendment 1971

states.

Twenty seventh 14 Amendment 1971

Established Manipur and Tripura as States and Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh as UTs.

Thirty first 15 Amendment 1973

Increased the elective Strength of LS from 525 to 545. The upper limit of representatives of States went up from 500 to 525.

Thirty sixth 16 Amendments 1975

Made Sikkim a State

Thirty eight 17 Amendment 1975

Provided that the President can make a declaration of emergency, and the promulgation of ordinances by the President, Governors and the Administrative Heads of Uts would be final and could not be challenged in any court. It also authorised the President to declare different kinds of emergencies.

Thirty ninth 18 Amendment 1975

Placed beyond challenge in courts, the election to Parliament of a person holding the office of PM or Speaker and election of the President and Prime Minister.

Forty fourth 19 Amendment 1978

The Right to Property was deleted from Part III. Article 352 was amended to provide 'Armed Rebellion' as one of the circumstances for declaration of emergency.

Forty fifth 20 Amendment 1985

Extended reservation reservation for SC/ST by another 10 years (till 1990)

Fifty second 21 Amendment 1985

Added the Tenth Schedule (regarding anti-defection)

Fifty third 22 Amendment 1986

Mizoram was made a state

Fifty fifth 23 Amendment 1986

Conferred state hood to Arunchal Pradesh

Fifty sixth 24 Amendment 1987

Hindi version of the Constitution of India was accepted for all purposes. The UT of Goa, Daman and Diu was divided and Goa was made a State. Daman and Diu remained as a UT.

Sixty first 25 Amendment 1989

Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years for the LS as well as Assemblies

Sixty first 26 Amendment 1989

Also extended reservation of seats for SC/ST till 2000 AD.

Seventy first 27 Amendment 1992

Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in the VIII Schedule.

Seventy third 28 Amendment 1993

(Panchayati Raj Bill) Provided among other things Gram Sabha in Villages, constitution of panchayats at the village and other levels, direct elections to all seats i n panchayats and reservations of seats for the SC and ST and fixing of tenure of 5 years for panchayats.

Seventy Fourth 29 Amendment 1993

(Nagarpalika Bill) Provides for, among other things, constitution of  three types of municipalities, reservation of seats in every municipality for the SC and ST, women and the backward classes.

Eighty second 30 Amendment 2000

Reinstaled the provision of reservation of SC and STs in matters related to promotion. Besides, the qualifying marks for passing an examination for them has also been lowered.

Eighty fourth 31 Amendment 2001

Extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats till 2026.

Eighty sixth 32 Amendment 2002

Makes education a fundamental right for children in the age group of 6 - 14 years.

Eighty seventh 33 Amendment 2003

Made the 2001 census the basis for delimitation of constituencies of  the Lower House of Parliament (Lok Sabha) and State assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas)

Ninety first 34 Amendment 2003

Amended the Anti - Defection Law and also made a provision that the number of ministers in the Central & State Govts. Cannot be more than 15% of the strength of Lok Sabha & respected Vidhan Sabha.

Ninety second 35 Amendment 2003

Bodo, Maithili, Santhali and Added into the VIII Schedule.

Jurisdiction and Seats of High Courts High Court Status: •

Each State has a High Court; it is the highest judicial organ of the State.

•

However, there can be a common High Court like Punjab, Haryana & Union Territory of  Chandigarh.

•

Presently there are 21 High Courts in India.

•

Consists of Chief Justice & other such judges as appointed by the President.

•

The Constitution, unlike in the case of the Supreme Court, does not fix any maximum number of judges for a High Court. (Allahabad High Court has 37 judges while J & K High Court has only 5).

•

A judge of a High Court can be transferred to another High Court without his consent by the President. In this the Chief Justice of India is also consulted. The opinion provided by him shall have primacy and is binding on the President.

Appointment of Judges:

The appointment of Chief Justice is made after consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court & the Governor of the State by the President. In case of appointment of a judge, the chief justice of the High Court concerned is also consulted in addition to chief Justice of  Supreme Court & Governor of the State concerned. Qualifications: •

Must be a citizen of India

•

Should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two such Courts in succession for atleast 10 yrs; or should have held judicial office in India for a period of atleast 10yrs.

Term:

A judge of High Court continues his office till 62 yrs of age. Term can be cut short due to resignation or removal by the President. Removal: •

The President can remove a judge of Hi gh Court only if the Parliament passes the resolution by a 2/3 majority of its members present & voting in each house.

•

The conduct of the judges of the High Court cannot be discussed in Parliament, except on a motion for the removal of a judge.

Jurisdiction Seats High Courts:

Name

Estd.in the year

Territorial Jurisdiction

Seat

Allahabad

1866

Uttar Pradesh

Allahabad (Bench at Lucknow)

Andhra Pradesh

1954

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad

Mumbai

1862

Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa, Daman and Diu

Mumbai (Bench at Nagpur, Panaji and Aurangabad)

Kolkata

1862

West Bengal and Andaman and

Kolkata (Circuit Bench at Port

Nicobar

Blair)

1966

Delhi

Delhi

Guwahati

1948

Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh

Guwahati (Bench at Kohima and Circuit Benches at Imphal, Agartala & Shillong)

Gujarat

1960

Gujarat

Ahmedabad

Himachal Pradesh

1971

Himachal Pradesh

Shimla

J&K

1957

J&K

Srinagar and Jammu

Karnataka

1884

Karnataka

Bangalore

Kerala

1956

Kerala and Lakshadweep

Ernakulam

Madhya Pradesh

1956

Madhya Pradesh

Jabalpur (Benches at Gwalior and Indore)

Chennai

1862

Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry

Chennai

Orissa

1948

Orissa

Cuttack

Patna

1916

Bihar

Patna

Punjab &  Haryana

1966

Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh Chandigarh

Rajasthan

1950

Rajasthan

Jodhpur (Bench at Jaipur)

Sikkim

19 7 5

Sikkim

Gangtok

Bilaspur

2000

Chhattisgarh

Bilaspur

Nainital

2000

Uttaranchal

Nainital

Ranchi

2000

Jharkhand

Ranchi

Delhi

Fundamental Rights Right to Equality

Article Article 14 Equality Equality before before law and equal equal protect protection ion of law Article 15

Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Article Article 16 Equality Equality of opportuni opportunity ty in matters of public public employmen employment. t. Article Article 17 End of untouchab untouchability ility Article 18 Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions distinctions are, however, however, exempted. exempted.

