General Knowledge(All in one)

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE •

Independence Days of Different Countries

The vast majority of the countries on earth became independent after 1800. Only 20 were independent before the start of the 19th century, a mere 10%. By 1900, only 49 or 25% of the world's countries of today were independent. Many countries became independent following World War II when European powers granted independence to their vast colonial holdings, especially Africa. Here are the independence days for every country, from the oldest to the youngest... 660 BCE - Japan 221 BCE - China 301 CE - San Marino 843 CE - France 976 CE - Austria 10th Century CE - Denmark 1001 - Hungary 1143 - Portugal 1206 - Mongolia 1238 - Thailand 1278 - Andorra August 1, 1291 - Switzerland 1419 - Monaco 15th Century - Spain 1502 - Iran June 6, 1523 - Sweden

Ravindra

1

January 23, 1579 - Netherlands 1650 - Oman May 1, 1707 - United Kingdom January 23, 1719 - Liechtenstein 1768 - Nepal July 4, 1776 - United States of America January 1, 1804 - Haiti July 20, 1810 - Colombia Sept. 16, 1810 - Mexico Sept. 18, 1810 - Chile May 14, 1811 - Paraguay July 5, 1811 - Venezuela July 9, 1816 - Argentina July 28, 1821 - Peru Sept. 15, 1821 - Costa Rica Sept. 15, 1821 - El Salvador Sept. 15, 1821 - Guatemala Sept. 15, 1821 - Honduras Sept. 15, 1821 - Nicaragua May 24, 1822 - Ecuador Sept. 7, 1822 - Brazil August 6, 1825 - Bolivia August 25, 1825 - Uruguay 1829 - Greece October 4, 1830 - Belgium 1839 - Luxembourg February 27, 1844 - Dominican Republic

Ravindra

2

July 26, 1847 - Liberia March 17, 1861 - Italy July 1, 1867 - Canada January 18, 1871 - Germany May 9, 1877 - Romania March 3, 1878 - Bulgaria 1896 - Ethiopia June 12, 1898 - Philippines January 1, 1901 - Australia May 20, 1902 - Cuba November 3, 1903 - Panama June 7, 1905 - Norway Sept. 26, 1907 - New Zealand May 31, 1910 - South Africa November 28, 1912 - Albania December 6, 1917 - Finland November 11, 1918 - Poland December 1, 1918 - Iceland August 19, 1919 - Afghanistan December 6, 1921 - Ireland February 28, 1922 - Egypt October 29, 1923 - Turkey February 11, 1929 - Vatican City Sept. 23, 1932 - Saudi Arabia October 3, 1932 - Iraq November 22, 1943 - Lebanon August 15, 1945 - Korea, North

Ravindra

3

August 15, 1945 - Korea, South August 17, 1945 - Indonesia Sept. 2, 1945 - Vietnam April 17, 1946 - Syria May 25, 1946 - Jordan August 14, 1947 - Pakistan August 15, 1947 - India January 4, 1948 - Burma February 4, 1948 - Sri Lanka May 14, 1948 - Israel July 19, 1949 - Laos August 8, 1949 - Bhutan December 24, 1951 - Libya November 9, 1953 - Cambodia January 1, 1956 - Sudan March 2, 1956 - Morocco March 20, 1956 - Tunisia March 6, 1957 - Ghana August 31, 1957 - Malaysia October 2, 1958 - Guinea January 1, 1960 - Cameroon April 4, 1960 - Senegal May 27, 1960 - Togo June 30, 1960 - Congo, Republic of the July 1, 1960 - Somalia July 26, 1960 - Madagascar August 1, 1960 - Benin

Ravindra

4

August 3, 1960 - Niger August 5, 1960 - Burkina Faso August 7, 1960 - Cote d'Ivorie August 11, 1960 - Chad August 13, 1960 - Central African Republic August 15, 1960 - Congo, Dem. Rep. of the August 16, 1960 - Cyprus August 17, 1960 - Gabon Sept. 22, 1960 - Mali October 1, 1960 - Nigeria November 28, 1960 - Mauritania April 27, 1961 - Sierra Leone June 19, 1961 - Kuwait January 1, 1962 - Samoa July 1, 1962 - Burundi July 1, 1962 - Rwanda July 5, 1962 - Algeria August 6, 1962 - Jamaica August 31, 1962 - Trinidad and Tobago October 9, 1962 - Uganda December 12, 1963 - Kenya April 26, 1964 - Tanzania July 6, 1964 - Malawi Sept. 21, 1964 - Malta October 24, 1964 - Zambia February 18, 1965 - Gambia, The July 26, 1965 - Maldives

Ravindra

5

August 9, 1965 - Singapore May 26, 1966 - Guyana September 30, 1966 - Botswana October 4, 1966 - Lesotho November 30, 1966 - Barbados January 31, 1968 - Nauru March 12, 1968 - Mauritius Sept. 6, 1968 - Swaziland October 12, 1968 - Equatorial June 4, 1970 - Tonga October 10, 1970 - Fiji March 26, 1971 - Bangladesh August 15, 1971 - Bahrain Sept. 3, 1971 - Qatar November 2, 1971 - United Arab Emirates July 10, 1973 - Bahamas Sept. 24, 1973 - Guinea-Bissau February 7, 1974 - Grenada June 25, 1975 - Mozambique July 5, 1975 - Cape Verde July 6, 1975 - Comoros July 12, 1975 - Sao Tome and Principe Sept. 16, 1975 - Papua New Guinea November 11, 1975 - Angola November 25, 1975 - Suriname June 29, 1976 - Seychelles June 27, 1977 - Djibouti

Ravindra

6

July 7, 1978 - Solomon Islands October 1, 1978 - Tuvalu November 3, 1978 - Dominica February 22, 1979 - Saint Lucia July 12, 1979 - Kiribati October 27, 1979 - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines April 18, 1980 - Zimbabwe July 30, 1980 - Vanuatu January 11, 1981 - Antigua and Barbuda Sept. 21, 1981 - Belize Sept. 19, 1983 - Saint Kitts and Nevis January 1, 1984 - Brunei October 21, 1986 - Marshall Islands November 3, 1986 - Micronesia, Federated States of March 11, 1990 - Lithuania March 21, 1990 - Namibia May 22, 1990 - Yemen April 9, 1991 - Georgia June 25, 1991 - Croatia June 25, 1991 - Slovenia August 20, 1991 - Estonia August 21, 1991 - Kyrgyzstan August 24, 1991 - Russia August 25, 1991 - Belarus August 27, 1991 - Moldova August 30, 1991 - Azerbaijan Sept. 1, 1991 - Uzbekistan

Ravindra

7

Sept. 6, 1991 - Latvia Sept. 8, 1991 - Macedonia Sept. 9, 1991 - Tajikistan Sept. 21, 1991 - Armenia October 27, 1991 - Turkmenistan November 24, 1991 - Ukraine December 16, 1991 - Kazakhstan March 3, 1992 - Bosnia and Herzegovina January 1, 1993 - Czech Republic January 1, 1993 - Slovakia May 24, 1993 - Eritrea October 1, 1994 - Palau May 20, 2002 - East Timor June 3, 2006 - Montenegro June 5, 2006 - Serbia February 17, 2008 – Kosovo

Important Days January 12 : National Youth Day. January 15 :Army Day. January 26 :India's Republic Day and International Customs day. January 30 :Martyrs' Day February 24 :Central Excise Day. February 28 :National Science Day. March 8 :International Women's Day. March 15 :World Disabled Day.

Ravindra

8

March 21 :World Forestry Day. March 21 :International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. March 23 :World Meteorological Day. April 5 :National Maritime Day. April 7 :World Health Day. April 18 :World Heritage Day. April 22 :Earth Day. May 1 :Workers Day (International Labor Day). May 3 :Press Freedom Day. May (2nd Sunday) : Mother's Day. May 8 :World Red Cross Day. May 11 :National Technology Day. May 15 :International Day of the Family. May 17 :World Telecommunication Day. May 24 :Commonwealth Day. May 31 :Anti-Tobacco Day. June 4 :International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression. June 5 : World Environment Day. June(2nd Sunday) : Fathers Day. June 26 :International day against Drug abuse & Illicit Trafficking. June 27 :World Diabetes Day. July 6 :World Zoonoses Day. July 11 :World Population Day. August 3 :International Friendship Day. August 6 :Hiroshima Day, August 9 :Quit India Day and Nagasaki Day. August 15 :Independence Day. August 29 :National Sports Day. September 5 :Teachers' Day. September 8 :World Literacy Day. September 16 :World Ozone Day. September 21 :Alzheimer's Day.

Ravindra

9

September 26 : Day of the Deaf. September 27 : World Tourism Day. October 1 : International day of the Elderly. October 3 :World Habitat Day. October 4 :World Animal Welfare Day. October 8 :Indian Air Force Day. October 9 :World Post Office day./October 10 :National Post Day. October 13 :UN International Day for National disaster reduction. October 14 :World Standards Day. October 15 :World White Cane Day( guiding the Blind).//October 16 :World Food Day. October 24 :UN Day, World development information Day. October 30 :World Thrift Day. November 14 : Children's Day ( in India ) November 20 :Africa Industrialization Day. November 29 :International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People. December 1 :World Aids Day. December 4 :Navy Day. December 10 :Human Right Day. December 7 :Armed Forces Flag Day. December 23 :Kisan Divas Farmer's Day).

• Books And Authors

Books

Authors

A Bend in the river

V.S. Naipaul

A Brush with Life

Satish Gujral

A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Granth Sahib

S.S. Kohli

A Foreign Policy for India

I.K. Gujral

A Fortune Teller Told Me

Tiziano Terzani

A Gender Lens on Social Psychology

Judith A Howard and Jocelyn A.Hollander

A General and His Army

Georgy Vladimov

Ravindra

10

A Himalayan Love Story

Namita Gokhale

A Last Leap South

Vladimir Zhirinovsky

A Nation Flawed-Lesson from Indian History

P.N. Chopra

A Peep into the Past

Vasant Navrekar

A Possible India

Partha Chatterjee

A Psychoanalysis of the Prophets

Abdulla Kamal

A Reveolutionary Life

Laxmi Sehgal

A Secular Agenda

Arun Shourie

A Simple Path

Lucinda Vardey

A Suitable Boy

Vikram Seth

A Tale of Two Gardens

Octavio Paz

A Tribute to People's Princess: Diana

Peter Donelli

A Tryst With Destiny

Stanley Wolfer

Abbot

Walter Scott

Absalom, Absalom

William Faulkner

Absalom and Achitophel

John Dryden

Acoession to Extinction

D.R. Mankekar

Across Borders, Fifty-years of India's Foreign Policy

J.N. Dixit

Adam Bede

George Eliot

Adhe Adhure

Mohan Rakesh

Adonis

P.B. Shelley

Adrain Mole-The Wilderness Years

Sue Townsend

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Mark Twain

Adventures of Robinson Crusoe

Daniel Defoe

Adventures of Sally

P.G. Wodehouse

Adventures of Sherlock Holmes

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Mark Twain

Adversary in the House

lrving Stone

Advice and Consent

Allen Drury

Aeneid

Virgil

Affairs

C.P.Snow

Affluent Society

J.K.Galbraith

Afghanistan: Mullah, Marx and Mujahid

R.H. Magnus & Eden Naby

Ravindra

11

Africa's Challenge to America

Chester Bowles

After All These Years

Susan Issacs

After the Dark Night

S.M. Ali

Against the Grain

Boris Yeltsin

Age of Reason

Jean Paul Sartre

Agni Pariksha

Acharya Tulsi

Agni Veena

Kazi Nazrul Islam

Agony and the Ecstasy

Irving Stone

Ain-i-Akbari

Abul Fazal

Airport

Arthur Hailey

Ajatshatru

Jai Shankar Prasad

Akbarnama

Abul Fazal

Alaska Unbound

James Michener

Alchemist

Ben Johnson

Alexander Quartet

Lawrence Durrel

Alexander the Great

John Gunther

Alice in Wonderland

Lewis Carroll

Alien Nation

Peter Brimelow

All for Love

John Dryden

All is Well that Ends Well

William Shakespeare

All Quiet on the Western Front

Erich Maria Remarque

All the King's Men

Robert Penn Warren

All the President's Men

Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward

All things Bright and Beautiful

James Herroit

All Under Heaven

Pearl S.Buck

Along the Road

Aldous Huxley

Altered States

Anita Brookner

Amar Kosh

Amar Singh

Ambassador's Journal

J.K. Galbraith

Ambassador's Report

Chester Bowles

Amelia

Henry Fielding

American Capitalism

J.K. Galbraith

An American Dilemma

Gunnar Myrdal

Ravindra

12

An American Tragedy

Theodore Dreiser

An Apology for Idlers

Robert Louis Stevenson

An Autobiography

Jawaharlal Nehru

An Eye to China

David Selbourne

An idealist View of Life

Dr.S. Radhakrishnan

Anandmath

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Anatomy of a Flawed inheritance

J.N. Dixit

Ancient Evenings

Norman Mailer

Ancient Mariner

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

And Quiet Flows the Don

Mikhali Sholokhov

And Through the Looking Glass

Lewis Carroll

Androcles and the Lion

George Bernard Shaw

Angry Letters

Willem Doevenduin

Anguish of Deprived

Lakshmidhar Mishra

Animal Farm

George Orwell

Anna Karenina

Count Leo Tolstoy

Another Life

Derek Walcott

Answer to History

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Antic Hay

Aldous Huxley

Antony and Cleopatra

William Shakespeare

Ape and Essence

Aldous Huxley

Apple Cart

George Bernad Shaw

Arabian Nights

Sir Richard Burton

Area of Darkness

V.S. Naipaul

Arion and the Dolphin

Vikram Seth

Arms and the Man

George Bernard Shaw

Around the World in Eighty Days

Jules verne

Arrangement

Elia Kazan

Arrival and Departure

Arthur Koestler

Arrow in the Blue

Arthur Koestler

Arrow of Good

Joseph Conrad

Arrowsmith

Sinclair Lewis

Arthashastra

Kautilya

Ravindra

13

As I Lay Dying

William Faulkner

As You Like It

William Shakespeare

Ascent of the Everest

Sir John Hunt

Ashtadhyayi

Panini

Asia and Western Dominance

K.M. Panikkar

Asian Drama

Gunnar Myrdal

Aspects of the Novel

E.M. Forster

Assassination of a Prime Minister

S.Anandram

Assignment Colombo

J.N. Dixit

Assignment India

Christopher Thomas

Athenian Constitution

Aristotle

Atoms of Hope

Mohan Sundara Rajan

August 1914

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

August Coup

Mikhali S. Gorbachev

Author's Farce

Henry Fielding

Autobiography of an Unknown Indian

Nirad C. Chaudhuri

Autumn Leaves

O.Pulla Reddi

Avanti Sundari

Dandin

Babbit

Sinclair Lewis

Baburnama

Babur

Baby and Child

Penelope Leach

Back to Methuselah

G.B. Shaw

Backward Place

Ruth Prawer Jhabwala

Bandicoot Run

Manohar Malgonkar

Bang-i-Dara

Mohammad lqbal

Bangla Desh-The Unifinished Revolution

Lawrence Lifschultz

Banyan Tree

Hugh Tinker

Beach Boy

Ardesher Vakil

Beast and Man

Murry Midgley

Beating the Street

Peter Lynch

Beginning of the Beginning

Acharya Rajneesh

Beloved

Toni Morrison

Ben Hur

Lewis Wallace

Ravindra

14

Bend in the Ganges

Manohar Malgonkar

Bermuda Triangle

Charles Berlitz

Berry Patches

Yevgeny Yevtushenko

Best and the Brightest

David Halberstan

Betrayal of Pearl Harbour

James Rusbridger and Eric Nave

Between Hope and History

Bill Clinton

Between Hope and History

Bill Clinton

Between the Lines

Kuldip Nayar

Bewildered India-Identity, Pluralism, Discord

Rasheedud-din Khan

Beyond Boundaries: A Memoire

Swaraj Paul

Beyond the Horizon

Eugene O'Neill

Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self

Sisir Kumar Ghose

Beyond Peace

Richard Nixon

Bhagwat Gita

Veda Vyas

Bharal Aur Europe

Nirmal Verma

Bharat Bharati

Maithili Sharan Gupta

Bharaitya Parampara Ke Mool Swar

Govind Chandra Pande

Big Fisherman

Lloyd C. Douglas

Big Money

P.G. Wodehouse

Bill the Conqueror

P.G. Wodehouse

Billy

Albert French

Biographia Literaria

Samuel Taylor coleridge

Birds and Beasts

Mark Twain

Birth and Death of The Sun

George Gamow

Birth and Evolution of the soul

Annie Besant

Birth of Europe

Robert, S. Lopez

Bisarjan

R.N. Tagore

Bitter Sweet

Noel Coward

Black Arrow

Robert Louis Stevenson

Black Diaspora

Ronald Segal

Black Holes and Baby Universes

Stephen Hawking

Black Sheep

Honore de Balzac

Black Tulip

Alexander Dumas

Ravindra

15

Bleak House

Charles Dickens

Blind Ambitions

John Dean

Blind Beauty

Boris Pasternak

Blind Men of Hindoostan-indo-Pak Nuclear War

Gen. Krishnaswamy Sundarji

Bliss was it in that Dawn

Minoo Masani

Bloodline

Sidney Sheldon

Blood Sport

James Stewart

Blue Bird

Maurice Macterlink

Bofors: The Ambassador's Evidence

B.M. Oza

Bone People

Keri Hulme

Book of the Sword

Sir Richard Burton

Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition

Ritu Menon & Kamla Bhasin

Born Free

Joy Adamson

Bostaan

Sheikh Saadi

Bread, Beauty and Revolution

Khwaja Ahmed Abbas

Breaking the Silence

Anees Jung

Breakthrough

Gen.Moshe Dayan

Bride for the Sahib and Other Stories

Khushwant Singh

Bridge's Book of Beauty

Mulk Raj Anand

Bridges of Madison Country

R.J. Waller

Brif History of Time

Stephen Hawking

Brishbikkha

Bankim Chandra Chatterji

Britain's True History

Prem Bhatia

Broken Wings

Sarojini Naidu

Brothers Karamazhov

Fyodor Dostoevski

Bubble

Mulk Raj Anand

Buddha Charitam

Ashvaghosha

Bunch of Old Letters

Jawaharlal Nehru

Bureaucrazy

M.K. Kaw

Butterfield 8

John O'Hara

By God's Decree

Kapil Dev

By Love Possessed

James Gould Cozzens

Byzantium

W.B. Yeats

Ravindra

16

Caesar and Cleopatra

G.B. Shaw

Call the Briefing

Martin Fitzwater

Cancer Ward

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Canterbury Tales

G.Chaucer

Canvass of Life

Sheila Gujral

Caravans

James A. Michener

Cardinal

Henry M. Robinson

Castle

Franz Kafka

Catch-22

Joseph Heller

Catcher in the Rye

J.D. Salinger

Centennial

James Michener

Chance

Joseph Conrad

Chandalika

Rabindranath Tagore

Chemmeen

Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai

Cherry Orchard

Anton Chekhov

Chidambara

Sumitranandan Pant

Chikaveera Rajendra

Masti Venkatesh lyengar

Child Who Never Grew

Pearl S. Buck

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

George Byron

Childhood

Maxim Gorky

Children of Gabelawi

Naquib Mahfouz

Children of the Sun

Maxim Gorky

China Passage

J.K. Galbraith

China-Past and Present

Pearl S. Buck

China's Watergate

Leo Goodstadt

Chinese Betrayal

B.N. Mullick

Chitra

Rabindranath Tagore

Choma's Drum

K. Shivaram Karanath

Christabel

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Christmas Tales

Charles Dickens

Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Chithirappaavai

P.V. Akilandam

City of Joy

Dominique Lapierre

Ravindra

17

City of Saints

Sir Richard Burton

Class

Erich Segal

Climate of Treason

Andrew Boyle

Clockwork Orange

Anthony Burgess

Clown

Heinrich Boll

Cocktail Party

T.S. Eliot

Colonel Sun

Kingsley Amis

Comedy of Errors

William Shakespeare

Common Sense

Thomas Paine

Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx

Confessions

J.J.Rousseau

Confessions of a Lover

Mulk Raj Anand

Comus

John Milton

Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit

S.T. Coleridge

Confessions of an English Opium Eater,

Thomas De Quincy

Confidential Clerk

T.S. Eliot

Confrontation with Pakistan

Gen. B.M. Kaul

Conquest of Happiness

Bertrand Russell

Conquest of Self

Mahatma Gandhi

Conservationist

Nadine Gordimer

Continent of Circle

Nirad C.Chaudhuri

Coolie

Mulk Raj Anand

Count of Monte Cristo

Alexander Dumas

Coup

John Updike

Court Dancer

Rabindranath Tagore

Coverly Papers

Joseph Addison

Cranford

Mrs. Gaskell

Creation

Gore Vidal

Crescent Moon

Rabindranath Tagore

Crescent Over Kashmir

Anil Maheshwari

Cricket on the Hearth

Charles Dickens

Crime and Punishment

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Crisis in India

Ronald Segal

Ravindra

18

Crisis into Chaos

E.M.S. Namboodiripad

Critical Mass

William E. Burrows

Critique of Pure Reason

Immanuel Kant

Crossing in River

Caryl Phillips

Crossing the Sacred Line-Women's Search for Political Power

Abhilasha & Sabina Kidwai

Crossing the Threshold of Hope

Pope John Paul II

Crown and the Loincloth

Chaman Nahal

Crown of Wild Olive

John Ruskin

Cry, My Beloved Country

Alan Patan

Cuckold

Kiran Nagar Kar

Culture and Anarchy

Matthew Arnold

Culture in the Vanity Bag

Nirad C. Chaudhuri

Curtain Raisers

K. Natwar Singh

Damsel in Distress

P.G. Wodehouse

Dancing with the Devil

Rod Barker

Dangerous Plaqce

Daniel Patrick Moynihan

Dangerous Summer

Emest Hemingway

Dangling Man

Saul Bellow

Daniel Deronda

Geroge Eliot

Dark Room

R.K. Narayan

Dark Debts

Karen Hall

Dark Home Coming

Eric Lustbader

Dark Side of Camelot

Seymour Hersh

Darkness at Noon

Arthur Koestler

Das Kapital

Karl Marx

Dashkumar Charitam

Dandi

Daughter of the East

Benazir Bhutto

David Copperfield

Charles Dickens

Day in Shadow

Nayantara Sehgal

Day of the Jackal

Frederick Forsyth

Days of Grace

Arthur Ashe & Arnold Rampersad

Days of his Grace

Eyvind Johnson

Days of My Yers

H.P. Nanda

Ravindra

19

De Profundis

Oscar Wilde

Dean's December

Saul Bellow

Death and After

Annie Besant

Death Be Not Proud

John Gunther

Death in the Castle

Pearl S. Buck

Death in Venice

Thomas Mann

Death of a City

Amrita Pritam

Death of a Patriot

R.E. Harrington

Death on the Nile

Agatha Christie

Death of a President

William Manchester

Death of a Salesman

Arthur Miller

Death-The Supreme Friend

Kakasaheb Kalelkar

Death Under sail

C.P. Snow

Debacle

Emile Zola

Decameron

Giovannie Boccaccio

Decline and Fall of Indira Gandhi

D.R. Mankekar and Kamala Mankekar

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Edward Gibbon

Decline of the West

O' Spengler

Democracy Means Bread and Freedom

Piloo Mody

Democracy Redeemed

V.K. Narsimhan

Descent of Man

Charles Darwin

Deserted Village

Oliver Goldsmith

Desperate Remedies

Thomas Hardy

Detective

Arthur Hailey

Devadas

Sarat Chandra Chatterjee

Dharmashastra

Manu

Dialogue with Death

Arthur Koestler

Diana-Her Time Story in Her Own Words

Andrew Martin

Diana-Princess of Wales : A Tribute

Tim Graham

Diana-The Story So Far

Julia Donelli

Diana-The True Story

Andrew Morton

Diana Versus Charles

James Whitaker

Die Blendung

Elias Canetti

Ravindra

20

Dilemma of Our Time

Harold Joseph Laski

Diplomacy

Henry Kissinger

Diplomacy and Disillustion

George Urbans

Diplomacy in Peace and War

J.N. Kaul

Disappearing Acts

Terry McMillan

Discovery of India

Jawaharlal Nehru

Distant Drums

Manohar Malgonkar

Distant Neighbours

Kuldip Nayar

Divine Comedy

A.Dante

Divine Life

Swami Sivananda

Doctor Faustus

Christopher Marlowe

Doctor's Dilemma

G.B.Shaw

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Robert Louis Stevensan

Dr. Zhivago

Boris Pasternak

Doll's House

lbsen

Dolly-The Birth of a Clone

Jina Kolata

Don Juan

George Byron

Don Quixote

Cervantes

Don't Laugh-We are Police

Bishan Lal Vohra

Double Betrayal

Paula R. Newburg

Double Helix

J.D. Watson

Double Tongue

William Golding

Double Teeth

U.B. Sinclair

Drogon's Seed

Pearl S. Buck

Dream in Hawaii

Bhabani Bhattacharya

Dram of Fair to Middling Women

Samuel Beckett

Dreams, Roses and Fire

Eyvind Johnson

Drunkard

Emile Zola

Durgesh Nandini

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Ravindra

21

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Book and Authors [ E - H ] Books

Authors

Earth

Emile Zola

Earth in the Balance: Forging a New Common Purpose

Al Gore

Earth Mother

Pupul Jayakar

East of Eden

B.N. Mullick

East West

Salman Rushdie

East Wind

Pearl S. Buck

Economic Planning of India

Ashok Mehta

Economics of Peace and Laughter

John K. Galbraith

Economics of the Third World

S.K. Ray

Education of Public Man

Hubert Humphrey

Edwina and Nehru

Catherine Clement

Ravindra

22

Egmont

J.W. Von Goethe

Eight Lives

Rajmohan Gandhi

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

Thomas Gray

Emile

J.J. Rousseau

Eminent Churchillians

Andrew Roberts

Emma

Jane Austen

Empire of the Soul: Some Journeys in India

Paul William Roberts

Ends and Means

Aldous Huxley

End of a Beautiful Era

Joseph Brodsky

End of an Era

C.S. Pandit

End of History and the Last Man

Francis Fukuyama

End of the Chapter

John Forsyte

Enemies

Maxim Gorky

English August

Upamanyu Chatterjee

Envoy to Nehru

Escott Reid

Erewhon

Samuel Butler

Escape

John Forsyte

Eassay on Life

Samuel Butler

Essays for Poor to the Rich

John Kenneth Galbraith

Essays in Criticism

Matthew Arnold

Essays On Gita

Aurobindo Ghosh

Essays of Elia

Charles Lamb

Estate

Issac Bashevis Singer

Eternal Himalayas

Major H.P.S.Ahluwalia

Eternal India

Indira Gandhi

Eternity

Anwar Shaikh

Ethics

Aristotle

Europa

Time Parks

Eugenie Grandet

Honore de Balzac

Ravindra

23

Everlasting Man

G.K. Chesterton

Executioner's Song

Norman Mailer

Exile and the Kingdom

Albert Camus

Expanding Universe

Arthur Stanley Eddington

Eye of the Storm

Patrick White

Eyeless in Gaza

Aldous Huxley

Faces to Everest

Maj. H.P.S. Ahluwalia

Facts are Facts

Khan Abdul Wali Khan

Fairie Queene

Edmund Spencer

Faith & Fire: A Way Within

Madhu Tandon

Fall of a Sparrow

Salim Ali

Family Moskat

Issac Bashevis Singer

Family Reunion

T.S.Eliot

Famished Road

Ben Okri

Far From the Madding Crowd

Thomas Hardy

Far Pavilions

M.M.Kaye

Faraway Music

Svetlana Allilueva

Farewell to the Trumpets

James Morris

Farewell to a Ghost

Manoj Das

Farewell to Arms

Ernest Hemingway

Farm House

George Orwell

Fasana-i-Azad

Ratan Nath Sarkar

Fathers and Sons

lvan Turgenev

Faust

J.W. Von Goethe

Faustus

Chirstopher Marlow

Fidelio

L.Beethoven

Fiesta

Ernest Hemingway

Fifth Column

Ernest Hemingway

Fifth Horseman

Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre

Ravindra

24

Final Days

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

Final Passage

Caryl Phillips

Finding a Voice-Asian Women in Britain

Amrit Wilson

Fine Balance

Rohinton Mistry

Fire Next Time

James Baldwin

Fire Under the Snow: Testimony of a Tibetan Prisoner

Palden Gyatso

First Circle

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Flags in the Dust

William Faulkner

Flames from the Ashes

P.D. Tandon

Flounder

Gunder Grass

Follywood Flashback

Bunny Reuben

Food, Nutrition and Poverty in India

V.K.R.V. Rao

For the President's Eyes Only

Christopher Andrew

For Whom the Bell Tolls

Emest Hemingway

Forbidden Sea

Tara Ali Baig

Forsyte Saga

John Galsworthy

Fortynine Days

Amrita Pritam

Franklin's Tale

Geoffrey Chaucer

Fraternity

John Forsyte

Free Man's Worship

Bertrand Russell

Freedom at Midnight

Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre

French Revolution

Thomas Carlyle

Freedom Behind Bars

Sheikh Mohd. Abdullah

Freedom from Fear

Aung San Suu Kyi

French Leave

P.G. Wodehouse

Friend

Samuel Tayelor Coleridge

Friends and Foes

Sheikh Mujibur Rehman

Friends, Not Masters

Ayub Khan

From Hero to Eternity

James Jones

Ravindra

25

From india to America

S.Chandrashekhar

From Raj to Rajiv

Mark Tully and Zaheer Masani

From Rajpath to Lokpath

Vijaya Raja Scindia

Frozen Assets

P.G. Wodehouse

Full Moon

P.G.Wodehouse

Future of NPT

Savita Pande

Gambler

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Ganadevata

Tara Shankar Bandopadhyaya

Gandhi and Stalin

Louis Fisher

Gardener

Rabindra Nath Tagore

Garrick Year

Margaret Drabble

Gathering Storm

Winston Churchill

Geeta Govind

Jaya Dev

Ghasiram Kotwal

Vijay Tendulkar

Ghosts in the Machine

Arthur Koestler

Girl in Blue

P.G. Wodehouse

Girl On the Boat

P.G. Wodehouse

Gita Rahasya

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Gitanjali

Rabindra Nath Tagore

Gladiators

Arthur Koestler

Glimpses of Indian Ocean

Z.A. Quasim

Glimpses of World History

Jawaharlal Nehru

Go Down Moses

William Faulkner

Goa

Asif Currimbhoy

God and the Bible

Mattew Arnold

Godan

Munshi Prem Chand

Godfather

Mario Puzo

Godrej: A Hundred Years

B.K. Karanjia

Gold Bat

P.G. Wodehouse

Ravindra

26

Golden Borough

James Frazer

Golden Gate

Vikram Seth

Golden Threshold

Sarojini Naidu

Gone Away

Dom Moraes

Gone with the Wind

Margaret Mitchell

Good Earth

Pearl S.Buck

Goodbye, Mr Chips

James Hilton

Gora

Rabindra Nath Tagore

Grace Notes

Bernard Mac Lavarto

Grammar of Politics

Harold Joseph Laski

Grapes of Wrath

John Steinbeck

Grapes and the Wind

Pablo Neruda

Great Challenge

Louis Fischer

Great Depression of 1990

Ravi Batra

Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Great lllusion

Norman Angell

Great Tragedy

Z.A. Bhutto

Grey Eminence

Aldous Huxley

Grub Street

Henry Fielding

Guide

R.K. Narayan

Guide for the Perplexed

E.F. Schumacher

Gul-e-Naghma

Raghupati Sahai 'Firaq' Gorakhpuri

Gulag Archipelago

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Gulistan Boston

Sheikh Saadi

Gulliver's Travels

Jonathan Swift

Gulzari Lal Nanda: A Peep in the Service of the People

Promilla Kalhan

Gurusagaram

O.V. Vijayan

Gypsy(poem)

Pushkin

Ravindra

27

Hamlet

William Shakespeare

Hard Times

Charles Dickens

Harsha Charita

Bana Bhatt

Hamsters

C.P. Snow

Handful of Dust

Evelyn Waugh

Happy Death

Albert Camus

Harlot High and Low

Honore de Balzac

Harvest

Majula Padmanabhan

Heart of Darkness

Joseph Conrad

Heavem Has No Favourites

Eric Maria Remarque

Heat and Dust

Ruth Prawer Jhabwala

Heavy Weather

P.G. Wodehouse

Henderson the Rain King

Saul Bellow

Heritage

Anthony West

Hero of Our Times

Richard Hough

Heroes and Hero worship

Thomas Carlyle

Henry Esmond

Thackeray

Heir Apparent

Dr. Karan Singh

Higher than Hope

Fatima Meer

Himalayan Blunder

Brig J.P. Dalvi

Hindu View of Life

Dr. S.Radhakrishnan

History of Hindu Chemistry

Sir.P.C. Ray

Hitopadesh

R.K.Narayan

Hindi Sahitya Aur Samvedna Ka Vikas

R.S. Chaturvedi

Hind Swaraj

M.K.Gandhi

Hindu Civilisation

J.M. Barrie

Hinduism

Nirad C.Choudhury

His Excellency

Emile Zola

History of the English Speaking Peoples

Sir Winston Churchil

Ravindra

28

Home Comings

C.P. Snow

Honest Thief and Other Stories

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Hornet's Nest

Patricia Cornwell

Hot Water

P.G. Wodehouse

Hound of the Baskervillese

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

House for Mr. Biswas

V.S. Naipaul

House of the Dead

Fyodor Dostoevsky

House of Spirits

Isabel Allende

House Divided

Pearl S. Buck

How Late It Was, How Late

James Kelman

Human Factor

Graham Greene

Human Knowledge

Bertrand Russell

Humboldt's Gift

Saul Bellow

Humour

Ben Johnson

Hunchback of Notre Dame

Victor Hugo

Hungry Stones

Rabindra Nath Tagore

Books and Authors [ I - L ] Books

Authors

I am not an Island

K.A Abbas

I Dare

Parmesh Dangwal

I follow the Mahatma

K.M. Munshi

Idylls of the King

Tennyson

I Muse; Therefore I am

V.N.Narayanan

Ravindra

29

Idiot

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Idols

Sunil Gavaskar

If I am Assassinated

Z.A. Bhutto

Imperial Woman

Pearl S. Buck

Importance of Being Earnest

Oscar Wilde

In Afghanistan's Shadow

Salig S. Harrison

In Confidence

Anatolyu Dobrynin

In Evil Hour

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

In Light of India

Octavio Paz

In Retrospect-The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam

Robert S. McNamara

In Search of Gandhi

Richard Attenborough

In Search of Identity

Anwar el-Sadat

In the Afternoon of Time

Dr.Rupert Snell

In the Bluest Eye

Toni Morrison

In the Light of the Black Sun

Rohit Manchanda

In the Shadow of Pines

Mandeep Rai

India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam & Dr. Y.S. Rajan

India-A Wounded Civilisation

V.S. Naipaul

India discovered

John Keay

India-Facing the Twenty-First Century

Barbara Crossette

India-From Curzon to Nehru and After

Durga Dass

India-From Midnight to the Millennium

Shashi Tharoor

India-Independence Festival (1947-1997)

Raghu Rai

India in Transition

PRof.Jagdish Bhagwati

India is for Sale

Chitra Subramaniam

India of Our Dreams

M.V. Kamath

India Remembered

Percival & Margaret Spear

India Today

Rajni Palme Dutt

Ravindra

30

India We Left

Hymphry Trevelyan

Indian Home Rule

M.K. Gandhi

Indian Philosophy

Dr.S.Radhakrishnan

India's China War

Neville Maxwell

India's Culture the State the Arts & Beyond

B.P. Singh

India's Economic Crisis

Dr. Bimal Jalan

India's Economic Reforms and Development Essay's for Manmohan Singh

I.J.Ahluwalia & I.M.D. Little

India's Rise to Power in the Twentieth Century & Beyond

Sandy Gordon

Indian Arms Bazaar

Maj-Gen, Pratap Narain

Indian Mansions

Sarah Tiloston

India Changes

Taya Zinkin

India Divided

Rajendra Prasad

India Wins Freedom

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Indian Muslims

Prof. Mohd.Mujeeb

India, the Critial Years

Kuldip Nayar

Indo-Pakistan Conflict

Russen Brines

Indica

Megasthenes

Indira Gandhi's Emergence and Style

Nayantara Sehgal

Indira's India

S.Nihal Singh

Inferno

Alighieri Dante

Inner Circle

Jonathan First

Innocence of Father Brown

G.K.Chesterton

Inside the CBI

Joginder Singh

Inside the Third Reich

Albert Spencer

Insider

P.V. Narasimha Rao

In Memoriam

Tennyson

Inside Asia

John Gunther

Ravindra

31

Inside Europe

John Gunther

Inside Africa

John Gun ther

Insulted and the injured

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Intelligence Services

Dr. Bhashyam Kasturi

Interpreters

Wole Soyinka

Intimacy

Jean Paul Sartre

Intruder in the Dust

William Faulkner

Invisible Man

H.G. Wells

Iron in the Soul

Jean Paul Sartre

Ironhand

J.W. Von Goethe

Is Paris Burning

Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre

Isabella

John Keats

Islamic Bomb

Stev Weissman & Herbert Krousney

Island inthe Streams

Ernest Hemingway

It is Always Possible

Kiran Bedi

Ivanov

Anton Chekhov

Ivanhoe

Sir Walter Scott

Jack and Jackle-Portrait of an American Marriage

Chirstopher Anderson

Jai Somnath

K.M. Munshi

Jaguar Smile

Salman Rushdie

Jajar, Churashir Maa

Mahashweta Devi

Jane Eyre

Charlotte Bronte

Jankijeevanam

Prof. Rajendra Mishra

Jawaharlal Nehru-A Communicator & Democratic Leader

A.K. Damodran

Jawaharlal Nehru, Rebel and Statesman

B.R. Nanda

Jazz

Toni Morrison

Jean Christopher

Romain Rolland

Jesus Rediscovered

Malcolm Muggeridge

Ravindra

32

Jewel

Danielle Steel

Jhoota Sach

Yashpal

Jobs for Millions

V.V. Giri

Joke

Milan Kundra

Judge's Miscellany

M. Hidayatullah

Julius Caesar

William Shakespeare

Jurassic Park

Michael Crichton

Jungle Book

Rudyard Kipling

Junglee Girl

Ginu Kamani

Kadambari

Bana Bhatt

Kamadhenu

Kubernath Ray

Kamasutra

Vatsyayan

Kagaz Te Kanwas

Amrita Pritam

Kamayani

Jai Shankar Pandit

Kaleidoscope of India

Tomoji Muto

Kali Aandhi

Kamleshwar

Kanthapura

Raja Rao

Kanyadaan

Vijay Tendulkar

Kapal Kundala

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Kashmir-A Tale of Shame

Hari Jaisingh

Kashmir-Behind the Vale

M.J.Akbar

Kashmir Diary: Psychology of Militancy

Gen.Arjun Ray

Kashmir-The Wounded Valley

Ajit Bhattacharjee

Kashmir in the Crossfire

Victoria Shaffield

Kashmir A Tragedy of Errors

Tavleen Singh

Katghare Main

Ram Sharan Joshi

Kayakalp

Munshi Prem Chand

Kayar

Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai

Keepers of the Keys

Milan Kundera

Ravindra

33

Kenilworth

Sir Walter Scott

Killer Angels

Michael Shaara

Kissinger Years

T.N. Kaul

Kidnapped

R.L. Stevenson

King of Dark Chamber

Rabindra Nath Tagore

Kiratarjuniya

Bharavi

Kim

Rudyard Kipling

King Lear

Shakespeare

Kipps

H.G.Wells

Kitni Navon Main Kitni Bar

S.H.Vatsyayan

Koraner Nari

Taslima Nasreen

Kore Kagaz

Amrita Pritam

Kubla Khan

S.T. Coleridge

Kulliyat

Ghalib

Kumar Sambhava

Kalidas

La Divine Comedia

A. Dante

La Peste

Albert Camus

Lady of the Lake

Sir Walter Scott

Lady with the Lapdog

Anton Chekhov

Lady Chatterly's Lover

D.H.Lawrence

Lajja

Taslima Nasreen

Lal Bahadur Shastri

C.P. Srivastava

Last Analysis

Saul Bellow

Last Burden

Upamanyu, Chatterjee

Last Maharaja

Jean Louis Nou & Jacques Pouchepadass

Last Orders

Graham Swift

Last Days of Pompeii

Edward George Lytton

Last Phase

Pyare Lal

Last Things

C.P. Snow

Ravindra

34

Law, Lawyers & Judges

H.R. Bhardwaj

Laws Versus Justice

V.R. Krishna lyer

Leaders

Richard Nixon

Leaves of Grass

Walt Whitman

Lead Kindly Light

Cardinal Newman

Le Contract Social (The Social Contract)

J.J. Rousseau

Les Miserables

Victor Hugo

Legacy of a Divided Nation

Prof. Mushirul Hasan

Latter from Peking

Peral S. Buck

Letters From the Field

Margaret Mead

Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes

Liberty or Death

Patrick French

Life and Death of Mr. Badman

John Bunyan

Light That Failed

Rudyard Kipling

Like Water for Chocolate

Laura Esquivel

Life Divine

Aurobindo Ghosh

Life is Elsewhere

Milan Kundera

Life of Samuel Johnson

James Boswell

Lines of Fate

Mark Kharitonov

Lipika

Rabindranath Tagore

Living Room

Graham Greene

Long Shadow inside Stalin's Family

Svetlana Allilyuyeva

Long Walk to Freedom

Nelson Mandela

Look Back in Anger

John Osborne

Lord Jim

Joseph Conrad

Lord of the Files

William Golding

Lost Child

Mulk Raj Anand

Lost Honour

John Dean

Lost lllusion

Honore de Balzac

Ravindra

35

Lotus Eaters

A.Tennyson

Love and Longing in Bombay

Vikram Chandra

Love in A Blue Time

Hanif Khureshi

Lolita

V.Nabokov

Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner

Allan Sillitoe

Long Day's Journey into Night

Eugene O'Neill

Love, Truth and A Little Malice

Khushwant Singh

Lycidas

John Milton

Books and Authors [ M - P ] Books

Authors

Macbeth

William Shakespeare

Magic Mountain

Thomas Mann

Mahabharata

Vyasa

Malati Madhav

Bhavabhuti

Magic Fishbone

Charles Dickens

Magnificent Maharaja

K.Natwar Singh

Mahatma Gandhi

Girija Kumar Mathur

Major Barbara

George Bernard Shaw

Making of a Midsummer Night's Dream

David Selbourne

Malavikagnimitra

Kalidas

Main Street

Sinclair Lewis

Man, The Unknown

Lewis Carroll

Man and Superman

G.B. Shaw

Man for Moscow

G.Lynne

Man of Property

John Galsworthy

Man, Beast and Virtue

Luigi Pirandello

Ravindra

36

Man eaters of Kumaon

Jim Corbett

Marriage and Morals

Bertrand Russell

Managing of the Future

Peter, F. Drucker

Mama

Terry McMillan

Man for All Seasons

Robert Bolt

Man of Destiny

George Bernard Shaw

Mandarin

Simon de Beauvoir

Mankind and Mother Earth

Arnold Toynbee

Mansfield Park

Jane Austen

Manviya Sanskriti Ke Rachnatmak Aayam

Prof. Raghuvansh

Many Worlds

K.P.S. Menon

Masters

C.P. Snow

Mati Matal

Gopinath Mohanty

Maurice

E.M. Forster

Mayor of Casterbridge

Thomas Hardy

Meghdoot

Kalidas

Mein Kampf

Adolf Hitler

Memoris of the Second World War

Churchill

Memoris of a Bystander: Life in Diplomacy

lqbal Akhund

Momories of Hope

Charles de Gaulle

Men Who Kepl the Secrets

Thomas Powers

Men Who Killed Gandhi

Manohar Malgonkar

Meri Rehen Meri Manzil

Krishna Puri

Middle March

George Eliot

Middle Ground

Margaret Drabble

Midnight's Children

Salman Rushdie

Midsummer Night's Dream

William Shakespeare

Mill on the Floss

George Eliot

Million Mutinies Now

V.S. Naipaul

Ravindra

37

Mirror of the Sea

Joseph Conrad

Miser

Moliere

Missed Oppertunites: Indo-Pak War 1965

Maj-Gen, Lakshman Singh

Mistaken identity

Nayantara Sehgal

Moby Dick

Herman Melville

Modern Painters

John Ruskin

Mother India

Katherine Mayo

Mod Classics

Joseph Conrad

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal

Modernity Morality And The Mahatma

Madhuri Santhanam Sondhi

Mondays on Dark Night of Moon

Kirin Narayan

Mookhajjiva Kanasugalu

K. Shivram Karanth

Moon and Six Pence

W. Somerset Maugham

Moonlight Sonata

L.Beethoven

Moonwalk

Michael Jackson

Moor's Last Sigh

Salman Rushdie

Mother

Maxim Gorky

Mountbatten and Independent India

Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre

Mountbatten and the Partition of India

Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre

Mrinalini

Bankim Chandra Charrerjee

Mritunjaya

Shivaji Sawant

Mrs. De Winter

Susah Hill

Mrs. Gandhi's Second Reign

Arun Shourie

Much Ado About Nothing

Shakespeare

Mudra rakshasa

Vishakhadatta

Murder in the Cathedral

T.S. Eliot

Mughal Maharajas And The Mahatma

K.R.N. Swami

Murder on the Orient Express

Agatha Christie

Ravindra

38

Murky Business

Honore de Balzac

Murder of Aziz Khan

Zulfikar Ghose

Muslim Law and the Constitution

A.M. Bhattacharjea

My Days

R.K. Narayan

My Early Life

M.K. Gandhi

My Experiment With Truth

M.K. Gandhi

My Life and Times

V.V.Giri

My Own Boswell

M.Hidayatullah

My Father, Deng Xiaoping

Xiao Rong

My India

S. Nihal Singh

My Music, My Love

Ravi Shankar

My Presidential Years

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

My Truth

Indira Gandhi

Mysterious Universe

James Jeans

My Several Worlds

Pearl S. Buck

My Son's Father

Dom Moraes

My South Block Years

J.N. Dixit

My Struggles

E.K. Nayanar

Myths of sisyphus

Albert Camus

My Prison Diary

J.P Narayan

Naari

Humayun Azad

Nana

Emile Zola

Naganandan

Harsha Vardhana

Naku Thanthi

D.R. Bendre

Nai Duniya Ko Salam & Pathor Ki Dewar

Ali Sardar Jafri

Naivedyam (The Offering)

N. Balamani Amma

Naked Came the Stranger

Penelope Ashe

Nacked Face

Sydney Sheldon

Naked Triangle

Balwant Gargi

Ravindra

39

Napoleon of Notting Hill

G.K. Chesterton

Nature and the Language Politics of India

Robert D.King

Nehru Family and Sikhs

Harbans Singh

Nelson Mandela: A Biography

Martin Meredith

Netaji-Dead or Alive

Samar Guha

Never At Home

Dom Moraes

New Dimensions of Peace

Chester Bowles

New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy

Atal Behari Vajpayee

Nice Guys Finish Second

B.K. Nehru

Nicholas Nickelby

Charles Dickens

Night Manager

John le Carre

Nile Basin

Sir Richard Burton

Nine Days Wonder

John Mansfield

Nisheeth

Uma Shankar Joshi

Niti-Sataka

Bhartrihari

Nineteen Eighty-Four

George Orwell

1999-Victory Without War

Richard Nixon

Nirbashita Narir Kabita

Taslima Nasreen

Non-Violence in Peace and War

M.K. Gandhi

North

Seamus Heanev

Northanger Abbey

Jane Austen

Nothing Like The Sun

Anthony Burgess

No Full stops in India

Mark Tully

Nuclear India

G.G. Mirchandani and P.K.S. Namboodari

Nurturing Development

Ismail Serageldin

Nursery Alice

Lewis Carroll

O'Jerusalem

Larry Collins and Dominique Lepierre

Occasion for Loving

Nadine Gordimer

Odessa File

Frederick Forsyth

Ravindra

40

Odakkuzal

G.Shankara Kurup

Odyssey

Homer

Of Human Bondage

W.Somerset Maugham

Oh, Le Beaux Jours

Samuel Beckett

Old Curiosity Shop

Charles Dickens

Old Goriot

Honore de Balzac

Old Man and the Sea

Ernest Hemingway

Old Path: white Clouds

Thich Nht Hanh

Oliver's Story

Erich Segal

Oliver Twist

Erich Segal

Oliver Twist

Charles Dickens

Omeros

Derek Walcott

On History

Eric Hobswan

One Day in the Life of lvan Denisovich

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

One-eyed Uncle

Laxmikant Mahapatra

One World to Share

Sridath Ramphal

One the Threshold of Hope

Pope john Paul

One Hundred Years of Solitude

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

One Upmanship

Stephen Potter

One World and India

Arnold Toynbee

One World

Wendell Wilkie

Only One Year

Svetlana

Operation Bluestar-the True Story

Lt-Gen.K.S. Brar

Operation Shylock

Philip Roth

Origin of Species

Charles Darwin

Oru Desathinte Katha

S.K. Pottekatt

Other Side of Midnight

Sydney Sheldon

Othello

Shakespeare

Our Films, Their Films

Satyajit Ray

Ravindra

41

Our India

Minoo Masani

Out of Dust

F.D. Karaka

Paddy Clarke Ha, Ha, Ha

Reddy Doyle

Padmavati

Malik Mohammed Jayasi

Painted Veil

W. Somerset Maugham

Painter of Signs

R.K. Narayan

Pair of Blue Eyes

Thomas Hardy

Pakistan in the 20th Century Political History

Lawrence Ziring

Pakistan Crisis

David Loshak

Pakistan Papers

Mani Shankar Aiyer

Pakistan-The Gathering Storm

Benazir Bhutto

Panchagram

Tarashankar Bandopadhyaya

Panchtantra

Vishnu Sharma

Paradise Lost

John Milton

Pakistan Cut to Size

D.R. Mankekar

Paradiso

Alighieri Dante

Paradise Regained

John Milton

Passage to England

Nirad C. Chaudhuri

Passage to India

E.M. Forster

Past and Present

Thomas Carlyle

Past Forward

G.R. Narayanan

Pather Panchali

Bibhuti Bhushan Bandyopadhyaya

Path to Power

Margaret Thatcher

Patriot

Pearl S. Buck

Pavilion of Women

Pearl S. Buck

Peculiar Music

Emily Bronte

Peter Pan

J.M. Barrie

Ravindra

42

Personal of Democracy

P.C. Alexander

Personal Adventure

Theodore H. White

Persuasion

Jane Austen

Pickwick Papers

Charles Dickens

Pilgrim's Progress

John Bunyan

Pillow Problems and the Tangled Tale

Lewis Carroll

Pinjar

Amrita Pritam

Plague

Albert Camus

Plans for Departure

Nayantara Sehgal

Pleading Guilty

Scott Turow

Poison Belt

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Politics

Aristotle

Portrait of India

Ved Mehta

Possessed

Albert Camus

Post Office

Rabindranath Tagore

Power and Glory

Graham Greene

Power of Movement in Plants

Charles Darwin

Power That Be

David Halberstan

Prathama Pratishruti

Ashapurna Devi

Prem Pachisi

Prem Chand

Prelude

William Wordsworth

Premonitions

P.N. Haksar

Preparing for the Twentieth Century

Paul Kennedy

Price of Partition

Rafiq Zakaria

Price of Power-Kissinger in the Nixon White House

Seymour M. Hersh

Princess in Love

Ann Pasternak

Prison and Chocolate Cake

Nayantara Sehgal

Prison Diary

Jayaprakash Narayan

Prisoner of Zenda

Anthony Hope

Ravindra

43

Prisoner's Scrapbook

L.K. Advani

Primary Colors

Anonymous

Prince

Machiavelli

Prithviraj Raso

Chand Bardai

Pride and Prejudice

Jane Austen

Principia

Isaac Newton

Professor

Charlotte Bronte

Profiles & Letters

K. Natwar Singh

Promises to Keep

Chester Bowles

Punjab, The Knights of Falsehood

K.P.S. Gill

Purgatory

Alighieri Dante

Pyramids of Sacrifice

Peter L.Berger

Pygmation

G.B. Shaw

Books and Authors [ Q - T ] Books

Authors

Quarantene

Jim Crass

Quest for Conscience

Madhu Dandavate

R Documents

Irving Wallace

Rabbit, Run

John Updike

Radharani

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Rage of Angels

Sydney Sheldon

Ragtime

E.L. Doctorow

Raghuvamsa

Kalidas

Rajtarangini

Kalhana

Ram Charit Manas

Tulsidas

Ramayana

Maharishi Valmiki (in Sanskrit)

Ravindra

44

Ramayana Dharshanam

K.V. Puttappa

Rangbhoomi

Prem Chand

Rains Came

Louis Bromefield

Rain King

Saul Bellow

Rainbow

Pearl S. Buck

Raj : The Making & Unmaking of British India

Lawrence James

Rang-e-Shairi

Raghupati Sahai 'Firaq' Gorakhpuri

Rape of the Lock

Alexander Pope

Rape of Nanking: An undeniable History of Photographs

Shi Young

Rape of Bangladesh

Anthony Mascarenhas

Rare Glimpses of the Raj

Pran Nevile

Ratnavali

Harsha Vardhan

Ravi Paar (Across the Ravi)

Gulzar

Razor's Edge

Somerset Maugham

Rebel

Albert Camus

Rebirth

Leonid Brezhnev

Red and Black

Stendhal

Red Star Over China

Edgar Snow

Red Wheel

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Rediscovering Gandhi

Yogesh Chadha

Reflections on the Frence Revolution

Edmund Burke

Red Badge of Courage

Stephen Crane

Remembering Babylon

David Malouf

Reminiscences

Thomas Carlyle

Reminiscences

Thomas Carlyle

Reminiscences of the Nehru Age

M.O. Mathai

Rendezvous with Rama

Arthur C. Clark

Reprieve

Jean Paul Sartre

Ravindra

45

Republic

Plato

Rescue

Joseph Conrad

Resurrection

Leo Tolstoy

Return of the Aryans

Bhagwan S. Gidwani

Return of the Native

Thomas Hardy

Returning to the Source

Acharya Rajneesh

Revenue Stamp

Amrita Pritam

Rich Like Us

Nayantara Sehgal

Riding the Storm

Harold MacMillan

Rights the Man

Thomas Paina

Rise and Fall of the Great Powers

Paul Kennedy

Ritu Ka Pehla Phool

Vijendra

Ritu Samhara

Kalidas

Rivals

R.B. Sheridan

River Sutra

Gita Mehta

Road to Folly

Leslie Ford

Road to Freedom

K.K. Khullar

Robe

Lloyd C. Douglas

Robinson Crusoe

Daniel Defoe

Romeo and Juliet

William Shakespeare

Room at the Top

John Braine Roots

Rubaiyat-i-Omar Khayyam

Edward Fitzgerald

Rukh Te Rishi

Harbhajan Singh

Sader-i-Riyasat

Karan Singh

Sardar Patel and Indian Muslims

Rafiq Zakaria

Sakharam Binder

Vijay Tendulkar

Saket

Maithili Sharan Gupta

Satyartha Prakash

Swami Dayanand

Smaler's Planet

Saul Bellow

Ravindra

46

Sanctuary

William Faulkner

Sands of Time

Sidney Sheldon

Santa Evita

Tomas Eloymartinez

Satanic Verses

Salman Rushdie

Savitri

Aurobindo Ghosh

Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Scarlet Pimpernel

Baroness Orczy

Scenes from a Writer's Life

Ruskin Bond

Sceptred Flute

Sarojini Naidu

Schindlr's List

Thomas Keneally

Scholar Extraordinary

Nirad C. Chaudhuri

School for Scandal

R.B. Sheridan

Scope of Happiness

Vijayalakshmi Pandit

Search for Home

Sasthi Brata

Second World War

Winston Churchill

Secret Agent

Joseph Conrad

Sense of Time

S.H. Vatsyayan

Sesame and Lilies

John Ruskin

Seven Lamps of Architecture

John Ruskin

Seven Summers

Mulk Raj Anand

Tale of a Tub

Jonathan Swift

Tale of Two Cities

Charles Dickens

Tales from Shakespeare

Charles Lamb

Tales of Sherlock Holmes

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Talisman

Sir Walter Scott

Tamas

Bhisham Sahni

Tar Baby

Toni Morrison

Tarkash

Javed Akhtar

Tarzan of the Apes

Edgar Rice Burroughs

Ravindra

47

Tehriq-e-Mujahideen

Dr. Sadiq Hussain

Temple Tiger

Jim Corbett

Tess of D'Urbervilles

Thomas Hardy

Thank You, Jeeves

P.G. Wodehouse

The Age of Extremes

Eric Holsbawm

The Assassination

K. Mohandas

The Agenda-Indide the Clinton White House

Bob Woodward

The Agony and Ecstasy

Irving Stone

The Best and the Brightest

David Malberstam

The Beach Tree

Pearl S. Buck

The Betrayal of East Pakistan

Lt. Gen. A.A.K. Niazi

The Calcutta Chromosome

Amitav Ghosh

The Career & Legend of Vasco de Gama

Sanjay Subramanyam

The Commitments

Roddy Doyle

The Cardinal

Henry Morton Robinson

The Changing World of Executive

Peter Drucker

The Chinese Betrayal

B.N. Mullick

The Congress Splits

R.P. Rao

The Dark Side of Camelot

Seymore Hersh

The Defeat or Distant Drumbeats

Bhaskar Roy

The Diplomatic Bag

John Ure

Books and Authors [ U - Z ] Books

Authors

Ugly Duckling

H.C. Anderson

Ulysses

James Joyce

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Mrs.Hariet Stowe

Ravindra

48

Unconsoled

Kazuo Ishiguro

Under Western Eye

Joseph Conrad

Unhappy India

Lala Lajpat Rai

Universe Around Us

James Jeans

Until Darkness

Parvin Ghaffari

Utouchable

Mulk Raj Anand

Upturned Soil

Mikhail Sholokov

Urvashi

Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'

Uttar Ramcharita

Bhava Bhuti

Utopia

Thomas More

Unto This Last

John Ruskin

Untold Story

Gen.B.M.Kaul

Valley of Dolls

Jacqueline Susanne

Vanity Fair

Thackeray

Vendor of Sweets

R.K.Narayan

Venisamhara

Narayana Bhatt

Very Old Bones

William Kennedy

Victim

Saul Bellow

Victory

Joseph Conrad

Video Nights in Kathmandu

Pico Lyer

View from Delhi

Chester Bowles

View from the UN

U Thant

Vikram and the Vampire

Sir Richard Burton

Village by the Sea

Anita Desai

Village

Mulk Raj Anand

Vinay Patrika

Tulsidas

Virangana

Maithili Sharan Gupta

Virginians

William Thackeray

Vish Vriksha

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Ravindra

49

Voice of Conscience

V.V. Giri

Voice of Freedom

Nayantara Sehgal

Voice of the Voiceless

Rutsh Harring

Waiting for Godot

Samuel Becket

Waiting for the Mahatma

R.K. Narayan

Waiting to Exhale

Terry McMillan

Wake up India

Annie Besant

Walls of Glass

K.A. Abbas

War and Peace

Tolstoy

War and No Peace Over Kashmir

Maroof Raza

War Minus the Shooting

Mike Marquesee

War of Indian Independence

Vir Savarkar

War of the Worlds

H.G.Wells

Waste Land

T.S. Eliot

Way of the World

William Congreve

We, Indians

Khushwant Singh

We, the People

N.A. Palkhivala

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

Week with Gandhi

Louis Fischer

West Wind

Pearl S. Buck

Westward Ho

Charles Kingsley

Where the Grass is Greener

David M. Smith

While England Sleeps

David Leavitt

Whispers of the Desert

Fatima Bhutto

White House Years

Henry Kissinger

Widening Divide

Rafiq Zakaria

Wild Ass's Skin

Honore de Balzac

Wings of fire, an Autobiography

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam & A. Tiwari

Winston Churchill

Clive Ponting

Ravindra

50

Witness to History

Prem Bhatia

Without Fear or Favour

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

Witness to an Era

Frank Moraes

Woman's Life

Guy de Maupassant

Women and Men in My Life

Khushwant Singh

Wonder That Was India

A.L. Basham

World According to Garp

John Irving

World Within Words

Stephen Spender

Worthy it is

Odysseus Elytis

Worshipping False Gods

Arun Shourie

Wreck

Rabindra Nath Tagore

Wuthering Heights

Emily Bronte

Yajnaseni

Dr. Pratibha Roy

Yama

Mahadevi Verma

Yashodhara

Maithili Sharan Gupta

Yayati

V.S. Khandekar

Year of the Upheaval

Henry Kissinger

Year of the Vulture

Amita Malik

Years of Pilgrimage

Dr.Raja Ramanna

Yesterday and Today

K.P.S. Menon

Zool: The Final Odyssey

Arthur C. Clarke

Zhivago,Dr.

Boris Pasternak

Zlata's Diary-A Child's

Zlata Filipovic Life in Sarajero

Zulfi, My Friend

Piloo Mody

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto & Pakistan

Rafi Raza

Ravindra

51

• Countries and their capital, currencies, Principal languages, Religions

Ravindra

52

Reykjavik Krona Icelandic Christianity India New Delhi Rupee Hindi Hinduism Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Bahasa, Indonesian Islam & Christianity Iran Tehran Rial Persian (Farsi) Islam Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar Arabic (Official) Arabic Judaism & Islam Italy Rome Euro Italian Christianity Jamaica Kingston Jamaican Dollar English Christianity Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese Shintoism & Ravindra

53

Ravindra

54

Vietnam Hanoi Dong Vietnamese Buddhism & Taoism Yemen (N) Sana'a Rial & Dinar Arabic Islam yugoslavia Belgrade Dinar Serbocroatian Christianity Zaire Kinshasa Zaire French & Kiswahili Christianity & Animism Zambia Lusaka Kwacha Bantu & English Christianity & Islam Zimbabwe Harare Dollar English & Shona Tribal & Christianity

Ravindra

55

• Foreign banks operating In India Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ravindra

Name ABN AMRO Bank Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Ltd. Arab Bangladesh Bank Ltd. American Express Banking Corp. Antwerp Diamond Bank N.V. Bank International Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain & Kuwait BSC Bank of Nova Scotia Bank of Tokyo- Mitsubishi Ltd. BNP Paribas Bank of Ceylon Barclays Bank Plc. Calyon Bank

No of Branches in India 28 2 1 1 1 1 5 2 5 3 8 1 5 5 56

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Citi Bank N.A. Shinhan Bank Chinatrust Commercial Bank Deutsche Bank DBS Bank Ltd. HSBC J.P.Morgan Chase Bank N.A. Krung Thai Bank Public Co.Ltd. Mizuho Corporate bank Ltd. Mashreq bank PSC. Oman International Bank SAOG Standard Chartered Bank (SCB) Sonali Bank Societe Generale State Bank of Mauritius

•

39 2 1 11 2 47 1 1 2 2 2 90 2 2 3

Rivers, Lakes, Water falls River

1 Nile .**

Averag Outflow e dischar ge (m³/s) 6,650 4,135 3,349,0 5,100 Mediterrane 00 an Sea

2 Amazon .**

6,400 3,980 6,915,0 219,000 Atlantic 00 Ocean

Ravindra

Leng Lengt Drainag th h e area (km) (mile (km²) s)

Countries in the drainage basin Ethiopia , Eritrea , Sudan , Uganda , Tanzania , Kenya , Rwanda , Burundi , Egypt , Democratic Republic of the Congo Brazil , Peru , Bolivia , Colombia ,

57

3. 4.

5. 6.

Yangtze

6,300 3,917 1,800,0 31,900 East China (Chang Jiang) 00 Sea Mississippi 6,275 3,902 2,980,0 16,200 Gulf of - Missouri 00 Mexico

Yenisei Angara Selenga Yellow (Huang He)

5,539 3,445 2,580,0 19,600 Kara Sea 00

United States (98.5%), Canada (1.5%) Russia , Mongolia

5,464 3,398 745,000 2,110

P.R. China

Bohai Sea (Balhae )

7.

Ob - Irtysh 5,410 3,364 2,990,0 12,800 Gulf of Ob 00

8.

Congo 4,700 2,922 3,680,0 41,800 Atlantic Chambeshi 00 Ocean (Zaire)

9.

Amur Argun (Heilong Jiang)

Ecuador , Venezuela , Guyana P.R. China

4,444 2,763 1,855,0 11,400 Sea of 00 Okhotsk

Russia, Kazakhstan , P.R. China, Mongolia Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic , Angola , Republic of the Congo , Tanzania , Cameroon , Zambia , Burundi , Rwanda Russia, P.R. China, Mongolia

10. Lena

4,400 2,736 2,490,0 17,100 Laptev Sea Russia 00 11. Mekong 4,350 2,705 810,000 16,000 South China Laos , (Lancang Sea Thailand , Jiang) P.R. China, Cambodia , Vietnam , Myanmar 12. Mackenzie - 4,241 2,637 1,790,0 10,300 Beaufort Canada

Ravindra

58

Peace Finlay 13. Niger

14. Paraná (Río de la Plata )

15. Volga

16. Shatt alArab Euphrates

17. Purus 18. Murray Darling 19. Madeira -

Ravindra

00 4,200 2,611 2,090,0 9,570 00

Sea Gulf of Guinea

Nigeria (26.6%), Mali (25.6%), Niger (23.6%), Algeria (7.6%), Guinea (4.5%), Cameroon (4.2%), Burkina Faso (3.9%), Côte d'Ivoire , Benin , Chad 3,998 2,486 3,100,0 25,700 Atlantic Brazil 00 Ocean (46.7%), Argentina (27.7%), Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%), Uruguay (3.8%) 3,645 2,266 1,380,0 8,080 Caspian Sea Russia 00 (99.8%), Kazakhstan (minor) 3,596 2,236 884,000 856 Persian Gulf Iraq (40.5%), Turkey (24.8%), Iran (19.7%), Syria (14.7%) 3,379 2,101 63,166 8,400 Amazon Brazil, Peru 3,370 2,094 1,061,0 767 Southern Australia [1] 00 Ocean 3,239 2,014 850,000 17,000 Amazon Brazil,

59

Mamoré 20. Yukon

3,184 1,980 850,000 6,210

21. Indus

3,180 1,976 960,000 7,160

(Sindhu)

22. São Francisco

3,180 * (2,90 0) 23. Syr Darya - 3,078 Naryn 24.

25.

26.

27. 28.

1,976 610,000 3,300 * (1,802 ) 1,913 219,000 703

Bolivia, Peru Bering Sea United States (59.8%), Canada (40.2%) Arabian Sea Pakistan (93%), India , P. R. China, disputed territory (Kashmir ), Afghanistan Atlantic Brazil Ocean Aral Sea

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan [2] Salween 3,060 1,901 324,000 3,153 Andaman P.R. China (Nu Jiang) Sea (52.4%), Myanmar (43.9%), Thailand (3.7%) Saint 3,058 1,900 1,030,0 10,100 Gulf of Saint Canada Lawrence 00 Lawrence (52.1%), Niagara United Detroit States Saint Clair (47.9%) Saint Marys -Saint Louis Rio Grande 3,057 1,900 570,000 82 Gulf of United (2,89 (1,799 Mexico States 6) ) (52.1%), Mexico (47.9%) Lower 2,989 1,857 473,000 3,600 Yenisei Russia Tunguska Brahmaputr 2,948 1,832 1,730,0 19,200 Bay of India [3]

Ravindra

60

a

*

*

00

Bengal

29. Danube

2,850 1,771 817,000 7,130 * *

30. Tocantins

2,699 1,677 1,400,0 13,598 Atlantic 00 Ocean, Amazon 2,693 1,673 1,330,0 4,880 Mozambique Zambia * * 00 Channel (41.6%), Angola (18.4%), Zimbabwe (15.6%), Mozambiqu

31. Zambezi (Zambesi)

Ravindra

Black Sea

(58.0%), P.R. China (19.7%), Nepal (9.0%), Bangladesh (6.6%), Disputed India/P.R. China (4.2%), Bhutan (2.4%) Romania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%), Serbia (10.3%), Germany (7.5%), Slovakia (5.8%), Bulgaria (5.2%), Bosnia and Herzegovin a (4.8%), Croatia (4.5%), Ukraine (3.8%), Moldova (1.7%). Brazil

61

e (11.8%), Malawi (8.0%), Tanzania (2.0%), Namibia , Botswana 32. Vilyuy 2,650 1,647 454,000 1,480 Lena Russia 33. Araguaia 2,627 1,632 358,125 6,172 Tocantins Brazil 34. Amu Darya 2,620 1,628 534,739 1,400 Aral Sea Uzbekistan , Turkmenista n, Tajikistan , Afghanistan 35. Japurá 2,615 1,625 242,259 6,000 Amazon Brazil, (Rio Yapurá) * * Colombia 36. Nelson 2,570 1,597 1,093,0 2,575 Hudson Bay Canada, Saskatchew 00 United an States 37. Paraguay 2,549 1,584 900,000 4,300 Paraná Brazil, (Rio Paraguay, Paraguay) Bolivia, Argentina 38. Kolyma 2,513 1,562 644,000 3,800 East Russia Siberian Sea 39. Ganges 2,510 1,560 907,000 12,037 Brahmaputr India, [4] (Ganga) a , Bay of Bangladesh, Bengal Nepal 40. Pilcomayo 2,500 1,553 270,000 Paraguay Paraguay , Argentina, Bolivia 41. Upper Ob 2,490 1,547 Ob Russia 42. Ishim 2,450 1,522 177,000 56 Irtysh Kazakhstan, Russia 43. Juruá 2,410 1,498 200,000 6,000 Amazon Peru, Brazil 44. Ural 2,428 1,509 237,000 475 Caspian Sea Russia, Kazakhstan 45. Arkansas 2,348 1,459 505,000 1,066 Mississippi United (435,122) States 46. Ubangi 2,300 1,429 4,003 Congo Democratic Uele Republic of the Congo, Central African

Ravindra

62

Republic Russia Russia, Belarus , Ukraine Aldan 2,273 1,412 729,000 5,060 Lena Russia Negro 2,250 1,450 720,114 26,700 Amazon Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia Columbia 2,250 1,450 415,211 7500 Pacific United (1,95 (1,214 Ocean States, 3) ) Canada Colorado 2,333 1,450 390,000 1,200 Gulf of United (western California States, U.S.) Mexico Pearl - Xi 2,200 1,376 437,000 13,600 South China P.R. China Jiang Sea (98.5%), Vietnam (1.5%) Red 2,188 1,360 78,592 875 Mississippi United States Ayeyarwad 2,170 1,348 411,000 13,000 Andaman Myanmar y Sea

47. Olenyok 48. Dnieper 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

54. 55.

2,292 1,424 219,000 1,210 2,287 1,421 516,300 1,670

Laptev Sea Black Sea

(Irrawaddy)

56. Kasai

2,153 1,338 880,200 10,000 Congo

57. Ohio Allegheny 58. Orinoco

2,102 1,306 490,603 7,957

59. Tarim 60. Xingu 61. Orange

2,100 1,305 557,000 2,100 1,305 2,092 1,300

Lop Nur Amazon Atlantic Ocean

62. Northern Salado 63. Vitim 64. Tigris

2,010 1,249

Paraná

Angola , Democratic Republic of the Congo United States Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana P. R. China Brazil South Africa , Namibia , Botswana , Lesotho Argentina

1,978 1,229 1,950 1,212

Lena Shatt alArab

Russia Turkey , Iraq , Syria ,

Ravindra

Mississippi

2,101 1,306 880,000 30,000 Atlantic Ocean

63

65. 66. 67. 68.

Songhua Tapajós Don Stony Tunguska 69. Pechora 70. Kama 71. Limpopo

1,927 1,900 1,870 1,865

1,197 1,181 1,162 425,600 935 1,159 240,000

72. Guaporé

1,749 1,087

1,809 1,124 322,000 1,805 1,122 507,000 1,800 1,118 413,000

(Itenez)

73. Indigirka

1,726 1,072 360,400 1,810

74. Snake

1,670 1,038 279,719 1,611

75. Senegal

1,641 1,020 419,659

76. Uruguay

1,610 1,000 370,000

77. Blue Nile

1,600 994

77. Churchill 77. Khatanga 77. Okavango

1,600 994 1,600 994 1,600 994

77. Volta

1,600 994

82. Beni 83. Platte

1,599 994 1,594 990

84. Tobol

1,591 989

Ravindra

Amur Amazon Sea of Azov Yenisei

Iran P. R. China Brazil Russia Russia

Barents Sea Russia Volga Russia Indian Mozambiqu Ocean e, Zimbabwe , South Africa , Botswana Mamoré Brazil, Bolivia East Russia Siberian Sea Columbia United States Atlantic Senegal , Ocean Mali , Mauritania Atlantic Uruguay , Ocean Argentina, Brazil Nile Ethiopia , Sudan Hudson Bay Canada Laptev Sea Russia Okavango Namibia , Delta Angola , Botswana Gulf of Ghana , Guinea Burkina Faso , Togo , Côte d'Ivoire , Benin Madeira Bolivia Missouri United States Irtysh Kazakhstan,

64

85. Jubba Shebelle 86. Içá

1,580 982* * 1,575 979

Indian Ocean Amazon

(Putumayo)

87. Magdalena 1,550 963 88. Han 89. Lomami

1,532 952 1,500 932

Caribbean Sea Yangtze Congo

89. Oka 90. Pecos

1,500 932 1,490 926

Volga Rio Grande

91. Upper Yenisei 92. Godavari

1,480 920

Yenisei

1,465 910

Bay of Bengal Gulf of Mexico Ichilo

93. Colorado 1,438 894 (Texas) 94. Río Grande 1,438 894

Russia Ethiopia , Somalia Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador Colombia P. R. China Democratic Republic of the Congo Russia United States Russia, Mongolia India United States Bolivia

(Guapay)

95. Belaya 96. Cooper Barcoo 97. Marañón 98. Dniester

1,420 882 1,420 880

Kama Lake Eyre

Russia Australia

879 877 (840)

Amazon Black Sea

Peru Ukraine , Moldova

99. Benue

1,415 1,411 (1,35 2) 1,400

870

Niger

99. Ili

1,400 870

Cameroon , Nigeria P. R. China, Kazakhstan Australia

(Yili)

Lake Balkhash Lake Eyre

99. Warburton - 1,400 870 Georgina 1 Sutlej 1,372 852 02. 1 Yamuna 03. 1 Vyatka 03. 1 Fraser

Ravindra

1,370 851

Ganges

China, India, Pakistan India

1,370 851

Kama

Russia

Pacific

Canada

1,368 850

Chenab

3,475

65

05. 1 Kura 06. 1 07. 1 08. 1 09. 1 10. 1 11. 1 12. 1 12. 1 12.

Ocean Caspian Sea Azerbaijan , Georgia , Armenia , Turkey , Iran Paraná Brazil

1,364 848

Grande

1,360 845

Brazos

1,352 840

Cauca River Liao

1,350 839

United States Colombia

1,345 836

Gulf of Mexico Magdalena River Bo Hai

Yalong

1,323 822

Yangtze

P. R. China

Iguaçu

1,320 820

Paraná

Olyokma

1,320 820

Lena

Brazil, Argentina Russia

Rhine

1,320 820

198,735 2,330

North Sea

1 Northern 13. Dvina Sukhona 1 Krishna 14. 1 Iriri 14. 1 Narmada 15. 1 Ottawa 16. 1 Zeya 17. 1 Juruena 18.

1,302 809

357,052 3,332

White Sea

Ravindra

1,300 808

P. R. China

Germany , France , Switzerland , Netherlands , Austria , Belgium , Luxembour g, Liechtenstei n , Italy Russia

1,300 808

Bay of Bengal Xingu

India

1,289 801

Arabian Sea India

1,271 790

Canada

1,242 772

Saint Lawrence Amur

1,240 771

Tapajós

Brazil

Brazil

Russia

66

1 19. 1 20. 1 21.

Upper 1,236 768 Mississippi Athabasca 1,231 765 Elbe Vltava

1,231 765

Mississippi Mackenzie 148,268 711

United States Canada

North Sea

Germany , Czech Republic Arkansas United States Saskatchew Canada an

1 Canadian 22. 1 North 23. Saskatchew an 1 Vaal 24. 1 Shire 25. 1 Nen 26. (Nonni) 1 Green 27.

1,223 760

1 Milk 28.

1,173 729

1 Chindwin 31. 1 Sankuru 32.

1,158 720

United States, Canada Ayeyarwady Myanmar

1,150 715

Kasai

1 33. 1 33. 1 35. 1 35. 1 35. 1 35. 1 35. 1

James (Dakotas) Kapuas

1,143 710

Desna

1,130 702

Helmand

1,130 702

Madre de Dios Tietê

1,130 702

Vychegda

1,130 702

Sepik

1,126 700

Ravindra

1,220 758 1,210 752

Orange

South Africa

1,200 746

Zambezi

1,190 739

Songhua

Mozambiqu e , Malawi P. R. China

1,175 730

Colorado (western U.S.) Missouri

1,143 710 88,900

1,130 702

77,700

360

United States

Democratic Republic of the Congo Missouri United States South China Indonesia Sea Dnieper Russia , Ukraine Hamun-iAfghanistan Helmand , Iran Madeira Peru, Bolivia Paraná Brazil Northern Dvina Pacific

Russia Papua New

67

40. 1 41. 1 42. 1 43. 1 44. 1 45. 1 46. 1 46.

Ocean

Guinea , Indonesia United States Russia

Cimarron

1,123 698

Arkansas

Anadyr

1,120 696

Jialing River Liard

1,119 695

Gulf of Anadyr Yangtze

1,115 693

Mackenzie

Canada

White

1,102 685

Mississippi

Huallaga

1,100 684

Marañón

United States Peru

Kwango

1,100 684

1 Gambia 48.

1,094 680

Atlantic Ocean

1 49. 1 50. 1 51. 1 52.

1,086 675

Indus

Chenab

Yellowstone 1,080 671

Kasai

Missouri

Chu River

1067 663

Donets

1,078 670 (1,05 (654) 3) 1,050 652

Don

1,050 652

Gulf of Papua

1,050 652

Orinoco

1 Bermejo 53. 1 Fly 53. 1 53. 1 53. 1 57. 1 58.

263,500 2,700

Guaviare

Kuskokwim 1,050 652 Tennessee

1,049 652

Daugava

1,020 634

Ravindra

62,500

none

Paraguay

P. R. China

Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo The Gambia , Senegal , Guinea India, Pakistan United States Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan Ukraine , Russia Argentina, Bolivia Papua New Guinea , Indonesia Colombia

Bering Sea

United States Ohio United States Gulf of Riga Latvia , Belarus ,

68

1 Gila 59.

1,015 631

1 60. 1 61. 1 62. 1 62. 1 64. 1 65.

Vistula

1,014 630

Loire

1,012 629

Essequibo

1,010 628

Khoper

1,010 628

Tagus

1,006 625

Colorado (western U.S.) Baltic Sea

(Tajo/Tejo)

Colorado 1,000 620 (Argentina)

Russia United States Poland

Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Don

France

Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean

Spain , Portugal Argentina

Guyana Russia

Oceanic 'lakes' Two bodies of water commonly considered lakes are hydrologically ocean (Maracaibo) or geologically ocean (the Caspian Sea). Name Country Regio Water volume n 1. Caspian Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, 78,200 km 3 [2] Sea Turkmenistan, Iran (18,800 cu mi) 20 Maracaibo Venezuela 280 km 3 (67 cu [3] . mi) Continental lakes

The following are geological as well as geographic lakes . Name 2. Baikal

[4]

3. Tanganyika 4. Superior 5. MichiganHuron 6. Malawi

Ravindra

Country Russia Tanzania, DRC, Burundi, Zambia United States, Canada United States, Canada Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania

Region Siberia

Water volume 23,600 km 3 (5,700 cu mi) 18,900 km 3 (4,500 cu mi) 11,600 km 3 (2,800 cu mi) 8,260 km 3 (1,980 cu mi) 7,725 km 3 (1,853 cu mi)

69

7. Vostok

Antarctica

8. Victoria

Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Canada

9. Great Bear Lake [ 5 ] 10 Issyk-Kul . 11 Ontario . 12 Great Slave . Lake [ 5 ] 13 Ladoga . 14 Titicaca . 15 Van [ 6 ] . 16 Kivu . 17 Erie . 18 Khövsgöl . 19 Onega . 21 Toba [ 7 ] . 22 Argentino . 23 Turkana . 24 Vänern . 25 Nipigon . 26 Tahoe . 27 Dead Sea . 28 Albert . 29 Winnipeg .

Ravindra

Northwest Territories

Kyrgyzstan United States, Canada Canada

Northwest Territories

Russia Bolivia, Peru Turkey

Southeast Anatolia

Rwanda, DRC United States, Canada Mongolia Russia Indonesia (Sumatra) Argentina Kenya Sweden Canada

Ontario

United States

California, Nevada

Jordan, Israel, Palestine Uganda, DRC Canada

5,400±1,600 km³ (~1,300 cu mi) 2,700 km 3 (650 cu mi) 2,236 km 3 (536 cu mi) 1,730 km 3 (420 cu mi) 1,710 km 3 (410 cu mi) 1,580 km 3 (380 cu mi) 908 km 3 (218 cu mi) 710 km 3 (170 cu mi) 607 km 3 (146 cu mi) 569 km 3 (137 cu mi) 545 km 3 (131 cu mi) 480 km 3 (120 cu mi) 295 km 3 (71 cu mi) 240 km 3 (58 cu mi) 219.9 km 3 (52.8 cu mi) 204 km 3 (49 cu mi) 180 km 3 (43 cu mi) 165 km 3 (40 cu mi) [ 8 ] 151 km 3 (36 cu mi) 147 km 3 (35 cu mi) 132 km 3 (32 cu mi) 127 km 3 (30 cu mi)

70

30 . 31 . 32 . 33 .

Nettilling

Canada

Balkhash

Kazakhstan

Athabasca

Canada

Nicaragua

Nicaragua

Nunavut (Baffin 114 Island) mi) 112 mi) Alberta110 Saskatchewan mi) 108 mi)

km 3 (27 cu km 3 (27 cu km 3 (26 cu km 3 (26 cu

WORLD'S TALLEST WATERFALLS

Name

Height

( so rt )

Tallest Drop ( so rt )

State

Country

1 . Angel, Salto

3,212 feet / 979 meters

2,648 ft / 807 m

Bolivar

Venezuel a

2 . Tugela Falls

3,110 feet / 948 meters

1,350 ft / 411 m

Kwazulu Natal

South Africa

Tres Hermanas, Cataratas las

3,000 feet / 914 meters

Ayacucho

Peru

4 . Olo'upena Falls

2,953 feet / 900 meters

Hawaii

USA

5 . Yumbilla, Catarata

2,938 feet / 896 meters

Amazonas

Peru

6 . Vinnufossen

2,822 feet / 860 meters

1,378 ft / 420 m

More Og Romsdal

Norway

7 . Baläifossen

2,788 feet / 850 meters

1,482 ft / 452 m

Hordaland

Norway

8 . Pu'uka'oku Falls

2,756 feet / 840 meters

Hawaii

USA

9 . James Bruce Falls

2,755 feet / 840 meters

British Columbia

Canada

10 Browne Falls .

2,744 feet / 836 meters

South Island

New Zealand

11 Strupenfossen

2,690 feet /

Sogn Og

Norway

3 .

Ravindra

800 ft / 244 m

71

.

820 meters

Fjordane

12 Ramnefjellsfossen .

2,685 feet / 818 meters

1,968 ft / 600 m

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

13 Waihilau Falls .

2,600 feet / 792 meters

2,600 ft / 792 m

Hawaii

USA

14 Colonial Creek . Falls

2,584 feet / 788 meters

Washington

USA

15 Mongefossen .

2,535 feet / 773 meters

M?re Og Romsdal

Norway

16 Gocta, Catarata .

2,531 feet / 771 meters

Amazonas

Peru

17 Mutarazi Falls .

2,499 feet / 762 meters

1,572 ft / 479 m

Manicaland

Zimbabw e

18 Kjelfossen .

2,477 feet / 755 meters

490 ft / 149 m

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

19 2,465 feet / Johannesburg Falls . 751 meters

800 ft / 244 m

Washington

USA

20 Yosemite Falls .

2,425 feet / 739 meters

1,430 ft / 436 m

California

USA

21 Trou de Fer, . Cascades de

2,380 feet / 725 meters

1,000 ft / 305 m

Cirque de Salazie

R?union

22 Ølmäafossen .

2,362 feet / 720 meters

2,362 ft / 720 m

Møre Og Romsdal

Norway

23 Mana'wai'nui Falls .

2,360 feet / 719 meters

2,360 ft / 719 m

Hawaii

USA

24 Kjeragfossen .

2,345 feet / 715 meters

2,345 ft / 715 m

Rogaland

Norway

25 Avalanche Basin . Falls

2,320 feet / 707 meters

1,000 ft / 305 m

Montana

USA

26 Harrison Basin . Falls

2,320 feet / 707 meters

1,120 ft / 341 m

Montana

USA

27 Haloku Falls .

2,297 feet / 700 meters

Hawaii

USA

28 Lake Chamberlain . Falls

2,297 feet / 700 meters

South Island

New Zealand

29 Alfred Creek Falls .

2,296 feet / 700 meters

2,296 ft / 700 m

British Columbia

Canada

30 D?ntefossen .

2,296 feet / 700 meters

656 ft / 200 m

M?re Og Romsdal

Norway

31 Brufossen

2,289 feet /

787 ft /

Hordaland

Norway

Ravindra

2,535 ft / 773 m

72

.

698 meters

32 Spirefossen .

2,264 feet / 690 meters

33 Lake Unknown . Falls

2,230 feet / 680 meters

34 Kukenaam, Salto .

2,211 feet / 674 meters

35 Yutaj?, Salto .

2,200 feet / 671 meters

36 Deserted . River Falls

2,198 feet / meters

670

37 Sulphide . Creek Falls

2,182 feet / meters

665

38 2,165 feet / Hidden Falls . meters

660

39 2,165 feet / Kahiwa Falls . meters

660

40 2,165 feet / Krunefossen . meters

660

41 Mardalsfoss 2,154 feet / . en meters

657

42 Snow Creek . Falls

2,140 feet / meters

652

43 2,132 feet / Francis Falls . meters

650

44 Silver Lake . Falls

2,128 feet / meters

649

45 Tyssestreng 2,120 feet / . ene meters

646

46 Aimoo Falls .

2,100 feet / meters

640

47 Blanche,

2,100 feet /

640

Ravindra

240 m Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

492 ft / 150 m

South Island

New Zealand

2,211 ft / 674 m

Bolivar

Venezuel a

Amazonas

Venezuel a

British Columbia

Canada

Washington

USA

South Island

New Zealand

600 ft / 183 m

Hawaii

USA

492 ft / 150 m

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

1,174 ft / 358 m

M?re Og Romsdal

Norway

500 ft / 152 m

California

USA

British Columbia

Canada

Washington

USA

Hordaland

Norway

Hawaii

USA

Cirque de

Reunion

1,023 ft / 312 m

1,312

73

.