Right to Freedom of Religion Article 25 Freedom of of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. Article Article 26 Freedom Freedom to manage manage religious religious affairs affairs Article Article 27 Prohibits Prohibits taxes taxes on on religious religious grounds grounds Article 28

Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions

Right Against Exploitation Article 23

Traffic in human beings prohibited

Article 24

No child ild below low the age of 14 can be employ loyed

Right to Freedom of Religion Article 25 Freedom of of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. Article Article 26 Freedom Freedom to manage manage religious religious affairs affairs Article Article 27 Prohibits Prohibits taxes taxes on on religious religious grounds grounds Article 28

Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions

Cultural and Educational Rights Articl Article e 29 29

Protec Protectio tion n of of inte interes rests ts of minor minoritie ities s

Article Article 30

Right of minori minorities ties to establ establish ish and and adminis administer ter educationa educationall instituti institutions. ons.

Arti Articl cle e 31

Omit Omitte ted d by the the 44t 44th h Amen Amendm dmen entt Act. Act.

Right to Constitutional Remedies Article

The right to move the Supreme Court in case case of their violation (called Soul and

heart of the Constitution by DR Ambedkar).

32

Election Commission (Article 324) Status: •

The Constitution provides for an independent election commission to ensure free and fair election to the Parliament, the State legislature and the offices of President and Vice-President.

•

Consists of Chief Election Commissioner +2 Election Commissioners. They all enjoy equal powers.

•

The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President and the other Election Commissioners Commissioners are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief  Election Commissioner. Article 324 also provides for the appointment of Regional Commissioners Commissioners at the time of General Elections after consultation with the Election Commission.

•

Election Commissioners are appointed for a term of 5yrs.

•

They are not eligible for re-appointment. Also, they cannot hold any office of profit after their retirement.

•

The term of 5yrs can by cut short by resignation or removal by President on recommendation recommendation of the Parliament (Same as that of Judge of the Supreme Court).

Functions: •

Preparation of electoral rolls & keeping voters list updated.

•

Preparation of code of conductor for all political parties.

•

Recognition of various political parties & allotment of election symbols.

•

Appointment of election officers to look into disputes concerning election arrangements.

•

To examine the returns of election expenses filed by the candidate.

Comptroller Auditor General India CAG Status: •

Appointed by the President.

•

A person with long administrative experience & knowledge of accounts is appointed.

•

Holds office for 6 yrs or till 65 yrs of age.

•

The President can remove him only on the recommendation of the 2 houses of  Parliament (as in case of judge of Supreme Court).

Powers: •

He is the guardian of the public purse. His duties are to audit the accounts of the Union and the States and to ensure that nothing is spent out of the Consolidated Fund of  India or of the States without the sanction of the Parliament or the respective State Legislature.

•

He submits an audit report of the Union to the President who shall lay it before the Parliamentary and the audit reports of the States to the respective Governors who shall lay it before the respective State Legislature.

•

In short the CAG acts as the custodian & trustee of public money.

Chief Minister Status •

Real executive head of the Govt at the State level.

•

The position of Chief Minister at the State level is analogous to the position of the Prime Minister at the Centre.

•

Appointed by Governor. Other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice

of the Chief Minister. •

If CM resigns. Entire ministry resigns.

•

Generally, the leader of the majority party is appointed.

•

A person who is not a member of State Legislature can be appointed, but he has to get himself elected within 6 months otherwise he is removed.

Presidents of India 1

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

26.01.1950

13.05.1962

2

Dr. S. Radhakrishnan

13.05.1962

13.05.1967

3

Dr. Zakir Hussain

13.05.1967

03.05.1969

4

V.V.Giri (Vice President)#

03.05.1969

20.07.1969

5

Justice M. Hidayatullah*#

20.07.1969

24.08.1969

6

V.V. Giri

24.08.1969

24.08.1974

7

F. Ali Ahmed

24.08.1974

11.02.1977

8

B.D. Jatti#

11.02.1977

25.07.1977

9

N. Sanjiva Reddy

25.07.1977

25.07.1982

10

Gaini Jail Singh

25.07.1982

25.07.1987

11

R. Venkataraman

25.07.1987

25.071992

12

Dr.S.D. Sharma

25.07.1992

25.07.1997

13

K.R. Narayanan

25.07.1997

25.07.2002

14

Dr.A.P. J. Abdul Kalam

25.07.2002

Till Date

General Knowledge Science Common and Chemical Names of Some Compounds

Common Name

Chemical Name

Chemical Formulae

Dry Ice

Solid Carbondioxide

CO2

slaked Lime

Calcium Hydroxide

Ca (OH)2

Bleaching Powder

Calcium Oxychloride

CaOCl2

Nausadar

Ammonium Chloride

NH4Cl

Caustic Soda

Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH

Rock Salt

Sodium Chloride

NaCl

Caustic Potash

Potassium Hydroxide

KOH

Potash Alum

Potassium Aluminium Sulphate

K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3.24H2O

Epsom

Magnesium Sulphate

MgSO4.7H2O

Quick Lime

Calcium Oxide

CaO

Plaster of Paris

Calcium Sulphate

(CaSO4) ½ H2O

Gypsum

Calcium Sulphate

(CaSO4) .2H2O

Green Vitriol

Ferrous Sulphate

FeSO4.7H2O

Mohr's Salt

Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate

FeSO4 (NH4)2 SO4.6H2O

Blue Vitriol

Copper Sulphate

CuSO4.5H2O

White Vitriol

Zinc Sulphate

ZnSO4.7H2O

Marsh Gas

Methane

CH4

Vinegar

Acetic Acid

CH3COOH

Potash Ash

Potassium Carbonate

K2CO3

Hypo

Sodium Thiosulphate

Na2S2O3.5H2O

Baking Powder

Sodium Bicarbonate

NaHCO3

Washing Soda

Sodium Carbonate

Na2CO3.10H2O

Magnesia

Magnesium Oxide

MgO

Chalk (Marble)

Calcium Carbonate

CaCO3

Lunar Caustic

Silver Nitrate

AgNO3

Laughing Gas

Nitrous Oxide

N2O

Chloroform

Tricholoro Methane

CHCl3

Vermelium

Mercuric Sulphide

HgS

Borax

Borax

Na2B4O7.10H2O

Alcohol

Ethyl Alcohol

C2H5OH

Sugar

Sucrose

C12H22O11

Heavy Water

Duterium Oxide

D 2O

Globar's Salt

Sodium Sulphate

Na2SO4.10H2O

T.N.T

Tri Nitrotoluene

C6H2CH3 (NO2)3

Calomel

Mercurous Chloride

HgCl

Sand

Silicon Oxide

SiO2

Elements Symbols and Atomic Numbers Name

Symbol

Atomic Number

Hydrogen

H

1

Helium

He

2

Lithium

Li

3

Beryllium

Be

4

Boron

B

5

Carbon

C

6

Nitrogen

N

7

Oxygen

O

8

Flourine

F

9

Neon

Ne

10

Sodium (Natrium)

Na

11

Magnesium

Mg

12

Aluminium

Al

13

Silicon

Si

14

Phosphorous

P

15

Sulphur

S

16

Chlorine

Cl

17

Argon

Ar

18

Potassium (Kalium)

K

19

Calcium

Ca

20

Titanium

Ti

22

Vanadium

V

23

Chromium

Cr

24

Manganese

Mn

25

Iron (Ferum)

Fe

26

Cobalt

Co

27

Nickel

Ni

28

Copper (Cuprum)

Cu

29

Zinc

Zn

30

Germenium

Ge

32

Bromine

Br

35

Krypton

Kr

36

Zirconium

Zr

40

Silver

Ag

47

Tin (Stannum)

Sn

50

Antimony (Stabnium)

Sb

51

Iodine

I

53

Barium

Ba

56

Gold (Aurum)

Au

79

Mercury (Hydragerm)

Hg

80

Lead (Plumbum)

Pb

82

Bismuth

Bi

83

Radium

Ra

88

Thorium

U

90

Uranium

U

92

Plutonium

Pu

94

Curium

Cm

96

Different Branches of Science

Branch

Concerning Field

Aeron erona autic utics s

Scien cience ce of of flig flight ht of of air airplane lanes s

Astronomy

Study of heavenly bodies

Agronomy

Science de dealin ling with cr crop plants

ang angiol iology ogy

Dea Deals with ith the the stud study y of of blo bloo od vas vasc cular ular syst system em

Anthology

Study of flowers

Anth Anthro ropo polo logy gy

Stud Study y of of apes apes and and man man

Apiculture

Honey industry (Bee Keeping)

Araneology

Study of of sp spiders

Batracology

Study of frogs

Bioche Bio chemis mistry try

Deals Deals with with the study study of of chemic chemical al react reaction ions s in relati relation on to life life activi activitie ties s

Biotechnology

Deals with the use of micro-organism in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as drugs, vaccines, hormones, etc, on a large scale

Cardiology

Study of heart

Craniology

Study of skulls

Cryp Crypto togr grap aphy hy

Stud Study y of of sec secre rett wri writi ting ng

Cryoge Cryogenic nics s

Study Study conce concerni rning ng with with the the applic applicati ation on and uses uses of of very very low temper temperatu ature re

Cytology

Study of cells

Dermatolog logy

Study of of sk skin

Ecol Ecolog ogy y

The The stu stud dy of of re relat lations ionshi hip p be betwe tween org organis anisms ms and and env envir iron onme ment nt

Entomology

Study of in insects

Etiology

Study of cause of disease

Eugenics

Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. It is related with future generations

Evo Evolut lution ion

Dea Deals with ith the the stud study y of orig origin in of new new fro from old

Exbi Exbiol olog ogy y

Deal Deals s wit with h lif life e o orr pos possi sibi bili liti ties es of life life beyo beyond nd the the e ear arth th

Flor Floric icu ultur lture e

Stud Study y of of flo flow wer yield elding ing pla plant nts s

Geology

Study of conditio ition n and structure of the earth

Genetics

Study of of he heredity an and va variations

Gero erontol ntolo ogy

Stud Study y of growing ing old

Gyna Gynaec ecol olog ogy y

Stud Study y of of fema female le repr reprod oduc ucti tive ve orga organ n

Hor Horticu ticult ltur ure e

Stud Study y of of gar garden cul culti tiv vatio ation n

Hae Haemato matolo log gy

Stud Study y of blo blood od

Hepatology

Study of liver

. Icono Iconogra graphy phy

Teachi Teaching ng by pictur pictures es and and mod models els

Immunology

Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against infection

Juri Jurisp spru rude denc nce e

Scie Scienc nce e of of law law

Kalology

Study of human beauty

Lexi Lexico cogr grap aphy hy

Comp Compili iling ng of dict dictio iona nary ry

Mycology

Study of fungi

Myology

Study of muscles

Nephrology

Study of kidneys

Neurology

Study of nervous system

Numi Numism smat atic ics s

Stud Study y of of coi coins ns and and med medal als s

Obst Obstet etrrics ics

Bran Branc ch of of me medicin icine e de dealing ling with ith pr pregna egnanc ncy y