Cascade

48 Pitchfork . Falls

ft / 400 m

meters 2,093 feet / meters

Ytste 49 2,034 feet / Tinjefjellfos . meters sen

638 620

50 Langfoss .

2,008 feet / meters

612

51 Gold Creek . Falls

2,001 feet / meters

610

52 Kakaauki . Falls

2,000 feet / meters

610

53 Roraima, . Salto

2,000 feet / meters

610

54 Bluff Falls .

1,968 feet / meters

600

55 Iguapo, . Salto del

1,968 feet / meters

600

56 Levo Savice, 1,968 feet / . Slapovi meters

600

57 Wishbone . Falls

1,968 feet / meters

600

58 Keana'awi . Falls

1,960 feet / meters

597

59 Kve?fossen .

1,935 feet / meters

590

60 1,920 feet / Sentinel Fall . meters

585

61 Sutherland . Falls

1,904 feet / meters

580

62 Chinata, 1,903 feet / . Cataratas la meters

580

63 Wailele Falls 1,903 feet /

580

Ravindra

Salazie Alaska

USA

1,246 ft / 380 m

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

2,008 ft / 612 m

Hordaland

Norway

British Columbia

Canada

600 ft / 183 m

Hawaii

USA

1,000 ft / 305 m

Bolivar

Venezuel a

South Island

New Zealand

Bolivar

Venezuel a Slovenia

South Island

New Zealand

1,480 ft / 451 m

Hawaii

USA

1,935 ft / 590 m

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

500 ft / 152 m

California

USA

885 ft / 270 m

South Island

New Zealand

Amazonas

Peru

Hawaii

USA

74

.

meters

64 Aa Falls .

1,900 feet / meters

579

65 Madden . Falls

1,900 feet / meters

579

66 Lægdafosse 1,886 feet / . n meters

575

67 Gietro, . Cascade du

1,850 feet / meters

564

68 Monument . Falls

1,840 feet / meters

561

69 Tjotafossen .

1,837 feet / meters

560

Østre 70 1,837 feet / Tinjefjellfos . meters sen

Hawaii

USA

500 ft / 152 m

British Columbia

Canada

410 ft / 125 m

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

Valais

Switzerla nd

1,160 ft / 354 m

Montana

USA

1,837 ft / 560 m

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

560

71 Sundefossen .

1,827 feet / 557 meter s

Hordalan d

Norway

72 Ormelifossen .

1,807 feet / 551 meter s

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

73 Waimanu Falls .

1,804 feet / 550 meter s

394 ft / Hawaii 120 m

USA

74 Lahomene Falls .

1,800 feet / 549 meter s

1,04 0 ft / Hawaii 317 m

USA

Ravindra

75

75 Papala Falls .

1,800 feet / 549 meter s

Hawaii

USA

76 Douglas Falls .

1,771 feet / 540 meter s

South Island

New Zealand

77 Pumpelly Basin Falls .

1,760 feet / 536 meter s

720 ft / Montana 219 m

78 Tyssefossen .

1,749 feet / 533 meter s

M?re Og Romsdal

79 Pilao, Cachoeira do .

1,719 feet / 524 meter s

Santa Brazil Catharina

80 Kingcome Valley Falls .

1,706 feet / 520 meter s

1,70 6 British ft / Canada Columbia 520 m

81 Schwartzenbach Falls .

1,706 feet / 520 meter s

656 ft / Nunavut 200 m

82 Swiftcurrent Falls .

1,706 feet / 520 meter s

83 Kakeha Falls .

Ravindra

1,700 feet / 518 meter

USA

Norway

Canada

British Canada Columbia Hawaii

USA

76

s 84 Ahern Glacier Falls .

1,680 feet / 512 meter s

1,68 0 ft / Montana 512 m

USA

85 Lake Frances Falls .

1,680 feet / 512 meter s

Montana

USA

86 Montoya, Salto .

1,656 feet / 505 meter s

87 Papalaua Falls .

1,644 feet / 501 meter s

1,11 5 ft / Hawaii 340 m

USA

88 Engstligenfäll .

1,640 feet / 500 meter s

984 ft / Bern 300 m

Switzerla nd

89 Grinddalsfossen .

1,640 feet / 500 meter s

Sogn Og Fjordane

Norway

90 Hannoki-no-taki .

1,640 feet / 500 meter s

Honshu

Japan

91 Matahushi, Salto .

1,640 feet / 500 meter s

Bolivar

Venezuel a

92 Walcherfall .

1,640 328 Salzburg feet / ft /

Ravindra

Venezuel a

Austria

77

500 100 meter m s 93 Boston Creek Falls .

1,627 feet / 496 meter s

600 ft / Washingt USA 183 on m

94 Lake Frances Falls .

1,625 feet / 495 meter s

585 ft / Montana 178 m

USA

95 Tjornadalsfossen .

1,624 feet / 495 meter s

771 ft / Hordalan 235 d m

Norway

96 Louis Creek Falls .

1,620 feet / 494 meter s

Washingt USA on

97 Ribbon Fall .

1,612 feet / 491 meter s

1,61 2 ft / California USA 491 m

98 Voldefossen .

1,608 feet / 490 meter s

492 ft / Hordalan 150 d m

Norway

99 Thorfossen .

1,601 feet / 488 meter s

1,60 1 Sogn Og ft / Fjordane 488 m

Norway

10 Otter Falls 0 .

1,600 feet / 488 meter s

Ravindra

Washingt USA on

78

1,600 feet / 10 Ventisquero Colgante, Cascada 488 1 . de meter s

1,60 0 ft / Aisen 488 m

Chile

10 Wall of Tears 2 .

1,600 feet / 488 meter s

1,60 0 ft / Hawaii 488 m

USA

10 Krokfossen 3 .

1,591 feet / 485 meter s

1,59 1 Hordalan ft / d 485 m

Norway

10 Torment Falls 4 .

1,583 feet / 483 meter s

Washingt USA on

10 Kiwi Falls 5 .

1,574 feet / 480 meter s

British Canada Columbia

• Nick Names of Important Indian places Ravindra

79

Ravindra

80

bad ) 41 Pitt sbu rg of Indi a J ams hed pur

Ravindra

81

•

National

Ravindra

Emblems

82

Australia Kangaroo Bangladesh Water Lily Barbados Head of trident Belgium Lion Canada White Lily Chile Candor and huemul Denmark Beach Dominica Sisserou Parrot France Lily Germany Corn Flower Guyana Canje Pheasant India Lioned Capital Iran Rose Ireland Shamrock Israel Candelabrum Italy White Lily Ravindra

83

• Towns on Rivers in other Countries

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84

Country River Akyab Kaladan Antwerp Scheldt Baghdad Tigris Bangkok Chao Praya Basra Shatt-al-arab Belgrade Danube Berlin Spree Bonn Rhine Bristol Avon Brussels Seine Budapest Danube Buenos Aires La Plater Cairo Nile Canton Chu-Kiang Chittagong Karnafuli Ravindra

85

• State-CM’S

In India, there are a total of thirty Chief Ministers selected by all twenty-eight states and two out of the seven union territories. They are: State Name Assuming Date Party Andhra Pradesh

Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy

5/14/2004

Indian National Congress

Arunachal Pradesh

Dorjee Khandu

4/9/2007

Indian National Congress

Assam

Tarun Kumar Gogoi

5/17/2001

Indian National Congress

Bihar

Nitish Kumar

11/24/2005

Janata Dal (United)

Chhattisgarh

Raman Singh

12/7/2003

Bharatiya Janata Party

Delhi

Sheila Dikshit

12/3/1998

Indian National Congress

Goa

Digambar Kamat 6/8/2007

Indian National Congress

Gujarat

Narendra Modi

Bharatiya Janata Party

Haryana

Bhupinder Singh 3/5/2005 Hooda

Indian National Congress

Himachal Pradesh

Prem Kumar Dhumal

30/12/2007

Bharatiya Janata Party

Jammu and Kashmir

President rule

2008

Jharkhand

Shibu Soren

2008-08-27

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

Karnataka

B.S. Yedurupaya

2008-05-28

BJP

Kerala

V.S. Achuthanandan

5/18/2006

Communist Party of India (Marxist)

11/29/2005

Bharatiya Janata

Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh

Ravindra

10/7/2001

86

Chauhan

Party

Maharashtra

Vilasrao Deshmukh

11/1/2004

Indian National Congress

Manipur

Okram Ibobi Singh

3/2/2002

Indian National Congress

Meghalaya

D.D. Lapang

3/10/2007

Indian National Congress

Mizoram

Pu Zoramthanga 12/4/1998

Mizo National Front

Nagaland

Neiphiu Rio

3/6/2003

Nagaland People`s Front

Orissa

Naveen Patnaik

5/17/2004

Biju Janata Dal

Pondicherry

Vaithilingam

2008-09-04

Indian National Congress

Punjab

Parkash Singh Badal

2/28/2007

Shiromani Akali Dal

Rajasthan

Vasundhara Raje 12/8/2003 Scindia

Bharatiya Janata Party

Sikkim

Pawan Kumar Chamling

12/12/1994

Sikkim Democratic Front

Tamil Nadu

M. Karunanidhi

5/12/2006

DMK

Tripura

Manik Sarkar

3/11/1998

CPI-M

Uttarakhand

B. C. Khanduri

3/12/2007

Bharatiya Janata Party

Uttar Pradesh

Mayawati

5/13/2007

Bahujan Samaj Party

West Bengal

Buddhadeb Bhattacharya

10/6/2000

CPI-M

• Country-Minister’s CABINET

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MINISTERS

87

1

Dr. Manmohan Singh

Prime Minister and also in-charge of the Ministries/ Departments not specifically allocated to the charge of any Minister viz.: (i) Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions; (ii) Ministry of Planning; (iii) Department of Atomic Energy; (iv) Department of Space; (v) Ministry of Coal; (vi) Ministry of Environment and Forests; and

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

(vii) Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Finance. Minister of Human Resource Development. Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. Shri Lalu Prasad Minister of Railways. Shri A.K. Antony Minister of Defence Shri A.R. Antulay Minister of Minority Affairs. Shri Sushilkumar Shinde Minister of Power Shri Ram Vilas Paswan Minister of Chemicals & Fertilizers and Minister of Steel. Shri S. Jaipal Reddy Minister of Urban Development. Shri Sis Ram Ola Minister of Mines. Shri P. Chidambaram Minister of Home Affairs. Shri Mahavir Prasad Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Shri P.R. Kyndiah Minister of Tribal Affairs. Shri T.R. Baalu Minister of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways. Shri Shankersinh Vaghela Minister of Textiles. Shri Vayalar Ravi Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. Shri Kamal Nath Minister of Commerce & Industry. Shri H.R. Bhardwaj Minister of Law & Justice. Shri Sontosh Mohan Dev Minister of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises. Prof. Saif-ud-din Soz Minister of Water Resources. Shri Raghuvansh Prasad Minister of Rural Development. Singh Shri Priyaranjan Dasmunsi Minister without Portfolio. Shri Mani Shankar Aiyar Minister of Panchayati Raj and Minister of Development of North Eastern Region. . Smt. Meira Kumar Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment. Shri Murli Deora Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas. Smt. Ambika Soni Minister of Tourism and Minister of Culture. Shri A. Raja Minister of Communications and Information Technology. Shri Kapil Sibal Minister of Science & Technology and Minister of Earth Shri Pranab Mukherjee Shri Arjun Singh Shri Sharad Pawar

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30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Shri Prem Chand Gupta

Sciences. Minister of Corporate Affairs.

MINISTERS OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) Smt. Renuka Chowdhury Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Women & Child Development. Shri Subodh Kant Sahay Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries. Shri Vilas Muttemwar Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy . Kumari Selja Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. Shri Praful Patel Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Shri G.K.Vasan Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation and Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Labour & Employment. Dr. M. S. Gill Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports. MINISTERS OF STATE Shri E. Ahammed Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs. Shri B.K. Handique Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers and Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines.. Smt. Panabaka Lakshmi Minister of State in the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Dr. Shakeel Ahmad Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs.. Shri Rao Inderjit Singh Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence. Shri Naranbhai Rathwa Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways. Shri K.H. Muniappa Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways. Shri Kantilal Bhuria Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. Shri Shriprakash Jaiswal Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs. Shri Prithviraj Chavan Minister of State in the Prime Minister’s Office and Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. Shri Taslimuddin Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. Smt. Suryakanta Patil Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development and Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. Shri Md. Ali Ashraf Fatmi Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource

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14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Development. Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance. Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Minister of State in the Ministry of Law & Justice. Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment. Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles. Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism and Minister of State in the Ministry of Culture.. Shri Namo Narain Meena Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment & Forests. Shri Jay Prakash Narayan Minister of State in the Ministry of Water Resources. Yadav Dr. Akhilesh Prasad Singh Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.. Shri Anand Sharma Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs and Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Shri Ajay Maken Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development. Shri Dinsha J. Patel Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. Shri M.M. Pallam Raju Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence. Shri Ashwani Kumar Minister of State in the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry. Shri Chandra Sekhar Sahu Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development. Smt. D. Purandeswari Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Shri M.H. Ambareesh Minister of State in the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. Smt. V. Radhika Selvi Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs. Shri V. Narayanasamy Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs and Minister of State in the Ministry of Planning. Shri Santosh Bagrodia Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal. Shri Raghunath Jha Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises. Dr. Rameshwar Oraon Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Shri Jyotiraditya Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications and Madhavrao Scindia Information Technology. Shri Jitin Prasada Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel. Shri S.S. Palanimanickam Shri S. Regupathy Shri K. Venkatapathy Smt. Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan Shri E.V.K.S. Elangovan Smt Kanti Singh

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• • •

• BUSINESS ECONOMY:Recession A recession is a decline in a country's gross domestic product (GDP) growth for two or more consecutive quarters of a year. A recession is also preceded by several quarters of slowing down. What causes it?

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An economy which grows over a period of time tends to slow down the growth as a part of the normal economic cycle. An economy typically expands for 6-10 years and tends to go into a recession for about six months to 2 years. A recession normally takes place when consumers lose confidence in the growth of the economy and spend less. This leads to a decreased demand for goods and services, which in turn leads to a decrease in production, lay-offs and a sharp rise in unemployment. Investors spend less as they fear stocks values will fall and thus stock markets fall on negative sentiment.

'Financial warfare' triggers global economic crisis As financial markets continue to tumble and as national economies sink deeper into recession, it is clear that the East Asian crisis has developed into a global economic crisis. The international money managers whose speculative activities have heavily contributed to this development, have been abetted by the IMF with its push for the deregulation of international capital flows. After having whittled away the capacity of national governments to effectively respond to such 'financial warfare', these powerful forces are working to secure even greater control of the Bretton Woods institutions and a more direct role in the shaping of the international financial and economic environment. by Michel Chossudovsky 'PRACTICES of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men.' (Franklin D Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address, 1933) Humanity is undergoing in the post-Cold War era an economic crisis of unprecedented scale leading to the rapid impoverishment of large sectors of the world population. The plunge of national currencies in virtually all major regions of the world has contributed to destabilising national economies while precipitating entire countries into abysmal poverty. The crisis is not limited to South-East Asia or the former Soviet Union. The collapse in the standard of living is taking place abruptly and simultaneously in a large number of countries.

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This worldwide crisis of the late 20th century is more devastating than the Great Depression of the 1930s. It has farreaching geo-political implications; economic dislocation has also been accompanied by the outbreak of regional conflicts, the fracturing of national societies and in some cases the destruction of entire countries. This is by far the most serious economic crisis in modern history. The existence of a 'global financial crisis' is casually denied by the Western media, its social impacts are downplayed or distorted; international institutions, including the United Nations, deny the mounting tide of world poverty: 'The progress in reducing poverty over the [late] 20th century is remarkable and unprecedented....' 1 The 'consensus' is that the Western economy is 'healthy' and that 'market corrections' on Wall Street are largely attributable to the 'Asian flu' and to Russia's troubled 'transition to a free- market economy'. Evolution of the global financial crisis The plunge of Asia's currency markets (initiated in mid- 1997) was followed in October 1997 by the dramatic meltdown of major bourses around the world. In the uncertain wake of Wall Street's temporary recovery in early 1998 - largely spurred by panic flight out of Japanese stocks - financial markets back-slided a few months later to reach a new dramatic turning point in August with the spectacular nose-dive of the Russian ruble. The Dow Jones plunged by 554 points on 31 August (its second largest decline in the history of the New York Stock Exchange) leading in the course of September to the dramatic meltdown of stock markets around the world. In a matter of a few weeks (from the Dow's 9,337 peak in mid-July), $2,300 billion of 'paper profits' had evaporated from the US stock market. 2 The ruble's free-fall had spurred Moscow's largest commercial banks into bankruptcy, leading to the potential takeover of Russia's financial system by a handful of Western banks and brokerage houses. In turn, the crisis has created the danger of massive debt default to Moscow's Western creditors, including the Deutsche and Dresdner banks. Since the outset of Russia's macroeconomic reforms, following the first injection of IMF 'shock therapy' in 1992, some $500 billion worth of Russian assets - including plants of the military industrial complex, infrastructure and natural resources - have been confiscated (through the privatisation programmes and forced bankruptcies) and transferred into the hands of Western

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capitalists. 3 In the brutal aftermath of the Cold War, an entire economic and social system is being dismantled. 'Financial warfare' The worldwide scramble to appropriate wealth through 'financial manipulation' is the driving force behind this crisis. It is also the source of economic turmoil and social devastation. In the words of renowned currency speculator and billionaire George Soros (who made $1.6 billion of speculative gains in the dramatic crash of the British pound in 1992), 'extending the market mechanism to all domains has the potential of destroying society'. 4 This manipulation of market forces by powerful actors constitutes a form of financial and economic warfare. No need to recolonise lost territory or send in invading armies. In the late 20th century, the outright 'conquest of nations', meaning the control over productive assets, labour, natural resources and institutions, can be carried out in an impersonal fashion from the corporate boardroom: commands are dispatched from a computer terminal, or a cellphone. The relevant data are instantly relayed to major financial markets - often resulting in immediate disruptions in the functioning of national economies. 'Financial warfare' also applies to complex speculative instruments, including the gamut of derivative trade, forward foreign exchange transactions, currency options, hedge funds, index funds, etc. Speculative instruments have been used with the ultimate purpose of capturing financial wealth and acquiring control over productive assets. In the words of Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad: 'This deliberate devaluation of the currency of a country by currency traders purely for profit is a serious denial of the rights of independent nations.' 5 The appropriation of global wealth through this manipulation of market forces is routinely supported by the IMF's lethal macro-economic interventions which act almost concurrently in ruthlessly disrupting national economies all over the world. 'Financial warfare' knows no territorial boundaries; it does not limit its actions to besieging former enemies of the Cold War era. In Korea, Indonesia and Thailand, the vaults of the central banks were pillaged by institutional speculators while the monetary authorities sought in vain to prop up their ailing currencies. In 1997, more than $100 billion of Asia's hard currency reserves had been confiscated and transferred (in a matter of months) into private financial hands. In the wake of the currency devaluations, real earnings and employment

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plummeted virtually overnight, leading to mass poverty in countries which had in the post-war period registered significant economic and social progress. The financial scam in the foreign exchange market had destabilised national economies, thereby creating the preconditions for the subsequent plunder of the Asian countries' productive assets by so-called 'vulture foreign investors'. 6 In Thailand, 56 domestic banks and financial institutions were closed down on the orders of the IMF, and unemployment virtually doubled overnight. 7 Similarly in Korea, the IMF 'rescue operation' has unleashed a lethal chain of bankruptcies, leading to the outright liquidation of so-called 'troubled merchant banks'. In the wake of the IMF's 'mediation' (put in place in December 1997 after high-level consultations with the World's largest commercial and merchant banks), 'an average of more than 200 companies [were] shut down per day (...) 4,000 workers every day were driven out onto [the] streets as unemployed'. 8 Resulting from the credit freeze and 'the instantaneous bank shut-down', some 15,000 bankruptcies are expected in 1998, including 90% of Korea's construction companies (with combined debts of $20 billion to domestic financial institutions). 9 South Korea's Parliament has been transformed into a 'rubber stamp'. Enabling legislation is enforced through 'financial blackmail': if the legislation is not speedily enacted according to the IMF's deadlines, the disbursements under the bailout will be suspended, with the danger of renewed currency speculation looming. In turn, the IMF-sponsored 'exit programme' (i.e., forced bankruptcy) has deliberately contributed to fracturing the chaebols, which are now invited to establish 'strategic alliances with foreign firms' (meaning their eventual control by Western capital). With the devaluation, the cost of Korean labour had also tumbled: 'It's now cheaper to buy one of these [high- tech] companies than [to] buy a factory - and you get all the distribution, brand-name recognition and trained labour force free in the bargain....' 1 0 The demise of central banking In many regards, this worldwide crisis marks the demise of central banking, meaning the derogation of national economic sovereignty and the inability of the national State to control money creation on behalf of society. In other words, privately held money reserves in the hands of 'institutional speculators' far exceed the limited capabilities of the world's central banks. The latter acting individually or collectively are no longer able

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to fight the tide of speculative activity. Monetary policy is in the hands of private creditors who have the ability to freeze State budgets, paralyse the payments process, thwart the regular disbursement of wages to millions of workers (as in the former Soviet Union) and precipitate the collapse of production and social programmes. As the crisis deepens, speculative raids on central banks are extending into China, Latin America and the Middle East with devastating economic and social consequences. This ongoing pillage of central bank reserves, however, is by no means limited to developing countries. It has also hit several Western countries including Canada and Australia where the monetary authorities have been incapable of stemming the slide of their national currencies. In Canada, billions of dollars were borrowed from private financiers to prop up central bank reserves in the wake of speculative assaults. In Japan - where the yen has tumbled to new lows - 'the Korean scenario' is viewed (according to economist Michael Hudson) as a 'dress rehearsal' for the takeover of Japan's financial sector by a handful of Western investment banks. The big players are Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Deutsche Morgan Grenfell, among others, who are buying up Japan's bad bank loans at less than 10% of their face value. In recent months, both US Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin and Secretary of State Madeleine K Albright have exerted political pressure on Tokyo, insisting 'on nothing less than an immediate disposal of Japan's bad bank loans - preferably to US and other foreign "vulture investors" at distress prices. To achieve their objectives, they are even pressuring Japan to rewrite its constitution, restructure its political system and cabinet and redesign its financial system.... Once foreign investors gain control of Japanese banks, these banks will move to take over Japanese industry...' 11 Creditors and speculators The world's largest banks and brokerage houses are both creditors and institutional speculators. In the present context, they contribute (through their speculative assaults) to destabilising national currencies, thereby boosting the volume of dollar denominated debts. They then reappear as creditors with a view to collecting these debts. Finally, they are called in as 'policy advisers' or consultants in the IMF- World Banksponsored 'bankruptcy programmes' of which they are the ultimate beneficiaries. In Indonesia, for instance, amidst street rioting and in the wake of Suharto's resignation, the

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privatisation of key sectors of the Indonesian economy ordered by the IMF was entrusted to eight of the world's largest merchant banks, including Lehman Brothers, Credit SuisseFirst Boston, Goldman Sachs and UBS/SBC Warburg Dillon Read. 1 2 The world's largest money managers set countries on fire and are then called in as firemen (under the IMF 'rescue plan') to extinguish the blaze. They ultimately decide which enterprises are to be closed down and which are to be auctioned off to foreign investors at bargain prices. Who funds the IMF bailouts? Under repeated speculative assaults, Asian central banks had entered into multi-billion-dollar contracts (in the forward foreign exchange market) in a vain attempt to protect their currency. With the total depletion of their hard currency reserves, the monetary authorities were forced to borrow large amounts of money under the IMF bailout agreement. Following a scheme devised during the Mexican crisis of 1994- 95, the bailout money, however, is not intended 'to rescue the country '; in fact the money never entered Korea, Thailand or Indonesia; it was earmarked to reimburse the 'institutional speculators', to ensure that they would be able to collect their multi-billion-dollar loot. In turn, the Asian tigers have been tamed by their financial masters. Transformed into lame ducks, they have been 'locked up' into servicing these massive dollardenominated debts well into the third millennium. But 'where did the money come from' to finance these multibillion-dollar operations? Only a small portion of the money comes from IMF resources: starting with the 1995 Mexican bailout, G7 countries, including the US Treasury, were called upon to make large lump-sum contributions to these IMFsponsored rescue operations, leading to significant hikes in the levels of public debt. 13 Yet in an ironic twist, the issuing of US public debt to finance the bailouts is underwritten and guaranteed by the same group of Wall Street merchant banks involved in the speculative assaults. In other words, those who guarantee the issuing of public debt (to finance the bailout) are those who will ultimately appropriate the loot (e.g., as creditors of Korea or Thailand) i.e., they are the ultimate recipients of the bailout money (which essentially constitutes a 'safety net' for the institutional speculator). The vast amounts of money granted under the rescue packages are intended to enable the Asian countries to meet their debt obligations with those same financial institutions which contributed to precipitating the breakdown of their national currencies in the first place. As a

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result of this vicious circle, a handful of commercial banks and brokerage houses have enriched themselves beyond bounds; they have also increased their stranglehold over governments and politicians around the world. Strong economic medicine Since the 1994-95 Mexican crisis, the IMF has played a crucial role in shaping the 'financial environment' in which the global banks and money managers wage their speculative raids. The global banks are craving for access to inside information. Successful speculative attacks require the concurrent implementation on their behalf of 'strong economic medicine' under the IMF bailout agreements. The 'big six' Wall Street commercial banks (including Chase, Bank America, Citicorp and J P Morgan) and the 'big five' merchant banks (including Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, Morgan Stanley and Salomon Smith Barney) were consulted on the clauses to be included in the bailout agreements. In the case of Korea's short-term debt, Wall Street's largest financial institutions were called in on Christmas Eve (24 December 1997) for high-level talks at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 1 4 The global banks have a direct stake in the decline of national currencies. In April 1997, barely two months before the onslaught of the Asian currency crisis, the Institute of International Finance (IIF), a Washington-based think-tank representing the interests of some 290 global banks and brokerage houses, had 'urged authorities in emerging markets to counter upward exchange rate pressures where needed...' 15 This request (communicated in a formal letter to the IMF) hints in no uncertain terms that the IMF should advocate an environment in which national currencies are allowed to slide. 1 6 Indonesia was ordered by the IMF to unpeg its currency barely three months before the rupiah's dramatic plunge. In the words of American billionaire and presidential candidate Steve Forbes: 'Did the IMF help precipitate the crisis? This agency advocates openness and transparency for national economies, yet it rivals the CIA in cloaking its own operations. Did it, for instance, have secret conversations with Thailand, advocating the devaluation that instantly set off the catastrophic chain of events? Did IMF prescriptions exacerbate the illness? These countries' moneys were knocked down to absurdly low levels.' 17 Deregulating capital movements

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The international rules regulating the movements of money and capital (across international borders) contribute to shaping the 'financial battlefields' on which banks and speculators wage their deadly assaults. In their worldwide quest to appropriate economic and financial wealth, global banks and multinational corporations have actively pressured for the outright deregulation of international capital flows, including the movement of 'hot' and 'dirty' money. 18 Caving in to these demands (after hasty consultations with G7 finance ministers), a formal verdict to deregulate capital movements was taken by the IMF Interim Committee in Washington in April 1998. The official communique stated that the IMF will proceed with the amendment of its Articles with a view to 'making the liberalisation of capital movements one of the purposes of the Fund and extending, as needed, the Fund's jurisdiction for this purpose'. 19 The IMF managing director, Mr Michel Camdessus, nonetheless conceded in a dispassionate tone that 'a number of developing countries may come under speculative attacks after opening their capital account' while reiterating (ad nauseam) that this can be avoided by the adoption of 'sound macroeconomic policies and strong financial systems in member countries' (ie. the IMF's standard 'economic cure for disaster'). 20 The IMF's resolve to deregulate capital movements was taken behind closed doors (conveniently removed from the public eye and with very little press coverage) barely two weeks before citizens' groups from around the world gathered in late April 1998 in mass demonstrations in Paris opposing the controversial Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) under Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) auspices. This agreement would have granted entrenched rights to banks and multinational corporations overriding national laws on foreign investment as well as derogating the fundamental rights of citizens. The MAI constitutes an act of capitulation by democratic government to banks and multinational corporations. The timing was right on course: while the approval of the MAI had been temporarily stalled, the proposed deregulation of foreign investment through a more expedient avenue had been officially launched: the amendment of the Articles would for all practical purposes derogate the powers of national governments to regulate foreign investment. It would also nullify the efforts of the worldwide citizens' campaign against the MAI: the deregulation of foreign investment would be achieved ('with a stroke of a pen') without the need for a cumbersome multilateral agreement under OECD or World

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Trade Organisation (WTO) auspices and without the legal hassle of a global investment treaty entrenched in international law. Creating a global financial watchdog As the aggressive scramble for global wealth unfolds and the financial crisis reaches dangerous heights, international banks and speculators are anxious to play a more direct role in shaping financial structures to their advantage as well as 'policing' country-level economic reforms. Free-market conservatives in the United States (associated with the Republican Party) have blamed the IMF for its reckless behaviour. Disregarding the IMF's intergovernmental status, they are demanding greater US control over the IMF. They have also hinted that the IMF should henceforth perform a more placid role (similar to that of the bond-rating agencies such as Moody's or Standard and Poor's) while consigning the financing of the multi-billion-dollar bailouts to the private banking sector. 2 1 Discussed behind closed doors in April 1998, a more perceptive initiative (couched in softer language) was put forth by the world's largest banks and investment houses through their Washington mouthpiece (the Institute of International Finance). The banks' proposal consists in the creation of a 'Financial Watchdog' - a so-called 'Private Sector Advisory Council'- with a view to routinely supervising the activities of the IMF. 'The Institute [of International Finance], with its nearly universal membership of leading private financial firms, stands ready to work with the official community to advance this process.' 22 Responding to the global banks' initiative, the IMF has called for concrete 'steps to strengthen private sector involvement' in crisis management - what might be interpreted as a 'power-sharing arrangement' between the IMF and the global banks. 2 3 The international banking community has also set up its own high-level 'Steering Committee on Emerging Markets Finance' integrated by some of the World's most powerful financiers, including William Rhodes, Vice Chairman of Citibank, and Sir David Walker, Chairman of Morgan Stanley. The hidden agenda behind these various initiatives is to gradually transform the IMF from its present status as an intergovernmental body into a full-fledged bureaucracy which more effectively serves the interests of the global banks. More importantly, the banks and speculators want access to the details of IMF negotiations with member governments, which will enable them to carefully

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position their assaults in financial markets both prior to and in the wake of an IMF bailout agreement. The global banks (pointing to the need for 'transparency') have called upon 'the IMF to provide valuable insights [on its dealings with national governments] without revealing confidential information...' But what they really want is privileged inside information. 2 4 The ongoing financial crisis is not only conducive to the demise of national State institutions all over the world, it also consists in the step-by-step dismantling (and possible privatisation) of the post-war institutions established by the founding fathers at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. In striking contrast with the IMF's present-day destructive role, these institutions were intended by their architects to safeguard the stability of national economies. In the words of Henry Morgenthau, US Secretary of the Treasury, in his closing statement to the Conference (22 July 1944): 'We came here to work out methods which would do away with economic evils - the competitive currency devaluation and destructive impediments to trade which preceded the present war. We have succeeded in this effort.' 2 5

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DETAILED NOTES ON G-20, G8 SUMMIT The G-20 (more formally, the Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors) is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 economies: 19 of the world's largest national economies, plus the European Union (EU). It also met twice at heads-ofgovernment level, in November 2008 and again in April 2009. Collectively, the G-20 economies comprise 85%[3] of global gross national product, 80% of world trade (including EU intra-trade) and two-thirds of the world population.[2] The G-20 is a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system. It studies, reviews, and promotes discussion among key industrial and emerging market countries of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability, and seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization.

Organization The G-20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The chair is part of a revolving three-member management group of past, present and future chairs referred to as the Troika. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years.

Members of G-20 In 2009, there are 20 members of the G-20. These include the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries:[2] • • • • • • • • • •

Argentina Australia Brazil Canada China France Germany India Indonesia

• • • • • • • •

Japan Mexico Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Turkey United Kingdom

•

United States

Italy

The 20th member is the European Union, which is represented by the rotating Council presidency and the European Central Bank.

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In addition to these 20 members, the following forums and institutions, as represented by their respective chief executive officers, participate in meetings of the G-20:[2] • • • •

International Monetary Fund World Bank International Monetary and Financial Committee Development Committee of the IMF and World Bank

Membership The membership of the G-20 comprises: • • • • • •

the finance ministers and central bank governors of the G7, 12 other key countries, and the European Union Presidency (if not a G7 member) the European Central Bank the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund the Chairman of the IMFC the President of the World Bank the Chairman of the Development Committee

Membership does not reflect exactly the top 19 national economies of the world in any given year. The organization states:[1] “

In a forum such as the G-20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G-20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. In view of the objectives of the G-20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.

”

All 19 nations are amongst the top 24 economies by purchasing power parity[4] in the 2007 World Bank ranking. Iran(17) and Thailand(23) are not included while Spain(11), Netherlands(19), and Poland(20) are included only as part of the EU.

History The G-20, which superseded the G33, which had itself superseded the G22, was foreshadowed at the Cologne Summit of the G7 in June 1999, but was formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on September 26, 1999. The inaugural meeting took place on December 1516, 1999 in Berlin. In 2008 Spain and The Netherlands were included by French invitation for the G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy and then were admitted as members de facto by the UK.[citation needed]

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G20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy in Washington, D.C. on 15 November 2008. In 2006 the theme of the G-20 meeting was “Building and Sustaining Prosperity”. The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve “sustained growth”, global energy and resource commodity markets, ‘reform’ of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes due to an aging population. Trevor A. Manuel, MP, Minister of Finance, Republic of South Africa, was the chairperson of the G-20 when South Africa hosted the Secretariat in 2007. Guido Mantega, Minister of Finance, Brazil, was the chairperson of the G-20 in 2008; Brazil proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy and economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development. In a statement following a meeting of G7 finance ministers on October 11, 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G-20 would be important in finding solutions to the (then called) economic crisis of 2008. An initiative by French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown led to a special meeting of the G-20, a G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy, on November 15, 2008.[5] G20 leaders met again in London on 2 April 2009.[6] Another G20 summit is scheduled to be held in New York City in September 2009. [7]

Locations of G-20 meetings • • • • • •

1999: Berlin, 2000: Montreal, 2001: Ottawa, 2002: Delhi, 2003: Morelia, 2004: Berlin,

•

2005: Beijing,

Germany Canada Canada India Mexico Germany

• • • • •

2006: Melbourne, Australia 2007: Cape Town, South Africa 2008: São Paulo, Brazil 2008: Washington, D.C., United States[9] 2009: London, United Kingdom

•

2009: New York,

United States

China

G8 Summit The Group of Eight (G8, and formerly the G6 or Group of Six) is a forum, created by France in 1975, for governments of eight nations of the northern hemisphere: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; in addition, the European Union is represented within the G8, but cannot host or chair.[1] "G8" can refer to the member states or to the annual summit meeting of the G8 heads of government. The former term, G6, is now frequently applied to the six most populous countries within the European Union (see G6 (EU)). G8 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7/8 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G8 foreign ministers, or G8 environment ministers. Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 rotates through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and

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determines which ministerial meetings will take place. Lately, both France and the United Kingdom have expressed a desire to expand the group to include five developing countries, referred to as the Outreach Five (O5) or the Plus Five: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa. These countries have participated as guests in previous meetings, which are sometimes called G8+5. Recently, France, Germany, and Italy are lobbying to include Egypt to the O5 and expand the G8 to G14.[2]

History The first G6 meeting in Rambouillet The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized democracies emerged following the 1973 oil crisis and subsequent global recession. In 1974 the United States created the Library Group, an informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan and France. In 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing invited the heads of government from West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States to a summit in Rambouillet. The six leaders agreed to an annual meeting organized under a rotating presidency, forming the Group of Six (G6). The following year, Canada joined the group at the behest of Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and U.S. President Gerald Ford[3] and the group became the 'Group of Seven' -or G7. The European Union is represented by the President of the European Commission and the leader of the country that holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The President of the European Commission has attended all meetings since it was first invited by the United Kingdom in 1977[4] and the Council President now also regularly attends. Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8) or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair and US President Bill Clinton[5], Russia formally joined the group in 1997, resulting in the Group of Eight, or G8.

Structure and activities Leaders of the G8 on 7 June 2007, in Heiligendamm, Germany The G8 is intended to be an informal forum, and it therefore lacks an administrative structure like those for international organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank. The group does not have a permanent secretariat, or offices for its members. In 2008, the president of the European Union Commission participated as an equal in all summit events. The presidency of the group rotates annually among the member countries, with each new term beginning on 1 January of the year. The country holding the presidency is responsible for planning and hosting a series of ministerial-level meetings, leading up to a mid-year summit attended by the heads of government. Japan held the G8 presidency in 2008, Italy is the 2009 president, and Canada will be president in 2010.

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The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or global concern. The range of topics include health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism, and trade. There are also a separate set of meetings known as the G8+5, created during the 2005 Gleneagles, Scotland summit, that is attended by finance and energy ministers from all eight member countries in addition to the five "Outreach Countries": Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa. In June 2005, justice ministers and interior ministers from the G8 countries agreed to launch an international database on pedophiles.[6] The G8 officials also agreed to pool data on terrorism, subject to restrictions by privacy and security laws in individual countries.[7] Global warming and energy Main articles: International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation and Climate Investment Funds At the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the G8 acknowledged a proposal from the EU for a worldwide initiative on energy efficiency. They agreed to explore, along with the International Energy Agency, the most effective means to promote energy efficiency internationally. A year later, on 8 June 2008, the G8 along with China, India, South Korea and the European Community established the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan holding 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori. [8] G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation for the 34th Summit of the G8 Heads of State and Government in Toyako, Hokkaido, met on the 13 and 14 June 2008, in Osaka, Japan. They agreed to the “G8 Action Plan for Climate Change to Enhance the Engagement of Private and Public Financial Institutions.” In closing, Ministers supported the launch of new Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) by the World Bank, which will help existing efforts until a new framework under the UNFCCC is implemented after 2012. [9]

The Annual Summit At the 34th G8 Summit at Toyako, Hokkaido, formal photo during Tanabata matsuri event for world leaders -- Silvio Berlusconi (Italy), Dmitry Medvedev (Russia), Angela Merkel (Germany), Gordon Brown (UK), Yasuo Fukuda (Japan), George Bush (US), Stephen Harper (Canada), Nicolas Sarkozy (France), José Barroso (EU) -- July 7, 2008. The annual G8 leaders summit is attended by eight of the world's most powerful heads of government. However, as noted by commentators the G-8 summit is not the place to flesh out the details of any difficult or controversial policy issue in the context of a three-day event. Rather, the meeting is to bring a range of complex and sometimes inter-related issues. The G8 summit brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.[10]

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The G8 summit is an international event which is observed and reported by news media, but the G8's relevance is unclear.[11] The member country holding the G8 presidency is responsible for organising and hosting the year's summit, held for three days in mid-year; and for this reason, Tony Blair and the United Kingdom accumulated the lion's share of the credit for what went right (and wrong) at Gleneagles in 2005. Similarly, Yasuo Fukuda and Japan hope to garner the greater part of the credit for what went well (and what did not) at the Hokkaido Summit in 2008. Each of the 34 G8 summit meetings could have been called a success if the events had been reframed as venues to generate additional momentum for solving problems at the other multilateral conferences that meet throughout the year. The G8 summit sets the stage for what needs to be done and establishes an idea of how to do it, even if that idea is, at best, rough and patchy.[10] The summits have also been the site of numerous, large-scale anti-globalization protests. Date November 15–17, 1975 June 27– 2nd 28, 1976 1st

3rd

May 7–8, 1977

4th

July 16– 17, 1978

June 28– 29, 1979 June 22– 6th 3, 1980 July 20– 7th 21, 1981 June 4–6, 8th 1982 May 28– 9th 30, 1983 June 7–9, 10th 1984 5th

11th

May 2–4, 1985

May 4–6, 1986 13th June 8– 12th

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Host Location held Website Notes leader Valéry France Giscard Rambouillet G6 Summit d'Estaing United Gerald R. San Juan, Canada joins the group, States Ford Puerto Rico forming the G7 President of the European United James London Commission is invited to join Kingdom Callaghan the annual G-7 summits Bonn, North West Helmut RhineGermany Schmidt Westphalia Masayoshi Japan Tokyo Ōhira Francesco Italy Venice Cossiga Pierre E. Montebello, Canada Trudeau Quebec François France Versailles Mitterrand United Ronald Williamsburg, States Reagan Virginia United Margaret London Kingdom Thatcher Bonn, North West Helmut RhineGermany Kohl Westphalia Yasuhiro Japan Tokyo Nakasone Italy Amintore Venice Host country

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14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st

22nd

10, 1987 June 19– Canada 21, 1988 July 14– France 16, 1989 July 9–11, United 1990 States July 15– United 17, 1991 Kingdom July 6–8, Germany 1992 July 7–9, Japan 1993 July 8–10, Italy 1994 June 15– Canada 17, 1995

June 27– 29, 1996

France

June 20– United 22, 1997 States May 15– United 24th 17, 1998 Kingdom 23rd

25th

June 18– 20, 1999

26th July 21– 23, 2000

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Fanfani Brian Mulroney François Mitterrand George H. W. Bush John Major Helmut Kohl Kiichi Miyazawa Silvio Berlusconi Jean Chrétien

Jacques Chirac

Bill Clinton

Toronto, Ontario Paris Houston, Texas London Munich, Bavaria Tokyo Naples Halifax, Nova Scotia

Lyon

Denver, Colorado Birmingham, Tony Blair England Cologne, North Gerhard Germany RhineSchröder Westphalia Japan Yoshiro Nago, Okinawa Mori

[1]

International organizations' debut to G8 Summits periodically. The invited ones here were: United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization.[12] Russia joins the group, forming G8

[2] [3] [4]

First Summit of the G-20 major economies at Berlin Formation of the G8+5 starts, when South Africa was invited. Since then, it has been invited to the Summit annually without interruption. Also, with permission from a G8 leader, other nations were invited to the Summit on a periodical basis for the first time. Nigeria, Algeria and Senegal accepted their invitations here. The World Health Organization was

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27th

July 20– 22, 2001

Italy

Silvio Genoa Berlusconi

[5]

28th

June 26– 27, 2002

Canada

Jean Chrétien

Kananaskis, Alberta

[6]

29th

June 2–3, 2003

France

Jacques Chirac

Évian-les-Bains [7]

30th

June 8– 10, 2004

31st

July 6–8, United 2005 Kingdom

32nd July 15– 17, 2006

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United States

Russia

George W. Sea Island, Bush Georgia

[8]

Tony Blair

Gleneagles, Scotland

[9]

Vladimir Putin

Strelna, St. Petersburg

[10]

also invited for the first time, too.[12] Leaders from Bangladesh, Mali and El Salvador accepted their invitations here.[12] Demonstrator Carlo Giuliani is shot and killed by police. Russia gains permission to officially host a G8 Summit. The G8+5 was unofficially made, when China, India, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa were invited to this Summit for the first time. Other first-time nations that were invited by the French president included: Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Switzerland.[12] A record number of leaders from 12 different nations accepted their invitations here. Amongst a couple of veteran nations, the others were: Ghana, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen and Uganda.[12] The G8+5 was officially formed. On the second day of the meeting, suicide bombers killed over 50 people on the London Underground and a bus. Nations that were invited for the first time were Ethiopia and Tanzania. The African Union and the International Energy Agency made their debut here.[12] First G8 Summit on Russian soil. Also, the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO made their debut

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33rd

June 6–8, 2007

Germany

Angela Merkel

Heiligendamm, Mecklenburg- [11] Vorpommern

34th

July 7–9, 2008

Japan

Yasuo Fukuda

Toyako (Lake Toya), Hokkaido

35th

July 8-10, 2009

36th 2010 37th 2011 38th 2012 39th 2013 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Silvio La Maddalena Berlusconi Huntsville, Canada Ontario France TBD United TBD States United Kingdom Russia Germany Japan Italy Canada Italy

[12]

[13]

here.[12] A record seven different international organizations accepted their invitations to this Summit. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commonwealth of Independent States made their debut here.[12] Nations that accepted their G8 Summit invitations for the first time are: Australia, Indonesia and South Korea.[12] Official website is now online.