Oneirology

Study of dr dreams

Ophtha Ophthalmo lmolog logy y Study Study of of eyes eyes Ornithology

Study of birds

Osteology

Study of bones

Pala Palaeo eont ntol olog ogy y

Stud Study y of foss fossils ils

Philately

Stamp collecting

Philology

Study of language

Pho Phonet netics ics

Concer ncerni ning ng the the sound ound of a spok spoken en lang langua uag ge

Phys Physio iogr grap aphy hy

Natu Natura rall pheno phenome meno non n

Pedology

Study of soils

Pathology

Study of of dis dise ease c ca ausing or organisms

Phycology

Study of algae

Phys Physio iolo logy gy

Scie Scienc nce e deal dealin ing g with with the the stu study dy of of funct functio ions ns of of vari variou ous s part parts s of org organ anis isms ms

Pisciculture

Study of fish

Pomology

Study of fruits

Seismolog logy

Study of earthquakes

Seri Sericu cult ltur ure e

Silk Silk indu indust stry ry (cul (cultu ture re of silk silk moth moth and and pup pupa) a)

Serp erpento entolo log gy

Stud Study y of of snak snakes es

Telepathy

Communication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions thoughts and feelings

Tax Taxonomy nomy

Stud Study y of cla clas ssifi sific catio ation n of organis anism ms

Virology

Study of virus

Human Endocrine System Gland

Hormone

Functions

Hypothalamus

Releasing and inhibiting hormones and factors Posterior pituitary hormones produced here

Control of another pituitary hormones

Posterior pituitary gland

Receives hormones from hypothalamus no hormones synthesised here stores and secretes the following: Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

Ejection of milk from mammary gland, contraction of uterus during birth Reduction of urine secretion by kidney

Anterior pituitary gland

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotrophic Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH or corticotrophin) Growth hormone (GH)

In male, stimulate spermatogenesis In female, growth of ovarian follicles In male testosterone secretion In female secretion of oestrogen and progesterone, progesterone, ovulation and maintenance of corpus luteum Stimulates milk production and secretion Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones growth of thyroid glands. Synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortex hormones growth of gland Protein synthesis, growth, especially of  bone of limbs

Parathyroid gland

Parathormone

Increases blood calcium level Decreases blood phosphate level

Thyroid gland

Triiodothyronine (T3)and thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin

Regulation of basal metabolic rate, growth and development Decreases blood calcium level

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Protein breakdown, glucose/glycogen glucose/glycogen synthesis,adaptation to stress, antiinflammatory/allergy effects Na+ retention in kidney, Na+ and K+ ratios in extracellular and intracellular fluids, raises blood pressure

Adrenaline (epinephrine) Noradrenaline ( norepinephrine) norepinephrine)

Increase rate and force of heartbeat, constriction of skin and gut capillaries Dilation of arterioles of heart and skeletal muscles, raising blood glucose level General constriction of small arteries, raising of blood pressure

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

Islets of  Langerhans

Insulin (beta cells) Glucagon (alpha cells)

Decreases blood glucose level, increases glucose and amino acid uptake and utilisation by cells Increases blood glucose level, breakdown of glucogen to glucose in liver

stomach Duodenum

Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin (Pancreozymin)

Secretion of gastric juices Secretion of pancreatic juice Inhibits gastric secretion Emptying of gall bladder and release of  pancreatic juice in to duodenum

Kidney Ovary

Renin Oestrogens(17 Beta-oestradiol) Progesterone

Conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin Female secondary sex characteristics, oestrous cycle Gestation, inhibition of ovulation

Corpus luteum

Progesterone and oestrogen Progesterone ans oestrogen

Growth and development of uterus Foetal development development

Placenta

Chorionic gonadotrophin Human placental lactogen

Maintenance of corpus luteum Stimulates mammary growth

Testis

Testosterone

Male secondary sexual characteristics

Medical Inventions and Discoveries SNo

Name

Medical Inventions

1

Ronald Rose

Malaria Parasite

2

Salk, Jonas E.

Anti-polio Vaccine

3

Simpson and Harrison

Chloroform

4

Waksman

Streptomycin

5

Banting

Insulin ( as a palliative for diabetes)

6

Barnard, Christian

Replacing the human heart

7

Brahmachari, U.N.

Cure of Kala-a-zar fever

8

Davy

Isolation of metals by electricity; studied properties of  chlorine

9

Domagk

Sulpha drugs as bactericides

10

Eijkman

Cause of Beri-Beri

11

F i n se n

Discovered curative effect of ultra violet rays; photography

12

Fleming, Alexander

Penicillin (in 1929)

13

Harvey

Circulation of blood

14

Hahnemann

Homoeopathy (founder)

15

Hopkins, Frederick Gowland

Vitamin D

16

Jenner

Smallpox Vaccination

17

Koch

Tubercle Bacillus

18

Lainnec

Stethoscope

19

Lister, Lord

Antiseptic treatment

20

Pasteur, Louis

Treatment of rabies; cure of hydrophobia

Milestones in Medicine

SNo

Discovery / Invention

Year

Discoverer / Inventor

Country

1

Adrenaline

1894

Schafer and Oliver

Britain

2

Anesthesia, Local

1885

Koller

Austria

3

Anesthesia, Spinal

1898

Bier

Germany

4

Anti-toxins (Science of  Immunity)

1890

Behring and Kitasato

Germany, Japan

5

Aspirin

1889

Dreser

Germany

6

Ayurveda

2000-1000 BC

7

Bacteria

1683

Leeuwenhock

Netherlands

8

Bacteriology

1872

Ferdinand Cohn

Germany

9

Biochemistry

1648

Jan Baptista Van Helmont

Belgium

10

Blood Plasma storage (Blood bank)

1940

Drew

U.S.A

11

Blood Transfusion

1625

Jean-Baptiste Denys

France

12

Cardiac Pacemaker

1932

A.S Hyman

U.S.A

13

CAT Scanner

1968

Godfrey Hounsfield

Britain

14

Chemotherapy

1493-1541

Paracelsus

Switzerland

15

Chloroform as anaesthetic

1847

James Simpson

Britain

16

Chloromycetin

1947

Burkholder

U.S.A

17

Cholera T.B germs

1877

Robert Koch

Germany

18

Circulation of blood

1628

William Harvey

Britain

19

Cryo-Surgery

1953

Henry Swan

U.S.A

20

Diphtheria germs

1883-84

Klebs and Loffler

Germany

21

Electro-Cardiograph

1903

Willem Einthoven

Netherlands

22

Electro-encephalogram

1929

Hand Berger

Germany

23

Embryology

1792-1896

Kari Ernest Van Baer

Estonia

24

Endocrinology

1902

Bayliss and Starling

Britain

25

First Test Tube Baby

1978

Steptoe and Edwards

Britain

26

Gene Therapy on humans

1980

Martin Clive

U.S.A

27

Genes enes ass associa ociate ted d with with cance ancerr 1982 1982

Robert Weinberg and others

U.S.A

28

Heart Transplant Surgery

1967

Christian Barnard

S. Africa

29

Histology

1771-1802

Marie Bichat

France

India

30

Hypodermic syringe

1853

Alexander wood

Britain

31

Kidney Machine

1944

Kolf

Netherlands

32

Leprosy Bacillus

1873

Hansen

Norway

33

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)

1943

Hoffman

Switzerland

34

Malaria Germs

1880

Laveran

France

35

Morphine

1805

Friderich Sertumer

Germany

36

Neurology

1758-1828

Franz Joseph Gall

Germany

37

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

1971

Raymond Damadian

U.S.A

38

Open Heart Surgery

1953

Walton Lillehel

U.S.A

39

Oral Contraceptive Pills

1955

Gregory Pincus, Rock

U.S.A

40

Penicillin

1928

Alexander Fleming

Britain

41

Physiology

1757-66

Albrecht Von Haller

Switzerland

42

Positron emission Tomography

1978

Louis Sokoloff

U.S.A

43

Rabies Vaccine

1860

Louis Pasteur

France

44

Recombinant-DNA technology

1972-73

Paul Berg, H.W. Boyer,S Cohen

U.S.A

45

Reserpine

1949

Jal Vakil

India

46

Rh-factor

1940

Karl Landsteiner

U.S.A

47

Serology

1884-1915

Paul Ehrlich

Germany

48

Sex hormones

1910

Eugen Steinach

Australia

49

Small Pox eradicated

1980

W.H.O Declaration

UN

50

Stethoscope

1819

Rene Laennec

France

51

Streptomycin

1944

Selman Waksmann

U.S.A

52

Synthetic Antigens

1917

Landsteiner

U.S.A

53

Terramycin

1950

Finlay and Others

U.S.A

54

Thyroxin

1919

Edward Calvin-Kendall

U.S.A

55

Typhus Vaccine

1909

J. Nicolle

France

56

Vaccination

1796

Edward Jenner

Britain

57

Vaccine, Measles

1963

Enders

U.S.A

58

Vaccine, Meningitis

1987

Gardon, et al. Connaught U.S.A Lab

59

Vaccine, Polio

1954

Jonas Salk

U.S.A

60

Vaccine, Polio-orai

1960

Albert Sabin

U.S.A

61

Vaccine, Rabies

1885

Louis Pasteur

France

62

Vaccine, Smallpox

1776

Jenner

Britain

63

Virology

1892

Ivanovski and Bajernick

USSR, Netherlands

64

Vitamin A

1913

Mc Collum and M. Davis

U.S.A

65

Vitamin B1

1936

Minot and Murphy

U.S.A

66

Vitamin C

19 1 9

Froelich Holst

Norway

67

Vitamin D

1925

Mc Collum

U.S.A

68

Vitamin K

1938

Doisy Dam

U.S.A

69

Weste esterrn Scie Scient ntif ific ic The Therrapy

460-370 BC

Hippocrates

Greece

70

Yoga

200-100 BC

Patanjali

India

National Laboratories and Research Institutions

SNo

Name

Place

1

Central Bu Building Re Research In Institu itute

Roorkee, Ut Uttaranchal

2

Central Drug Research Institute

Lucknow, U.P

3

Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute

Karaikudi, T.N

4

Central Electronics Engineering research institute

Pilani, Rajasthan

5

Central Food Technological Research Institute

Mysore, Karnataka

6

Central Fuel Research Institute

Dhanbad, Jharkhand

7

Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute

Jadhavpur, W.B

8

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Lucknow, U.P

9

Central Leather Research Institute

Chennai, T.N

10

Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute

Durgapur, W.B

11

Central Mining Research Station

Dhanbad, Jharkhand

12

Central Road Research Institute

New Delhi, Delhi

13

Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute

Bhavnagar, Gujarat

14

Central Scientific Instruments Organisation

Chandigarh, Chandigarh

15

Ind Indian ian Ins Insti tittute ute of of Ch Chemic emical al Biolo iolog gy

Kolka lkatta, tta, W.B W.B

16

Indian Institute of Petroleum

Dehradun, Uttaranchal

17

Indu Indus stria triall Tex Texicol cology ogy Cen Centr tra al Cent Centrre

Luc Lucknow, ow, U.P U.P

18

Nation ional Aeronautica ical Laboratory

Bangalor lore, Karnataka

19

Nati Nation onal al Bota Botani nica call Rese Resear arch ch Inst Instit itut ute e Luck Luckno now, w, U.P U.P