[14]

G8 member facts Seven of the nine leading export countries are in the G8[13] (Germany, US, Japan, France, Italy, UK, Canada). The UK, the USA, Canada, France, and Germany have nominal per capita GDP over US$40,000 dollars.[14] Five of the seven largest stock exchanges by market value are in G8 countries[15] (US, Japan, UK, France, Canada). The G8 countries represent 7 of the 9 largest economies by nominal GDP[16] (Russia isn't one of the 9 largest economies by nominal GDP but has the 7th largest real GDP; Canada was 8th in 2006 but in 2007 it lost 8th place to Spain, as it did in 2003,[16] prompting the previous government headed by José María Aznar to request Spain's entrance in the G8). The 2nd and 3rd largest oil producers (USA and Russia) and the country with the 2nd largest reserves (Canada) are in the G8.[17] Seven of the nine largest nuclear energy producers are in the G8[18] (USA, France, Japan, Russia, Germany, Canada, UK). The 7 largest donors to the UN budget are in the G8[19] (US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy, Canada).

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Cumulative influence of member nations Together the eight countries making up the G8 represent about 14% of the world population, but they represent about 65% of the Gross World Product[20] as measured by gross domestic product, being all 8 nations within the top 12 countries according to the CIA World Factbook. (see the CIA World Factbook column in List of countries by GDP (nominal)), the majority of global military power (seven are in the top 8 nations for military expenditure[21]), and almost all of the world's active nuclear weapons.[22] In 2007, the combined G8 military spending was US$850 billion. This is 72% of the world's total military expenditures. (see List of countries and federations by military expenditures) Four of the G8 members United Kingdom, United States of America, France and Russia together account for 96-99% of the world's nuclear weapons. (see List of states with nuclear weapons)

Criticism and demonstrations Protesters try to stop members of the G8 from attending the summit during the 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy by burning vehicles on the main route to the summit As the annual summits are extremely high profile, they are subject to extensive lobbying by advocacy groups and street demonstrations by activists. The best-known criticisms centre on the assertion that members of G8 are responsible for global issues such as poverty in Africa and developing countries due to debt and trading policy, global warming due to carbon dioxide emission, the AIDS problem due to strict medicine patent policy and other issues related to globalization. During the 31st G8 summit in Scotland, 225,000 people took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging the legitimacy of the G8.[23] Of the anti-globalization movement protests, one of the largest and most violent occurred for the 27th G8 summit [15]. Since that G8 Summit and the subsequent September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States occurred months apart in the same year, the G8 have gathered at some forms of remote locations every year since then. The 7 July 2005 London bombings were timed to coincide with the 31st G8 summit in Scotland. The group has also been criticized for its membership, which critics argue has now become unrepresentative of the world's most powerful economies since Canada was overtaken by China, India, Brazil, Spain, Mexico and South Korea by PPP adjusted GDP.[24] Furthermore, Russia was allowed into the group despite only being in 11th place in terms of nominal GDP.

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Repo rate Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. Repo rate is the rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive.

Reverse Repo rate Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks. Banks are always happy to lend money to RBI since their money are in safe hands with a good interest. An increase in Reverse repo rate can cause the banks to transfer more funds to RBI due to this attractive interest rates. It can cause the money to be drawn out of the banking system. Due to this fine tuning of RBI using its tools of CRR, Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo rate our banks adjust their lending or investment rates for common man

CRR Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep with RBI. If RBI decides to increase the percent of this, the available amount with the banks comes down. RBI is using this method (increase of CRR rate), to drain out the excessive money from the banks.

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SLR SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) is the amount a commercial bank needs to maintain in the form of cash, or gold or govt. approved securities (Bonds) before providing credit to its customers. SLR rate is determined and maintained by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) in order to control the expansion of bank credit

Inflation Inflation is as an increase in the price of bunch of Goods and services that projects the Indian economy. An increase in inflation figures occurs when there is an increase in the average level of prices in Goods and services. Inflation happens when there are less Goods and more buyers, this will result in increase in the price of Goods, since there is more demand and less supply of the goods..

Deflation Deflation is the continuous decrease in prices of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the inflation rate becomes negative (below zero) and stays there for a longer period.

India's Top CEO's Jaspal Bindra - Standard Chartered Kiran Mazumdar Saw - Biocon Anuradha Desai - Venkateshwara Hatcheries NR Narayana Murthy - Infosys Technologies Mukesh Ambani - Reliance Industries Ratan Tata - Tata Group

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KV Kamath - ICICI Bank Azim Hasham Premji - Wipro Nandan Nilekani - Infosys Technologies Rahul Bajaj - Bajaj Auto Vijay Mallya - UB Group Kumar Mangalam Birla - AV Birla Group Sunil Mittal - Bharti Enterprises Deepak Parekh - HDFC Anil Ambani - ADAE Rajiv Bajaj - Bajaj Auto Lalitha Gupte - ICICI Bank S Ramadorai - TCS Jagdish Khattar - Maruti Udyog Subir Raha - ONGC Adi Godrej - Godrej Group GR Gopinath - Air Deccan Subhash Chandra - Zee Telefilms Venu Srinivasan - TVS Motors Brij Mohal Lall Munjal - Hero Group K Anji Reddy - Dr. Reddy's Labs Naresh Goyal - Jet Airways Shiv Nadar - HCL Technologies Yogesh C Deveshwar - ITC Anand Mahindra - Mahindra & Mahindra

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Peter Mukerjea - Star TV India Aditya Puri - HDFC Bank Uday Kotak - Kotak Mahindra Bank AM Naik - Larsen & Toubro SB Mathur - UTI Harish Manwani - Hindustan Lever Renuka Ramnath - ICICI Ventures AK Khandelwal - Bank of Baroda AK Purwar - State Bank of India Suresh Krishna - Sundaram Fasteners Ashok Sinha - Bharat Petroleum Kishore Biyani - Pantaloon Retail B Ramalinga Raju - Satyam Computers YV Reddy - Reserve Bank of India M Damodaran - SEBI AK Sinha - BSNL Naina Lal Kidwai - HSBC India Jeh & Ness Wadia - Bombay Dyeing Asim Ghosh - Hutch VK Mittal - Ispat Industries RS Lodha - Birla Corp VC Burman - Dabur Venugopal Dhoot - Videocon Industries

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Gautam Singhania - Raymond Ravi Venkatesan - Microsoft India BVR Subbu - Hyundai India FV Vandrewala - Motorola India Niall Booker - HSBC India Shikha Sharma - ICICI Prudential Ashwin Dani - Asian Paints Rajeev Bakshi - Pepsi Co. B Muthuraman - Tata Steel SP Hinduja - Hinduja Group Anil Agarwal - Vedanta Resources YK Hamied - Cipla AC Muthaiah - SPIC Bharat Puri - Cadbury India Sanjay Nayar - Citigroup India Karsanbhai Patel - Nirma Brian Tempest - Ranbaxy NS Sekhsaria - Gujarat Ambuja Cement Proshanto Banerjee - GAIL R Seshasayee - Ashok Leyland MB Lal - Hindustan Petroleum BN Kalyani - Bharat Forge Onkar S Kanwar - Apollo Tyres Shashi Ruia - Essar Group

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Vinita Bali - Britannia Gautam Thapar - Cromptom Greaves Ajay Piramal - Nicholas Piramal BS Nagesh - Shoppers' Stop VS Jain - SAIL Shobana Bhartia - HT Media KR Kim - LG India Rana Kapoor - Yes Bank Hemendra Kothari - DSP Merrill Lynch K Ramachandran - Phillips India Mallika Srinivasan - TAFE Hans-Michael Huber - Diamler-Chrysler India Nimesh Kampani - JM Morgan Stanley Scott Bayman - GE India Zia Mody - AZB Partners Noel Tata - Trent Sarthak Behuria - IOC Harsh Goenka - RPG Group Arun Maira - BCG India Adil Zainulbhai - McKinsey India MV Subbiah - EID Parry

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• Economic functions of the bank

Commercial banks play an important role in the financial system and the economy. As a key component of the financial system, banks allocate funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner. They provide specialized financial services, which reduce the cost of obtaining information about both savings and borrowing opportunities. These financial services help to make the overall economy more efficient. Imagine a World Without Banks One way to answer your question is to imagine, for a moment, a world without banking institutions, and then to ask yourself a few questions. This is not just an academic exercise; many former eastern-block nations began facing this question when they began to create financial markets and develop market-oriented banks and other financial institutions. If there were no banks… • • • •

Where would you go to borrow money? What would you do with your savings? Would you be able to borrow (save) as much as you need, when you need it, in a form that would be convenient for you? What risks might you face as a saver (borrower)?

How Banks Work Banks operate by borrowing funds-usually by accepting deposits or by borrowing in the money markets. Banks borrow from individuals, businesses, financial institutions, and governments with surplus funds (savings). They then use those deposits and borrowed funds (liabilities of the bank) to make loans or to purchase securities (assets of the bank). Banks make these loans to businesses, other financial institutions, individuals, and governments (that need the funds for investments or other purposes). Interest rates provide the price signals for borrowers, lenders, and banks. Through the process of taking deposits, making loans, and responding to interest rate signals, the banking system helps channel funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner. Savers range from an individual with a $1,000 certificate of deposit to a corporation with millions of dollars in temporary savings. Banks also service a wide array of borrowers, from an individual who takes a loan of $100 on a credit card to a major corporation financing a billion-dollar corporate merger.

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The table below provides a June 2001 snapshot of the balance sheet for the entire U.S. commercial banking industry. It shows that the bulk of banks' sources of funds comes from deposits - checking, savings, money market deposit accounts, and time certificates. The most common uses of these funds are to make real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Individual banks' asset and liability composition may vary widely from the industry figures, because some institutions provide specialized or limited banking services.

Commercial roles of the bank A commercial bank can be found in all countries on this planet and provides services that range a lot. The services provided by banks are so many that it is hard to think a life with out them. A bank was established at the first place for the purpose of keeping people's money and earning profits on that money by lending them to the needy ones. Since its establishment though, the bank has kept this service but has added dozen more services. Commercial Banks today provide its users with services of car financing which is another form of a loan; however a user is given more luxury on spending. From the time visa cards have been introduced, the commercial banking has evolved into a totally new industry. Providing and giving people the power to spend and pay the banks back when they are viable to do. This not only helps the increase in purchasing power but it increases the economy of the country on the whole. With ATM machines all over the place, it is not necessary for people of today to take the risk of carrying money and thus has started the culture of plastic money. In some countries, commercial banks provide the services of paying utility bills which adds to the convenience that banking sector provides. As technology increases, banks have also enhanced their technique of providing more services, with internet banking being the latest. The role and importance of banks is unquestionable in the world today and it is unthinkable to have a world without them.

RULES OF RBI Provisions in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934:Section 28:

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Notwithstanding anything contained in any enactment or rule of law to the contrary, no person shall of right be entitled to recover from the Central Government or the Bank, the value of any lost, stolen, mutilated or imperfect currency note, provided that the Bank may, with the previous sanction of the Central Government, prescribe the circumstances in and the conditions and limitations subject to which the value of such currency notes or bank notes may be refunded as of grace and the rules made under this proviso shall be laid on the table of Parliament.

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Section 58: (1): The Central Board may, with the previous sanction of the Central Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, make regulations consistent with this Act to provide for all matters for which provision is necessary or convenient for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of this Act. (2): In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions, such regulations may provide for all or any of the following matters, viz.………. ………. ……….…………….. the circumstances in which, and the conditions and limitations subject to which the value of any lost, stolen, mutilated or imperfect currency note of the Government of India or bank note may be refunded. Provisions in the RBI (Note Refund) Rules: In exercise of the powers conferred by the proviso to Section 28 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934), read with clause (q) of the sub-section (2) and sub-section (1) of Section 58 of the said Act, the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India, with the previous sanction of the Central Government hereby makes the following rules prescribing the circumstances in and the conditions and limitations subject to which, the value of lost, imperfect or mutilated notes may be refunded as a matter of grace. Given below are the important provisions of the RBI (Note Refund) Rules, for the benefit of the members of the public. Rule 2: Definitions: In these rules, ‘Bank’ means the Reserve Bank of India constituted by the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. ‘Bank note’ means any note issued by the Bank, but does not include a Government note. (ba) ‘Essential features’ means the features which are necessary for the identification of a note, namely:the name of the issuing authority in Hindi or English, that is, Reserve Bank of India or Government of India, as the case may be;

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the guarantee clause in Hindi or in English; the promise clause in Hindi or in English; the signature in Hindi or in English; the Ashoka Pillar emblem or the Mahatma Gandhi portrait, as the case may be; the water mark of the Ashoka Pillar emblem or the Mahatma Gandhi portrait, as the case may be. Explanation: The essential features of a note have been enumerated with a view to making the application of Rule 9 easier. The definition should be read with Rules 9(1)(a) and 9(2)(a). If any one of the Hindi or the English versions of an essential features is slightly damaged, but the other version is intact, the essential feature in question shall be deemed to be available on the note. In the case of the water-mark, minor damage should be ignored and in applying the Rules, if a major portion of the water-mark is identifiable, the water-mark may be treated as being available. (d) ‘Half note’ means either portion of a note, which has been divided through or near the centre into two pieces, either vertically, that is to say, along a line parallel or nearly parallel to the width of the note or horizontally, that is to say, along a line parallel or nearly parallel to the length of note, provided that such portion is itself in one piece. Explanation: In case of doubt where the mutilation caused to the note is irregular, area of a mutilated piece (note) should be measured by using a transparent plastic sheet on which square centimetres are etched. The plastic sheet should be placed on the note and number of squares counted to obtain the area of the piece. For the purpose of arriving at the total area, half the number of incomplete squares should be added to the number of complete squares. The dimensions of the current design notes are the following:

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Denominati on

Length (cm)

Width (cm)

No. of (cm2)

1

9.7

6.3

61

2

10.7

6.3

67

5

11.7

6.3

74

10

13.7

6.3

86

20

14.7

6.3

93

50

14.7

7.3

107

100

15.7

7.3

115

500

16.7

7.3

122

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123

1000

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7.3

129

124

(e) ‘Half the area’ means an area which represents fifty percent of the total area of a note, including non-printed potions thereof; (f) ‘Imperfect note’ means any note which is wholly or partially obliterated, altered or undecipherable but does not include a mutilated note; (fa) ‘Major portion of the number’ means the prefix and any three digits of the number or, where the prefix is not identifiable, any four digits of the number; Explanation: (i) This definition should be read with Rules 9(1) (c), 9(2)(b), 9(2)(c) and 9(3); (Complete number: 58V 569747) Examples of major portion of the number: 58V 569xxx; 58V xxx747; 58V 5x9x4x; 58V xx974x; 58V 5xxx47; 58V 56xxx7; xxV 5697xx; 5xx xx9747; xxx 5x974x; xxx x697x7. It should be noted that the entire prefix is treated as one unit. (ii) Sometimes, a portion of a digit or letter of the alphabet may be missing. In such cases, if the visible portion can be identified with definiteness as belonging to a particular digit or letter to the exclusion of other digits/letters, the digit or letter may be treated as available. Example:

(5),

(7),

(3)

(g) ‘Mutilated note’ means a note of which a portion is missing or which is composed of pieces; Explanation: Note in two pieces having number(s) intact is now classified as a soiled note. (i) ‘Number’ means the complete serial number of the note, namely the letters and numerals of the prefix and digits following the prefix; (j) ‘Prescribed Officer’ means the officer in charge of the Issue Department at any Office or branch of the Bank or any other person designated by the Bank in this behalf. Explanation:

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The prescribed officer is the officer who has been authorised to pass or reject the mutilated notes under the Note Refund Rules. Rule 3: Presentation and disposal of claims A claim in respect of any note may be presented to the Issue Department of any office or of any branch of the Bank. Note: Reserve Bank of India has also authorised public sector bank branches and designated branches of other banks having currency chests (list available on websites of Regional Offices of the Bank) to accept and exchange mutilated notes under these Rules. Rule 4: Right to call for information or to hold enquiries The prescribed officers either at the designated commercial bank branches or the Reserve Bank of India dealing with a claim may, if it is considered necessary so to do, call for any information or hold any inquiry relating to any claim presented under these rules. Rule 5: General provisions in relation to all claims A claim in respect of a note, which is alleged to have been stolen, shall not be entertained. Note: If a prescribed officer is satisfied that a mutilated note presented to him is one which appears to have been cancelled at any office of the RBI or claim on which appears to have already been paid under these Rules, he may reject the claim on such note after making enquiries under Rule 4 above. A claim in respect of a note which cannot be identified with certainty by the prescribed officer as a genuine note for which the Bank is liable under the Reserve Bank of India Act; or which in the opinion of the prescribed officer has been made imperfect or has been mutilated, with a view to making it appear to be of a higher denomination, or has been deliberately cut, torn, defaced, altered or dealt with in any other manner, not necessarily by the claimants, with a view to establishing a false claim under these rules or otherwise to defraud the Bank or the public, or Explanation: This rule is used in cases where a deliberate intention appears, but the note/s cannot be rejected under any other rule of these Rules. Hand-printed portions joined with parts of genuine notes are rejected under Rule 5(2)(ii).

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which carries any extrinsic words or visible representations intended to convey or capable of conveying any message of a political character, or which has been imported into India by the claimant from any place outside India, Bhutan and Nepal in contravention of the provision of any law, or in respect of which the value is payable not by the Bank but by some other authority, or in relation to which any information, which is called for by the prescribed officer or the Bank as the case may be, is not furnished by a claimant within a period of three months from the date of receipt of the notice or letter asking for the information, shall be rejected. Rule 7: Imperfect notes The value of an imperfect note of a denomination of one thousand rupees or less may be paid, if the matter, which is printed on the note, including the number or numbers, has not become totally undecipherable, and the prescribed officer is satisfied, having regard to the printed matter which is decipherable on the note, that it is a genuine note. Explanation: This rule refers to notes which are entire (i.e. not mutilated) but are wholly or partially obliterated. The guiding principle is that the notes should be established as being genuine Indian currency notes. In some cases, numbers of the notes may not be traceable. Payablity of such notes is decided on the basis of other printed matter available on the note including the watermark which is generally available even on washed notes. Rules 9: Mutilated bank notes: (1) The value of a mutilated bank note of a denomination of one thousand rupees or less, on which the number is printed at one place only may be paid, ifa) the note presented is in not more than two pieces and of which no essential feature is missing and the complete number can also be identified in an undivided area on one of the pieces; or b) the piece, or one of the pieces presented, has an undivided area which is not less than half the area of the note and the complete number can also be identified in an undivided area on such piece; or

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c) the note presented is in pieces none of which may even comprise half the area of the note, but all the pieces presented can be identified as belonging to the same note and all the pieces taken together have an area which is not less than half the area of the note and a major portion of the number can also be identified in an undivided area on one of the pieces. Explanation: Rule 9 (1) applies to the single numbered notes i.e. notes of Re.1, Rs.2 and Rs.5 denominations. The conditions to be satisfied for payment of notes under this Rule are as under:

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S. No.

9(1)(a)

1.

Note is in one piece Note is in one or or in more than one Note is in pieces. two pieces. piece.

2.

Major portion of All essential Complete undivided the number is features are number is available available in an present (even if on one piece. undivided area on partially). one of the pieces.

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9(1)(c)

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3.

The piece on which Complete full number is All the pieces undivided number available is not less belong to the is available on than half the area of same note. one piece. the note.

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The sub-rules are applied to a mutilated note one after another to see whether the claim on it is payable under any of them i.e. if a particular note is not payable, say, under sub-rule 9(a), the possibility of its being payable under sub-rule (b) is examined, and if it is not payable even under sub-rule (b), the possibility of its being payable under sub-rule (c) is examined. If only one piece is presented and it is of an area less than half the area of a note, claim is rejected (cf. Rule 9(1) (b)). If a note is in pieces and major portion of the number is not identifiable in an undivided area on one of the pieces, claim is rejected {cf. Rule 9(1) (c)). If a note is in pieces none of which is more than half the area of the note and the pieces presented cannot be identified as belonging to the same note, claim is rejected {cf. Rule 9(1) (c)). If a note is in pieces and the pieces can be identified as belonging to the same note, but the pieces presented together form an area less than half the area of the note, claim is rejected cf. {Rule 9(1)(c)). 2) The value of a mutilated bank note of a denomination of one thousand rupees or less, on which the number is printed at two places may be paid, if (a) the note presented is in not more than two pieces and of which no essential feature is missing and both the pieces can be identified as belonging to the same note and the complete number can be identified in an undivided area at each of the two pieces at which it is printed; or b) the piece, or one of the pieces presented, has an undivided area which is not less than three-fourths the area of the note and a major portion of the number can be identified on such piece in an undivided area at each of the two places at which it is printed; or c) the note presented is in pieces none of which may even comprise half the area of the note but all the pieces presented can be identified as belonging to the same note and all the pieces taken together have an area which is not less than half the area of the note and a major portion of the number can also be identified in an undivided area at each of the two places at which it is printed. Explanation: Rule 9 (2) applies to the double numbered notes i.e. notes in the denominations of Rs. 10 and above. The conditions to be satisfied for payment of notes under this Rule are as under:

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S. No.

9(2)(a)

1.

Note is in one piece Note is in one or or in more than one Note is in pieces. two pieces. piece.

2.

Major portion of the All essential number is available All the pieces features are at the both the belong to the present (even if places on one same note. partially). undivided piece.

3.

Complete undivided number is available at both places on the same piece or on the two pieces.

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9(2)(b)

9(2)(c)

Major portion of the number is This piece is not available in an less than threeundivided area at fourth the area of both the places the note. (even if in two separate pieces).

132

4.

Both the pieces belong to the same note.

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All the pieces taken together form not less than half the area of the note.

133

The sub-rules are applied to the note one after another to see whether the claim on the note is payable for full value under any of them i.e. if a particular note is not payable, say under sub-rule (a), the possibility of it being payable under sub-rule (b) is examined, and if it is not payable even under sub-rule (b), the possibility of it being payable under sub-rule (c) is examined. If a note is not found payable for full value under any of these sub-rules, only then it is examined to see whether it is payable for half value under Rule 9 (3). (i) If on a note, the number at both places is available on one piece measuring not less than three-fourth the area of the note, but the number is not the major portion of the number at both places; the claim is rejected (cf. Rule 9(2) (b)). If on the other hand, the number is the major portion at one of the two places, half value is paid under Rule 9(3). (ii) If a note is in pieces and together the pieces form an area more than half the area of the note, but the pieces cannot be identified as belonging to the same note, claim is rejected (Rule 9(2)(c)). (iii) If a note is in pieces and the pieces can be identified as belonging to the same note, but the pieces presented together form an area less than half the area of a note, claim is rejected (Rule 9(2)(c)). 3) Half the face value of a mutilated bank note of a denomination of one thousand rupees or less on which the number is printed at two places may be paid, if, the piece, or one of the pieces presented, has an undivided area which is not less than half the area of the note and a major portion of the number can also be identified on such piece atleast at one of the places at which it is printed. Explanation: This rule applies to double-numbered notes i.e. notes in the denominations of Rs. 10 and above. The conditions to be satisfied for payment of half value on such notes are as under: The piece or one of the pieces presented has an undivided area, not less than half the area of the note and Major portion of the number (i.e. one of the two numbers) is available on such piece. If one of the pieces qualifies for payment of half value, the other piece or pieces even if not belonging to the same note, are ignored. A note is considered for payment of half value only when full value is not found payable on it under Rule 9(2).

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4) A claim for the full value of a mutilated bank note of a denomination of one thousand rupees or less on which the number is printed at two places shall, if the note as presented has been formed by joining a half note of another note, be dealt with under sub-rule (3) as if there were separate claims in respect of each of the two half notes. Explanation: This rule is a corollary to Rule 9 (3) and is also applicable only to double-numbered notes. Each of the two, either vertically or horizontally divided half notes is treated as independent notes and claim dealt with under Rule 9(3). The number is the sole feature that is used for distinguishing one note from another. Hence the emphasis is on the number or its major portion. If the major portion of the number of a double-numbered note is available at both places on one undivided area measuring at least ¾th the area of the note, the claim is paid ignoring the remaining portion of the note, whether presented or not (Rule 9(2)(b)). Rule 20: Claimants to be bound by rules For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that any payment which is provided for under these rules shall be made only as of grace and that the Bank may from time to time issue for the guidance of the prescribed officers such supplementary or detailed instructions for carrying out the provisions of these rules as it may deem fit. Any person who makes any claim on account of an imperfect or mutilated note shall be deemed to have made the said claim under the proviso to Section 28 of the Reserve Bank of India Act and subject to the provisions of these rules, which shall be deemed to be binding on all claimants and their heirs or assigns. Rule 21: Decision of the prescribed officer or the Bank If any question arises whether a note or any portion presented is an imperfect or mutilated note or is divided vertically or horizontally through or near the centre or has clearly more than half the area of a whole note or is a half note or whether all the pieces of a note or a portion thereof as presented belong or belongs to the same note, or whether a note is payable under any of the provisions of these rules, the prescribed officer or the Bank shall be entitled to determine the question, having regard to the provisions in the foregoing rules and the condition of the note, and a note shall not be payable unless the conditions specified in these rules have been clearly satisfied in the opinion of the prescribed officer or the Bank.

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The decision of the prescribed officer or the Bank in regard to any claim under these rules shall be final and no appeal from the said decision shall lie to any other officer or authority. Rule 22: Retention and destruction of notes (2) Any note presented in connection with a claim under these rules shall, whatever be the denomination of the note or the prescribed officer’s decision on the claim, be retained by the Bank and destroyed or otherwise disposed of in the case of a note in respect of which any payment is made, at any time after the payment, and in the case of a note in respect of which no payment is made, on the expiry of a period of three months from the date of the decision rejecting the claim.

Stock exchange refers to an organized market where govt. Securities and shares, bonds and debentures of the benefited trading units are regularly transacted. Its business is carried on with in a particular building in which a person can easily convert his shares into cash or new securities. Thus it is a market for the exchange of transfer able securities by providing a continuous market. The term stock exchange is referred by some people to stat Market. Therefore some writer says, "It is a place to get rich quick while others regard as place of gambling.The securities of public companies can be transacted in the exchange only if they have been approved by the committee of the stock exchange.

A company desiring its shares to be approved must first satisfy very rigid rules concerning the prospectus. It must also agree to abide by the regulations of the stock exchange about any aspects of its conduct. Some Features of Stock Exchange Market 1. Specialized market. Stock exchange is a specialized market for the purchase and sale of industrial and financial securities. 2. Rigid rules. There are large number of buyers and sellers who conduct their activities according to rigid rules. 3. Basis of formation. Its activities are controlled by the company ordinance in our country. It can be formed as company limited by guarantee or company limited by shares.

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Taxation India has a well developed tax structure with a three-tier federal structure, comprising the Union Government, the State Governments and the Urban/Rural Local Bodies. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Governments, in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Constitution. The main taxes/duties that the Union Government is empowered to levy are Income Tax (except tax on agricultural income, which the State Governments can levy), Customs duties, Central Excise and Sales Tax and Service Tax. The principal taxes levied by the State Governments are Sales Tax (tax on intra-State sale of goods), Stamp Duty (duty on transfer of property), State Excise (duty on manufacture of alcohol), Land Revenue (levy on land used for agricultural/non-agricultural purposes), Duty on Entertainment and Tax on Professions & Callings. The Local Bodies are empowered to levy tax on properties (buildings, etc.), Octroi (tax on entry of goods for use/consumption within areas of the Local Bodies), Tax on Markets and Tax/User Charges for utilities like water supply, drainage, etc. Since 1991 tax system in India has under gone a radical change, in line with liberal economic policy and WTO commitments of the country. Some of the changes are: Reduction in customs and excise duties Lowering corporate Tax Widening of the tax base and toning up the tax administration Direct Taxes Personal Income Tax Individual income slabs are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% for annual incomes upto Rs 50,000, 50,000 - 60,000, 60,000 - 1,50,000 and above 1,50,000 respectively. Corporate Income Tax For domestic companies, this is levied @ 35% plus surcharge of 5%, where as for a foreign company (including branch/project offices), it is @ 40% plus surcharge of 5%. An Indian registered company, which is a subsidiary of a foreign company, is also considered an Indian company for this purpose. Withholding Tax for NRIs and Foreign Companies:

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Withholding Tax Rates for payments made to Non-Residents are determined by the Finance Act passed by the Parliament for various years. The current rates are: 1. Interest - 20% of Gross Amount 2. Dividends - 10% 3. 4.

Royalties Technical

Services

20% -

20%

5. Any other Services - Individuals - 30% of net income Companies/Corporates - 40% of net income The above rates are general and in respect of the countries with which India does not have a Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA). General Tax Incentives for Industries: 100% deduction of profits and gains for ten years is available in respect of the following: Any enterprise carrying on the business of developing, maintaining and operating infrastructure facilities viz., roads, highways, bridges, airports, ports, rail systems, industrial towns, inland waterways, water supply projects, water treatment systems, irrigation projects, sanitation and sewage projects, solid waste management systems. Undertakings engaged in generation or generation and distribution, transmission or distribution of power, which commence these activities before 31.3.2006. Any company engaged in scientific and industrial research and development activities, approved by the prescribed authority, before 31.3.2003. Any undertaking which develops, operates, maintains an Industrial Park or Special Economic Zone before 31.3.2006. Notified Industrial Undertakings set up in the North Eastern region including seven north-eastern states and the state of Sikkim. Undertakings developing and building housing projects approved by the local authority before 31.3.2001and which are completed before 31.3.2003.

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100% deduction for seven years for undertakings producing or refining mineral oil. 100% deduction from income for first five years and 30% (for persons other than companies: 25%) in subsequent five years is available in respect of the following: Company which starts providing telecommunication services whether basic or cellular including radio paging, domestic satellite service, network or trunking, broad band network and internet services before 31.3.2003. Industrial undertakings located backward states and districts.

in

certain

Undertakings which begin to operate agricultural produce before 31.3.2003. Undertakings engaged in the transportation of food grains.

specified

cold

business

of

chain

industrially

facilities

handling,

for

storage,

50% deduction for a period of five years is available to undertakings engaged in the business of building, owning and operating multiplex theatres or convention centres constructed before 31.3.2005. Tax exemption of 100% on export profits for ten years upto F.Y. 200910, for new industries located in EHTPs and STPs and 100% Export Oriented Units. For units set up in Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 100% deduction of export income for first five years followed by 50% for next two years, even beyond 2009-10. Tax exemption of 100% of Export profits for ten years for new industries located in Integrated Infrastructure Development Centres or Industrial Growth Centres of the North Eastern Region. Deduction of 50% of export profits from the gross total income. The deduction would be restricted to 30% for financial year 2003-04 and no deduction is allowable subsequently. Deduction from the gross total income of 50% of foreign exchange earnings by hotels and tour operators. The deduction would be restricted to 30% for financial year 2003-04 and no deduction is allowable subsequently. 50% deduction of export income due to export of computer software or film software, television software, music software, from the gross total income. The deduction would be restricted to 30% for financial year 2003-04 and no deduction is allowable subsequently.

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Deduction in respect of certain inter-corporate dividends to the extent of dividend declared. Exemption of any income by way of dividend, interest or long term capital gains of an infrastructure capital fund or an infrastructure capital company from investment made by way of shares or long term finance in any enterprises carrying on the business of developing, maintaining and operating infrastructure facility. Sales Tax Central Sales Tax (CST) CST is 4% on manufactured goods. Local Sales Tax (LST) Where a sale takes place within a state, LST would be levied. Such a tax would be governed by the relevant state tax legislation. This is normally up to 15%. Excise Duty Excise duty on most commodities ranges between 0 to 16%. Only on seven items duty is imposed at 32%, viz., motor cars, tyres, aerated soft drinks, air conditioners, polyesters filament yarn, pan masala and chewing tobacco. Duty is charged at 30% on petrol with additional excise duty at Rs. 7 per litre. The said rates are subject to exemptions and deductions thereon as may be notified from time to time. Central VAT (CENVAT) is applicable to practically all manufactured goods, so as to avoid cascading effect on duty. Small Scale Sector is exempted from payment of excise duty from annual production upto Rs.10 million. Customs Duty The rates of basic duties vary from 0 to 30%. Salient features are: Peak customs duty reduced from 220% (in 1991) to 30% (in 2002). The general project import duty (for new projects and substantial expansion of existing projects) reduced from 85% to 25%. Import duty under EPCG Scheme is 5%. R&D imports - 5% customs duty.

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Export made with imported inputs get concessions in form of duty drawback, duty entitlement pass book scheme and advance licence. Many type of industries such as 100% EOU and units in free trade zone get facility of zero import duty. An Authority for Advance Ruling for foreign investor

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SEZ(Special Economic Zone) Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally, the government had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country, deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations, duties and tariffs. SEZs when operational are expected to offer high quality infrastructure facilities and support services, besides allowing for the duty free import of capital goods and raw materials. Additionally, attractive fiscal incentives and simpler customs, banking and other procedures are offered in such zones. Setting up of SEZs is also treated as an infrastructure development activity and offered same incentives. Salient features of the Indian SEZ initiative include: • Unlike most of the international instances where zones are primarily developed by Governments, the Indian SEZ policy provides for development of these zones in the government, private or joint sector. This offers equal opportunity to both Indian and international private developers. • For greenfield SEZs, the Government has specified a minimum preferable area of 1,000 hectares. However, for sector specific SEZs, there is no restriction of minimum area. • 100 per cent FDI is permitted for all investments in SEZs, except for activities under the negative list. • SEZ units are required to be positive net foreign exchange earners and are not subject to any minimum value addition norms or export obligations. • Goods flow into the SEZ area from Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) will be treated as exports and goods coming from the SEZ area into DTA are treated as imports.

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Currently, a number of SEZ projects are coming up in the country. The government has given a go-ahead for around 17 SEZs to be set up in the private sector or the joint sector. Of these, the projects at Positra (Gujarat), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Indore (Madhya Pradesh) and Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra) are in advanced stages of planning and development, while the others are preparing to get off the ground. Incentives and Benefits Besides providing state-of-the-art infrastructure and access to a large well-trained and skilled work force, the SEZ policy also provides enterprises and developers with a favourable and attractive framework of incentives: • 100% income tax exemption for a block of five years and an additional 50% tax exemption for two years thereafter • 100% FDI in the manufacturing sector permitted through automatic route, barring a few sectors. • External commercial borrowings by SEZ units upto US$500 million in a year without any maturity restrictions through recognized banking channels. • Facility to retain 100% foreign exchange receipts in Exchange Earners’ Foreign Currency Account. • 100% FDI permitted to SEZ franchisee in providing basic telephone services in SEZs. • No cap on foreign investment for small scale sector reserved items. • Exemption from industrial licensing requirements for items reserved for the SSI sector. • No import licence requirements • Exemption from customs duties on import of capital goods, raw materials, consumables, spares etc • Exemption from Central Excise duties on procurement of capital goods, raw materials, consumable spares etc., from the domestic market. • No routine examinations by Customs for export and import cargo. • Facility to realize and repatriate export proceeds within 12 months. • Profits allowed to be repatriated without any dividend-balancing requirement.

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• Job work on behalf of domestic exporters for direct export allowed. • Subcontracting both domestic and international is permitted; this facility is available to jewellery units as well. • Exemption from Central Sales Tax and Service Tax • Facilities to set up off-shore banking units in SEZs. Incentives to Developers • Exemption from duties on import /procurement of goods for the development, operation and maintenance of SEZ. • Income tax exemption for a block of 10 years in 15 years. • Exemption from Service Tax • FDI to develop townships within SEZs with residential, educational, health care and recreational facilities permitted on a case-to-case basis .

Interim budget or Vote on account YOU'VE heard about it and now it's going to happen. This year, there won't be an annual full length budget but there will be a Vote on Account or Interim budget, as it is also referred to, instead. So what does Vote on Account mean? Let’s find out.

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What is a vote-on-account? An annual budget is an exercise which the ruling government undertakes whereby it puts forth a report card of its income and expenses in the previous year. It also puts forth provisions to raise money (from taxes) and spend money (on welfare measures). In doing that, it seeks the parliament’s approval to spend the requisite amount of money. The Parliament then votes for or against the proposals and the finance bill gets passed. This whole process begins on 28th Feb when the Finance Minister makes the budget speech and goes on till 31st March, when the bill is passed in the parliament. Now there might be times when the parliament cannot or does not have enough time to vote the entire budget before the new financial year begins. For instance, if a new government comes into power a few months before February, it may not have enough time to study the fiscal state and announce a budget. So the new government may announce an interim budget in February and a full budget in a few months' time.

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Pre-election is also a time when vote on account kicks in. A few months before the elections, a code of conduct comes into play during which the central and state governments cannot announce any major sops to the electorate to prevent any unfair swings in the voting pattern. Moreover, even if the code of conduct does not come into play, it is regarded improper for an outgoing government to impose on its successor changes that may or may not be acceptable to the incoming government. When elections are around the corner, like now (elections are likely to be held in April-May), the government can only present a report card of last year’s income and expenses. It can also seek the parliament’s approval for expenses that it foresees for the next few months until the elections are over and the new government is in place. This exercise is called vote on account. So what is the difference between Vote on Account and Budget? A vote on account only talks about the expenses that the government is likely to make during the next few months. A budget in turn also talks about how it proposes to raise the money to meet these expenses. These are normally in the form of tax sops. When will the budget be held after the vote on account? During election year, the budget is held after the new government is formed. Usually the gap between the vote on account and budget does not exceed six months. When was the first VOA held in independent India? 1952-53 How many times VOA (also called Interim Budget) has been held in India? Eleven. Out of this, six times, a new government presented a VOA because it didn’t have enough time after coming into power to present a full scale budget. In the remaining five instances, the outgoing government presented the VOA. In how many of these five instances did the outgoing government come back to power?

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In four out of five instances, the outgoing government came back to power. Here are the VOAs after which the same government came back to power: Year

FM who presented VOA

195253

CD Deshmukh

195758

TT Krishnamachari

196263

Morarji Desai

199697

Manmohan Singh

200405

Jaswant Singh

Which FMs have presented the most VOAs? Morarji Desai and Yashwant Sinha have both presented two VOAs each

•

Indian Constitution And Amendments

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The Constitution of India was enacted on 26th of January, 1950. The Constituent Assembly of India drafted the nation's Constitution. Being drafted on 26th of November, 1949, the Indian Constitution laid the foundations for establishment of the Democratic Republic of India.

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Drafting of the Constitution The Constitution of India was drafted over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 17 days. The members of Constituent Assembly of India met for the first time in the year 1946 on December 9. The next meeting of the Assembly took place on August 14th, 1947 for the dominion of India in which the proposal of forming various committees was presented. Such committees include Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. One of the unique factors of this meeting was that the Assembly gathered as the Sovereign Constituent Assembly of India. On 29th August, 1947 a Drafting Committee, with Dr. Ambedkar as the Chairman, was formed on the basis of the various reports submitted by the previous committees. It was in the year 1948 that a Draft Constitution including a range of proposals was formed by the concerned committee. The Constituent Assembly of India held two meetings in February 1948 and October 1949 to go through the clauses of the Draft. Finally, from 14th to 26th of November, 1949 the Constituent Assembly analyzed each and every provision of the Draft. The then President of the Constituent Assembly of India signed the Draft on November 26th, 1949. Today, there are 12 Schedules and 395 Articles in the Constitution of India. Amendments have been made to the Constitution time and again as per the need of the hour. Till 2006, there have been 94 Amendments made to the constitution.

Constituent Assembly The Constituent Assembly of India was formed by the elected members of the provincial assemblies of the country. Presided over by Dr. Sachidanand Sinha for the first time, the Indian Constituent Assembly played the most important role in creating the Constitution of India. After Dr. Sinha, Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the President of the Assembly. Comprising over 30 schedule class members, the Constituent Assembly also included sections of Christians, AngloIndians and Minority Community. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, being the Minority Community Chairman, also successfully worked for the Christians. While H P Modi was the representative of the Parsi community, Frank Anthony headed the Anglo-Indian section of the country in the Constituent Assembly. Some of the prominent female personalities of the Constituent Assembly were Vijaylakshmi Pandit and Sarojini Naidu. From Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, B N Rau and Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad to K M Munshi, Sardar Patel and Alladi Krishnaswami Aiyer, each one had a major contribution towards the present form of the Constituent Assembly. Ravindra 150

Preamble The Preamble is one of the most significant parts of the Constitution

List of the 94 Amendments to the Indian Constitution till 2006 There have been 94 amendments made to the Constitution of India. The Amendment Acts, which are also known as Constitution (Amendment) Acts, and the date, when they cam into force, are mentioned below: The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951: This Act came into force on 18 June 1951. The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952: This Act was introduced on 1 May 1953. The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1954: The date of assent of this Amendment Act is 22 February 1955. The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955: This Act became effective since 27 April 1955. The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955: The date since when this Act has been made effective is 24 December 1955. The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956: Since 11 September 1956, this Act has been in effect. The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956: As per s.1 (2) of the Act, this Constitution Act came into force on 1 November 1956. The Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1959: This Act was introduced on 5 January 1960, when it was given assent by the President. The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960: The date on which this Act came into force is 28 December 1960. The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961: This Act was made effective on 11 August 1961 as per the s.1 (2) of the Act. The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961: The date of assent of this Constitution Act was 19 December 1961. The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962: This Act came into force on 20 December 1961 as per s.1 (2) of the Act. The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962: Since 1 December 1963, this Constitution Act has been in effect.

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The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962: This Act was introduced on 28 December 1962. The Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963: This Act was given assent by the President and was introduced on 5 October 1963. The Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963: The date on which this Constitution Act was made effective is 5 October 1963. The Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964: The date since when this Act has been made effective is 20 June 1964. The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 1966: This Act came into force on 27 August 1966. The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966: The date of assent of this Constitution Act is 11 December 1966. The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966: This Constitution Act was introduced on 22 December 1966. The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967: The President gave his assent to this Act on 10 April 1967, since when it has been in effect. The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969: The Act was made effective with the assent of the President on 25 September 1969. The Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act, 1969: The date on which this Act came into force is 23 January 1970. The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971: Since 5 November 1971, this Act is in effect. The Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971: With the assent of the President of India, this Act was introduced on 20 April 1972. The Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971: This Act was made effective on 28 December 1971. The Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971: As per s.1 (2) of the Act, Sections 1 and 3 were introduced on 30 December 1971. The Sections 2, 4 and 5 came into force much later on 15 February 1972. The Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972: This Act came into force on 29 August 1972. The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1972: The date since when this Constitution Act has been made effective is 9 June 1972.

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The Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972: It was on 27 February 1973, when this Act was introduced after assent of the Indian President. The Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973: This Act came into force on 17 October 1973. The Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Act, 1973: This Act was introduced on 1 July 1974. The Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974: Since 19 May 1974, this Constitution Act has been in effect. The Constitution (Thirty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1974: The President of India gave assent to this Act on 7 September 1974. The Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974: This Constitution Act was made effective on 1 March 1975. The Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975: As per s.1 (2), this Act came into force on 26 April 1975, when the Bill passed by the House of People was also passed by the Council of States. The Constitution (Thirty-seventh) Act, 1975: The date of assent of this Act is 3 May 1975. The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975: This Act has been made effective since 1 August 1975. The Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975: With the assent of the Indian President, this Constitution Act was introduced on 10 August 1975. The Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act, 1976: The date on which this Act came into force is 27 May 1976. The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976: This Act was given assent by the President, and hence introduced on 7 September 1976. The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976: This is one of the most important amendments made to the Indian Constitution. The Sections 2-5, 7-17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 43-53, 55, 56, 57 and 59 of this Constitution Act came into force on 3 January 1977. The Sections 6, 23-26, 37-42, 54 and 58 were introduced on 1 February 1977. Section 27 was made effective 2 months later on 1 April 1977. The Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977: This Constitution Act was introduced on 13 April 1978.

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The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978: This is another important amendment made to the Constitution of India. Sections 2, 4-16, 22, 23, 25-29, 31-42, 44 and 45 of this Constitution Act were introduced on 20 June 1979. Sections 17-21 and 30 came into force on 1 August 1979, while Sections 24 and 43 were made effective on 6 September 1979. The Constitution (Forty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1980: As per s.1 (2) of the Act, this Act was given assent by the President of India on 25 January 1980. The Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982: This 46th Amendment to the Constitution was made on 2 February 1983. The Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1984: The date on which this Constitution Act was made effective is 26 August 1984. The Constitution (Forty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1984: This Act came into force on 1 April 1985. The Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984: The President of India gave his assent to this Act for amending the Constitution on 11 September 1984. The Constitution (Fiftieth Amendment) Act, 1984: This Constitution Act came into force on 11 September 1984 with the assent of the President. The Constitution (Fifty-first Amendment) Act, 1984: Since 16 June 1986, this Constitution has been effective. The Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985: It was on 1 March, when this Act was introduced. The Constitution (Fifty-third Amendment) Act, 1986: The date of assent of this Act is 20 February 1987. The Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986: This Act was made effective in 1986 on 1 April 1986, as per s.1 (2) of the Act. The Constitution (Fifty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1986: With the assent of the Indian President, this Constitution Act has been made effective since 20 February 1987. The Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987: This Act was introduced on 30 May 1987. The Constitution (Fifty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1987: This Constitution Act was made effective on 21 September 1987.

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The Constitution (Fifty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1987: The date of assent for this Act is 9 December 1987. The Constitution (Fifty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1988: The President gave his assent for this Constitution Act on 30 March 1988. The Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Act, 1988: This Act was introduced with the assent of President on 20 December 1988. The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988: The date since when this Act has been made effective is 23 March 1989. The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989: As per s.1 (2) of the Act, it was made effective on 20 December 1989, on the date, when the Bill for this Constitution Act was introduced to the Council of States. The Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989: This Act was introduced on 6 January 1990 with the assent of the President of India. The Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1990: This Act has been in effect since 16 April 1990, which is the date of assent for it. The Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1990: With the assent of the President of India, this Act was introduced on 12 March 1992. The Constitution (Sixty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1990: The date, when this Act was given assent by the President of India is 7 June 1990. The Constitution (Sixty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1990: This Constitution Act was introduced on 4 October 1990. The Constitution (Sixty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1991: This Act was made effective on 12 March 1991. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991: This Act came into effect from 1 February 1992. The Constitution (Seventieth Amendment) Act, 1992: As per s.1 (2) of the Act, the Section 3 of this Act was introduced on 12 December 1991. The Section 2 of the Act is yet to receive assent from the Indian President. The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992: The date when this Constitution Act was made effective is 31 August 1992. The Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992: It was on 5 December 1992, when this Act received assent from the President and was introduced.

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The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992: With the assent of the Indian President, this Constitution Act was made effective on 24 April 1993. The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992: This Act was introduced on 1 June 1993. The Constitution (Seventy-fifth Amendment) Act, 1993: The date on which this Act was made effective for amending the constitution is 15 May 1994. The Constitution (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994: This Constitution Act was introduced with the assent of the Indian President on 31 August 1994. The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995: The date of assent for this Act is 17 June 1995. The Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Act, 1995: The President gave his assent to this Act on 30 August 1995. The Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act, 2000: This Act came into force on 25 January 2000. The Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000: 9 June 2000 is the date, when this Constitution Act was implemented. The Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000: This Act was introduced on 9 June 2000. The Constitution (Eighty-second Amendment) Act, 2000: The date on which this Act was made effective is 8 September 2000. The Constitution (Eighty-third Amendment) Act, 2000: It was on 8 September 2000, when this Act came into force with the assent of the President of India. The Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001: This Constitution Act was made effective on 21 February 2002. The Constitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2002: With the assent of the Indian President, this Act came into force on 4 January 2002. The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002: The date of assent for this Constitution Act is 12 December 2002. The Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003: Since 22 June 2003, this Act has been in effect. The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003: This Act came into force on 15 October 2004.

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The Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2003: The President gave his assent for the Bill of this amendment on 28 September 2003. The Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003: The date on which this Constitution Act was introduced is 28 September 2003. The Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003: This Act was introduced with the assent of the President of India on 1 January 2004. The Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act, 2003: This Constitution Act was given assent by the President on 7 January 2004. The Constitution (Ninety-Third Amendment) Act, 2005: Since 20 January 2006, this Act has been made effective. The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006: This Constitution Act came into force on 12 June 2006, with the assent of the President of India.

Prime Minister and Council of Ministers - India

14th Lok Sabha Council of Ministers

NAME

PARTY

PORTFOLIO

Manmohan Singh

Congress

Prime Minister Ministry ofPersonnel, Public grievenances and Pensions Ministry of Planning Department of Atomic Energy Department of Space Ministry of External Affairs

Cabinet Ministers Pranab Mukherjee

Congress

Defence

Arjun Singh

Congress

HRD

Shankersinh Vaghela

Congress

Textiles

H. R. Bhardwaj

Congress

Law

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Kamal Nath

Congress

Commerce and Industry

P. Chidamabaram

Congress

Finance Minister

Mahavir Prasad

Congress

Small Scale, Agro and Rural Industries

P. R. Kyndiah

Congress

Tribal Affairs + North East

Meira Kumar

Congress

Social Justice and Empowerment

Shivraj Patil

Congress

Home

Laloo Prasad Yadav

RJD

Railways

Raghuvansh Prasad Singh

RJD

Rural Development

Ram Vilas Paswan

LJP

Chemical and Fertilizer; Steel

Dayanidhi Maran

DMK

IT and Telecom

A. Raja

DMK

Forest + Environment

T. R. Baalu

DMK

Road Transport, Highways & Shipping

A. Ramdoss

PMK

Health

S.Jaipal Reddy

Congress

Urban Development

Priyaranjan Dasmunsi

Congress

Parliamentary Affairs and Information & Broadcasting

Sushil Kumar Shinde

Congress

Power

Sis Ram Ola

Congress

Mines

K. ChandraSekhar Rao

TRS

Labour & Employment

ManiShankar Aiyar

Congress

Panchayti Raj and Youth Affairs & Sports

Murli Deora

Congress

Petroleum & Natural Gas

Prof. Saif-ud-din Soz

Congress

Water Resources

Sharad Pawor

NCP

Agriculture and Consumer Affairs,Food & Public Distrileution

Shibu Soren

JMM

Coal

A.R. Antulay

Congress

Minority Affairs

Vayalar Ravi

Congress

Overseas Indian Affairs

Santosh Mohan Dev

Congress

Heavy Industries and Public

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Enterprises Ambika Soni

Congress

Tourism & Culture

Kapil Sibal

Congress

Science & Technology and Earth Sciences

Prem Chand Gupta

RJD

Company Affairs

Ministers Of State (Independent charge) Praful Patel

NCP

Civil Aviation

Subodh Kant Sahay

Congress

Food Processing

Vilas Muttemwar

Congress

Non-Conventional Energy Souorces

Premchand Gupta

RJD

Company Affairs

Oskar Fernandes

Congress

Without Portfolio

Renuka Chowdhury

Congress

Woman and Child Development

Kumari Selja

Congress

Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation

G.K. Vasan

Congress

Statistics & Programme Implementation

Ministers Of State E Ahmed

IUML

External Affairs

P Lakshmi

Congress

Health and Family Welfare

Shakeel Ahmed

Congress

Communications and IT

Narayanbhai Ratwa

Congress

Railways

K H Muinayapa

Congress

Road Transport and Highways

M V Rajashekharan

Congress

Planning

Manikrao Gavit

Congress

Home Affairs

Sri Prakash Jaiswal

Congress

Home Affairs

Prithviraj Chavan

Congress

Prime Minister's Office

Suryakanta Patil

NCP

Rural Development Parliamentary Affairs

Md A A Fatimi

RJD

Human Resource Development

A Narendra

TRS

Rural Development

R Velu

PMK

Railways

S S Padmimanikam

DMK

Finance

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S Raghupati

DMK

Home Affairs

K Venkatapati

DMK

Law and Justice

Subhalaxmi Jagdeesan

DMK

Social Justice and Empowerment

Namonarayan Meena

Congress

Environment and Forest

Akhilesh Singh

RJD

Agriculture, Food and Civil Supplies

Pawan Kumar bansal

Congress

Finance

Ajay Maken

Congress

Urban Development

Dinsha J. Patel

Congress

Petroleum & Natural Gas

M.M. Pallm Raju

Congress

Defence

Akhilesh Das

Congress

Steel

Ashwani Kumar

Congress

Department of Industrial policy & Promotion,Ministry of Commece & Industry

Chandra Sekhar Sahu

Congress

Labour & Employment

Suresh Pachouri

Congress

Personnel,Public Grievances & Pensions and Parliamentary Affairs

B.K. Handique

Congress

Chemicals & Fertilizers and Parliamentary Affairs

Rao Inderjit Singh

Congress

Defence

Dasari Narayan Rao

Congress

Coal

T. Subharami Reddy

Congress

Mines

Anand Sharma

Congress

External Affairs

Kantilal Bhuria

Congress

Agriculture and Consumer Affairs,Food & Public Distribution

Taslimuddin

RJD

Agriculture and Consumer Affairs,Food & Public Distribution

E.V.K.S.E langovan

Congress

Textiles

Jairam Ramesh

Congress

Department of Commerce,Ministry of Commerce & Industry

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Kanti Singh

RJD

Department of Heavy Industry,Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises

D. Purandeswari

Congress

Human Resource Development

Akhilesh Singh

Congress

Agriculture,Consumer Affairs,Food & Public Distribution

List of Awards in Different Categories and winners Civilian Awards Param Vir Chakra Jnanpith Awards Dada Saheb Phalke Awards Bharat Ratna

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Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Sports Awards 1. Arjuna Award 2. Dronacharya Award 3. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award 4. Lifetime Achievement award 5. Dhyanchand Award

The complete list of 2009 padma shri awards recipients: A total of 133 Padma awards were announced — 10 Padma Vibhushan, 30 Padma Bhushan and 93 Padma Shri. A list of all Padma awardees for 2009: Padma Vibhushan 1.Dr Chandrika Prasad Srivastava — Civil Service 2.Sunderlal Bahuguna — Environment 3.Prof D P Chattopadhyaya — Literature 4.Prof Jasbir Singh Bajaj — Medicine 5.Dr Purshotam Lal — Medicine 6.Govind Narain — Public Affairs 7Dr Anil Kakodkar — Science 8.G Madhavan Nair — Science 9.Sister Nirmala — Social Work 10.Dr A S Ganguly — Trade & Industry Padma Bhushan 1:G Sivarama Krishna Murthy — Art 2:Prof Ramanlal C Mehta — Art 3:Shamshad Begum — Art 4:V P Dhananjayan & Shanta Dhananjayan — Art 5:Dr Vaidyanathan Ganapathi Sthapati — Art 6:S.K. Misra — Civil Service 7:Shekhar Gupta — Journalism 8:Prof. Alappat Sreedhara Menon — Literature 9:C.K. Prahlad — Literature 10:D. Jayakanthan — Literature

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11:Dr. Isher Judge Ahluwalia — Literature 12:Kunwar Narain — Literature 13:Prof. Minoru Hara — Literature 14:Ramachandra Guha — Literature 15:Dr. Brijendra Kumar Rao — Medicine 16:Vaidya Devendra Triguna — Medicine 17:Dr. Khalid Hameed — Medicine 18:Lt.Gen. (Retd.) Satish Nambiar — Security Affairs 19:Dr. Inderjit Kaur Barthakur — Public Affairs 20:Dr. Kirit Shantilal Parikh — Public Affairs 21:Dr. Bhakta B. Rath — Science 22:Shri Conjeevaram Srirangachari Seshadri — Science 23:Dr. Gurdip Singh Randhawa — Science 24:Sam Pitroda — Science 25:Prof. (Dr.) Sarvagya Singh Katiyar — Science 26:Prof. Thomas Kailath — Science 27:Dr. Naganath Nayakawadi — Social Work 28:Dr. Sarojini Varadappan — Social Work 29:Abhinav Bindra — Sports 30:Anil Manibhai Naik — Trade & Industry

Padma Shri 1:Thilakan — Art 2:A. Vivekh — Art 3:Aishwarya Rai Bachchan — Art 4:Akshay Kumar — Art 5:Dr Ameena Ahmed Ahuja — Art 6:Aruna Sairam — Art 7:Devayani Chaymotty — Art 8:Geeta Kapur — Art 9:Govind Ram Nirmalkar — Art 10:Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma — Art 11:Hashmat Ullah Khan — Art 12:Helan Khan — Art 13:Hemi Bawa — Art 14:Pandit Hridaynath Mangeshkar — Art 15:Iravatham Mahadevan — Art 16:K.P. Udayabhanu — Art 17:Dr Kanneganti Brahmanandam — Art 18:Prof. Kiran Seth — Art 19:Kumar Sanu Bhattacharjee — Art 20:Prof. Dr Leela Omchery — Art 21:Mattannoor Sankarankutty Marar – Art 22:Niranjan Goswami — Art 23:Bhai Nirmal Singh Khalsa — Art

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24:Penaz Masani — Art 25:Prakash N. Dubey — Art 26:Dr. Pratapaditya Pal — Art 27:Ram Kishore Chhipa — Art 28:Saoli Mitra — Art 29:Shri Skendrowell Syiemlieh (Posthumous) — Art 30:Dr. Subrahmanyam Krishnaswamy — Art 31:Suresh Dutta — Art 32:Shri Tafazzul Ali (Posthumous) — Art 33:Udit Narayan — Art 34:Vadakka Manalath Govindan alias Kalamandalam Gopi — Art 35:S.B. Ghosh Dastidar — Civil Service 36:Ameen Sayani — Broadcasting 37:Abhay Chhajlani — Journalism 38:Dr. A. Sankara Reddy — Literature 39:Alok Mehta — Literature 40:Dr Bannanje Govindacharya — Literature 41:Dr Birendranath Datta — Literature 42:Prof. Geshe Ngawang Samten — Literature 43:Prof. Jalees Ahmed Khan Tareen — Literature 44:Jayanta Mahapatra — Literature 45:John Ralston Marr — Literature 46:Lalthangfala Sailo — Literature 47:Laxman Bapu Mane — Literature 48:Dr. Mathoor Krishnamurty — Literature 49:Norden Tshering — Literature 50:Dr. Panchapakesa Jayaraman — Literature 51:Prof. Ram Shankar Tripathi — Literature 52:Prof. Ranbir Chander Sobti — Literature 53:Dr. Ravindra Nath Srivastava — Literature 54:Shamsur Rahman Faruqi — Literature 55:Shashi Deshpande — Literature 56:Sunny Varkey — Literature 57:Suresh Gundu Amonkar — Literature 58:Dr. Utpal K. Banerjee — Literature 59:Dr. A.K. Gupta — Medicine 60:Dr. Alampur Saibaba Goud — Medicine 61:Dr. Arvind Lal — Medicine 62:Dr. Ashok K. Vaid — Medicine 63:Dr. Ashok Kumar Grover — Medicine 64:Dr. Balswarup Choubey — Medicine 65:Dr. D. S. Rana — Medicine 66:Dr. Govindan Vijayaraghavan — Medicine 67:Dr. Kalyan Banerjee — Medicine 68:P.R. Krishna Kumar — Medicine 69:Dr. R. Sivaraaman — Medicine

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70:Dr. Shaik Khader Noordeen — Medicine 71:Prof. (Dr.) Thanikachalam Sadagopan — Medicine 72:Dr. Yash Gulati — Medicine 73:K. Asungba Sangtam — Public Affairs 74:Dr. Shyamlha Pappu — Public Affairs 75:Prof. Syed Iqbal Hasnain — Research on Himalayan Glaciers 76:Goriparthi Narasimha Raju Yadav — Science 77:Prof. Pramod Tandon — Science 78:Bansilal Rathi — Social Work 79:Begum Bilkees I. Latif — Social Work 80:Cheril Krishna Menon — Social Work 81:Rev. Joseph H. Pereira — Social Work 82:K. Viswanathan — Social Work 83:Keepu Tshering Lepcha — Social Work 84:Prof. Shyam Sunder Maheshwari — Social Work 85:Sunil Kanti Roy — Social Work 86:Balbir Singh Khullar — Sports 87:Harbhajan Singh — Sports 88:Mahendra Singh Dhoni — Sports 89:Pankaj Advani — Sports 90:Surinder Mehta — Technology Solutions 91:Arunmugam Sakthivel — Trade & Industry 92:Dr. Bavaguthu Raghuram Shetty — Trade & Industry 93:Shri R.K. Krishna Kumar — Trade & Industry

Bharat Ratna: India's

highest civilian award given for exceptional service towards the advancement of Art, Literature and Science, and in recognition of public service of the highest order. It was established by the President of India, in 2nd January 1954. The regulations were revised 8 January 1955 (to alter the design) and amended 26 January 1957 (to alter the depiction of the devices on the obverse and reverse). From 13 July 1977 to 26 January 1980, awards of the Bharat Ratna were suspended. The original specifications for the award called for a circular gold medal, 35 mm in diameter, with the sun and the Hindi legend "Bharat Ratna" above and a floral wreath below. The reverse was to carry the state emblem and motto. It was to be worn around the neck from a 2 inches white ribbon. There is no indication that any specimens of this design were ever produced and one year later the design was altered. Recipients of Bharat Ratna :Pandit Bhimsen Joshi(2008)

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Dada Saheb Phalke Awards MANOJ KUMAR(2009) SHYAM BENEGAL(2008)

Jnanpith Award The country's highest literary award, the Jnanpith Award, is given to any Indian writer for his or her outstanding contribution in any of the 18 languages mentioned in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. It is given for outstanding contribution to creative writing in a specified period of 15 years but excluding the five years immediately preceding the year.The award was instituted in May 22, 1961. The total prize money for the scheme is Rs. 2.5 lakhs.

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List of Gallantry Award winners Param Vir Chakra Company Havildar Major Abdul Hamid, (4 Grenadiers) Maha Vir Chakra Mohammed Ismail: 1947-48 Operation Brig. Mohammed Usman: Indo-Pakistan War Ashok Chakra The Ashok Chakra is awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peace time equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra and is awarded for the "most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent valour or self-sacrifice" other than in the face of the enemy. Vir Chakra Kirti Chakra Kirti Chakra is awarded for valor, courageous action or selfsacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peacetime equivalent of the Maha Vir Chakra. It is second in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards. 2007: Mohd. Shan Ahmed (posthumous) was posted as Cash Overseer at post office Jhansi. On 26 December, 2005, resisted looting of cash and in the attempt succumbed to fatal injuries inflicted by armed miscreants. He belonged to Jhansi (UP). Shaurya Chakra The Shaurya Chakra is the third level award for gallantry away from the battlefield and by far the nearest equivalent of the Vir Chakra Award for Peacetime. 2009: Lance Havildar Aziz Mohd: 20 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles (Posthumous) Sapper/Operator Executive Machinery Budhu Khan (Posthumous) Naik Mohd Sadiq 2008: Rifleman Abdul Hamid Chara: 162 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H)JAK LI/18 Rashtriya Rifles(posthumous) 2007: Rifleman Raiece Ahmad Ganaie: Jammy & Kashmir Light Infantry/50 Rashtriya Rifles 2006: Ravindra

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Nobel Prize Winners (2008) PEACE: The Swiss Federal Ethics Committee on Non-Human Biotechnology and the citizens of Switzerland for adopting the legal principle that plants have dignity. ARCHAEOLOGY: Astolfo Gomes de Mello Araujo and Jose Carlos Marcelino for showing armadillos can scramble the contents of an archaeological dig. BIOLOGY: Marie-Christine Cadiergues, Christel Joubert and Michel Franc for discovering that fleas that live on a dog can jump higher than fleas that live on a cat. MEDICINE: Dan Ariely for demonstrating that expensive fake medicine is more effective than cheap fake medicine. COGNITIVE SCIENCE: Toshiyuki Nakagaki, Hiroyasu Yamada, Ryo Kobayashi, Atsushi Tero, Akio Ishiguro and Agota Toth for discovering that slime molds can solve puzzles. ECONOMICS: Geoffrey Miller, Joshua Tyber and Brent Jordan for discovering that exotic dancers earn more when at peak fertility. PHYSICS: Dorian Raymer and Douglas Smith for proving that heaps of string or hair will inevitably tangle. CHEMISTRY: Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill and Deborah Anderson for discovering that Coca-Cola is an effective spermicide, and C.Y. Hong, C.C. Shieh, P. Wu and B.N. Chiang for proving it is not. LITERATURE: David Sims for his study "You Bastard: A Narrative Exploration of the Experience of Indignation within Organizations."

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SPORTS Olympics List of countries participating in the Beijing Olympics 2008 with their Country Code. Afghanistan AFG Albania ALB Algeria ALG American Samoa ASA Andorra AND Angola ANG Antigua and Barbuda ANT Argentina ARG Armenia ARM Aruba ARU Australia AUS Austria AUT Azerbaijan AZE Bahamas BAH Bahrain BRN Bangladesh BAN Barbados BAR Belarus BLR Belgium BEL Belize BIZ Benin BEN Bermuda BER

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Bhutan BHU Bohemia BOH Bolivia BOL Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH Botswana BOT Brazil BRA British Virgin Islands IVB Brunei BRU Bulgaria BUL Burkina Faso BUR Burundi BDI Cambodia CAM Cameroon CMR Canada CAN Cape Verde CPV Cayman Islands CAY Guatemala GUA Guinea GUI Guinea-Bissau GBS Guyana GUY Nation Code Haiti HAI Honduras HON Hong Kong HKG Hungary HUN Iceland ISL India IND Indonesia INA Iran IRI Iraq IRQ Ireland IRL Israel ISR Italy ITA Jamaica JAM Japan JPN Jordan JOR Kazakhstan KAZ Kenya KEN Kiribati KIR North Korea PRK South Korea KOR Kuwait KUW Kyrgyzstan KGZ Laos LAO

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Latvia LAT Lebanon LIB Lesotho LES Liberia LBR Libya LBA Liechtenstein LIE Lithuania LTU Luxembourg LUX FYR Macedonia MKD Madagascar MAD Malawi MAW Malaysia MAS Maldives MDV Mali MLI Malta MLT Mauritania MTN Mauritius MRI Mexico MEX Micronesia FSM Moldova MDA Monaco MON Mongolia MGL Montenegro MNE Morocco MAR Mozambique MOZ Myanmar MYA Namibia NAM Nauru NRU Nepal NEP Netherlands NED Netherlands Antilles AHO New Zealand NZL Nicaragua NCA Niger NIG Nigeria NGR Norway NOR Oman OMA Pakistan PAK Palau PLW Palestine PLE Panama PAN Papua New Guinea PNG Paraguay PAR Peru PER

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Philippines PHI Poland POL Portugal POR Puerto Rico PUR Qatar QAT Romania ROU Russia RUS Rwanda RWA Saar SAA Saint Kitts And Nevis SKN Saint Lucia LCA Saint Vincent And The Grenadines VIN Samoa SAM San Marino SMR São Tomé And Príncipe STP Saudi Arabia KSA Senegal SEN Serbia SRB Seychelles SEY Sierra Leone SLE Singapore SIN Slovakia SVK Slovenia SLO Solomon Islands SOL Somalia SOM South Africa RSA Soviet Union URS Spain ESP Sri Lanka SRI Sudan SUD Suriname SUR Swaziland SWZ Sweden SWE Switzerland SUI Syria SYR Tajikistan TJK Tanzania TAN Thailand THA Timor-Leste TLS Togo TOG Tonga TGA Trinidad And Tobago TRI Tunisia TUN Turkey TUR

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Turkmenistan TKM Uganda UGA Ukraine UKR United Arab Emirates UAE United States Of America USA USA UK United Kingdom Uruguay URU Uzbekistan UZB Vanuatu VAN Venezuela VEN Vietnam VIE Virgin Islands ISV Yemen YEM Yugoslavia YUG Zambia ZAM Zimbabwe ZIM

Total Medals By Nation NATION United States China Russia Great Britain Australia Germany France South Korea Italy Ukraine Japan Cuba Belarus Spain Canada Netherlands Brazil Kenya Kazakhstan Jamaica Poland Hungary Norway

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TOTAL MEDALS 110 10 0 72 47 46 41 40 31 28 27 25 24 19 18 18 16 15 14 13 11 10 10 10

GOLD SILVER BRONZE 36 38 36 51

21

28

23 19 14 16 7 13 8 7 9 2 4 5 3 7 3 5 2 6 3 3 3

21 13 15 10 16 10 10 5 6 11 5 10 9 5 4 5 4 3 6 5 5

28 15 17 15 17 8 10 15 10 11 10 3 6 4 8 4 7 2 1 2 2

173

New Zealand 9 Romania 8 Turkey 8 Ethiopia 7 Denmark 7 Azerbaijan 7 Czech Republic 6 Slovakia 6 Georgia 6 North Korea 6 Argentina 6 Switzerland 6 Uzbekistan 6 Armenia 6 Slovenia 5 Bulgaria 5 Indonesia 5 Sweden 5 Croatia 5 Lithuania 5 Mongolia 4 Thailand 4 Zimbabwe 4 Finland 4 Greece 4 Nigeria 4 Chinese Taipei 4 Mexico 3 Latvia 3 India 3 Austria 3 Ireland 3 Serbia 3 Belgium 2 Dominican Republic 2 Estonia 2 Portugal 2 Iran 2 Trinidad and Tobago 2 Algeria 2 Bahamas 2 Colombia 2 Kyrgyzstan 2 Morocco 2 Tajikistan 2 Bahrain 1 Cameroon 1

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3 4 1 4 2 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 1 4 1 2 2 3 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

5 3 3 2 3 4 0 1 3 3 4 4 3 6 2 3 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

174

Panama Tunisia Chile Ecuador Iceland Malaysia Singapore South Africa Sudan Viet Nam Afghanistan Egypt Israel Mauritius Moldova Togo Venezuela

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

No of Games ,Events Archery Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball Beach Volleyball Boxing Canoe/Kayak Flatwater Canoe/Kayak Slalom Cycling BMX Cycling Mountain Bike Cycling Road Cycling Track Diving Equestrian Fencing Football Gymnastics Artistic Gymnastics Rhythmic Trampoline Handball Hockey Judo Modern Pentathlon Rowing Sailing

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Shooting Softball Swimming Synchronized Swimming Table Tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water Polo Weightlifting Wrestling THE SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES

1896 - Athens, Greece 1900 - Paris, France 1904 - St. Louis, Missouri USA 1906 - Athens, Greece* 1908 - London, England 1912 - Stockholm, Sweden 1916 - Not held** 1920 - Antwerp, Belgium 1924 - Paris, France 1928 - Amsterdam, Holland 1932 - Los Angeles, California USA 1936 - Berlin, Germany 1940 - Not held*** 1944 - Not held*** 1948 - London, England 1952 - Helsinki, Finland 1956 - Melbourne, Australia 1960 - Rome, Italy 1964 - Tokyo, Japan 1968 - Mexico City, Mexico 1972 - Munich, Germany 1976 - Montreal, Canada 1980 - Moscow, Russia 1984 - Los Angeles, California USA 1988 - Seoul, South Korea 1992 - Barcelona, Spain 1996 - Atlanta, Georgia USA 2000 - Sydney, Australia 2004 - Athens, Greece 2008 - Beijing, China

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2012 - London, England *Games not recognized by the International Olympic Committee. **Games cancelled due to World War I. ***Games cancelled due to World War II.

THE WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES 1924 - Chamonix, France 1928 - St. Moritz, Switzerland 1932 - Lake Placid, New York USA 1936 - Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 1940 - Not held* 1944 - Not held* 1948 - St. Moritz, Switzerland 1952 - Oslo, Norway 1956 - Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 1960 - Squaw Valley, California USA 1964 - Innsbruck, Austria 1968 - Grenoble, France 1972 - Sapporo, Japan 1976 - Innsbruck, Austria 1980 - Lake Placid, N.Y. 1984 - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 1988 - Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1992 - Albertville, France 1994 - Lillehammer, Norway 1998 - Nagano, Japan 2002 - Salt Lake City, Utah USA 2006 - Turin, Italy 2010 - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada *Games cancelled due to World War II.

Common Wealth Games All Sports summary medal table ordered by gold ranking Rank by Gold

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Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

Rank by Total

177

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 =9 =9 11 12 =13 =13 =15 =15 =17 =17 =17 =17 =17 =17 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23 =23

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Australia England Canada India South Africa Scotland Jamaica Malaysia New Zealand Kenya Singapore Nigeria Wales Cyprus Ghana Uganda Pakistan Papua New Guinea Isle of Man Namibia Tanzania Sri Lanka Mauritius Bahamas Northern Ireland Cameroon Botswana Malta Nauru Bangladesh Grenada Lesotho Trinidad and Tobago Seychelles Barbados Fiji Mozambique Samoa Swaziland

84 36 26 22 12 11 10 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

69 40 29 17 13 7 4 12 12 5 6 6 5 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

68 34 31 11 13 11 8 10 13 7 7 7 11 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 1 1 1

221 110 86 50 38 29 22 29 31 18 18 17 19 6 3 3 5 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 =7 9 =7 6 =11 =11 13 10 14 =16 =16 15 =21 =21 =21 =21 =31 =16 =21 =21 =16 =21 =21 =21 =31 =31 =31 =16 =21 =31 =31 =31 =31 =31

178

Host City List Year Numb City er

Country

1911

London

England

Date

1930

I

Hamilton

Canada

16-23 Aug

1934

II

London

England

4-11 Aug

1938

III

Sydney

Australia

5-12 Feb

1950

IV

Auckland

New Zealand

4-11 Feb

1954

V

Vancouver

Canada

30 July-7 Aug

1958

VI

Cardiff

Wales

18-26 July

1962

VII

Perth

Australia

21 Nov-1 Dec

1966

VIII

Kingston

Jamaica

4-13 Aug

1970

IX

Edinburgh

Scotland

16-25 July

1974

X

Christchurch

New Zealand

24 Jan-2 Feb

1978

XI

Edmonton

Canada

3-12 Aug

1982

XII

Brisbane

Australia

30 Sept-9 Oct

1986

XIII

Edinburgh

Scotland

24 July-2 Aug

1990

XIV

Auckland

New Zealand

24 Jan-3 Feb

1994

XV

Victoria

Canada

18-28 Aug

1998

XVI

Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia

10-20 Sept

2002

XVII

Manchester

England

25 July-4 Aug

2006

XVIII

Melbourne

Australia

15-26 March

2010

XIX

Delhi

India

3-14 Oct

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National Games of India The National Games is a sporting event held in India. It comprises various disciplines in which sportsmen from the different states of India participate against each other. It was in 1924, in erstwhile Punjab, Lahore to be precise, that the Indian chapter of the Olympic movement was born. The founder was G.D. Sondhi, the first Secretary of the Punjab Olympic Association. Lt.Col H.L.O. Garrett, vice principal of Government College, Lahore, was the President of the founder body. The same year, the country's first Olympic Games, now christened as National Games, were organised in Lahore, the then capital of undivided Punjab.[1].[2] Background The Olympic movement in the country actually started in 1919 at the initiative of Dorabjee Jamshedji Tata, the well-known philanthropist. In 1919, Pune's Deccan Gymkhana invited Sir George Lloyd, the then Governor of Bombay, where Dorabjee Tata made a suggestion for according a separate representation to British India in the 1920 Olympic Games. In 1920, India got direct affiliation to the International Olympic Committee and it sent six sportsmen — P.F. Chugle and A. Dattar ( marathon and 10,000 m), K.Kaikadi (crosscountry), P.C.Banerjee (440 yards), G. Navale and N. Shinde (wrestling) to the Antwerp Olympic Games. This brought India on the horizon of international sports. Four years later Punjab joined the Olympic movement, started dominating it and organized the first Indian Olympics Games (now National Games)in Lahore, Punjab.[2] Indian Olympic Games(Early National Games) The Games were held every two years from 1924 as Indian Olympic Games and were renamed as National Games when they were first held in Lucknow in 1948 post Indian Independence.[2] Modern National Games

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The Indian Olympic Association, the premier sports organizing body of the nation, mooted the concept of the National Games. For several years it was conducted on a low key note. However, the Modern National Games on the lines of the Olympics were held in 1985 in New Delhi. Thereafter Kerala(1987), Pune(1994), Bangalore(1997),Manipur(1999), Ludhiana(2001), Hyderabad(2002) and Guwahati(2007) have hosted the Games. The 34th National Games have been scheduled from 01-14 June, 2009 in Jharkhand. Also the 35th National Games will be held across seven centres in Kerala from May 1 to 14, 2010.[3][4][5][6]

Periodicity of National Games The National Games are required to be held once in two years leaving those years in which the Olympic Games and Asian Games are scheduled to be held. Only in exceptional cases or natural calamity, the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) can allow relaxation from the general rule. The duration and the regulation of the National Games is entirely within the jurisdiction of IOA.[2] Datelines INDIAN OLYMPIC GAMES YEAR VENUE 1924 LAHORE 1926 LAHORE 1928 LAHORE 1930 ALLAHABAD 1932 MADRAS 1934 NEW DELHI 1936 LAHORE 1938 CALCUTTA 1940 BOMBAY 1942 PATIALA 1944 LAHORE

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1946 LAHORE NATIONAL GAMES 1948 LUCKNOW 1952 MADRAS 1953 JABALPUR 1954 DELHI 1956 PATIALA 1958 CUTTACK 1960 NEW DELHI 1962 JABALPUR 1964 CALCUTTA 1966 BANGALORE 1968 MADRAS 1970 CUTTACK 1979 HYDERABAD NEW FORMAT NATIONAL GAMES 1985 NEW DELHI 1987 KERALA 1994 PUNE/BOMBAY 1998 BANGALORE 1999 IMPHAL 2001 PUNJAB 2002 HYDERABAD 2007 GUWAHATI 2009 RANCHI (to be held in June,09) 2010 kerala(to be held in May,10)

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2011 GOA (to be held)

[2]

Tennis Men's Grand Slam Title Winners YEAR TOURNAMENT

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

2009

Australian Open

Rafael Nadal

Roger Federer

2008

U.S. Open

Roger Federer

Andy Murray

2008

Wimbledon

Rafael Nadal

Roger Federer

2008

French Open

Rafael Nadal

Roger Federer

2008

Australian Open

Novak Djokovic

Jo-Wilfried Tsonga

2007

U.S. Open

Roger Federer

Novak Djokovic

2007

Wimbledon

Roger Federer

Rafael Nadal

2007

French Open

Rafael Nadal

Roger Federer

2007

Australian Open

Roger Federer

Fernando Gonzalez

2006

U.S. Open

Roger Federer

Andy Roddick

2006

Wimbledon

Roger Federer

Rafael Nadal

2006

French Open

Rafael Nadal

Roger Federer

2006

Australian Open

Roger Federer

Marcos Baghdatis

2005

U.S. Open

Roger Federer

Andre Agassi

2005

Wimbledon

Roger Federer

Andy Roddick

2005

French Open

Rafael Nadal

Mariano Puerta

2005

Australian Open

Marat Safin

Lleyton Hewitt

2004

U.S. Open

Roger Federer

Lleyton Hewitt

2004

Wimbledon

Roger Federer

Andy Roddick

2004

French Open

Gaston Gaudio

Guillermo Coria

2004

Australian Open

Roger Federer

Marat Safin

2003

U.S. Open

Andy Roddick

Juan Carlos Ferrero

2003

Wimbledon

Roger Federer

Mark Philippoussis

2003

French Open

Juan Carlos Ferrero

Martin Verkerk

2003

Australian Open

Andre Agassi

Rainer Schuettler

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2002

U.S. Open

Pete Sampras

Andre Agassi

2002

Wimbledon

Lleyton Hewitt

David Nalbandian

2002

French Open

Albert Costa

Juan Carlos Ferrero

2002

Australian Open

Thomas Johannson

Marat Safin

2001

U.S. Open

Lleyton Hewitt

Pete Sampras

2001

Wimbledon

Goran Ivanisevic

Patrick Rafter

2001

French Open

Gustavo Kuerten

Alex Corretja

2001

Australian Open

Andre Agassi

Arnaud Clement

2000

U.S. Open

Marat Safin

Pete Sampras

2000

Wimbledon

Pete Sampras

Patrick Rafter

2000

French Open

Gustavo Kuerten

Magnus Norman

2000

Australian Open

Andre Agassi

Yevgeny Kafelnikov

1999

U.S. Open

Andre Agassi

Todd Martin

1999

Wimbledon

Pete Sampras

Andre Agassi

1999

French Open

Andre Agassi

Andre Medvedev

1999

Australian Open

Yevgeny Kafelnikov

Thomas Enqvist

1998

U.S. Open

Patrick Rafter

Mark Philippoussis

1998

Wimbledon

Pete Sampras

Goran Ivanisevic

1998

French Open

Carlos Moya

Alex Corretja

1998

Australian Open

Petr Korda

Marcelo Rios

1997

U.S. Open

Patrick Rafter

Greg Rusedski

1997

Wimbledon

Pete Sampras

Cedric Pioline

1997

French Open

Gustavo Kuerten

Sergi Bruguera

1997

Australian Open

Pete Sampras

Carlos Moya

1996

U.S. Open

Pete Sampras

Michael Chang

1996

Wimbledon

Richard Krajicek

MaliVai Washington

1996

French Open

Yevgeny Kafelnikov

Michael Stich

1996

Australian Open

Boris Becker

Michael Chang

1995

U.S. Open

Pete Sampras

Andre Agassi

1995

Wimbledon

Pete Sampras

Boris Becker

1995

French Open

Thomas Muster

Michael Chang

1995

Australian Open

Andre Agassi

Pete Sampras

1994

U.S. Open

Andre Agassi

Michael Stich

1994

Wimbledon

Pete Sampras

Goran Ivanisevic

1994

French Open

Sergi Bruguera

Alberto Berasategui

Ravindra

184

1994

Australian Open

Pete Sampras

Todd Martin

1993

U.S. Open

Pete Sampras

Cedric Pioline

1993

Wimbledon

Pete Sampras

Jim Courier

1993

French Open

Sergi Bruguera

Jim Courier

1993

Australian Open

Jim Courier

Stefan Edberg

1992

U.S. Open

Stefan Edberg

Pete Sampras

1992

Wimbledon

Andre Agassi

Goran Ivanisevic

1992

French Open

Jim Courier

Petr Korda

1992

Australian Open

Jim Courier

Stefan Edberg

1991

U.S. Open

Stefan Edberg

Jim Courier

1991

Wimbledon

Michael Stich

Boris Becker

1991

French Open

Jim Courier

Andre Agassi

1991

Australian Open

Boris Becker

Ivan Lendl

1990

U.S. Open

Pete Sampras

Andre Agassi

1990

Wimbledon

Stefan Edberg

Boris Becker

1990

French Open

Andres Gomez

Andre Agassi

1990

Australian Open

Ivan Lendl

Stefan Edberg

1989

U.S. Open

Boris Becker

Ivan Lendl

1989

Wimbledon

Boris Becker

Stefan Edberg

1989

French Open

Michael Chang

Stefan Edberg

1989

Australian Open

Ivan Lendl

Miloslav Mecir

1988

U.S. Open

Mats Wilander

Ivan Lendl

1988

Wimbledon

Stefan Edberg

Boris Becker

1988

French Open

Mats Wilander

Henri Leconte

1988

Australian Open

Mats Wilander

Pat Cash

1987

U.S. Open

Ivan Lendl

Mats Wilander

1987

Wimbledon

Pat Cash

Ivan Lendl

1987

French Open

Ivan Lendl

Mats Wilander

1987

Australian Open

Stefan Edberg

Pat Cash

1986

U.S. Open

Ivan Lendl

Miloslav Mecir

1986

Wimbledon

Boris Becker

Ivan Lendl

1986

French Open

Ivan Lendl

Mikael Pernfors

1985

Australian Open

Stefan Edberg

Mats Wilander

1985

U.S. Open

Ivan Lendl

John McEnroe

1985

Wimbledon

Boris Becker

Kevin Curren

Ravindra

185

1985

French Open

Mats Wilander

Ivan Lendl

1984

Australian Open

Mats Wilander

Kevin Curren

1984

U.S. Open

John McEnroe

Ivan Lendl

1984

Wimbledon

John McEnroe

Jimmy Connors

1984

French Open

Ivan Lendl

John McEnroe

1983

Australian Open

Mats Wilander

Ivan Lendl

1983

U.S. Open

Jimmy Connors

Ivan Lendl

1983

Wimbledon

John McEnroe

Chris Lewis

1983

French Open

Yannick Noah

Mats Wilander

1982

Australian Open

Johan Kriek

Steve Denton

1982

U.S. Open

Jimmy Connors

Ivan Lendl

1982

Wimbledon

Jimmy Connors

John McEnroe

1982

French Open

Mats Wilander

Guillermo Vilas

1981

Australian Open

Johan Kriek

Steve Denton

1981

U.S. Open

John McEnroe

Bjorn Borg

1981

Wimbledon

John McEnroe

Bjorn Borg

1981

French Open

Bjorn Borg

Ivan Lendl

1980

Australian Open

Brian Teacher

Kim Warwick

1980

U.S. Open

John McEnroe

Bjorn Borg

1980

Wimbledon

Bjorn Borg

John McEnroe

1980

French Open

Bjorn Borg

Vitas Gerulaitis

1979

Australian Open

Guillermo Vilas

John Sadri

1979

U.S. Open

John McEnroe

Vitas Gerulaitis

1979

Wimbledon

Bjorn Borg

Roscoe Tanner

1979

French Open

Bjorn Borg

Victor Pecci

1978

Australian Open

Guillermo Vilas

John Marks

1978

U.S. Open

Jimmy Connors

Bjorn Borg

1978

Wimbledon

Bjorn Borg

Jimmy Connors

1978

French Open

Bjorn Borg

Guillermo Vilas

1977

Australian Open (Dec) Vitas Gerulaitis

John Lloyd

1977

U.S. Open

Guillermo Vilas

Jimmy Connors

1977

Wimbledon

Bjorn Borg

Jimmy Connors

1977

French Open

Guillermo Vilas

Brian Gottfried

1977

Australian Open (Jan) Roscoe Tanner

Guillermo Vilas

1976

U.S. Open

Bjorn Borg

Ravindra

Jimmy Connors

186

1976

Wimbledon

Bjorn Borg

Ilie Nastase

1976

French Open

Adriano Panatta

Harold Soloman

1976

Australian Open

Mark Edmondson

John Newcombe

1975

U.S. Open

Manuel Orantes

Jimmy Connors

1975

Wimbledon

Arthur Ashe

Jimmy Connors

1975

French Open

Bjorn Borg

Guillermo Vilas

1975

Australian Open

John Newcombe

Jimmy Connors

1974

U.S. Open

Jimmy Connors

Ken Rosewall

1974

Wimbledon

Jimmy Connors

Ken Rosewall

1974

French Open

Bjorn Borg

Manuel Orantes

1974

Australian Open

Jimmy Connors

Phil Dent

1973

U.S. Open

John Newcombe

Jan Kodes

1973

Wimbledon

Jan Kodes

Alex Metreveli

1973

French Open

Ilie Nastase

Nikola Pilic

1973

Australian Open

John Newcombe

Onny Parun

1972

U.S. Open

Ilie Nastase

Arthur Ashe

1972

Wimbledon

Stan Smith

Ilie Nastase

1972

French Open

Andres Gimeno

Patrick Proisy

1972

Australian Open

Ken Rosewall

Mal Anderson

1971

U.S. Open

Stan Smith

Jan Kodes

1971

Wimbledon

John Newcombe

Stan Smith

1971

French Open

Jan Kodes

Ilie Nastase

1971

Australian Open

Ken Rosewall

Arthur Ashe

1970

U.S. Open

Ken Rosewall

Tony Roche

1970

Wimbledon

John Newcombe

Ken Rosewall

1970

French Open

Jan Kodes

Zeljiko Franulovic

1970

Australian Open

Arthur Ashe

Dick Crealy

1969

U.S. Open

Rod Laver

Tony Roche

1969

Wimbledon

Rod Laver

John Newcombe

1969

French Open

Rod Laver

Ken Rosewall

1969

Australian Open

Rod Laver

Andres Gimeno

1968

U.S. Open

Arthur Ashe

Tom Okker

1968

Wimbledon

Rod Laver

Tony Roche

1968

French Open

Ken Rosewall

Rod Laver

1968

Australian Open

Bill Bowrey

Juan Gisbert

Ravindra

187

1967

U.S. Open

John Newcombe

Clark Graebner

1967

Wimbledon

John Newcombe

Wilhelm Bungert

1967

French Open

Roy Emerson

Tony Roche

1967

Australian Open

Roy Emerson

Arthur Ashe

1966

U.S. Open

Fred Stolle

John Newcombe

1966

Wimbledon

Manuel Santana

Dennis Ralston

1966

French Open

Tony Roche

Istvan Gulyas

1966

Australian Open

Roy Emerson

Arthur Ashe

1965

U.S. Open

Manuel Santana

Cliff Drysdale

1965

Wimbledon

Roy Emerson

Fred Stolle

1965

French Open

Fred Stolle

Tony Roche

1965

Australian Open

Roy Emerson

Fred Stolle

1964

U.S. Open

Roy Emerson

Fred Stolle

1964

Wimbledon

Roy Emerson

Fred Stolle

1964

French Open

Manuel Santana

Nicola Pietrangeli

1964

Australian Open

Roy Emerson

Fred Stolle

1963

U.S. Open

Rafael Osuna

Frank Froehling, III

1963

Wimbledon

C.R. McKinley

Fred Stolle

1963

French Open

Roy Emerson

Pierre Darmon

1963

Australian Open

Roy Emerson

Ken Fletcher

1962

U.S. Open

Rod Laver

Roy Emerson

1962

Wimbledon

Rod Laver

Martin Mulligan

1962

French Open

Rod Laver

Roy Emerson

1962

Australian Open

Rod Laver

Roy Emerson

1961

U.S. Open

Roy Emerson

Rod Laver

1961

Wimbledon

Rod Laver

Chuck McKinley

1961

French Open

Manuel Santana

Nicola Pietrangeli

1961

Australian Open

Roy Emerson

Rod Laver

1960

U.S. Open

Neale Fraser

Rod Laver

1960

Wimbledon

Neale Fraser

Rod Laver

1960

French Open

Nicola Pietrangeli

Luis Ayala

1960

Australian Open

Rod Laver

Neale Fraser

1959

U.S. Open

Neale Fraser

Alejandro Olmedo

1959

Wimbledon

Alejandro Olmedo

Rod Laver

1959

French Open

Nicola Pietrangeli

Ian Vermaak

Ravindra

188

1959

Australian Open

Alex Olmedo

Neale Fraser

1958

U.S. Open

Ashley J. Cooper

Malcolm J. Anderson

1958

Wimbledon

Ashley J. Cooper

Neale Fraser

1958

French Open

Mervyn Rose

Luis Ayala

1958

Australian Open

Ashley J. Cooper

Mal Anderson

1957

U.S. Open

Malcolm J. Anderson

Ashley J. Cooper

1957

Wimbledon

Lewis Hoad

Ashley Cooper

1957

French Open

Sven Davidson

Herbert Flam

1957

Australian Open

Ashley J. Cooper

Neale Fraser

1956

U.S. Open

Ken Rosewall

Lewis Hoad

1956

Wimbledon

Lewis Hoad

Ken Rosewall

1956

French Open

Lewis Hoad

Sven Davidson

1956

Australian Open

Lewis Hoad

Ken Rosewall

1955

U.S. Open

Tony Trabert

Ken Rosewall

1955

Wimbledon

Tony Trabert

Kurt Nielsen

1955

French Open

Tony Trabert

Sven Davidson

1955

Australian Open

Ken Rosewall

Lew Hoad

1954

U.S. Open

E. Victor Seixas Jr.

Rex Hartwig

1954

Wimbledon

Jaroslav Drobny

Ken Rosewall

1954

French Open

Tony Trabert

Sven Davidson

1954

Australian Open

Mervyn Rose

Rex Hartwig

1953

U.S. Open

Tony Trabert

E. Victor Seixas, Jr.

1953

Wimbledon

E. Victor Seixas Jr.

Kurt Nielsen

1953

French Open

Ken Rosewall

E. Victor Seixas, Jr.

1953

Australian Open

Ken Rosewall

Mervyn Rose

1952

U.S. Open

Frank Sedgman

Gardnar Mulloy

1952

Wimbledon

Frank Sedgman

Jaroslav Drobny

1952

French Open

Jaroslav Drobny

Frank Sedgman

1952

Australian Open

Ken McGregor

Frank Sedgman

1951

U.S. Open

Frank Sedgman

E. Victor Seixas, Jr.

1951

Wimbledon

R. Savitt

Ken McGregor

1951

French Open

Jaroslav Drobny

Eric Sturgess

1951

Australian Open

Dick Savitt

Ken McGregor

1950

U.S. Open

Arthur Larsen

Herbert Flam

1950

Wimbledon

J.E. Patty

Frank Sedgman

Ravindra

189

1950

French Open

Budge Patty

Jaroslav Drobny

1950

Australian Open

Frank Sedgman

Ken McGregor

1949

U.S. Open

Richard A. Gonzales

Frederick Schroeder

1949

Wimbledon

F.R. Schroeder

Jaroslav Drobny

1949

French Open

Frank Parker

Budge Patty

1949

Australian Open

Frank Sedgman

John Bromwich

1948

U.S. Open

Richard A. Gonzales

Eric W. Sturgess

1948

Wimbledon

R. Falkenburg

John Bromwich

1948

French Open

Frank Parker

Jaroslav Drobny

1948

Australian Open

Adrian Quist

John Bromwich

1947

U.S. Open

Jack Kramer

Frank Parker

1947

Wimbledon

Jack Kramer

Tom P. Brown

1947

French Open

Jozsef Asboth

Eric Sturgess

1947

Australian Open

Dinny Pails

John Bromwich

1946

U.S. Open

Jack Kramer

Tom Brown, Jr.