20

National Chemical Laboratory

Pune, Maharashtra

21

National Environment Engineering Institute

Napery, Maharashtra

22

National Geophysical Research Institute

Hyderabad, Hyderabad, A.P

23

Nation ional In Institute of of Oc Oceanography

Panjim, Go Goa

24

Bose Research Institute

Kolkata, W.B

25

Nation ional Me Metallur lurgical La Laboratory

Jamshedpur, Jh Jharkhand

26

National Physical Laboratory

New Delhi, Delhi

27

Regi Region onal al Res Resea earc rch h Lab Labor orat ator orie ies s

Bhubaneshwer, Orissa; Jorhat, Assam; Jammu, J & K; Hyderabad, A.P

28

Structural Engineering Research Centre

Roorkee, Uttaranchal; Chennai; T.N;

29

Visvesvarayya Visvesvarayya Industrial and Technological Museum

Bangalore, Karnataka

30

High A Alltitu itude Research La Laboratory

Gulmarg, J and K

31

Indian Cancer Research Centre

Mumbai, Maharashtra

32

Seismic Research Centre

Gaurividanur, Near Bangalore, Karnataka

33

Central Marine Research Station

Chennai, T.N

34

Central research Laboratory

Chennai, T.N

35

Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology

Hyderabad, Hyderabad, A.P

36

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

New Delhi, Delhi

37

Forest Research Institute

Dehradun, Uttaranchal

38

Indian Institute of Science

Bangalore, Karnataka

39

Indi Indian an Inst Instit itut ute e of of Sug Sugar ar Tech Techno nolo logy gy

Kanp Kanpur ur,, U.P U.P

40

Indi Indian an Spa Spac ce Rese Resear arch ch Org Organ anis isat atio ion n

Bang Bangal alor ore, e, Karn Karnat atak aka a

41

Birb Birbal al Sahn Sahnii Ins Insti titu tute te of Pal Paleo eobo bota tany ny

Luck Luckno now, w, U.P U.P

42

All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health

Kolkata, W.B

43

All All Ind India ia Inst Instit itut ute e of of Med Medic ical al Scie Scienc nce e

New New Del Delhi hi,, Del Delhi hi

44

All India Malaria Institute

Delhi

45

Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research

Jamnagar, Gujarat

46

National Institute of Communicable Diseases

New Delhi, Delhi

47

Central Research Institute

Kasauli, H.P

Some Important Alloys

Name

Composition

Use

Brass

Cu(60% to 80%), Zn (40 to 20%)

For making household utencils

Bronze

Cu (75 to 90%), Sn (25 to 10%)

For making coins, idols, utencils

German Silver Cu (60%), Zn (25%), Ni (15%)

For making utencils

Magnelium

Mg (5%), Al (95%)

For making aircraft frame

Rolled Gold

Cu(90%), Ni (10%)

For making cheap ornaments

Mone Mo nell met meta al

Cu (70% (70%)), Ni Ni (30 (30% %)

For making alkali resistant containers

Bell metals

Cu (80%), Sn (20%)

For making bells

Gun metal

Cu (85%), Zn (10%), Sn(5%)

Used for engineering purpose

Solder

Sn(50-75%), Pb (50-25%)

Soldering of metals

Duralium

Al (95%), Cu (4%), Mg (0.5%), Mn (0.5%)

In aircraft manufacturing

Steel

Fe (98%), C (2%)

For making nails, screws, bridges

Stainless Steel

Fe (82%) Cr, Ni (18%)

for making cooking utencils, knives

Some Important Facts of Human Body

Length of alimentary canal

Approximately 8 meters

BMR (Basal metabolic rate)

1600 K.cal/day

Number calls in body

75 trillion

Longest bone

Femur (thigh bone)

Smallest bone

Ear ossicle, stapes

Weight of brain

1400 gms

Blood volume

6.8 litres (in 70 kg body)

Normal B.P

120/80 mm Hg

Number of R.B.C

(a) In male: 4.5-5.0 million/cubic mm (b) In female: 4.0-4.5 million/cubic mm

Life span of R.B.C

120 days

Normal W.B.C count

5000-10000/cubic mm

Life span of W.B.C

3-4 days

D.L.C (Differential leucocyte count)

(a) Basophils-0.5-1% (b) Eosinophils-1-3% (c) Monocytes-3-8% (d) Neutrophils-40-70% (e) Lymphocytes-2-25%

Blood platelets count

2,00,000-4,00,000/cubic mm

Haemoglobin

(a) In male: 14-15.6 gm/100 c.c of blood (b) In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c of blood

Hb content in body

500-700 gm

Universal blood donor

O Rh-ve

Universal blood recipient

AB

Blood clotting time

2-5 minutes

Average body weight

70 kg

Normal body temperature

98.4.F or 37.C

Breathing rate

16-20 minutes

Dental formula

adult:2123/2123=32 child: 2120/2120=22 milk teeth

Number of cranial nerves

12 pairs

Number of spinal nerves

31 pairs

Largest endocrine gland

Thyroid

Gestation period

9 months (253-266 days)