1946

Wimbledon

Yvon Petra

Geoff E. Brown

1946

French Open

Marcel Bernard

Jaroslav Drobny

1946

Australian Open

John Bromwich

Dinny Pails

1945

U.S. Open

Frank Parker

William F. Talbert

1944

U.S. Open

Frank Parker

William F. Talbert

1943

U.S. Open

Lt. Joseph R. Hunt

Seaman Jack Kramer

1942

U.S. Open

Frederick R. Schroeder, Jr. Frank Parker

1941

U.S. Open

Robert Riggs

Francis Kovacs, 2d

1940

U.S. Open

Donald McNeill

Robert Riggs

1940

Australian Open

Adrian Quist

Jack Crawford

1939

U.S. Open

Robert Riggs

S. Welby van Horn

1939

Wimbledon

Robert Riggs

Elwood Cooke

1939

French Open

William McNeill

Robert Riggs

1939

Australian Open

John Bromwich

Adrian Quist

1938

U.S. Open

Donald Budge

C. Gene Mako

1938

Wimbledon

Donald Budge

Henry Austin

1938

French Open

Donald Budge

Roderik Menzel

1938

Australian Open

Donald Budge

John Bromwich

1937

U.S. Open

Donald Budge

Gottfried Von Cramm

1937

Wimbledon

Donald Budge

Gottfried Von Cramm

Ravindra

190

1937

French Open

Henner Henkel

Henry Austin

1937

Australian Open

Vivian McGrath

John Bromwich

1936

U.S. Open

Fred Perry

J. Donald Budge

1936

Wimbledon

Fred Perry

Gottfried Von Cramm

1936

French Open

Gottfried Von Cramm

Fred Perry

1936

Australian Open

Adrian Quist

Jack Crawford

1935

U.S. Open

Wilmer L. Allison

Sidney B. Wood

1935

Wimbledon

Fred Perry

Gottfried Von Cramm

1935

French Open

Fred Perry

Gottfried von Cramm

1935

Australian Open

Jack Crawford

Fred Perry

1934

U.S. Open

Fred Perry

Wilmer L. Allison

1934

Wimbledon

Fred Perry

Jack Crawford

1934

French Open

Gottfried Von Cramm

Jack Crawford

1934

Australian Open

Fred Perry

Jack Crawford

1933

U.S. Open

Fred Perry

John H. Crawford

1933

Wimbledon

Jack Crawford

Ellsworth Vines

1933

French Open

John Crawford

Henri Cochet

1933

Australian Open

Jack Crawford

Keith Gledhill

1932

U.S. Open

H. Ellsworth Vines

Henri Cochet

1932

Wimbledon

H. Ellsworth Vines

Henry Austin

1932

French Open

Henri Cochet

Giorgo de Stefani

1932

Australian Open

Jack Crawford

Harry Hopman

1931

U.S. Open

H. Ellsworth Vines

George M. Lott, Jr.

1931

Wimbledon

S.B. Wood

Francis X. Shields

1931

French Open

Jean Borotra

Christian Boussus

1931

Australian Open

Jack Crawford

Harry Hopman

1930

U.S. Open

John H. Doeg

Francis X. Shields

1930

Wimbledon

William T. Tilden

Wilmer Allison

1930

French Open

Henri Cochet

William Tilden

1930

Australian Open

Gar Moon

Harry Hopman

1929

U.S. Open

William T. Tilden

Francis T. Hunter

1929

Wimbledon

Henri Cochet

Jean Borotra

1929

French Open

Rene Lacoste

Jean Borotra

1929

Australian Open

John Gregory

Richard Schlesinger

1928

U.S. Open

Henri Cochet

Francis T. Hunter

Ravindra

191

1928

Wimbledon

Rene Lacoste

Henri Cochet

1928

French Open

Henri Cochet

René Lacoste

1928

Australian Open

Jean Borotra

R.Cummings

1927

U.S. Open

Rene Lacoste

William T. Tilden

1927

Wimbledon

Henri Cochet

Jean Borotra

1927

French Open

Rene Lacoste

William Tilden

1927

Australian Open

Gerald Patterson

John Hawkes

1926

U.S. Open

Rene Lacoste

Jean Borotra

1926

Wimbledon

Jean Borotra

Howard Kinsey

1926

French Open

Henri Cochet

René Lacoste

1926

Australian Open

John Hawkes

Jim Willard

1925

U.S. Open

William T. Tilden

William M. Johnston

1925

Wimbledon

Rene Lacoste

Jean Borotra

1925

French Open

Rene Lacoste

Jean Borotra

1925

Australian Open

James Anderson

Gerald Patterson

1924

U.S. Open

William T. Tilden

William M. Johnston

1924

Wimbledon

Jean Borotra

Rene Lacoste

1924

French Open

Jean Borotra

René Lacoste

1924

Australian Open

James Anderson

Richard Schlesinger

1923

U.S. Open

William T. Tilden

William M. Johnston

1923

Wimbledon

William M. Johnston

Francis T. Hunter

1923

French Open

Francois Blanchy

Max Decugis

1923

Australian Open

Pat O'Hara Wood

C.St.John

1922

U.S. Open

William T. Tilden

William M. Johnston

1922

Wimbledon

Gerald Patterson

Randolph Lycett

1922

French Open

Henri Cochet

Jean Samazeuilh

1922

Australian Open

Pat O'Hara Wood

Gerald Patterson

1921

U.S. Open

William T. Tilden

William M. Johnston

1921

Wimbledon

William T. Tilden

Brian Norton

1921

French Open

Jean Samazeuilh

André Gobert

1921

Australian Open

Rhys Gemmell

A. Hedeman

1920

U.S. Open

William T. Tilden

William M. Johnston

1920

Wimbledon

William T. Tilden

Gerald Patterson

1920

French Open

Andre Gobert

Max Decugis

1920

Australian Open

Pat O'Hara Wood

Ron Thomas

Ravindra

192

1919

U.S. Open

William M. Johnston

William T. Tilden

1919

Wimbledon

Gerald Patterson

Norman Brookes

1919

Australian Open

A.R.F. Kingscote

E. Pockley

1918

U.S. Open

R. Lindley Murray

William T. Tilden

1917

U.S. Open

R. Lindley Murray

Nathaniel W. Niles

1916

U.S. Open

Richard N. Williams

William M. Johnston

1915

U.S. Open

William M. Johnston

Maurice E. McLoughlin

1915

Australian Open

Francis Lowe

Horace Rice

1914

U.S. Open

Richard N. Williams

Maurice E. McLoughlin

1914

Wimbledon

Norman Brookes

Anthony Wilding

1914

French Open

Max Decugis

Jean Samazeuilh

1914

Australian Open

Pat O'Hara Wood

Gerald Patterson

1913

U.S. Open

Maurice E. McLoughlin

Richard N. Williams

1913

Wimbledon

Anthony Wilding

Maurice McLoughlin

1913

French Open

Max Decugis

Georges Gault

1913

Australian Open

E.F. Parker

Harry Parker

1912

U.S. Open

Maurice E. McLoughlin

Wallace F. Johnson

1912

Wimbledon

Anthony Wilding

Arthur Gore

1912

French Open

Max Decugis

André Gobert

1912

Australian Open

Cecil Parke

A. Beamish

1911

U.S. Open

William A. Larned

Maurice E. McLoughlin

1911

Wimbledon

Anthony Wilding

H. Roper Barrett

1911

French Open

Andre Gobert

Maurice Germot

1911

Australian Open

Norman Brookes

Horace Rice

1910

U.S. Open

William A. Larned

Thomas C. Bundy

1910

Wimbledon

Anthony Wilding

Arthur Gore

1910

French Open

Maurice Germot

François Blanchy

1910

Australian Open

Rodney Heath

Horace Rice

1909

U.S. Open

William A. Larned

William J. Clothier

1909

Wimbledon

Arthur Gore

M.J.G. Ritchie

1909

French Open

Max Decugis

Maurice Germot

1909

Australian Open

Tony Wilding

Ernie Parker

1908

U.S. Open

William A. Larned

Beals C. Wright

1908

Wimbledon

Arthur Gore

Roper Barrett

1908

French Open

Max Decugis

Maurice Germot

Ravindra

193

1908

Australian Open

Fred Alexander

Alfred Dunlop

1907

U.S. Open

William A. Larned

Robert LeRoy

1907

Wimbledon

Norman Brookes

Arthur Gore

1907

French Open

Max Decugis

Robert Wallet

1907

Australian Open

Horace Rice

Harry Parker

1906

U.S. Open

William A. Larned

Beals C. Wright

1906

Wimbledon

Laurie Doherty

Frank Riseley

1906

French Open

Maurice Germot

Max Decugis

1906

Australian Open

Tony Wilding

Harry Parker

1905

U.S. Open

Beals C. Wright

Holcombe Ward

1905

Wimbledon

Laurie Doherty

Norman Brookes

1905

French Open

Maurice Germot

André Vacherot

1905

Australian Open

Rodney Heath

A. Curtis

1904

U.S. Open

Holcombe Ward

William J. Clothier

1904

Wimbledon

Laurie Doherty

Frank Riseley

1904

French Open

Max Decugis

André Vacherot

1903

U.S. Open

Hugh L. Doherty

William A. Larned

1903

Wimbledon

Laurie Doherty

Frank Riseley

1903

French Open

Max Decugis

André Vacherot

1902

U.S. Open

William A. Larned

Reginald F. Doherty

1902

Wimbledon

Laurie Doherty

Arthur Gore

1902

French Open

M. Vacherot

Max Decugis

1901

U.S. Open

William A. Larned

Beals C. Wright

1901

Wimbledon

Arthur Gore

Reggie Doherty

1901

French Open

Andre Vacherot

P. Lebreton

1900

U.S. Open

Malcolm D. Whitman

William A. Larned

1900

Wimbledon

Reggie Doherty

Sidney Smith

1900

French Open

Paul Ayme

A. Prévost

1899

U.S. Open

Malcolm D. Whitman

J. Parmly Paret

1899

Wimbledon

Reggie Doherty

Arthur Gore

1899

French Open

Paul Ayme

P. Lebreton

1898

U.S. Open

Malcolm D. Whitman

Dwight F. Davis

1898

Wimbledon

Reggie Doherty

Laurie Doherty

1898

French Open

Paul Ayme

P. Lebreton

1897

U.S. Open

Robert D. Wrenn

Wilberforce Eaves

Ravindra

194

1897

Wimbledon

Reggie Doherty

Harold Mahoney

1897

French Open

Paul Ayme

F. Wardan

1896

U.S. Open

Robert D. Wrenn

Fred H. Hovey

1896

Wimbledon

Harold Mahoney

Wilfred Baddeley

1896

French Open

Andre Vacherot

G. Brosselin

1895

U.S. Open

Fred H. Hovey

Robert D. Wrenn

1895

Wimbledon

Wilfred Baddeley

Wilberforce Eaves

1895

French Open

Andre Vacherot

L. Riboulet

1894

U.S. Open

Robert D. Wrenn

Manliff Goodbody

1894

Wimbledon

Joshua Pim

Wilfred Baddeley

1894

French Open

Andre Vacherot

G. Brosselin

1893

U.S. Open

Robert D. Wrenn

Fred H. Hovey

1893

Wimbledon

Joshua Pim

Wilfred Baddeley

1893

French Open

L. Riboulet

J. Schopfer

1892

U.S. Open

Oliver S. Campbell

Fred H. Hovey

1892

Wimbledon

Wilfred Baddeley

Joshua Pim

1892

French Open

J. Schopfer

Fassitt

1891

U.S. Open

Oliver S. Campbell

Clarence Hobart

1891

Wimbledon

Wilfred Baddeley

Joshua Pim

1891

French Open

H. Briggs

P. Baigneres

1890

U.S. Open

Oliver S. Campbell

Henry W. Slocum, Jr.

1890

Wimbledon

William Hamilton

William Renshaw

1889

U.S. Open

Henry W. Slocum Jr.

Quincy Shaw

1889

Wimbledon

William Renshaw

Ernest Renshaw

1888

U.S. Open

Henry W. Slocum Jr.

Howard A. Taylor

1888

Wimbledon

Ernest Renshaw

Herbert Lawford

1887

U.S. Open

Richard D. Sears

Henry W. Slocum, Jr.

1887

Wimbledon

Herbert Lawford

Ernest Renshaw

1886

U.S. Open

Richard D. Sears

R. Livingston Beeckman

1886

Wimbledon

William Renshaw

Herbert Lawford

1885

U.S. Open

Richard D. Sears

Godfrey M. Brinley

1885

Wimbledon

William Renshaw

Herbert Lawford

1884

U.S. Open

Richard D. Sears

Howard A. Taylor

1884

Wimbledon

William Renshaw

Herbert Lawford

1883

U.S. Open

Richard D. Sears

James Dwight

Ravindra

195

1883

Wimbledon

William Renshaw

Ernest Renshaw

1882

U.S. Open

Richard D. Sears

Clarence M. Clark

1882

Wimbledon

William Renshaw

Ernest Renshaw

1881

U.S. Open

Richard D. Sears

William E. Glyn

1881

Wimbledon

William Renshaw

John Hartley

1880

Wimbledon

John Hartley

Herbert Lawford

1879

Wimbledon

John Hartley

V. St. Leger Gould

1878

Wimbledon

Frank Hadow

Spencer Gore

1877

Wimbledon

Spencer Gore

William Marshall

Women's Grand Slam Title Winners YEAR TOURNAMENT

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

2009

Australian Open

Serena Williams

Dinara Safina

2008

U.S. Open

Serena Williams

Jelena Jankovic

2008

Wimbledon

Venus Williams

Serena Williams

2008

French Open

Ana Ivanovic

Dinara Safina

2008

Australian Open

Maria Sharapova

Ana Ivanovic

2007

U.S. Open

Justine Henin

Svetlana Kuznetsova

2007

Wimbledon

Venus Williams

Marion Bartoli

2007

French Open

Justine Henin

Ana Ivanovic

2007

Australian Open

Serena Williams

Maria Sharapova

2006

U.S. Open

Maria Sharapova

Justine Henin-Hardenne

2006

Wimbledon

Amelie Mauresmo

Justine Henin-Hardenne

2006

French Open

Justine Henin-Hardenne

Svetlana Kuznetsova

2006

Australian Open

Amelie Mauresmo

Justine Henin-Hardenne

2005

U.S. Open

Kim Clijsters

Mary Pierce

2005

Wimbledon

Venus Williams

Lindsay Davenport

2005

French Open

Justine Henin-Hardenne

Mary Pierce

2005

Australian Open

Serena Williams

Lindsay Davenport

2004

U.S. Open

Svetlana Kuznetsova

Elena Dementieva

2004

Wimbledon

Maria Sharapova

Serena Williams

Ravindra

196

2004

French Open

Anastasia Myskina

Elena Dementieva

2004

Australian Open

Justine Henin-Hardenne

Kim Clijsters

2003

U.S. Open

Justine Henin-Hardenne

Kim Clijsters

2003

Wimbledon

Serena Williams

Venus Williams

2003

French Open

Justine Henin-Hardenne

Kim Clijsters

2003

Australian Open

Serena Williams

Venus Williams

2002

U.S. Open

Serena Williams

Venus Williams

2002

Wimbledon

Serena Williams

Venus Williams

2002

French Open

Serena Williams

Venus Williams

2002

Australian Open

Jennifer Capriati

Martina Hingis

2001

U.S. Open

Venus Williams

Serena Williams

2001

Wimbledon

Venus Williams

Justine Henin

2001

French Open

Jennifer Capriati

Kim Clijsters

2001

Australian Open

Jennifer Capriati

Martina Hingis

2000

U.S. Open

Venus Williams

Lindsay Davenport

2000

Wimbledon

Venus Williams

Lindsay Davenport

2000

French Open

Mary Pierce

Conchita Martinez

2000

Australian Open

Lindsay Davenport

Martina Hingis

1999

U.S. Open

Serena Williams

Martina Hingis

1999

Wimbledon

Lindsay Davenport

Steffi Graf

1999

French Open

Steffi Graf

Martina Hingis

1999

Australian Open

Martina Hingis

Amelie Mauresmo

1998

U.S. Open

Lindsay Davenport

Martina Hingis

1998

Wimbledon

Jana Novotna

Nathalie Tauziat

1998

French Open

Aranxta Sanchez-Vicario

Monica Seles

1998

Australian Open

Martina Hingis

Conchita Martinez

1997

U.S. Open

Martina Hingis

Venus Williams

1997

Wimbledon

Martina Hingis

Jana Novotna

1997

French Open

Iva Majoli

Martina Hingis

1997

Australian Open

Martina Hingis

Mary Pierce

1996

U.S. Open

Steffi Graf

Monica Seles

1996

Wimbledon

Steffi Graf

Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario

1996

French Open

Steffi Graf

Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario

1996

Australian Open

Monica Seles

Anke Huber

1995

U.S. Open

Steffi Graf

Monica Seles

Ravindra

197

1995

Wimbledon

Steffi Graf

Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario

1995

French Open

Steffi Graf

Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario

1995

Australian Open

Mary Pierce

Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario

1994

U.S. Open

Aranxta Sanchez-Vicario

Steffi Graf

1994

Wimbledon

Conchita Martinez

Martina Navratilova

1994

French Open

Aranxta Sanchez-Vicario

Mary Pierce

1994

Australian Open

Steffi Graf

Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario

1993

U.S. Open

Steffi Graf

Helena Sukova

1993

Wimbledon

Steffi Graf

Jana Novotna

1993

French Open

Steffi Graf

Mary Jo Fernandez

1993

Australian Open

Monica Seles

Steffi Graf

1992

U.S. Open

Monica Seles

Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario

1992

Wimbledon

Steffi Graf

Monica Seles

1992

French Open

Monica Seles

Steffi Graf

1992

Australian Open

Monica Seles

Mary Joe Fernandez

1991

U.S. Open

Monica Seles

Martina Navratilova

1991

Wimbledon

Steffi Graf

Gabriela Sabatini

1991

French Open

Monica Seles

Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario

1991

Australian Open

Monica Seles

Jana Novotna

1990

U.S. Open

Gabriela Sabatini

Steffi Graf

1990

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Zena Garrison

1990

French Open

Monica Seles

Steffi Graf

1990

Australian Open

Steffi Graf

Mary Joe Fernandez

1989

U.S. Open

Steffi Graf

Martina Navratilova

1989

Wimbledon

Steffi Graf

Martina Navratilova

1989

French Open

Aranxta Sanchez-Vicario

Steffi Graf

1989

Australian Open

Steffi Graf

Helena Sukova

1988

U.S. Open

Steffi Graf

Gabriela Sabatini

1988

Wimbledon

Steffi Graf

Martina Navratilova

1988

French Open

Steffi Graf

Natasha Zvereva

1988

Australian Open

Steffi Graf

Chris Evert

1987

U.S. Open

Martina Navratilova

Steffi Graf

1987

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Steffi Graf

1987

French Open

Steffi Graf

Martina Navratilova

1987

Australian Open

Hana Mandlikova

Martina Navratilova

Ravindra

198

1986

U.S. Open

Martina Navratilova

Helena Sukova

1986

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Hana Mandlikova

1986

French Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Martina Navratilova

1985

Australian Open

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert

1985

U.S. Open

Hana Mandlikova

Martina Navratilova

1985

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1985

French Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Martina Navratilova

1984

Australian Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Helena Sukova

1984

U.S. Open

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1984

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1984

French Open

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1983

Australian Open

Martina Navratilova

Kathy Jordan

1983

U.S. Open

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1983

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Andrea Jaeger

1983

French Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Mima Jausovec

1982

Australian Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Martina Navratilova

1982

U.S. Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Hana Mandlikova

1982

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1982

French Open

Martina Navratilova

Andrea Jaeger

1981

Australian Open

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert

1981

U.S. Open

Tracy Austin

Martina Navratilova

1981

Wimbledon

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Hana Mandlikova

1981

French Open

Hana Mandlikova

Sylvia Hanika

1980

Australian Open

Hana Mandlikova

Wendy Turnbull

1980

U.S. Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Hana Mandlikova

1980

Wimbledon

R.A. Cawley

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1980

French Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Sylvia Hanika

1979

Australian Open

Barbara Jordan

Sharon Walsh

1979

U.S. Open

Tracy Austin

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1979

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert-Lloyd

1979

French Open

Chris Evert-Lloyd

Wendy Turnbull

1978

Australian Open

Chris O'Neil

Betsy Nagelsen

1978

U.S. Open

Chris Evert

Pam Shriver

1978

Wimbledon

Martina Navratilova

Chris Evert

1978

French Open

Virginia Ruzici

Mima Jausovec

Ravindra

199

1977

Australian Open (Dec) Evonne Goolagong-Cawley Helen Gourlay

1977

U.S. Open

Chris Evert

Wendy Turnbull

1977

Wimbledon

Virginia Wade

Betty Stove

1977

French Open

Mima Jausovec

Florenta Mihai

1977

Australian Open (Jan) Kerry Reid

Dianne Fromholtz

1976

U.S. Open

Chris Evert

Evonne Goolagong-Cawley

1976

Wimbledon

Chris Evert

Evonne Goolagong-Cawley

1976

French Open

Sue Barker

Renata Tomanova

1976

Australian Open

Evonne Goolagong-Cawley Renata Tomanova

1975

U.S. Open

Chris Evert

Evonne Goolagong-Cawley

1975

Wimbledon

Billie Jean King

Evonne Goolagong-Cawley

1975

French Open

Chris Evert

Martina Navratilova

1975

Australian Open

Evonne Goolagong

Martina Navratilova

1974

U.S. Open

Billie Jean King

Evonne Goolagong

1974

Wimbledon

Chris Evert

Olga Morozova

1974

French Open

Chris Evert

Olga Morozova

1974

Australian Open

Evonne Goolagong

Chris Evert

1973

U.S. Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Evonne Goolagong

1973

Wimbledon

Billie Jean King

Chris Evert

1973

French Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Chris Evert

1973

Australian Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Evonne Goolagong

1972

U.S. Open

Billie Jean King

Kerry Melville

1972

Wimbledon

Billie Jean King

Evonne Goolagong

1972

French Open

Billie Jean King

Evonne Goolagong

1972

Australian Open

Virginia Wade

Evonne Goolagong

1971

U.S. Open

Billie Jean King

Rosemary Casals

1971

Wimbledon

Evonne Goolagong

Margaret Court

1971

French Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Helen Gourlay

1971

Australian Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Evonne Goolagong

1970

U.S. Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Rosemary Casals

1970

Wimbledon

Margaret Smith-Court

Billie Jean King

1970

French Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Helga Niessen

1970

Australian Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Kerry Melville

1969

U.S. Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Nancy Richey

1969

Wimbledon

Ann Haydon Jones

Billie Jean King

Ravindra

200

1969

French Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Ann Jones

1969

Australian Open

Margaret Smith-Court

Billie Jean King

1968

U.S. Open

Virginia Wade

Billie Jean King

1968

Wimbledon

Billie Jean King

Judy Tegart

1968

French Open

Nancy Richey

Ann Jones

1968

Australian Open

Billie Jean King

Margaret Smith-Court

1967

U.S. Open

Billie Jean King

Ann Haydon Jones

1967

Wimbledon

Billie Jean King

Ann Jones

1967

French Open

Francoise Durr

Lesley Turner

1967

Australian Open

Nancy Richey

Lesley Turner

1966

U.S. Open

Maria Bueno

Nancy Richey

1966

Wimbledon

Billie Jean King

Maria Bueno

1966

French Open

Ann Haydon Jones

Nancy Richey

1966

Australian Open

Margaret Smith

Nancy Richey

1965

U.S. Open

Margaret Smith

Billie Jean Moffitt

1965

Wimbledon

Margaret Smith

Maria Bueno

1965

French Open

Lesley Turner

Margaret Smith

1965

Australian Open

Margaret Smith

Maria Bueno

1964

U.S. Open

Maria Bueno

Carole Caldwell Graebner

1964

Wimbledon

Maria Bueno

Margaret Smith

1964

French Open

Margaret Smith

Maria Bueno

1964

Australian Open

Margaret Smith

Lesley Turner

1963

U.S. Open

Maria Bueno

Margaret Smith

1963

Wimbledon

Margaret Smith

Billie Jean Moffitt

1963

French Open

Lesley Turner

Ann Jones

1963

Australian Open

Margaret Smith

Jan Lehane

1962

U.S. Open

Margaret Smith

Darlene R. Hard

1962

Wimbledon

Karen Susman

Vera Sukova

1962

French Open

Margaret Smith

Lesley Turner

1962

Australian Open

Margaret Smith

Jan Lehane

1961

U.S. Open

Darlene R. Hard

Ann Haydon

1961

Wimbledon

Angela Mortimer

Christine Truman

1961

French Open

Ann Haydon

Yola Ramirez

1961

Australian Open

Margaret Smith

Jan Lehane

1960

U.S. Open

Darlene R. Hard

Maria Bueno

Ravindra

201

1960

Wimbledon

Maria Bueno

Sandra Reynolds

1960

French Open

Darlene R. Hard

Yola Ramirez

1960

Australian Open

Margaret Smith

Jan Lehane

1959

U.S. Open

Maria Bueno

Christine Truman

1959

Wimbledon

Maria Bueno

Darlene Hard

1959

French Open

Christine Truman

Zsuzsi Kormoczy

1959

Australian Open

Mary Carter Reitano

Renee Schuurman

1958

U.S. Open

Althea Gibson

Darlene R. Hard

1958

Wimbledon

Althea Gibson

Angela Mortimer

1958

French Open

Zsuzsi Kormoczy

Shirley Bloomer

1958

Australian Open

Angela Mortimer

Lorraine Coghlan

1957

U.S. Open

Althea Gibson

A. Louise Brough

1957

Wimbledon

Althea Gibson

Darlene Hard

1957

French Open

Shirley Bloomer

Dorothy Head Knode

1957

Australian Open

Shirley Fry

Althea Gibson

1956

U.S. Open

Shirley Fry

Althea Gibson

1956

Wimbledon

Shirley Fry

Angela Buxton

1956

French Open

Althea Gibson

Angela Mortimer

1956

Australian Open

Mary Carter

Thelma Long

1955

U.S. Open

Doris Hart

Patricia Ward

1955

Wimbledon

Louise Brough

Beverly Fleitz

1955

French Open

Angela Mortimer

Dorothy Head Knode

1955

Australian Open

Beryl Penrose

Thelma Long

1954

U.S. Open

Doris Hart

A. Louise Brough

1954

Wimbledon

Maureen Connolly

Louise Brough

1954

French Open

Maureen Connolly

Ginette Bucaille

1954

Australian Open

Thelma Long

Jennifer Staley

1953

U.S. Open

Maureen Connolly

Doris Hart

1953

Wimbledon

Maureen Connolly

Doris Hart

1953

French Open

Maureen Connolly

Doris Hart

1953

Australian Open

Maureen Connolly

Julia Sampson

1952

U.S. Open

Maureen Connolly

Doris Hart

1952

Wimbledon

Maureen Connolly

Louise Brough

1952

French Open

Doris Hart

Shirley Fry

1952

Australian Open

Thelma Long

H. Angwin

Ravindra

202

1951

U.S. Open

Maureen Connolly

Shirley Fry

1951

Wimbledon

Doris Hart

Shirley Fry

1951

French Open

Shirley Fry

Doris Hart

1951

Australian Open

Nancye Wynne Bolton

Thelma Long-Coyne

1950

U.S. Open

Margaret Osborne duPont

Doris Hart

1950

Wimbledon

Louise Brough

Margaret Osborne duPont

1950

French Open

Doris Hart

Patricia Todd

1950

Australian Open

A. Louise Brough

Doris Hart

1949

U.S. Open

Margaret Osborne duPont

Doris Hart

1949

Wimbledon

Louise Brough

Margaret Osborne duPont

1949

French Open

Margaret Osborne duPont

Nelly Adamson

1949

Australian Open

Doris Hart

Nancye Bolton

1948

U.S. Open

Margaret Osborne duPont

A. Louise Brough

1948

Wimbledon

Louise Brough

Doris Hart

1948

French Open

Nelly Landry

Shirley Fry

1948

Australian Open

Nancye Wynne Bolton

Marie Toomey

1947

U.S. Open

A. Louise Brough

Margaret Osborne

1947

Wimbledon

Margaret Osborne duPont

Doris Hart

1947

French Open

Patricia Todd

Doris Hart

1947

Australian Open

Nancye Wynne Bolton

Nell Hopman

1946

U.S. Open

Pauline Betz

Patricia Canning

1946

Wimbledon

Pauline Betz

Louise Brough

1946

French Open

Margaret Osborne duPont

Pauline Betz

1946

Australian Open

Nancye Wynne Bolton

Joyce Fitch

1945

U.S. Open

Sarah Palfrey Cooke

Pauline Betz

1944

U.S. Open

Pauline Betz

Margaret Osborne

1943

U.S. Open

Pauline Betz

A. Louise Brough

1942

U.S. Open

Pauline Betz

A. Louise Brough

1941

U.S. Open

Sarah Palfrey Cooke

Pauline Betz

1940

U.S. Open

Alice Marble

Helen Jacobs

1940

Australian Open

Nancye Wynne Bolton

Thelma Coyne

1939

U.S. Open

Alice Marble

Helen Jacobs

1939

Wimbledon

Alice Marble

Kay Stammers

1939

French Open

Simone Mathieu

Jadwiga Jedrzejowska

1939

Australian Open

Emily Westacott

Nell Hopman

Ravindra

203

1938

U.S. Open

Alice Marble

Nancye Wynne

1938

Wimbledon

Helen Wills Moody

Helen Jacobs

1938

French Open

Simone Mathieu

Nelly Adamson

1938

Australian Open

Dorothy Bundy

Dorothy Stevenson

1937

U.S. Open

Anita Lizana

Jadwiga Jedrzejowska

1937

Wimbledon

Dorothy Round

Jadwiga Jedrzejowska

1937

French Open

Hilde Sperling

Simone Mathieu

1937

Australian Open

Nancye Wynne

Emily Westacott

1936

U.S. Open

Alice Marble

Helen Jacobs

1936

Wimbledon

Helen Jacobs

Hilde Kranwinkel Sperling

1936

French Open

Hilde Sperling

Simone Mathieu

1936

Australian Open

Joan Hartigan

Nancye Wynne

1935

U.S. Open

Helen Jacobs

Sarah H. Palfrey

1935

Wimbledon

Helen Wills Moody

Helen Jacobs

1935

French Open

Hilde Sperling

Simone Mathieu

1935

Australian Open

Dorothy Round

Nancy Lyle

1934

U.S. Open

Helen Jacobs

Sarah H. Palfrey

1934

Wimbledon

Dorothy Round

Helen Jacobs

1934

French Open

Margaret Scriven

Helen Jacobs

1934

Australian Open

Joan Hartigan

Margaret Molesworth

1933

U.S. Open

Helen Jacobs

Helen Wills Moody

1933

Wimbledon

Helen Wills Moody

Dorothy Round

1933

French Open

Margaret Scriven

Simone Mathieu

1933

Australian Open

Joan Hartigan

Coral Buttsworth

1932

U.S. Open

Helen Jacobs

Carolin A. Babcock

1932

Wimbledon

Helen Wills Moody

Helen Jacobs

1932

French Open

Helen Wills Moody

Simone Mathieu

1932

Australian Open

Coral Buttsworth

Katherine Le Messurier

1931

U.S. Open

Helen Wills Moody

Eileen Bennett Whitingstall

1931

Wimbledon

Cilly Aussem

Hilde Kranwinkel

1931

French Open

Cilly Aussem

Betty Nuthall

1931

Australian Open

Coral Buttsworth

Margorie Crawford

1930

U.S. Open

Betty Nuthall

Anna McCune Harper

1930

Wimbledon

Helen Wills Moody

Elizabeth Ryan

1930

French Open

Helen Wills Moody

Helen Jacobs

Ravindra

204

1930

Australian Open

Daphne Akhurst

Sylvia Harper

1929

U.S. Open

Helen Wills

Phoebe Holcroft Watson

1929

Wimbledon

Helen Wills

Helen Jacobs

1929

French Open

Helen Wills

Simone Mathieu

1929

Australian Open

Daphne Akhurst

Louise Bickerton

1928

U.S. Open

Helen Wills

Helen J. Jacobs

1928

Wimbledon

Helen Wills

Lili de Alvarez

1928

French Open

Helen Wills

E. Bennett

1928

Australian Open

Daphne Akhurst

Esna Boyd

1927

U.S. Open

Helen Wills

Betty Nuthall

1927

Wimbledon

Helen Wills

Lili de Alvarez

1927

French Open

Kornelia Bouman

Irene Peacock

1927

Australian Open

Esna Boyd

Sylvia Harper

1926

U.S. Open

Molla B. Mallory

Elizabeth Ryan

1926

Wimbledon

Kathleen Godfree

Lili de Alvarez

1926

French Open

Suzanne Lenglen

Mary Browne

1926

Australian Open

Daphne Akhurst

Esna Boyd

1925

U.S. Open

Helen Wills

Kathleen McKane

1925

Wimbledon

Suzanne Lenglen

Joan Fry

1925

French Open

Suzanne Lenglen

Kathleen McKane

1925

Australian Open

Daphne Akhurst

Esna Boyd

1924

U.S. Open

Helen Wills

Molla B. Mallory

1924

Wimbledon

Kathleen McKane

Helen Wills

1924

French Open

Diddie Vlasto

Jeanne Vaussard

1924

Australian Open

Sylvia Lance

Esna Boyd

1923

U.S. Open

Helen Wills

Molla B. Mallory

1923

Wimbledon

Suzanne Lenglen

Kathleen McKane

1923

French Open

Suzanne Lenglen

Germaine Golding

1923

Australian Open

Margaret Molesworth

Esna Boyd

1922

U.S. Open

Molla B. Mallory

Helen Wills

1922

Wimbledon

Suzanne Lenglen

Molla Mallory

1922

French Open

Suzanne Lenglen

Germaine Golding

1922

Australian Open

Margaret Molesworth

Esna Boyd

1921

U.S. Open

Molla B. Mallory

Mary K. Browne

1921

Wimbledon

Suzanne Lenglen

Elizabeth Ryan

Ravindra

205

1921

French Open

Suzanne Lenglen

Germaine Golding

1920

U.S. Open

Molla B. Mallory

Marion Zinderstein

1920

Wimbledon

Suzanne Lenglen

Dorothea Douglass Chambers

1920

French Open

Suzanne Lenglen

Marguerite Broquedis

1919

U.S. Open

Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman Marion Zinderstein

1919

Wimbledon

Suzanne Lenglen

Dorothea Douglass Chambers

1918

U.S. Open

Molla Bjurstedt

Eleanor E. Goss

1917

U.S. Open

Molla Bjurstedt

Marion Vanderhoef

1916

U.S. Open

Molla Bjurstedt

Louise Hammond Raymond

1915

U.S. Open

Molla Bjurstedt

Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman

1914

U.S. Open

Mary Browne

Marie Wagner

1914

Wimbledon

Lambert Chambers

Ethel Larcombe

1914

French Open

Marguerite Broquedis

Suzanne Lenglen

1913

U.S. Open

Mary Browne

Dorothy Green

1913

Wimbledon

Lambert Chambers

R. McNair

1913

French Open

Marguerite Broquedis

Jeanne Matthey

1912

U.S. Open

Mary Browne

Eleonora Sears

1912

Wimbledon

Ethel Larcombe

Charlotte Cooper Sterry

1912

French Open

Jeanne Matthey

Marie Daney

1911

U.S. Open

Hazel Hotchkiss

Florence Sutton

1911

Wimbledon

Lambert Chambers

Dora Boothby

1911

French Open

Jeanne Matthey

Marguerite Broquedis

1910

U.S. Open

Hazel Hotchkiss

Louise Hammond

1910

Wimbledon

Lambert Chambers

Dora Boothby

1910

French Open

Jeanne Matthey

Marguerite Broquedis

1909

U.S. Open

Hazel Hotchkiss

Maud Barger-Wallach

1909

Wimbledon

Dora Boothby

A. Morton

1909

French Open

Jeanne Matthey

Gallay

1908

U.S. Open

Maud Barger Wallach

Evelyn Sears

1908

Wimbledon

Charlotte Cooper Sterry

A. Morton

1908

French Open

Kate Gillou Fenwick

A. Pean

1907

U.S. Open

Evelyn Sears

Carrie Neely

1907

Wimbledon

May Sutton

Dorothea Douglass Chambers

1907

French Open

Comtesse de Kermel

D. Elva

1906

U.S. Open

Helen Homans

Maud Barger-Wallach

Ravindra

206

1906

Wimbledon

Dorothea Douglass

May Sutton

1906

French Open

Kate Gillou Fenwick

MacVeagh

1905

U.S. Open

Elisabeth Moore

Helen Homans

1905

Wimbledon

May Sutton

Dorothea Douglass

1905

French Open

Kate Gillou

Y. De Pfoeffel

1904

U.S. Open

May Sutton

Elisabeth Moore

1904

Wimbledon

Dorothea Douglass

Charlotte Cooper Sterry

1904

French Open

Kate Gillou

Adine Masson

1903

U.S. Open

Elisabeth Moore

Marion Jones

1903

Wimbledon

Dorothea Douglass

E. Thomson

1903

French Open

F. Masson

Katie Gillou

1902

U.S. Open

Marion Jones

Elisabeth Moore

1902

Wimbledon

Muriel Robb

Charlotte Cooper Sterry

1902

French Open

F. Masson

P. Girod

1901

U.S. Open

Elisabeth Moore

Myrtle McAteer

1901

Wimbledon

Charlotte Cooper Sterry

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

1901

French Open

P. Girod

Leroux

1900

U.S. Open

Myrtle McAteer

Edith Parker

1900

Wimbledon

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

Charlotte Cooper

1900

French Open

Y. Prevost

xxx

1899

U.S. Open

Marion Jones

Maud Banks

1899

Wimbledon

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

Charlotte Cooper

1899

French Open

Francoise Masson

xxx

1898

U.S. Open

Juliette Atkinson

Marion Jones

1898

Wimbledon

Charlotte Cooper

L. Martin

1898

French Open

Francoise Masson

xxx

1897

U.S. Open

Juliette Atkinson

Elisabeth Moore

1897

Wimbledon

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

Charlotte Cooper

1897

French Open

Francoise Masson

P. Girod

1896

U.S. Open

Elisabeth Moore

Juliette Atkinson

1896

Wimbledon

Charlotte Cooper

W. H. Pickering

1895

U.S. Open

Juliette Atkinson

Helen Hellwig

1895

Wimbledon

Charlotte Cooper

H. Jackson

1894

U.S. Open

Helen Hellwig

Aline Terry

1894

Wimbledon

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

E. Austin

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1893

U.S. Open

Aline Terry

Augusta Schultz

1893

Wimbledon

Lottie Dod

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

1892

U.S. Open

Mabel Cahill

Elisabeth Moore

1892

Wimbledon

Lottie Dod

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

1891

U.S. Open

Mabel Cahill

Ellen C Roosevelt

1891

Wimbledon

Lottie Dod

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

1890

U.S. Open

Ellen C. Roosevelt

Bertha L. Townsend

1890

Wimbledon

Lena Rice

M. Jacks

1889

U.S. Open

Bertha L. Townsend

Lida D. Voorhes

1889

Wimbledon

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

Lena Rice

1888

U.S. Open

Bertha L. Townsend

Ellen Hansell

1888

Wimbledon

Lottie Dod

Blanche Bingley Hillyard

1887

U.S. Open

Ellen Hansell

Laura Knight

1887

Wimbledon

Lottie Dod

Blanche Bingley

1886

Wimbledon

Blanche Bingley

Maud Watson

1885

Wimbledon

Maud Watson

Blanche Bingley

1884

Wimbledon

Maud Watson

Lillian Watson

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Grand Slam The four Grand Slam tournaments are the most important tennis events of the year in terms of world ranking points, tradition, prizemoney awarded, and public attention. They are: Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open A singles player or doubles team that wins all four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year is said to have achieved the Grand Slam or a Calendar Year Grand Slam. If the player or team wins all four consecutively, but not in the same calendar year, it is called a Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam. If a player wins all four at some point in his or her career, even if not consecutively, it is called a Career Grand Slam. Winning three of the four tournaments is called a Small Slam. If a player wins all the four majors and a gold medal in tennis at the Summer Olympics in the same calendar year, then its known as the Golden Slam. History The term Grand Slam, as applied to tennis, was first used by New York Times columnist John Kieran according to Total Tennis, The Ultimate Tennis Encyclopedia by Bud Collins. In the chapter about 1933, Collins writes that after the Australian player Jack Crawford had won the Australian, French, and Wimbledon Championships, speculation arose about his chances in the U.S. Championships. Kieran, who was a bridge player, wrote: "If Crawford wins, it would be something like scoring a grand slam on the courts, doubled and vulnerable." Crawford, an asthmatic, won two of the first three sets of his finals match against Fred Perry, then tired in the heat and lost the last two sets and the match. The expression Grand Slam, initially used to describe the winning of the tennis major events in one calendar year, was later incorporated by other sports, notably golf, to describe a similar accomplishment.

Winning "The Grand Slam" in singles: all four majors in the same calendar year 1. 2. 3. 4.

Don Budge 1938 Maureen Connolly 1953 Rod Laver 1962 and 1969 Margaret Smith Court 1970

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5. Steffi Graf 1988 Winning "The Grand Slam" in doubles with the same partner 1. Frank Sedgman and Ken McGregor 1951 2. Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver 1984 Winning "The Grand Slam" in mixed doubles with the same partner 1. Margaret Smith (Court) and Ken Fletcher 1963 Top Five Lists: Most Grand Slam singles titles: men 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Pete Sampras 14 Roger Federer 13 Roy Emerson 12 Rod Laver 11 Bjorn Borg 11

Most Grand Slam singles titles: women 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Margaret Smith Court 24 Steffi Graf 22 Helen Wills Moody 19 Martina Navratilova 18 Chris Evert 18

Most career singles titles: men 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Jimmy Connors 109 Ivan Lendl 94 John McEnroe 77 Pete Sampras 64 Bjorn Borg and Guillermo Vilas each 62

Most career singles titles: women 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Martina Navratilova 167 Chris Evert 154 Steffi Graf 107 Margaret Smith Court 92 Billie-Jean King 67

Most career singles and doubles* titles: men

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

John McEnroe 152 Jimmy Connors 128 Ilie Nastase 108 Tom Okker 108 Stan Smith 100

Most career singles and doubles* titles: women 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Martina Navratilova 344 Chris Evert 189 Billie-Jean King 168 Margaret Smith Court 127 Rosie Casals 123

CRICKET Ravindra

211

History of Cricket

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The origins of cricket are obscure, and there are several theories on how it started. One is that shepherds used to play it - one would stand in front of the wicket gate to the sheep fold, and another would bowl a stone or something at him, and he would have to hit it with his crook, which was known as a cricket. Other theories are that it derives from a game called club-ball, or a game played in churchyards... The first reference to cricket being played is thought to be in 1300, between Prince Edward and his friend Piers Gaveston and the first recorded match took place at Coxheath in Kent in 1646. The first match between counties on 29th June 1709, when Surrey played Kent at Dartford Brent. The earliest known cricket photographs were taken in 1857, by Roger Fenton at the Artillery Ground, when the Royal Artillery played Hunsdonbury. As well as shepherds' crooks, early bats were clubs and sticks. These gave way to long, thin battes, which looked a bit like straightened-out hockey sticks, because the ball was bowled under-arm, and the batters swung their bats like clubs!! By the 18th century, the bat had developed into a longer, heavier, curved version of the one we know now, carved out of a single piece of wood. Today's bat was invented around 1853, with the blade made of willow, and a cane handle, which is layered with strips of rubber, tied with twine, and covered with rubber to make a grip. The 'V' shaped extension of the handle into the blade is the splice. The early balls were stones and other missiles. Rather dangerous really, and not surprising that someone came up with an alternative! They're now made of cork, and covered with hand-stitched leather quarters dyed red. The wicket - the stumps are the three posts. Originally there were two, and at one point, four. The size has varied too - in the 17th century, were up to two metres wide!! The bails are the two bits of wood on the top, and if they fall off, it's all over!!

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Test Records :- Highest Team Totals

# Runs

Overs

In Team n

Opposition Venue

Date

1 956-6 dec

270.0

2

Sri Lanka

India

Colombo (RPS)

2 Aug 1997

2 903-7 dec

335.2

1

England

Australia

The Oval

20 Aug 1938

3 849

258.2

1

England

West Indies Kingston

3 Apr 1930

4 790-3 dec

208.1

2

West Indies

Pakistan

Kingston

26 Feb 1958

5 765-6 dec

248.5

2

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Karachi

21 Feb 2009

6 758-8 dec

245.4

2

Australia

West Indies Kingston

11 Jun 1955

7 756-5 dec

185.1

2

Sri Lanka

South Africa

Colombo (SSC)

27 Jul 2006

8 751-5 dec

202.0

1

West Indies

England

St John's

10 Apr 2004

9 749-9 dec

194.4

2

West Indies

England

Bridgetown

26 Feb 2009

10 747

235.2

2

West Indies

South Africa

St John's

29 Apr 2005

11 735-6 dec

146.3

1

Australia

Zimbabwe Perth

9 Oct 2003

12 729-6 dec

232.0

2

Australia

England

27 Jun 1930

13 713-3 dec

165.3

2

Sri Lanka

Zimbabwe Bulawayo

14 May 2004

14 708

220.3

1

Pakistan

England

The Oval

6 Aug 1987

15 705-7 dec

187.3

1

India

Australia

Sydney

2 Jan 2004

16 701

171.2

1

Australia

England

The Oval

18 Aug 1934

17 699-5

203.4

2

Pakistan

India

Lahore

1 Dec 1989

18 695

256.1

2

Australia

England

The Oval

16 Aug 1930

19 692-8 dec

163.0

2

West Indies

England

The Oval

24 Aug

Ravindra

Lord's

214

1995 20 687-8 dec

182.5

1

West Indies

England

The Oval

12 Aug 1976

21 682-6 dec

177.0

2

South Africa

England

Lord's

31 Jul 2003

22 681-8 dec

198.4

1

West Indies

England

Port of Spain

17 Mar 1954

23 679-7 dec

167.1

1

Pakistan

India

Lahore

13 Jan 2006

24 676-7

167.1

2

India

Sri Lanka

Kanpur

17 Dec 1986

25 675-5 dec

161.5

1

India

Pakistan

Multan

28 Mar 2004

26 674-6

224.5

2

Pakistan

India

Faisalabad

24 Oct 1984

27 674

151.3

1

Australia

India

Adelaide

23 Jan 1948

28 671-4

220.3

3

New Zealand

Sri Lanka

Wellington

31 Jan 1991

29 668

235.5

1

Australia

West Indies Bridgetown

14 May 1955

30 664

170.0

1

India

England

The Oval

9 Aug 2007

31 660-5 dec

169.2

1

West Indies

New Zealand

Wellington

10 Feb 1995

32 659-8 dec

173.0

2

Australia

England

Sydney

13 Dec 1946

33 658-9 dec

166.2

2

South Africa

West Indies Durban

26 Dec 2003

34 658-8 dec

188.0

1

England

Australia

Nottingham

10 Jun 1938

35 657-8 dec

319.0

3

Pakistan

West Indies Bridgetown

17 Jan 1958

36 657-7 dec

178.0

3

India

Australia

Kolkata

11 Mar 2001

37 656-8 dec

255.5

1

Australia

England

Manchester

23 Jul 1964

38 654-5

218.2

4

England

South Africa

Durban

3 Mar 1939

Ravindra

215

39 653-4 dec

193.0

1

Australia

England

Leeds

22 Jul 1993

40 653-4 dec

162.0

1

England

India

Lord's

26 Jul 1990

41 652-8 dec

168.4

1

West Indies

England

Lord's

23 Aug 1973

42 652-7 dec

175.0

2

England

India

Chennai

13 Jan 1985

43 652-7 dec

146.0

1

Australia

South Africa

Johannesburg

22 Feb 2002

44 652

142.4

2

Pakistan

India

Faisalabad

3 Jan 1983

45 650-6 dec

189.0

1

Australia

West Indies Bridgetown

5 May 1965

Test Records:- Most Wickets in a career

#

Player Name Muttiah Muralitharan

Team Mat Overs Runs SL

127 42020 17081 770

22.1831 9-51 66 22

2

Shane Warne

Aus

145 40705 17995 708

25.4167 8-71 37 10

3

Anil Kumble

Ind

132 40850 18355 619

29.6527 10-74 35 8

4

Glenn McGrath

Aus

124 29248 12186 563

21.6448 8-24 29 3

5

Courtney Walsh

WI

132 30019 12688 519

24.4470 7-37 22 3

6

Kapil Dev

Ind

131 27740 12867 434

29.6475 9-83 23 2

7

Richard Hadlee

NZ

86

21918 9611

431

22.2993 9-52 36 9

8

Shaun Pollock

SA

108 24353 9733

421

23.1188 7-87 16 1

9

Wasim Akram

Pak

104 22627 9779

414

23.6208 7-119 25 5

WI

98

405

20.9901 8-45 22 3

1

10 Curtly Ambrose

Ravindra

22103 8501

Wickets Ave

Best 5w 10w Period 1992 19922007 19902008 19932007 19842001 19781994 19731990 19952008 19852002 19882000

216

11 Makhaya Ntini

SA

99

20414 11009 388

28.3737 7-37 18 4

12 Ian Botham

Eng

102 21815 10878 383

28.4021 8-34 27 4

13 Malcolm Marshall WI

81

17584 7876

376

20.9468 7-22 22 4

14 Waqar Younis

Pak

87

16224 8788

373

23.5603 7-76 22 5

15 Imran Khan

Pak

88

19458 8258

362

22.8122 8-58 23 6

16 Dennis Lillee

Aus

70

18467 8493

355

23.9239 7-83 23 7

17 Chaminda Vaas

SL

109 22988 10345 354

29.2232 7-71 12 2

18 Allan Donald

SA

72

15519 7344

330

22.2545 8-71 20 3

19 Harbhajan Singh

Ind

77

21471 10040 330

30.4242 8-84 23 5

20 Bob Willis

Eng

90

17357 8190

325

25.2000 8-43 16 0

21 Brett Lee

Aus

76

16531 9554

310

30.8194 5-30 10 0

22 Lance Gibbs

WI

79

27115 8989

309

29.0906 8-38 18 2

23 Fred Trueman

Eng

67

15178 6625

307

21.5798 8-31 17 3

24 Derek Underwood Eng

86

21862 7674

297

25.8384 8-51 17 6

25 Daniel Vettori

NZ

92

22398 9831

293

33.5529 7-87 18 3

26 Craig McDermott

Aus

71

16586 8332

291

28.6323 8-97 14 2

27 Bishan Bedi

Ind

67

21364 7637

266

28.7105 7-98 14 1

28 Joel Garner

WI

58

13169 5433

259

20.9768 6-56 7

0

29 Jason Gillespie

Aus

71

14234 6770

259

26.1390 7-37 8

0

30 Jacques Kallis

SA

131 17040 8021

258

31.0891 6-54 5

0

31 Brian Statham

Eng

70

16056 6261

252

24.8452 7-39 9

1

32 Michael Holding

WI

60

1280

5898

249

23.6867 8-92 13 2

33 Richie Benaud

Aus

63

19108 6704

248

27.0323 7-72 16 1

Ravindra

1998 19771992 19781991 19892000 19711992 19711984 1994 19922002 1998 19711984 1999 19581976 19521965 19661982 1997 19841996 19661979 19771987 19962006 1995 19511965 19751987 19521964

217

34 Matthew Hoggard

Eng

67

13909 7564

248

30.5000 7-61 7

35 Garth McKenzie

Aus

60

17681 7328

246

29.7886 8-71 16 3

Ind

58

15963 7199

242

29.7479 8-79 16 2

37 Abdul Qadir

Pak

67

17126 7742

236

32.8051 9-56 15 5

38 Javagal Srinath

Ind

67

15104 7196

236

30.4915 8-86 10 1

39 Alec Bedser

Eng

51

15918 5876

236

24.8983 7-44 15 3

40 Alec Bedser

Eng

51

15918 5879

236

24.9110 7-44 15 5

41 Garry Sobers

WI

93

21599 7999

235

34.0383 7-46 13 1

42 Andy Caddick

Eng

62

13558 6999

234

29.9103 7-46 13 1

43 Darren Gough

Eng

58

11821 6503

229

28.3974 6-42 5

44 Ray Lindwall

Aus

61

13650 5251

228

23.0307 7-38 12 0

45 Danish Kaneria 46 Steve Harmison

Pak Eng

53 61

15608 7846 13117 7025

225 221

34.8711 7-77 12 2 31.7873 7-12 8 1

47 Chris Cairns

NZ

62

11698 6410

218

29.4037 7-27 13 1

48 Andrew Flintoff

Eng

75

14178 6993

218

32.0780 5-58 2

49 Clarrie Grimmett

Aus

37

14513 5231

216

24.2176 7-40 21 7

50 Heath Streak

Zim

65

13559 6079

216

28.1435 6-73 7

0

51 Merv Hughes

Aus

53

12285 6017

212

28.3821 8-87 7

1

52 Zaheer Khan

Ind

65

12962 7107

210

33.8429 5-29 7

0

53 Stuart MacGill

Aus

44

11237 6038

208

29.0288 8-108 12 2

54 Saqlain Mushtaq

Pak

49

14070 6206

208

29.8365 8-164 13 3

55 John Snow

Eng

49

12021 5387

202

26.6683 7-40 8

56 Andy Roberts

WI

47

11135 5174

202

25.6139 7-54 11 2

36

Bhagwat Chandrasekhar

Ravindra

1

0

0

1

2000 19611971 19641979 19771990 19912002 19641955 19461955 19541974 19932003 19942000 19461960 2000 2002 19892004 1998 19251936 19932005 19851994 2000 19982008 19952004 19651976 1974-

218

57 Jeff Thomson

Aus

51

10535 5601

200

28.0050 6-46 8

0

1983 1972-85

Test Records :- Most Runs in a career

Ravindra

219

9 62 15 4 5.0 36 2 19 9 22 21 5 19 84 20 00 47 He rsc hel le Gi bb s S A 90 15 4 7 61 67 4 1.9 52 4 22 8 14 26 11 19 96 48 Ne il Ravindra

220

Test Records :- Lowest Team Totals

# Runs

Overs

In Team n

Opposition Venue

Date

1 26

27.0

3

New Zealand

England

Auckland

25 Mar 1955

2 30

18.4

4

South Africa

England

Port Elizabeth

13 Feb 1896

3 30

12.3

2

South Africa

England

Birmingham

14 Jun 1924

4 35

22.4

4

South Africa

England

Cape Town

1 Apr 1899

5 35

23.2

1

South Africa

Australia

Melbourne

12 Feb 1932

6 36

23.0

2

Australia

England

Birmingham

29 May 1902

7 42

17.0

3

India

England

Lord's

20 Jun 1974

8 42

37.3

2

Australia

England

Sydney

10 Feb 1888

9 42

39.0

1

New Zealand

Australia

Wellington

29 Mar 1946

10 43

28.2

3

South Africa

England

Cape Town

25 Mar 1889

11 44

26.0

4

Australia

England

The Oval

10 Aug 1896

12 45

31.3

3

South Africa

Australia

Melbourne

12 Feb 1932

13 45

35.3

1

England

Australia

Sydney

28 Jan 1887

14 46

19.1

4

England

West Indies Port of Spain

25 Mar 1994

15 47

32.3

2

New Zealand

England

Lord's

19 Jun 1958

16 47

47.1

2

South Africa

England

Cape Town

25 Mar 1889

17 47

25.3

3

West Indies

England

Kingston

11 Mar

Ravindra

221

2004 19.1

4

West Indies

Australia

19 51

33.2

4

England

West Indies Jamaica

4 Feb 2009

20 52

42.1

1

England

Australia

The Oval

14 Aug 1948

21 53

25.3

4

West Indies

Pakistan

Faisalabad

24 Oct 1986

22 53

24.5

3

Pakistan

Australia

Sharjah

11 Oct 2002

23 53

22.3

1

Australia

England

Lord's

22 Jun 1896

24 53

50.0

2

England

Australia

Lord's

16 Jul 1888

25 54

32.2

3

New Zealand

Australia

Wellington

29 Mar 1946

26 54

31.2

1

Zimbabwe

South Africa

Cape Town

4 Mar 2005

27 54

26.4

3

West Indies

England

Lord's

29 Jun 2000

28 57

33.4

4

South Africa

England

Johannesburg

24 Dec 1956

29 58

12.3

4

Australia

England

Brisbane

4 Dec 1936

30 58

21.4

2

India

England

Manchester

17 Jul 1952

31 58

26.1

1

South Africa

England

Lord's

10 Jun 1912

32 58

21.3

2

India

Australia

Brisbane

28 Nov 1947

33 59

31.5

1

Pakistan

Australia

Sharjah

11 Oct 2002

34 60

29.2

3

Australia

England

Lord's

16 Jul 1888

35 61

15.4

2

England

Australia

Melbourne

1 Jan 1902

36 61

26.2

3

West Indies

England

Leeds

17 Aug 2000

37 61

31.2

2

England

Australia

Melbourne

5 Mar

Ravindra

Port of Spain

5 Mar 1999

18 51

222

1904 16 Jul 1888

38 62

47.0

4

England

Australia

Lord's

39 62

25.2

1

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Colombo (PSS) 3 Jul 2007

40 62

21.2

2

Pakistan

Australia

Perth

13 Nov 1981

41 63

80.0

1

Australia

England

The Oval

28 Aug 1882

42 63

47.0

4

Zimbabwe

West Indies Port of Spain

16 Mar 2000

43 64

27.3

4

England

New Zealand

Wellington

10 Feb 1978

44 65

37.6

1

New Zealand

England

Christchurch

25 Feb 1971

45 65

38.5

2

England

Australia

Sydney

1 Feb 1895

46 65

22.4

4

Australia

England

The Oval

19 Aug 1912

47 66

34.1

4

India

South Africa

Durban

26 Dec 1996

48 66

25.3

4

Australia

England

Brisbane

30 Nov 1928

49 67

24.2

3

India

Australia

Melbourne

6 Feb 1948

50 67

37.1

3

New Zealand

England

Lord's

24 Aug 1978

51 67

59.1

1

New Zealand

England

Leeds

3 Jul 1958

52 68

60.2

2

Australia

England

The Oval

12 Aug 1886

53 70

39.2

1

New Zealand

Pakistan

Dhaka

7 Nov 1955

54 70

31.1

1

Australia

England

Manchester

30 Aug 1888

55 71

32.5

2

England

West Indies Manchester

8 Jul 1976

56 71

28.2

1

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Kandy

26 Aug 1994

57 72

50.1

4

South Africa

England

Cape Town

1 Jan 1957

58 72

31.3

4

Pakistan

Australia

Perth

16 Dec 2004

59 72

29.1

3

England

Australia

Sydney

1 Feb 1895

Ravindra

223

60 72

29.1

3

England

Australia

Sydney

1 Feb 1895

61 73

24.5

3

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Kandy

3 Apr 2006

62 73

30.2

2

New Zealand

Pakistan

Lahore

1 May 2002

63 74

62.2

1

New Zealand

West Indies Dunedin

3 Feb 1956

64 74

46.0

1

Australia

England

Birmingham

27 May 1909

65 74

50.3

3

New Zealand

England

Lord's

19 Jun 1958

66 75

44.4

4

South Africa

England

Leeds

29 Jul 1907

67 75

40.1

1

England

Australia

Melbourne

29 Dec 1894

68 75

28.4

2

Australia

South Africa

Durban

20 Jan 1950

69 75

30.5

1

India

West Indies Delhi

25 Nov 1987

ODI Records :- Most Runs in Career

# Player Name

Team Mat Inns No Runs Ave

1 Sachin Tendulkar

Ind

425 415 39

1668 44.372 1 43 4 3 86*

91 20 1989

2 Sanath Jayasuriya

SL

432 420 18

1315 32.713 189 28 1 9

67 33 1989

3 Inzamam-ul-Haq

Pak

378 350 53 11739

39.525 1 10 3 37*

83 20

4 Ricky Ponting

Aus 315 306 35 11523

42.520 164 26 3

67 17 1995

5 Sourav Ganguly

Ind

311 300 23 11363

41.021 183 22 7

72 16

19922007

6 Rahul Dravid

Ind

333 308 40

1058 39.496 153 12 5 3

81 13

19962007

7 Brian Lara

WI

299 289 32

1040 40.486 169 19 5 4

63 16

19902007

8 Jacques Kallis

SA

291 277 51

1023 45.305 139 16 9 3

73 15 1996

Ravindra

HS 100s 50s 0s Period

19912007

224

Aus 287 279 11 9619

35.891 172 16 8

55 19

19962008

Ind

334 308 54 9378

36.921 1 7 3 53*

58 9

19852000

11 Aravinda de Silva

SL

308 296 30 9284

34.902 145 11 3

64 17

19842003

12 Mohammad Yousuf

Pak

269 254 40 9241

43.182 1 15 2 41*

62 15

19982008

13 Saeed Anwar

Pak

247 244 19 8823

39.213 194 20 3

43 15

19892003

14 Desmond Haynes

WI

238 237 28 8648

41.378 1 17 0 53*

57 13

19781994

15 Marvan Atapattu

SL

268 259 32 8529

37.572 1 11 7 32*

59 13

19902007

16 Mark Waugh

Aus 244 236 20 8500

39.351 173 18 9

50 16

19882002

WI

246 231 37 8059

41.541 150 10 2

53 5

1994

18 Mahela Jayawardene SL

299 280 29 8042

32.039 128 10 8

49 23 1998

19 Herschelle Gibbs

SA

244 237 16 8038

36.371 175 21 0

37 22 1996

20 Stephen Fleming

NZ

280 269 21 8037

32.407 1 8 3 34*

49 17

19942007

21 Steve Waugh

Aus 325 288 58 7569

32.908 1 3 7 20*

45 15

19862002

22 Arjuna Ranatunga

SL

269 255 47 7456

35.846 1 4 2 31*

49 18

19821999

23 Kumar Sangakkara

SL

246 229 25 7408

36.313 1 10 7 38*

48 9

2000

24 Javed Miandad

Pak

233 218 41 7381

41.700 119* 8 6

50 8

19751996

25 Chris Gayle

WI

199 194 14 7259

40.327 1 19 8 53*

38 18 1999

26 Saleem Malik

Pak

283 256 38 7170

32.889 102 5 9

47 19

19821999

27 Nathan Astle

NZ

223 217 14 7090

34.926 1 16 1 45*

41 19

19952007

28 Michael Bevan

Aus 232 196 67 6912 53.581 1

46 5

1994-

9 Adam Gilchrist 10

17

Mohammad Azharuddin

Shivnarine Chanderpaul

Ravindra

6

225

4

08*

2004

29 Yuvraj Singh

Ind

232 213 30 6850

37.431 139 11 7

40 12 2000

30 Gary Kirsten

SA

185 185 19 6797

40.945 1 13 8 88*

45 11

19932003

31 Andy Flower

Zim 213 208 16 6786

35.343 145 4 8

55 13

19922003

32 Viv Richards

WI

187 167 24 6721

47.000 1 11 0 89*

45 7

19751991

33 Virender Sehwag

Ind

205 200 8 6592

34.333 130 11 3

35 11 1999

34 Ijaz Ahmed

Pak

250 232 29 6564

32.335 1 10 0 42*

37 14

19862000

35 Grant Flower

Zim 219 212 18 6536

33.690 1 6 7 42*

40 18

19922004

36 Allan Border

Aus 273 252 39 6524

30.629 1 3 1 27*

39 11

19791994

37 Richie Richardson

WI

44 8

19831996

38 Matthew Hayden

Aus 161 155 15 6133

43.807 1 10 1 81*

36 9

1993

39 Dean Jones

Aus 164 161 25 6068

44.617 145 7 6

46 6

19841994

40 David Boon

Aus 181 177 16 5964

37.043 122 5 5

37 6

19841995

41 Jonty Rhodes

SA

245 220 51 5935 35.1183 121 2

33 12

19922003

42 Ramiz Raja

Pak

198 197 15 5841

32.093 119* 9 4

31 15

19851997

43 Carl Hooper

WI

227 206 43 5761

35.343 113* 7 6

29 7

19872003

44 Hansie Cronje

SA

188 175 31 5565

38.645 112 2 8

39 8

19922000

45 Shahid Afridi

Pak

272 254 16 5531

23.239 109 4 5

29 23 1996

46 Ajay Jadeja

Ind

196 179 36 5359

37.475 119 6 5

30 10

19922000

47 Damien Martyn

Aus 208 182 51 5346

40.809 1 5 2 44*

37 10

19922006

Ravindra

224 217 30 6248 33.4118 122 5

226

48 Younis Khan

Pak

182 176 20 5317

34.083 144 6 3

35 15 2000

49 Graeme Smith

SA

141 139 9 5251

40.392 1 7 3 34*

38 8

2002

50 Alistair Campbell

Zim 188 184 14 5185

30.500 1 7 0 31*

30 11

19922003

51 Roshan Mahanama

SL

213 198 23 5162

29.497 119* 4 1

35 15

19861999

52 Gordon Greenidge

WI

128 127 13 5134

45.035 1 11 1 33*

31 3

19751991

53 Andrew Symonds

Aus 194 158 33 5008

40.064 156 6 0

29 15 1998

ODI Records :- Highest Individual Scores

Ravindra

227

ODI Records :- Most Wickets in a Career

# Player Name 1

Muttiah Muralitharan

2 Wasim Akram

Ravindra

Team Mat Overs Runs Wkts Ave

Best 4w 5w Period

SL

329 17713 11485 505 22.7426 7-30 14

10 1993

Pak

356 18186 11812 502 23.5299 5-15 17

6

1984-2003

228

3 Waqar Younis

Pak

262 12698 9913 416 23.8293 7-36 14

13 1989-2003

4 Chaminda Vaas

SL

322 15775 11014 400 27.5350 8-19 9

4

1994

5 Shaun Pollock

SA

303 15712 9631 393 24.5064 6-35 12

5

1996-2008

6 Glenn McGrath

Aus

250 12970 8391 381 22.0236 7-15 9

7

1993-2007

7 Anil Kumble

Ind

271 14496 10412 337 30.8961 6-12 8

2

1990-2007

8 Javagal Srinath

Ind

229 11935 8847 315 28.0857 5-23 7

3

1991-2003

9 Sanath Jayasuriya SL

432 14484 11504 313 36.7540 6-29 8

4

1989

10 Brett Lee

Aus

173 8853 6955 303 22.9538 5-22 11

8

2000

11 Shane Warne

Aus

194 10642 7541 293 25.7372 5-33 12

1

1993-2005

12 Saqlain Mushtaq Pak

169 8770 6275 288 21.7882 5-20 11

6

1995-2003

13 Ajit Agarkar

Ind

191 9484 8021 288 27.8507 6-42 10

2

1998

14 Allan Donald

SA

164 8561 5926 272 21.7868 6-23 11

2

1991-2003

15 Makhaya Ntini

SA

173 8687 6559 266 24.6579 6-22 8

4

1998

16 Kapil Dev

Ind

225 11202 6945 253 27.4506 5-43 3

1

1978-1994

17 Shahid Afridi

Pak

272 11224 8667 249 34.8072 6-38 2

3

1996

18 Jacques Kallis

SA

291 9790 7881 247 31.9069 5-30 2

2

1996

19 Abdul Razzaq

Pak

231 9797 7658 246 31.1301 6-35 8

3

1996-2007

20 Daniel Vettori

NZ

239 11234 7819 241 32.4440 5-7 7

2

1997

21 Heath Streak

Zim 189 9468 7129 239 29.8285 5-32 7

1

1993-2005

22 Darren Gough

Eng

159 8470 6209 235 26.4213 5-44 10

2

1994-2006

23 Courtney Walsh

WI

205 10822 6918 227 30.4758 5-1 6

1

1985-2000

24 Curtly Ambrose

WI

176 9353 5429 225 24.1289 5-17 6

4

1988-2000

25 Zaheer Khan

Ind

162 8097 6566 225 29.1822 5-42 7

1

2000

26 Shoaib Akhtar

Pak

141 6672 5204 220 23.6545 6-16 6

4

1998

27 Harbhajan Singh Ind

185 9672 6808 207 32.8889 5-31 2

2

1998

28 Craig McDermott Aus

138 7461 5018 203 24.7192 5-44 4

1

1985-1996

29 Chris Harris

NZ

250 10667 7613 203 37.5025 5-42 2

1

1990-2004

30 Chris Cairns

NZ

215 8168 6594 201 32.8060 5-42 3

1

1991-2006

31 Venkatesh Prasad Ind

161 8129 6321 196 32.2500 5-27 3

1

1994-2001

32 Steve Waugh

Aus

325 8883 6761 195 34.6718 4-33 3

0

1986-2002

33 Carl Hooper

WI

227 9573 6958 193 36.0518 4-34 3

0

1987-2003

34 Lance Klusener

SA

171 7336 5751 192 29.9531 6-49 1

6

1996-2004

35 Imran Khan

Pak

175 7461 4844 182 26.6154 6-14 3

1

1974-1992

Ravindra

229

36 Aaqib Javed

Pak

163 8012 5721 182 31.4341 7-37 2

4

1988-1998

37 Andrew Flintoff

Eng

141 5624 4121 169 24.3846 5-19 6

2

1999

38 Dilhara Fernando SL

132 5730 4952 166 29.8313 6-27 3

1

2001

39 Nathan Bracken

Aus

107 5216 3887 164 23.7012 5-47 5

2

2001

40 Mushtaq Ahmed Pak

144 7543 5361 161 33.2981 5-36 3

1

1989-2003

41 Richard Hadlee

NZ

115 6182 3407 158 21.5633 5-25 1

5

1973-1990

42 Manoj Prabhakar Ind

130 6360 4534 157 28.8790 5-33 4

2

1984-1996

Malcolm Marshall

WI

136 7175 4233 157 26.9618 4-18 6

0

1980-1992

44 Brad Hogg

Aus

123 5564 4168 156 26.7179 5-32 4

2

1996-2008

45 Sachin Tendulkar Ind

425 8015 6806 154 44.1948 5-32 4

2

1989

46 Irfan Pathan

Ind

107 5194 4547 152 29.9145 5-27 4

1

2004

47 Upul Chandana

SL

147 6142 4818 151 31.9073 5-61 4

1

1994-2007

48 Chris Gayle

WI

199 6419 5056 151 33.4834 5-46 3

1

1999

49 Kyle Mills

NZ

102 5042 3936 149 26.4161 5-25 6

1

2001

50 Joel Garner

WI

98 5330 2752 146 18.8493 5-31 2

3

1977-1987

51 Ian Botham

Eng

117 6271 4139 145 28.5448 5-56 3

0

1976-1992

52 Jason Gillespie

Aus

97 5144 3611 142 25.4296 5-22 3

3

1996-2005

53 Michael Holding WI

102 5473 3034 142 21.3662 5-26 5

1

1976-1992

54 Ewen Chatfield

NZ

114 6065 3618 140 25.8429 5-34 3

1

1979-1989

Kumar Dharmasena

SL

141 7009 4998 138 36.2174 4-37 1

0

1994-2004

56 James Anderson

Eng

106 5103 4207 136 30.9338 4-23 7

0

2002

57 Mashrafe Mortaza Ban

103 5280 4025 135 29.8148 6-26 5

1

2001

58 Damien Fleming Aus

88 4619 3402 134 25.3881 5-36 4

1

1994-2001

59 Abdul Qadir

Pak

104 5100 3454 132 26.1667 5-44 4

2

1983-1993

60 Jacob Oram

NZ

130 5506 4050 131 30.9160 5-26 2

2

2001

61 Mervyn Dillon

WI

108 5480 4218 130 32.4462 5-29 3

3

1997-2005

43

55

ODI Records :- Highest Team Totals

Ravindra

230

#

Runs Overs Inn Team

Opposition

Venue

Date

1

443-9 50

1

Sri Lanka

Netherlands

Amstelveen

4 Jul 2006

2

438-9 49.5

2

South Africa

Australia

Johannesburg

12 Mar 2006

3

434-4 50

1

Australia

South Africa

Johannesburg

12 Mar 2006

4

418-5 50

1

South Africa

Zimbabwe

Potchefstroom

20 Sep 2006

5

413-5 50

1

India

Bermuda

Port of Spain

19 Mar 2007

6

402-2 50

1

New Zealand

Zimbabwe

Bulawayo

24 Aug 2005

7

398-5 50

1

Sri Lanka

Kenya

Kandy

6 Mar 1996

8

397-5 44

1

New Zealand

Zimbabwe

Bulawayo

24 Aug 2005

9

392-6 50

1

South Africa

Pakistan

Centurion

4 Feb 2007

10 392-4 50

1

India

New Zealand

Christchurch

8 Mar 2009

11 391-4 50

1

England

Bangladesh

Nottingham

21 Jun 2005

12 387-5 50

1

India

England

Rajkot

14 Nov 2008

13 377-6 50

1

Australia

South Africa

Basseterre

24 Mar 2007

14 376-2 50

1

India

New Zealand

Hyderabad (Ind) 8 Nov 1999

15 374-4 50

1

India

Hong Kong

Karachi

25 Jun 2008

16 373-6 50

1

India

Sri Lanka

Taunton

26 May 1999

17 371-9 50

1

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Nairobi (Gym)

4 Oct 1996

18 368-5 50

1

Australia

Sri Lanka

Sydney

12 Feb 2006

19 363-7 55

1

England

Pakistan

Nottingham

20 Aug 1992

20 363-5 50

1

India

Sri Lanka

Colombo (RPS)

3 Feb 2009

21 363-5 50

1

New Zealand

Canada

Gros Islet

22 Mar 2007

22 363-3 50

1

South Africa

Zimbabwe

Bulawayo

23 Sep 2001

23 360-4 50

1

West Indies

Sri Lanka

Karachi

13 Oct 1987

24 359-5 50

1

Australia

India

Sydney

8 Feb 2004

25 359-2 50

1

Australia

India

Johannesburg

23 Mar 2003

26 358-5 50

1

Australia

Netherlands

Basseterre

18 Mar 2007

27 358-4 50

1

South Africa

Bangladesh

Benoni

9 Nov 2008

28 357-9 50

1

Sri Lanka

Bangladesh

Lahore

25 Jun 2008

29 356-9 50

1

India

Pakistan

Visakhapatnam

5 Apr 2005

30 356-4 50

1

South Africa

West Indies

St George's

10 Apr 2007

31 354-3 50

1

South Africa

Kenya

Cape Town

22 Oct 2001

32 353-6 50

1

Pakistan

England

Karachi

15 Dec 2005

Ravindra

231

33 353-5 50

1

India

New Zealand

Hyderabad (Ind) 15 Nov 2003

34 353-3 40

1

South Africa

Netherlands

Basseterre

16 Mar 2007

35 351-7 50

1

Zimbabwe

Kenya

Mombasa

29 Jan 2009

36 351-4 50

1

Pakistan

South Africa

Durban

7 Feb 2007

37 351-3 50

1

India

Kenya

Paarl

24 Oct 2001

38 350-9 49.3

2

New Zealand

Australia

Hamilton

20 Feb 2007

39 350-6 50

1

India

Sri Lanka

Nagpur

25 Oct 2005

40 349-9 50

1

New Zealand

India

Rajkot

5 Nov 1999

41 349-9 50

1

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Singapore

2 Apr 1996

42 349-7 50

1

India

Pakistan

Karachi

13 Mar 2004

43 349-6 50

1

Australia

New Zealand

Christchurch

26 Feb 2000

44 349

1

Pakistan

Zimbabwe

Kingston

21 Mar 2007

45 348-8 50

1

New Zealand

India

Nagpur

26 Nov 1995

46 348-6 50

1

Australia

New Zealand

St George's

20 Apr 2007

47 348-5 50

1

India

Bangladesh

Dhaka

27 Dec 2004

48 347-6 50

1

West Indies

Zimbabwe

Bulawayo

22 Nov 2003

49 347-5 50

1

Australia

New Zealand

Napier

5 Mar 2005

50 347-5 50

1

Pakistan

Zimbabwe

Karachi

21 Jan 2008

51 347-4 50

1

New Zealand

USA

The Oval

10 Sep 2004

52 347-3 50

1

Kenya

Bangladesh

Nairobi (Gym)

10 Oct 1997

53 347-2 50

1

Australia

India

Bangalore

12 Nov 2003

54 346-5 50

1

Australia

New Zealand

Hamilton

20 Feb 2007

55 344-8 50

2

Pakistan

India

Karachi

13 Mar 2004

56 344-8 50

1

ICC World XI Asia XI

Melbourne

10 Jan 2005

57 344-7 50

1

Australia

Zimbabwe

Hobart

16 Jan 2004

58 344-6 50

1

Australia

South Africa

Sydney

5 Feb 2006

59 344-5 50

1

Pakistan

Zimbabwe

Bulawayo

24 Nov 2002

60 343-5 50

1

Sri Lanka

Australia

Sydney

9 Jan 2003

61 343-5 50

1

Australia

New Zealand

Perth

28 Jan 2007

62 343-5 50

1

Pakistan

Hong Kong

Colombo (SSC)

18 Jul 2004

63 341-8 50

1

Australia

West Indies

Basseterre

6 Jul 2008

64 341-3 50

1

India

West Indies

Vadodara

31 Jan 2007

65 340-7 50

2

New Zealand

England

Napier

20 Feb 2008

49.5

Ravindra

232

66 340-6 50

1

England

New Zealand

Napier

20 Feb 2008

67 340-5 48.4

2

New Zealand

Australia

Auckland

18 Feb 2007

68 340-2 50

1

Zimbabwe

Namibia

Harare

10 Feb 2003

69 339-4 50

1

West Indies

Pakistan

Adelaide

28 Jan 2005

70 339-4 50

1

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Mohali

24 May 1997

71 338-7 50

1

Zimbabwe

Bermuda

Port of Spain

18 May 2006

72 338-6 50

1

Australia

West Indies

Melbourne

9 Feb 2001

73 338-5 60

1

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Swansea

9 Jun 1983

74 338-4 50

1

New Zealand

Bangladesh

Sharjah

28 Apr 1990

75 338-4 50

1

Australia

India

Visakhapatnam

3 Apr 2001

76 338-3 50

1

India

West Indies

Nagpur

21 Jan 2007

77 337-7 50

1

Asia XI

Africa XI

Chennai

9 Jun 2007

78 337-7 50

1

Australia

Pakistan

Sydney

4 Feb 2000

79 336-7 50

1

South Africa

Kenya

Bloemfontein

31 Oct 2008

80 336-4 50

1

Australia

New Zealand

Auckland

18 Feb 2007

81 335-6 50

1

Pakistan

South Africa

Port Elizabeth

11 Dec 2002

82 335-5 50

2

New Zealand

Australia

Perth

28 Jan 2007

83 335-5 50

1

New Zealand

Bangladesh

Napier

28 Dec 2007

84 334-6 50

1

Australia

Scotland

Basseterre

14 Mar 2007

85 334-4 60

1

England

India

Lord's

7 Jun 1975

86 334

2

New Zealand

India

Christchurch

8 Mar 2009

87 333-9 60

1

England

Sri Lanka

Taunton

11 Jun 1983

88 333-8 45

1

West Indies

India

Jamshedpur

7 Dec 1983

89 333-7 50

1

West Indies

Sri Lanka

Sharjah

16 Oct 1995

90 333-6 50

1

West Indies

Zimbabwe

Georgetown

7 May 2006

91 333-6 50

1

India

Zimbabwe

Guwahati

19 Mar 2002

92 332-8 50

1

Sri Lanka

Bangladesh

Karachi

30 Jun 2008

93 332-8 49

2

New Zealand

Australia

Christchurch

10 Dec 2005

94 332-5 50

1

India

Sri Lanka

Colombo (RPS)

5 Feb, 2009

95 332-5 50

1

Australia

Pakistan

Nairobi (Gym)

30 Aug 2002

96 332-3 50

1

Australia

Sri Lanka

Sharjah

2 May 1990

97 331-8 50

1

Asia XI

Africa XI

Chennai

10 Jun 2007

98 331-7 50

1

Australia

New Zealand

Christchurch

10 Dec 2005

45.1

Ravindra

233

99 330-8 50

1

India

Pakistan

Dhaka (SBNS)

10 Jun 2008

100 330-7 49.1

2

Australia

South Africa

Port Elizabeth

6 Apr 2002

101 330-6 60

1

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Nottingham

14 Jun 1975

102 329-7 50

1

India

England

Bristol

24 Aug 2007

103 329-6 50

1

South Africa

Zimbabwe

Durban

27 Feb 2005

104 329-6 50

1

Pakistan

India

Rawalpindi

16 Mar 2004

105 329-5 50

1

Australia

India

Adelaide

26 Jan 2000

106 329-5 50

1

Australia

India

Adelaide

26 Jan 2000

107 329

2

Sri Lanka

West Indies

Sharjah

16 Oct 1995

108 328-5 60

1

Australia

Sri Lanka

The Oval

11 Jun 1975

109 328-5 50

1

Kenya

Scotland

Mombasa

17 Jan 2007

110 328-4 50

1

Australia

ICC World XI Melbourne

7 Oct 2005

111 328-3 50

1

South Africa

Netherlands

Rawalpindi

5 Mar 1996

112 328-2 50

1

Pakistan

New Zealand

Sharjah

20 Apr 1994

113 328

1

India

Pakistan

Peshawar

6 Feb 2006

114 327-5 50

1

Pakistan

India

Chennai

21 May 1997

115 327-4 50

1

England

Pakistan

Lahore

10 Dec 2005

116 326-8 49.3

2

India

England

Lord's

13 Jul 2002

117 326-3 50

1

South Africa

Australia

Port Elizabeth

6 Apr 2002

118 325-6 50

1

Zimbabwe

Kenya

Dhaka

27 Mar 1999

119 325-5 50

1

England

India

Lord's

13 Jul 2002

120 325-5 47.4

2

India

West Indies

Ahmedabad

15 Nov 2002

49.3

49.4

ODI Records :- Lowest Team Totals

Ravindra

234

Ravindra

235

ODI Records :- Fastest 50s

Ravindra

236

09 /11 /2 00 8 32 Ab du l Ra zz aq Pa kis tan Ne w Ze ala nd W ell in gt on 89 23 9 5 17 /0 1/ 20 04 33 Sa lee m M ali k Pa kis tan In dia Ca Ravindra