Normal heart beat

72-75/ minutes

Largest gland

Liver

Largest muscles in the body

Gluteus maximus (Buttock muscle)

Largest smooth muscle

Uterus of pregnant women

Smallest muscles in the body

Stapedius

Largest artery

Abdominal aorta

Largest vein

Inferior venacava

Largest W.B.C

Monocyte

Smallest W.B.C

Lymphocyte

Greatest regeneration power

In liver

Longest nerve

Sciatic

Longest cell

Neuron (nerve cell)

Menstrual cycle

28 days

Menopause age

45-50 years

Minimum regeneration power

In brain cell

Minimum distance for proper vision

25 cm

Type of placenta

Haemochorial (Chorioallantoic)

Pulse rate

72/minute

Volume of semen

2-4 ml/ejaculation

Normal sperm count

200-350 million/ejaculation

ESR ESR (norm (normal al Eryt Erythr hroc ocyt yte e sedim sedimen enta tati tion on rat rate) e)

4.10 4.10 min/ min/ho hour ur

Thinnest skin

Conjunctiva

pH of gastric juice

1.4

pH of urine

6.0

pH of blood

7.35-7.45

Units of Measurement

Ampere

Electric current

Angstrom

Wave-length and also lengths of atomic dimensions

Bar

Atmospheric pressure

Becquerel

Radioactivity

Bel

Intensity of Sound

Calorie

Quantity of Heat

Candela

Luminous intensity

Candle power

Illuminating power of source of light

Celsius (Centigrade)

Temperature

Coulomb

Electric Charge

Decibel

Intensity of sound (1/10th of Bel)

Dyne

Force

Electron-volt

Energy

Erg

Work or Energy

Fahrenheit

Temperature

Farad

Electric Capacitance

Faraday

Electric Charge

Fathom

Depth of water

Foot Candle

Brightness

Gauss

Magnetic Induction

Henry

Inductance

Hertz

Frequency

Horse-power

Power

Joule

Work or Energy

Kelvin

Thermodynamic temperature

Kilogram

Mass

Knot

Speed of Ship and Aircraft

Lambert

Brightness

Light Year

Stellar Distance

Lumen

Luminous flux

Maxwell

Magnetic flux

Metre

Length

Mole

Amount of Substance

Nautical Mile

Distance in Navigation

Newton

Force (metric)

Newton metre

Work

Oersted

Magnetic Intensity

Ohm

Electrical Resistance

Pascal

Stress

Poise

Viscosity

Quintal

Weight (metric)

Radian

Plane Angle

Second

Time

Tesla

Magnetic Flux Density

Volt

Electric Potential

Wa t t

Power

Weber

Magnetic Flux

Well Known Indian Scientists Aryabhatta: He lived between 476 and 520 A.D. He was a great mathematician and an

astronomer. His contributions include about the movement of earth around the Sun, determination of various physical parameters of various celestial bodies, such as diameter of  Earth and Moon. He laid foundations of algebra and pointed out the importance of zero. The first Indian satellite was named after him. Bhagavantam: His contribution to radio astronomy and cosmic rays in noteworthy. An associate

of Sir C.V.Raman, Dr.S.Bhagavantam was scientific adviser in the Ministry of Defence and Director General of Defence Research Development Organisation. Bhaskaracharya: Born in 1114 A.D., bhaskaracharya was a great Hindu mathematician and

Astronomer. His work 'Sidhanta Siromain' consists of two parts of mathematics and two parts of astronomy. He had a foresight on the modern theory of conventions. S.S. Bhatnagar: A great Indian Scientist who lived between 1895 and 1955. He was the f irst

Director General of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Under his directorship, many research laboratories were established throughout India. J.C.Bose: He was an eminent Physicist and Botanist. He founded Bose Research Institute,

Calcutta. He invented Crescograph and lived between 1858 and 1937. S.N. Bose: He became well-known when he expounded the Bose Einstein theory which deals with

the detection of a group of nuclear particles - named after him 'Boson'. His contribution to Planck's Law is laudable. He died in 1974. Dr. S.Chandrasekhar: An Indian-born American, who won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983. He is

an Astrophysicist. His theory of Stellar Evolution - the birth and death of stars is 35 years old.

His first discovery was laughed at. After three decades, it was recognised and today he is a Nobel Laureate. According to his theory, the old stars just collapse and disappear in the light of  denser stars of low light popularly called Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar Limit. Charaka: He lived between 80 and 180 A.D. He was a court physician of King Kanishka. His

writings on Hindu Medicine are invaluable Dhanvantri: He was a great physician during the period of Chandragupta Vikramaditya. His

period was between 375 and 413 A.D. Hargobind Khorana: He created an artificial gene and deciphered genetic code. He was awarded

Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968. Homi J.Bhaba: He largely contributed to the development of Atomic Physics and he was

primarily responsible for setting up of Nuclear reactors in India. He published important papers on Quantum Theory, Cosmic Rays, Structure of atom, etc. He was the first Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission. He died in a plane crash in 1966 over Alps. Joshi: Prof. S.S.Joshi's works on physical and chemical reaction under electrical discharge on

active nitrogen, colloids, hydrogen peroxide are noteworthy Nagarjuna: A great Buddhist Philosopher and Chemist. He mentioned about crecibles,

sublimation, colouring process etc. His works are still available in China and Tibet. His theory on extraction of copper and metallic oxides are mention-worthy. Nag Chowdhury B.D: An eminent Indian Nuclear Physicist known all over the world. Narlikar: J.V.Narlikar was the co-author of Hoyle-Narlikar theory of continuous creation which

supplies missing links in Einstein's theory of Relativity. Hoyle and Narlikar have shown that the gravitation is always attractive and there is no gravitational repulsions. Raja Ramanna: A great nuclear scientist, who was instrumental to stage India's first Nuclear

explosion at Pokharan range in 1974. Sir C.V. Raman: First Indian Scientist to receive Nobel prize for physics in 1929 for his invention

'Raman Effect'. His study of crystal structure is of unique importance. He founded Raman Research Institute at Bangalore. Sir C.P.Roy: Author of 'Hindu Chemistry'. He founded Indian Chemical Society and Bengal

Chemical and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. He has done good work on nitrous acid and its salts. He lived between 1861- 1944 AD. Prof. V.Ramachandra Rao: Direction of Indian Scientific Satellite Project (ISSP) at Peenya near

Bangalore Saha Dr.Maghnad: Late Palit Prof.of Physics, University College of Scientific and Technology,

Calcutta University well-known for his researches in nuclear physics, cosmic rays, spectrum analysis and other branches of theoretical physics. He lived from 1893 to 1956. Srinivas Ramanujam: A mathematical wizard, contributed much to number theory, theory of 

partitions and theory of continuous fractions. He lived between 1887 to 1920 AD. His birth centenary was celebrated in 1987.

Satish Dhavan: He was chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation. He was instrumental to

take India into space age by launching Aryabhatta in 1975. Susruta: A fourth century Hindu Surgeon and Physician. He had written an important book on

medicine and on medical properties of garlic. Varahamihira: An Indian astronomer and astrologer of 6th Century A.D. He was a

mathematician and philosopher. He was one of the nine gems of Vikramaditya.

General Knowledge Sports Sports Field

Person

The first first Indi Indian an woma woman n to swim swim acros across s the the Engli English sh Chan Channel nel

Miss. Miss. Ara Arati ti Shah Shah

The first Indian to win world Billiards Trophy

Wilson Jones

The first to cross the Damelles by swimming

Mihir Sen

The first to conquer Everest

Sherpa Tenzing (1953)

The first to sail round the world

Megellan

The first person to win Wimbledon title five times

Bjorn Borg

The first woman who conquered Everest

Jungo Table (Japan)

The first person to reach North Pole

Robert Peary

First woman Olympic Medallist (Weight Lifting)

Karnam Malleswari (2000)

The first person to reach South Pole

Amundsen

The first first Indi Indian an to win win All Engla England nd Badm Badminto inton n Champi Champions onship hip

Prakas Prakash h Paduko Padukone ne

The first Indian woman to conquer Everest

Bichendri Pal

The first an to climb Everest twice

Nawang Gombu

The first person person to complete complete solo solo walk to magnetic magnetic North North pole David Hemple Hempleman man Adam (UK) (UK) The first woman to reach North pole

Ann Bancroft

The The fir first st woma woman n to to sai saill non non sto stop ar around ound the the wor world ld alone lone

Kay Kaycot cottee tee

The fir first de deaf & dumb to to cross th the st strait of of Gi Gibralta ltar

Taranath Sh Shenoy (I (India) ia)

The first woman to climb Mt. Everest twice

Santosh Yadav (India)

The first black player to win the Wimbledon Wimbledon men's singles singles title Arthur Ashe Ashe (US) The first person to win the Palk Strait ocean swimming contest

Baidyanath

World Athletics Records Men S.No

Athlete Name

Nation

Event

Time

Place

Date

1

Tim Montgomery

USA

100m

9 . 78

Paris

9/14/2002

2

Michael Johnson

USA

200m

19 . 32

Atlanta, Ga

1/8/1996

3

Michael Johnson

USA

400m

43 . 18

Sevilla

8/26/1999

4

Wilson Kipketer

D EN

800m

01:41.1 Koln

8/24/1997

5

Hicham El Guerrouj

MAR

1500m

03:26.0 Roma

7/14/1998

6

Kenenisa Bekele

ETH

5000m

12:37.4 Hengelo

5/31/2004

7

Kenenisa Bekele

ETH

10,000m

26.20.3

8/6/2004

8

Saif Saaeed Shaheen

QAT

3000m Steeple Chase

07:53.6 Bruxelles

3/9/2004

9

Colin Jackson

GBR

110m Hurdles

1 2 . 91

Stuttgart

8/20/1993

10

Xiang Liu

CHN

110m Hurdles

12 . 91

Athina

8/27/2004

11

Kevin Young

USA

400m Hurdles

46 . 78

Barcelona

6/8/1992

12

Javier Sotomayor

CUB

High Jump

2 . 45

Salamanca

7/27/1993

13

Sergey Bubka

UKR

Pole Vault

6 . 14

Sestriere

7/31/1994

14

Mike Powell

USA

Long Jump

8 . 95

Tokyo

8/30/1991

15

Jonathan Edwards GBR

Triple Jump

18 . 29

Goteborg

7/8/1996

16

Randy Barnes

USA

Short Put

23 . 12

Westwood

5/20/1990

18

Jurgen Schult

GDR

Discus

74 . 08

Neubranden Burg

6/6/1986

19

Yuriy Sedykh

RUS

Hammer

86 . 74

Stuttgart

8/30/1986

20

Jan Zelezny

CZE

Javelin

98 . 48

Jen a

5/25/1996

21

Roman Sebrle

CZE

Decathlon

9026

Gotzis

5/27/2001

22

Bernardo Segura

MEX

20 km Race Walking

17:25.6 Bergen

7/5/1994

23

Thierry Toutain

FRA

50 km Race Walking

40:57.9 Hericourt

9/29/1996

24

Paul Tergat

KEN

Marathon

2:04:55 Berlin

9/28/2003

Ostrava

World Athletics Records Women