237

ODI Records :- Fastest 100s

Ravindra

238

a Au str ali a Jo ha nn es bu rg 17 5 79 21 7 12 /0 3/ 20 06 56 Za he er Ab ba s Pa kis tan In dia La ho re 10 5 79 8 1 31 /1 2/ 19 82

Ravindra

239

T20I Records :- Most Wickets in a Career

Ravindra

240

66 7 323 0 0 20 08 62 T ho m as O do yo K en 8 15 0 12 2 6 20 .3 33 3 213 0 0 20 07 63 Jo hn Bl ai n Sc ot 6 12 0 10 8 Ravindra

241

T20I Records :- Most Runs in Career

# Player Name

Team Mat Inns No Runs Ave

HS 100s 50s 0s Period

Brendon McCullum

NZ

21 21

4

582 34.2353 69* 0

4

0

2005

2 Misbah-ul-Haq

Pak

14 13

6

398 56.8571 87* 0

3

0

2007

3 Shoaib Malik

Pak

16 15

3

383 31.9167 57 0

2

0

2006

4 Ricky Ponting

Aus

15 14

2

376 31.3333 98* 0

2

1

2005

5 Kevin Pietersen

Eng

15 15

1

375 26.7857 79 0

1

1

2005

6 Graeme Smith

SA

12 12

2

364 36.4000 89* 0

3

0

2005

7 Paul Collingwood Eng

15 14

0

344 24.5714 79 0

2

1

2005

8 Sanath Jayasuriya SL

11

11

1

341 34.1000 88 0

3

2

2006

9 Andrew Symonds Aus

13 10

4

337 56.1667 85* 0

2

1

2005

10 Gautam Gambhir Ind

12 11

0

328 29.8182 75 0

4

1

2007

11 Ross Taylor

17 16

1

323 21.5333 63 0

2

2

2006

12 Matthew Hayden Aus

9

3

308 51.3333 73* 0

4

0

2005-2007

13 Jacob Oram

NZ

13 12

4

293 36.6250 66* 0

2

1

2005

14 Albie Morkel

SA

16 13

1

284 23.6667 43 0

0

0

2005

15 Jean-Paul Duminy SA

10 10

1

279 31.0000 78 0

2

2

2007

16 Adam Gilchrist

Aus

13 13

1

272 22.6667 48 0

0

0

2005-2008

17 Scott Styris

NZ

15 14

0

272 19.4286 66 0

1

0

2005

18 Salman Butt

Pak

12 11

1

266 26.6000 74 0

1

0

2007

19 Yuvraj Singh

Ind

10 9

1

262 32.7500 70 0

3

0

2007

20 Chris Gayle

WI

7

0

261 37.2857 117 1

2

1

2006

21 Younis Khan

Pak

15 14

0

260 18.5714 51 0

1

2

2006

0

258 36.8571 79 0

2

0

2006

1

22

Hamilton Masakadza

NZ

Zim 7

9

7

7

23 Herschelle Gibbs SA

14 14

1

245 18.8462 90* 0

2

4

2005

24 Owais Shah

11

10

1

241 26.7778 55* 0

1

0

2007

25 Virender Sehwag Ind

12 11

0

223 20.2727 68 0

1

1

2006

26 Aftab Ahmed

9

1

215 26.8750 62* 0

1

0

2006

Ravindra

Eng Ban

9

242

27

Mahendra Singh Dhoni

Ind

13 12

3

215 23.8889 45 0

0

1

2006

28

Mahela Jayawardene

SL

11

11

2

210 23.3333 65 0

1

2

2006

29 Mark Boucher

SA

13 11

2

203 22.5556 36* 0

0

0

2005

30 Justin Kemp

SA

8

7

3

203 50.7500 89* 0

1

0

2005

31 Imran Nazir

Pak

10 9

1

201 25.1250 59 0

1

0

2007

SL

12 11

2

197 21.8889 61 0

1

1

2006

33 Shahid Afridi

Pak

15 14

0

195 13.9286 39 0

0

1

2006

34 Craig McMillan

NZ

8

7

1

187 31.1667 57 0

1

0

2005

35 Jehan Mubarak

SL

9

8

2

182 30.3333 46* 0

0

1

2007

36

Mohammad Hafeez

Pak

9

9

0

182 20.2222 46 0

0

0

2006

37

Mohammed Nazimuddin

Ban

7

7

0

178 25.4286 81 0

1

2

2007

38 David Hussey

Aus

7

6

1

177 35.4000 88* 0

1

1

2008

39 David Warner

Aus

5

5

0

177 35.4000 89 0

1

0

2009

40 Michael Clarke

Aus

16 12

3

176 19.5556 37* 0

0

0

2005

41 AB de Villiers

SA

15 14

3

176 16.0000 52* 0

1

3

2006

42 Lou Vincent

NZ

9

9

0

174 19.3333 42 0

0

1

2006

43 Devon Smith

WI

5

5

0

166 33.2000 61 0

2

0

2007

32

Tillakaratne Dilshan

44

Marcus Trescothick

Eng

3

3

0

166 55.3333 72 0

2

0

2005-2006

45

Mohammad Ashraful

Ban

9

9

0

164 18.2222 61 0

1

0

2007

46 Cameron White

Aus

7

7

3

152 38.0000 40* 0

0

0

2007

ICC Rankings

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2 M Huss ey Aus 814 3 C.H. Gayle WI 782 4 S. Chan derpa ul WI 778 5 Yuvra j Singh Ind 769 6 G Smith SA 749 7 V. Sehw ag Ind 747 8 Moha mma d Yous uf Pak 716 Ravindra

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Football FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association

Motto Formation Type

For the Good of The Game May 21, 1904

SPORTS FEDERATION

Headquarters

ZÜRICH, SWITZERLAND

Membership

208 NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football), commonly known by its acronym, FIFA (usually pronounced /fi ːf ə / or /fi ː fæ /), is the international governing body of association football . Its headquarters are in Zürich , Switzerland, and its current president is Sepp Blatter . FIFA is responsible for the organization and governance of football's

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major international tournaments, most notably the FIFA World Cup , held since 1930. FIFA has 208 member associations, which is 16 more than the United Nations and 3 more than the International Olympic Committee , though 5 fewer than the International Association of Athletics Federations . History The need for a single body to oversee the worldwide game became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. FIFA was founded in Paris on May 21, 1904 — the French name and acronym persist to this day, even outside French-speaking countries. Its first president was Robert Guérin . FIFA presided over its first international competition in 1906, but this met with little approval or success. This, in combination with economic factors, led to the swift replacement of Guérin with Daniel Burley Woolfall from England, by now a member association. The next tournament staged, the football competition for the 1908 Olympics in London was more successful, despite the presence of professional footballers, contrary to the founding principles of FIFA. Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the application of South Africa in 1909, Argentina and Chile in 1912, and Canada and the United States in 1913. FIFA, however, floundered during World War I , with many players sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international fixtures severely limited. Post-war, following the death of Woolfall, the organisation was run by Dutchman Carl Hirschmann . It was saved from extinction, but at the cost of the withdrawal of the Home Nations (of the United Kingdom), who cited an unwillingness to participate in international competitions with their recent World War enemies. The Home Nations later resumed their membership. The FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum in England. Structure

Map of the World with the six confederations.

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FIFA is an association established under the Laws of Switzerland. Its headquarters are in Zurich. FIFA's supreme body is the FIFA Congress, an assembly made up of representatives from each affiliated member association. The Congress assembles in ordinary session once every year and, additionally, extraordinary sessions have been held once a year since 1998. Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's statutes. Congress elects the President of FIFA, its General Secretary and the other members of FIFA's Executive Committee. The President and General Secretary are the main officeholders of FIFA, and are in charge of its daily administration, carried out by the General Secretariat, with its staff of approximately 280 members. FIFA's Executive Committee, chaired by the President, is the main decision-making body of the organization in the intervals of Congress. FIFA's worldwide organisational structure also consists of several other bodies, under authority of the Executive Committee or created by Congress as standing committees. Among those bodies are the Finance Committee, the Disciplinary Committee, the Referees Committee, etc. Aside from its worldwide institutions (presidency, Executive Committee, Congress, etc.) there are confederations recognised by FIFA which oversee the game in the different continents and regions of the world. National associations, and not the continental confederations, are members of FIFA. The continental confederations are provided for in FIFA's statutes. National associations must claim membership to both FIFA and the confederation in which their nation is geographically resident for their teams to qualify for entry to FIFA's competitions (with a few geographic exceptions listed below): AFC - Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia CAF - Confédération Africaine de Football in Africa CONCACAF - Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America CONMEBOL - Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in South America OFC - Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania UEFA - Union of European Football Associations in Europe. Nations straddling the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia have generally had their choice of confederation. As a result, a number of transcontinental nations including Russia , Turkey , Cyprus , Armenia , Azerbaijan and Georgia have chosen to become part of UEFA despite the bulk of their land area being in Asia. Israel , although lying entirely within Asia, joined UEFA in 1994, after decades of its football teams being boycotted by

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many Arab and predominantly Muslim AFC countries. Kazakhstan moved from the AFC to UEFA in 2002. Australia was the latest to move from the OFC to AFC in January 2006. Guyana and Suriname have always been CONCACAF members despite being South American countries. No team from the OFC is offered automatic qualification to the World Cup. In recent World Cup qualifying cycles, the winner of their section had to play a play-off against a CONMEBOL side, a hurdle at which Australia have traditionally fallen. In an effort to improve their national and domestic teams Australia moved to the AFC in 2006. This allows Australia to play in Asian tournaments of a much higher standard (as well as being more numerous) such as the AFC Asian Cup and the Asian Champions League . Australia successfully qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup by winning just such a playoff in a penalty shootout against Uruguay , just a few months after the clearance to move was granted. Initially, the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification cycle was planned to provide the winner of OFC qualifying with a place in the final AFC qualification group, but this was scrapped in favour of a playoff between the OFC winner and an AFC team for a World Cup place. In total, FIFA recognises 208 national associations and their associated men's national teams as well as 129 women's national teams; see the list of national football teams and their respective country codes . Curiously, FIFA has more member states than the United Nations , as FIFA recognises several nonsovereign entities as distinct nations, most notably the four Home Nations within the United Kingdom. The FIFA World Rankings are updated monthly and rank each team based on their performance in international competitions, qualifiers, and friendly matches. There is also a world ranking for women's football , updated four times a year. Recognitions and awards FIFA awards, each year, the title of FIFA World Player of the Year to the most prestigious player of the year, as part of its annual awards ceremony which also recognises team and international football achievements. In 1994 FIFA published the FIFA World Cup All-Time Team . In 2002 FIFA announced the FIFA Dream Team , an all-time all-star team chosen by fans in a poll. As part of its centennial celebrations in 2004, FIFA organised a "Match of the Century" between France and Brazil Governance and game development Laws of the Game Main article: Laws of the Game

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The laws that govern football, known officially as the Laws of the Game, are not solely the responsibility of FIFA; they are maintained by a body called the International Football Association Board (IFAB). FIFA has members on its board (four representatives); the other four are provided by the football associations of the United Kingdom : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland , in recognition of their contribution to the creation and history of the game. Changes to the Laws of the Game must be agreed by at least six of the eight delegates. Discipline of national associations FIFA frequently takes active roles in the running of the sport and developing the game around the world. One of its unique policies is to suspend teams and associated members from international competition when a government interferes in the running of FIFA's associate member organisations or if the associate is not functioning properly. A recent high-profile suspension was of the Greek Football Federation for political interference. [2 ] Another recent suspension was on the Kenya Football Federation because it was not running the game in Kenya properly [3 ] and also of Iraq. The Asia wing of FIFA, the AFC is soon to force 22 leading associations in Asia to increase transparency, competition, quality training and a proper league structure with relegation, promotion and a 2nd division. Suspension will be imposed on any associate which doesn't co-operate with the reform outlines. Notably, one of the associations being targeted is that of Australia , a country whose professional sport leagues are all organised on the model of franchised teams and closed league membership, a system most commonly identified with North America . [4 ] A 2007 FIFA ruling that a player can be registered with a maximum of three clubs, and appear in official matches for a maximum of three, in a year measured from July 1 to June 30 has led to controversy, especially in those countries whose seasons cross that date barrier, as in the case of two former Ireland internationals . The Iraq national team was suspended in May 2008, due to government interference with independent national sports authorities. [5 ] However the decision was overturned by FIFA on May 29, 2008, since the Iraqi government reversed its earlier decision in dissolving the Iraq Football Association. [6 ] FIFA altitude ban La Paz , Bolivia . 3,600 m (12,000 ft) above sea level

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FIFA attempted to address the issue of extreme altitude in May 2007, ruling that no future international matches could be played at an altitude over 2500 m (8200 ft). [7 ] The FIFA altitude ban would most notably have affected the national teams of Andean countries. Under this proposal, Bolivia would no longer be able to play international matches in La Paz (3,600 m), Ecuador would be unable to play in Quito (2,800 m), and Colombia could no longer play in Bogotá (2,640 m). However, FIFA soon backed away from the proposal after international condemnation, [8 ] and under political pressure from the CONMEBOL countries, first extending the maximum altitude to 2,800 m (9,190 ft) in June 2007, which made Bogotá and Quito viable international venues once again, and then waiving the restriction for La Paz in July 2007. [9 ] The ban was reintroduced in December 2007 by FIFA for matches 2,750 metres above sea level, unless players were allowed to acclimatize . [1 0 ] However, the ban was again suspended by FIFA in May 2008. [1 1 ] Allegations of financial irregularities In May 2006 British investigative reporter Andrew Jennings ' book Foul (Harper Collins ) caused controversy within the football world by detailing an alleged international cash-for-contracts scandal following the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner ISL, and revealed how some football officials have been urged to secretly repay the sweeteners they received. The book also exposed the vote-rigging that went on behind closed doors in the fight for Sepp Blatter's continued control of FIFA. Nearly simultaneous with the release of Foul was a BBC television expose by Jennings and BBC producer Roger Corke for the BBC news programme Panorama . In this hour-long programme screened on June 11, 2006, Jennings and the Panorama team submit that Sepp Blatter is being investigated by Swiss police over his role in a secret deal to repay more than £1m worth of bribes pocketed by football officials. All testimonies offered in the Panorama expose were provided through a disguised voice, appearance, or both, save one; Mel Brennan , formerly a lecturer at Towson University in the United States (and from 2001-2003 Head of Special Projects for CONCACAF , a liaison to the e-FIFA project and a FIFA World Cup delegate), became the first high-level football insider to go public with substantial allegations of greed, corruption, nonfeasance and malfeasance by CONCACAF and FIFA leadership. During the Panorama expose, Brennan - the highest-level African-American in the history of world football governance - Jennings and many others exposed allegedly inappropriate allocations of money at CONCACAF, and drew

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connections between ostensible CONCACAF criminality and similar behaviours at FIFA. Brennan's book, The Apprentice: Tragicomic Times Among the Men Running - and Ruining - World Football is due out in 2009. FIFA Anthem Since the 1994 FIFA World Cup like the UEFA Champions League FIFA has adopted an anthem composed by the German composer Franz Lambert . The FIFA Anthem or Hymn is played at the beginning of FIFA structured matches and tournaments such as international friendlies, the FIFA World Cup , FIFA Women's World Cup , FIFA U-20 World Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . [1 2 ]

FIFA World Rankings April 2009 The top three teams in the world in April 2009 are unchanged with Euro 2008 winners Spain at the top with Germany in second place and the Netherlands in third. England are in 7th after impressive results in World Cup qualifying. Japan are in 35th position. South Korea are down one to 45th position. The USA are up at 15th. Scotland are in 24th position. The Republic of Ireland are down eight to 34th position.

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Ranking

Team

1

Spain

2

Germany

3

Netherlands

4

Brazil

5

Italy

6

Argentina

7

England

8

Croatia

9

Russia

10

France

11

Portugal

12

Czech Republic

13

Greece

251

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Ranking

Team

14

Turkey

15

USA

16

Uruguay

17

Paraguay

18

Switzerland

19

Cameroon

20

Bulgaria

21

Israel

22

Ukraine

23

Serbia

24

Scotland

25

Mexico

26

Chile

27

Northern Ireland

28

Romania

29

Denmark

30

Nigeria

31

Ghana

32

Australia

33

Sweden

34

Republic of Ireland

35

Japan

36

Côte d'Ivoire

37

Egypt

38

Bosnia-Herzegovina

39

Honduras

40

Costa Rica

41

Poland

42

Ecuador

43

Colombia

44

Hungary

45

Korea Republic

252

Ravindra

Ranking

Team

46

Norway

47

Slovakia

48

Gabon

49

Mali

50

Morocco

51

Finland

52

Tunisia

53

Iran

53

Guinea

55

Saudi Arabia

56

Burkina Faso

57

Lithuania

58

Venezuela

59

Bolivia

60

Panama

61

Latvia

62

Belgium

63

Slovenia

64

FYR Macedonia

65

Togo

66

Senegal

67

Congo

68

Uganda

69

Gambia

70

Jamaica

71

Bahrain

72

Algeria

73

Wales

74

Cyprus

75

Trinidad and Tobago

76

Uzbekistan

77

South Africa

253

Ravindra

Ranking

Team

78

Austria

79

New Zealand

80

Belarus

81

Oman

82

Libya

83

Rwanda

84

Sudan

85

Iraq

86

Mozambique

87

Angola

88

Peru

89

Canada

90

Zambia

91

Albania

92

Moldova

93

Iceland

94

Benin

95

Congo DR

96

Qatar

97

Syria

98

Cuba

99

Ethiopia

100

China PR

101

Tanzania

102

El Salvador

103

Cape Verde Islands

104

Korea DPR

105

Fiji

106

Zimbabwe

107

Kenya

108

Grenada

109

Georgia

254

Ravindra

Ranking

Team

110

Sierra Leone

111

Guatemala

112

Malawi

113

Thailand

114

Bermuda

115

Estonia

116

Antigua and Barbuda

117

Montenegro

118

Equatorial Guinea

118

Haiti

120

Kuwait

121

Namibia

122

United Arab Emirates

123

Barbados

124

Botswana

125

Armenia

126

Luxembourg

127

Jordan

127

Guyana

129

Suriname

130

Chad

131

New Caledonia

132

Burundi

133

Singapore

134

Vietnam

135

Madagascar

136

Swaziland

137

Kazakhstan

138

Indonesia

139

Nicaragua

140

Azerbaijan

140

Liberia

255

Ravindra

Ranking

Team

142

Hong Kong

143

Vanuatu

144

Tajikistan

145

Niger

146

Yemen

147

India

147

Kyrgyzstan

149

Netherlands Antilles

150

Lebanon

151

Malta

152

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

153

St. Kitts and Nevis

153

Puerto Rico

155

Liechtenstein

156

Mauritania

157

Turkmenistan

158

Maldives

159

Myanmar

160

Eritrea

161

Malaysia

162

Philippines

163

Lesotho

164

Solomon Islands

165

Sri Lanka

166

Faroe Islands

167

Somalia

168

Cayman Islands

169

Nepal

170

Laos

171

Palestine

172

Mauritius

173

Seychelles

256

Ravindra

Ranking

Team

174

Samoa

175

Cambodia

175

Belize

177

Pakistan

178

Bangladesh

179

Bahamas

180

Chinese Taipei

181

Turks and Caicos Islands

182

Brunei Darussalam

183

Mongolia

184

Afghanistan

185

Djibouti

185

Dominican Republic

187

Guinea-Bissau

188

Guam

189

Bhutan

189

St. Lucia

189

Tahiti

189

Tonga

193

British Virgin Islands

194

Aruba

195

Andorra

196

Macau

197

Dominica

198

Timor-Leste

199

Comoros

199

US Virgin Islands

201

Central African Republic

202

San Marino

202

Anguilla

202

Montserrat

202

American Samoa

257

Ranking

Team

202

Cook Islands

202

Papua New Guinea

Events 2009 02 May 20-21 May 31 May - 03 June 06-10 June 14-28 June 03-26 July 12 August 05-09 September 24 September - 16 October 10-14 October 24 October - 15 November 14-18 November 16-22 November 04-05 December 09-19 December 2010 10-31 January 03 March 11 June - 11 July 11 August 04-08 September 09-13 October 17 November 2011 09 February 26-30 March 04-08 June 10 August 03-07 September 08-12 October

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FIFA Interactive World Cup Grand Final 2009 Blue Stars/FIFA Youth Cup 2009 59th FIFA Congress Fixed date for official competition matches FIFA Confederations Cup South Africa 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for official competition matches

Barcelona Zurich Bahamas

FIFA U-20 World Cup

Egypt

South Africa

Fixed date for official competition matches FIFA U-17 World Cup Fixed date for official competition matches FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Final Draw for the 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™ FIFA Club World Cup

Nigeria UAE -Dubai South Africa United Arab Emirates

CAF Africa Cup of Nations Angola Fixed date for friendly matches 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™ South Africa Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for official competition matches

258

2011 12-16 November 2012 29 February 15 August 08-12 September 13-17 October 14 November 2013 06 February 23-27 March 08-12 June 14 August 07-11 September 12-16 October 16-20 November 2014 05 March 13 August 06-10 September 11-15 October 19 November

•

Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for friendly matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for official competition matches Fixed date for friendly matches

Laws of the Game.

The Field of Play Dimensions The field of play must be rectangular. The length of the touch line must be greater than the length of the goal line. Length: minimum 90 m (100 yds) maximum 120 m (130 yds) Width: minimum 45 m (50 yds) maximum 90 m (100 yds) International Matches Length: minimum 100 m (110 yds) maximum 110 m (120 yds) Width: minimum 64 m (70 yds) maximum 75 m (80 yds) Field Markings The field of play is marked with lines. These

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lines belong to the areas of which they are boundaries. The two longer boundary lines are called touch lines. The two shorter lines are called goal lines. All lines are not more than 12 cm (5 ins) wide. The field of play is divided into two halves by a halfway line. The centre mark is indicated at the midpoint of the halfway line. A circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yds) is marked around it. The Goal Area A goal area is defined at each end of the field as follows: Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 5.5 m (6 yds) from the inside of each goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of 5.5 m (6 yds) and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The area bounded by these lines and the goal line is the goal area. The Penalty Area A penalty area is defined at each end of the field as follows: Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 16.5 m (18 yds) from the inside of each goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of 16.5 m (18 yds) and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The area bounded by these lines and the goal line is the penalty area. Within each penalty area a penalty mark is made 11 m (12 yds) from the midpoint between the goalposts and equidistant to them. An arc of a circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yds) from each penalty mark is drawn outside the penalty area. Flagposts A flagpost, not less than 1.5 m (5 ft) high, with a non-pointed top and a flag is placed at each corner. Flagposts may also be placed at each end of the halfway line, not less than 1 m (1 yd) outside the touch line. The Corner Arc A quarter circle with a radius of 1 m (1 yd)

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from each corner flagpost is drawn inside the field of play. Decisions of the International F.A. Board _ Decision 1 If the crossbar becomes displaced or broken, play is stopped until it has been repaired or replaced in position. If a repair is not possible, the match is abandoned. The use of a rope to replace the crossbar is not permitted. If the crossbar can be repaired, the match is restarted with a dropped ball at the place where the ball was located when play was stopped. * (see page 3) _ Decision 2 Goalposts and crossbars must be made of wood, metal or other approved material. Their shape may be square, rectangular, round or elliptical and they must not be dangerous to players. _ Decision 3 No kind of commercial advertising, whether real or virtual, is permitted on the field of play and field equipment (including the goal nets and the areas they enclose) from the time the teams enter the field of play until they have left it at half-time and from the time the teams re-enter the field of play until the end of the match. In particular, no advertising material of any kind may be displayed on goals, nets, flagposts or their flags. No extraneous equipment (cameras, microphones, etc.) may be attached to these items. _ Decision 4 There shall be no advertising of any kind within the technical area or within one metre from the touch line and outside the field of play on the ground. Further, no advertising shall be allowed in the area between the goal line and the goal nets. _ Decision 5 The reproduction, whether real or virtual, of representative logos or emblems of FIFA, confederations, national associations, leagues, clubs or other bodies, is forbidden on the field of play and field equipment

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(including the goal nets and the areas they enclose) during playing time, as described in Decision 3. _ Decision 6 A mark may be made off the field of play, 9.15 metres (10 yds) from the corner arc and at right angles to the goal lines to ensure that this distance is observed when a corner kick is being taken.

The Ball Qualities and Measurements The ball is: _ spherical _ made of leather or other suitable material _ of a circumference of not more than 70 cm (28 ins) and not less than 68 cm (27 ins) _ not more than 450 g (16 oz) in weight and not less than 410 g (14 oz) at the start of the match _ of a pressure equal to 0.6 – 1.1 atmosphere (600 – 1100 g/cm2) at sea level (8.5 lbs/sq in 15.6 lbs/sq in) Replacement of a Defective Ball If the ball bursts or becomes defective during the course of a match: _ the match is stopped _ the match is restarted by dropping the replacement ball at the place where the first ball became defective * (see page 3) If the ball bursts or becomes defective whilst not in play at a kick-off, goal kick, corner kick, free kick, penalty kick or throw-in: _ the match is restarted accordingly The ball may not be changed during the match without the authority of the referee.

Offside Position It is not an offence in itself to be in an offside position. A player is in an offside position if: _ he is nearer to his opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent A player is not in an offside position if:

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_ he is in his own half of the field of play or _ he is level with the second last opponent or _ he is level with the last two opponents Offence A player in an offside position is only penalised if, at the moment the ball touches or is played by one of his team, he is, in the opinion of the referee, involved in active play by: _ interfering with play or _ interfering with an opponent or _ gaining an advantage by being in that position No Offence There is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from: _ a goal kick or _ a throw-in or _ a corner kick

Disciplinary Sanctions Only a player or substitute or substituted player may be shown the red or yellow card. Cautionable Offences A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following seven offences: 1. is guilty of unsporting behaviour 2. shows dissent by word or action 3. persistently infringes the Laws of the Game 4. delays the restart of play 5. fails to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick or free kick 6. enters or re-enters the field of play without the referee’s permission 7. deliberately leaves the field of play without the referee’s permission Law 12 Sending-Off Offences

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A player is sent off and shown the red card if he commits any of the following seven offences: 1. is guilty of serious foul play 2. is guilty of violent conduct 3. spits at an opponent or any other person 4. denies the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal-scoring opportunity by deliberately handling the ball (this does not apply to a goalkeeper within his own penalty area) 5. denies an obvious goal-scoring opportunity to an opponent moving towards the player’s goal by an offence punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick 6. uses offensive or insulting or abusive language and/or gestures 7. receives a second caution in the same match A player who has been sent off must leave the vicinity of the field of play and the technical area. A penalty kick is awarded against a team which commits one of the ten offences for which a direct free kick is awarded, inside its own penalty area and while the ball is in play. A goal may be scored directly from a penalty kick. Additional time is allowed for a penalty kick to be taken at the end of each half or at the end of periods of extra time. Position of the Ball and the Players The ball: _ is placed on the penalty mark The player taking the penalty kick: _ is properly identified The defending goalkeeper: _ remains on his goal line, facing the kicker, between the goalposts until the ball has been kicked The players other than the kicker are located: _ inside the field of play _ outside the penalty area _ behind the penalty mark _ at least 9.15 m (10 yds) from the penalty mark

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The Referee _ does not signal for a penalty kick to be taken until the players have taken up position in accordance with the Law _ decides when a penalty kick has been completed Procedure _ the player taking the penalty kicks the ball forward _ he does not play the ball a second time until it has touched another player _ the ball is in play when it is kicked and moves forward When a penalty kick is taken during the normal course of play, or time has been extended at half-time or full time to allow a penalty kick to be taken or retaken, a goal is awarded if, before passing between the goalposts and under the crossbar: _ the ball touches either or both of the goalposts and/or the crossbar, and/or the goalkeeper 31 Law 14 Infringements/Sanctions If the referee gives the signal for a penalty kick to be taken and, before the ball is in play, one of the following situations occurs: The player taking the penalty kick infringes the Laws of the Game: _ the referee allows the kick to proceed _ if the ball enters the goal, the kick is retaken _ if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is not retaken The goalkeeper infringes the Laws of the Game: _ the referee allows the kick to proceed _ if the ball enters the goal, a goal is awarded _ if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is retaken A team-mate of the player taking the kick enters the penalty area or moves in front of or within 9.15 m (10 yds) of the penalty mark: _ the referee allows the kick to proceed _ if the ball enters the goal, the kick is retaken _ if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is

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not retaken _ if the ball rebounds from the goalkeeper, the crossbar or the goal post and is touched by this player, the referee stops play and restarts the match with an indirect free kick to the defending team A team-mate of the goalkeeper enters the penalty area or moves in front of or within 9.15 m (10 yds) of the penalty mark: _ the referee allows the kick to proceed _ if the ball enters the goal, a goal is awarded _ if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is retaken A player of both the defending team and the attacking team infringe the Laws of the Game: _ the kick is retaken If, after the penalty kick has been taken: The kicker touches the ball a second time (except with his hands) before it has touched another player: _ an indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team, the kick to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred * (see page 3) The kicker deliberately handles the ball before it has touched another player: _ a direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team, the kick to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred * (see page 3) The ball is touched by an outside agent as it moves forward: _ the kick is retaken The ball rebounds into the field of play from the goalkeeper, the crossbar or the goalposts, and is then touched by an outside agent: _ the referee stops play _ play is restarted with a dropped ball at theplace where it touched the outside agent *

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World Cup summaries Year Host Nation(s) 1930 Winner Uruguay Details 1934 Uruguay Italy Details 1938 Italy France Details 1950 Italy Brazil Details 1954 Uruguay Switzerland Details 1958 West Sweden Details Germany 1962 Chile Details Brazil 1966 England Details Brazil 1970 Mexico Details England 1974 West Details Germany Brazil 1978 Argentina Details West 1982 Spain Germany Details 1986 Mexico Argentina Details 1990 Italy Italy Details 1994 United Argentina Details States 1998 Details

France

2002 Details

South Korea & Japan

West Germany Brazil France

2006 Details

Germany

Brazil Italy

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Final Score Runner-up 4–2 2–1 aet 4–2

Argentina

United States

Czechoslovakia

Germany

Hungary

Brazil

Brazil

Sweden

[note 2]

3–2 5–2 3–1 4–2 aet 4–1 2–1 3–1 aet 3–1 3–2 1–0 0–0 aet (3–2) pen 3–0 2–0 1–1 aet (5–3) pen

Third Place Match 3rd Place Score 4th Place

Hungary Sweden

Austria France

Czechoslovakia

Chile

West Germany

Portugal

Italy

West Germany

Netherlands

Poland

Netherlands

Brazil

West Germany

Poland

West Germany

France

Argentina

Italy Sweden

Italy Brazil

Croatia Turkey

[note 1]

3–2 4–2 [note 2]

3–1

Germany

Austria Sweden Spain Uruguay

6–3

West Germany

1–0

Yugoslavia

2–1

USSR

1–0 1–0 2–1 3–2 4–2 aet 2–1 4–0 2–1 3–2

Germany France

Yugoslavia

3–1

Uruguay Brazil Italy France Belgium England Bulgaria Netherlands Korea Republic Portugal

267

Team Titles Runners-up

Brazil 5 (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002) 2 (1950*, 1998)

Italy 4 (1934*, 1938, 1982, 2006) 2 (1970, 1994) Germany^ 3 (1954, 1974*, 1990) 4 (1966, 1982, 1986, 2002) Argentina 2 (1978*, 1986) 2 (1930, 1990) Uruguay 2 (1930*, 1950) – France 1 (1998*) 1 (2006) England 1 (1966*) – Netherlands – 2 (1974, 1978) Czechoslovakia# – 2 (1934, 1962)

Hungary – 2 (1938, 1954)

Sweden – 1 (1958*)

RUGBY International Rugby League International Rugby League: Rugby Football is a popular full-contact team sport, played worldwide. Believed to have originated in 1823, at the Rugby School, in Warwickshire, England, this sport has evolved over the years. With the disbanding from the Rugby Football Union (RFU) in 1895, Northern Union is better known Rugby League since 1922.

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Sanctioned and overseen by the International Rugby Board (IRB) and the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF), there are numerous International Rugby League competitions that are held every year, with various countries participating in them. The countries are distinguished as Test and Non-Test playing nations and are named below: • •

Test Nations – Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, Great Britain/England, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Samoa, South Africa and Tonga. Non-Test Nations - American Samoa, Argentina, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, England, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Lebanon, Malta, Moldova, Morocco, Namibia, New Caledonia, Netherlands, Niue, Norfolk Island, Portugal, Scotland, Serbia, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, United States, Wales and West Indies.

The major International Rugby League competitions that are held are listed below as: •

•

•

•

•

• •

•

•

•

The Rugby League World Cup – this international tournament was first held in France in 1954, and is played to determine the best rugby league playing nation in the world. Its current champions are Australia which will also be host to the next Cup event in 2008. The Ashes – a rugby league Test tournament between Great Britain and Australia, this event was first played in 1908 in London. While Australia won the 2003 series, they also expect to be hosts for the 2010 Ashes event. The ANZAC Test – its current name being the Bundaberg Rum Test, this Test event between Australia and New Zealand is held around Anzac Day. The first event was held in 1997 in Australia. Australia have won six of the seven matches played till now, and will also host the 2007 event in April. The Tri-Nations – also known as the Gillette Tri-Nations tournament, it is played amongst Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain. First played in 1999, the next event would be hosted by United Kingdom in 2009. Its current champions are Australia. The Pacific Cup –Started in 1974, this Cup event is for teams from the Pacific region. Held of and on over the years, the event was recently revived by New Zealand in 2004. Tonga are the current champions. The Pacific Rim Championship – a competition held in conjunction with the Pacific Cup, and held biennially. The Mediterranean Cup – An annual tournament which began in 2000, with an unsteady run, is held in Lebanon. The countries participating are Lebanon, France, Morocco and Serbia. The European Nations Cup – Earlier known as European Championship, it began in 1935, and is a Cup event for European nations, which is sanctioned by the Rugby League European Federation. France are the standing 2005 winners. The Emerging Nations Tournament – started in 1995, this international event is for those nations that have failed to qualify for the World Cup. The standing winners are the British Amateur Rugby League Association since 2000. The World Club Challenge – this annual tournament is held between the winners of the Australian NRL and the Super League (Europe). The 2007 champions are St Helens RFC.

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•

The NRL Telstra Premiership

•

The Liberty Bell Cup

List of international Rugby League teams

Current RLIF full-member test nations Nation

1st Playing Year RLIF Rank

Australia

1908

1st

Cook Islands

1988

14th

England *

1904

3rd

Fiji

1992

4th

France

1934

5th

Great Britain *

1908

n/a

New Zealand

1908

2nd

Papua New Guinea 1975

6th

Russia

1991

13th

Samoa

1988

10th

Lebanon

1998

11th

Tonga

1988

8th

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•

* At the beginning of the 2008 international season Great Britain were split up into England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales on a permanent basis and it was believed all of these nations were granted full-membership into the top tier.

Current RLIF second-tier member nations •

These are nations that appear in major international competitions such as the European, Mediterranean and Pacific Cups or in the world cup qualifiers: Nation

1st Year Played RLIF Rank

American Samoa 1988

n/a

Georgia

2005

15th

South Africa

1995

23rd

Ireland

1989

7th

Italy

1960

18th

Japan

1998

17th

Lebanon

1998

11th

Morocco

1995

24th

Netherlands

2004

n/a

New Caledonia

2004

n/a

Niue

1992

29th

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Scotland

1996

9th

Serbia

2003

16th

Tokelau

1988

30th

United States

1954

15th

Wales

1908

12th

West Indies

2004

n/a

Current RLIF affiliates •

These are nations that are currently officially recognized as affiliates of the RLIF but do not yet currently compete in major international competitions or world cup qualifiers: Nation

Year joined RLIF Rank

Argentina

2005

n/a

Austria

2006

n/a

Canada

1987

n/a

Catalonia

2006

n/a

Côte d'Ivoire

2006

n/a

Czech Republic 2006

20th

Estonia

22nd

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2005

272

Germany

2004

19th

Greece

2003

26st

Hungary

2007

n/a

Jamaica

2006

24th

Kazakhstan

2006

n/a

Malta

2004

27th

Moldova

1993

n/a

Norfolk Island

2004

n/a

Norway

2006

n/a

Portugal

2005

n/a

Singapore

2004

n/a

Solomon Islands 2004

n/a

Thailand

2007

n/a

Tuvalu

2004

n/a

Uruguay

2007

n/a

RLIF World Rankings Rank Change

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Team

273

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24 26 27 28 29

---▲2 --

Australia New Zealand England Fiji France Papua New ▲1 Guinea ▲2 Ireland Tonga ▼4 ▲2 Scotland Samoa ▲2 ▼3 Lebanon Wales ▼2 -Russia Cook Islands ▲3 ▼1 United States ▲4 Serbia ▲11 Japan ▼2 Italy ▲3 Germany ▲11 Czech Republic ? Latvia ▲7 Estonia ▲7 South Africa ▲12 Jamaica ▲3 Morocco ▼5 Greece ▼8 Malta ? Ukraine Niue ▼3

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History of the Nobel Prizes A pacifist at heart and an inventor by nature, Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. However, the invention that he thought would end all wars was seen by many others as an extremely deadly product. In 1888, when Alfred's brother Ludvig died, a French newspaper mistakenly ran an obituary for Alfred which called him the "merchant of death." Not wanting to go down in history with such a horrible epitaph, Nobel created a will that soon shocked his relatives and established the now famous Nobel Prizes. Who was Alfred Nobel? Why did Nobel's will make establishing the prizes so difficult?

Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1842, when Alfred was nine years old, his mother (Andrietta Ahlsell) and brothers (Robert and Ludvig) moved to St. Petersburg, Russia to join Alfred's father (Immanuel), who had moved there five years earlier. The following year, Alfred's younger brother, Emil, was born. Immanuel Nobel, an architect, builder, and inventor, opened a machineshop in St. Petersburg and was soon very successful with contracts from the Russian government to build defense weapons. Because of his father's success, Alfred was tutored at home until the age of 16. Yet, many consider Alfred Nobel a mostly self-educated man. Besides being a trained chemist, Alfred was an avid reader of literature and was fluent in English, German, French, Swedish, and Russian. Alfred also spent two years traveling. He spent much of this time working in a laboratory in Paris, but also traveled to the United States. Upon his return, Alfred worked in his father's factory. He worked there until his father went bankrupt in 1859.

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Alfred soon began experimenting with nitroglycerine, creating his first explosions in early summer 1862. In only a year (October 1863), Alfred received a Swedish patent for his percussion detonator - the "Nobel lighter." Having moved back to Sweden to help his father with an invention, Alfred established a small factory at Helenborg near Stockholm to manufacture nitroglycerine. Unfortunately, nitroglycerine is a very difficult and dangerous material to handle. In 1864, Alfred's factory blew up - killing several people, including Alfred's younger brother, Emil. The explosion did not slow down Alfred, and within only a month, he organized other factories to manufacture nitroglycerine. In 1867, Alfred invented a new and safer-to-handle explosive - dynamite. Though Alfred became famous for his invention of dynamite, many people did not intimately know Alfred Nobel. He was a quiet man who did not like a lot of pretense or show. He had very few friends and never married. And though he recognized the destructive power of dynamite, Alfred believed it was a harbinger of peace. Alfred told Bertha von Suttner, an advocate for world peace, My factories may make an end of war sooner than your congresses. The day when two army corps can annihilate each other in one second, all civilized nations, it is to be hoped, will recoil from war and discharge their troops.* Unfortunately, Alfred did not see peace in his time. Alfred Nobel, chemist and inventor, died alone on December 10, 1896 after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. After several funeral services were held and Alfred Nobel's body was cremated, the will was opened. Everyone was shocked. The Will Alfred Nobel had written several wills during his lifetime, but the last one was dated November 27, 1895 - a little over a year before he died. Nobel's last will left approximately 94 percent of his worth to the establishment of five prizes (physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace) to "those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind." Though Nobel had proposed a very grandiose plan for the prizes in his will, there were a great many problems with the will. • •

Relatives of Alfred Nobel were so shocked that many wanted the will contested. The format of the will had formal defects which could have caused the will to be contested in France.

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•

• • •

•

It was unclear which country Alfred had his legal residence. He was a Swedish citizen until age nine, but after that he had lived in Russia, France, and Italy without becoming a citizen. Nobel had been making plans for a final home for himself in Sweden when he died. The location of residency would determine what country's laws would govern the will and the estate. If determined to be France, the will could have been contested and French taxes would have been taken. Because Nobel had wanted the Norwegian Storting (parliament) to choose the peace prize winner, many charged Nobel with a lack of patriotism. The "fund" that was to implement the prizes did not yet exist and would have to be created. The organizations that Nobel named in his will to award the prizes had not been asked to take on these duties prior to Nobel's death. Also, there was no plan to compensate these organizations for their work on the prizes. The will did not state what should be done if no prize winners for a year were found.

Because of the incompleteness and other obstacles presented by Alfred's will, it took five years of hurdles before the Nobel Foundation could be established and the first prizes awarded. The First Nobel Prizes On the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, December 10, 1901, the first set of Nobel Prizes were awarded. Chemistry: Jacobus H. van't Hoff Physics: Wilhelm C. Röntgen Physiology or Medicine: Emil A. von Behring Literature: Rene F. A. Sully Prudhomme Peace: Jean H. Dunant and Frédéric Passy

Background and Establishment of the Nobel Foundation Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896. The provisions of his will and their unusual purpose, as well as their partly incomplete form, attracted great attention and soon led to skepticism and criticism, also aimed at the testator due to his international spirit. Only after several years of negotiations and often rather bitter conflicts, and after various obstacles had been circumvented or overcome, could the fundamental concepts presented in the will assume solid form with the establishment of the Nobel Foundation. On April 26, 1897, the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved the will and soon afterwards elected members to the prize-awarding Norwegian Nobel Committee of the Storting. In 1898 the other prize-awarding bodies followed suit, approving the will after mediation: Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9 and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11.

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The testator and his will. The superimposed photo of Alfred Nobel was taken in 1896, the year he died. The will was now settled. The task of achieving unity among all the affected parties on how to put its provisions into practice remained. The final version of the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation contained clarifications of the wording of the will and a provision that prizes not considered possible to award could be allocated to funds that would otherwise promote the intentions of the testator. The Statutes provided for the establishment of Nobel Committees to perform prize adjudication work and Nobel Institutes to support this work, as well as the appointment of a Board of Directors in charge of the Foundation's financial and administrative management. On June 29, 1900, the Statutes of the newly created legatee, the Nobel Foundation, and special regulations for the Swedish Prize-Awarding Institutions were promulgated by the King in Council (Oscar II). The same year as the political union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, special regulations were adopted on April 10, 1905, by the Nobel Committee of the Storting (known since January 1, 1977 as the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the awarder of the Nobel Peace Prize.

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A century old. The cover of the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation when it was promulgated on June 29, 1900.

Premises To create a worthy framework around the prizes, the Board decided at an early stage that it would erect its own building in Stockholm, which would include a hall for the Prize Award Ceremony and Banquet as well as its own administrative offices. Ferdinand Boberg was selected as the architect. He presented an ambitious proposal for a Nobel Palace, which generated extensive publicity but also led to doubts and questions. World War I broke out before any decision could be made. The proposal was "put on ice" and by the time the matter was revived after the war, Ivar Tengbom was busily designing what later became the Stockholm Concert Hall. Meanwhile the Stockholm City Hall was being built under the supervision of Ragnar Östberg. Boberg, Tengbom, and Östberg were probably the most respected architects in Sweden at that time. Because it would have access to both these buildings for its events, the Nobel Foundation now only needed space for its administrative offices. On December 19, 1918, a building at Sturegatan 14 was bought for this purpose. After years of renovation there, the Foundation finally left its cramped premises at Norrlandsgatan 6 in 1926 and moved to Sturegatan 14, where the Foundation has been housed ever since.

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Objectives of the Foundation The Nobel Foundation is a private institution. It is entrusted with protecting the common interests of the Prize Awarding Institutions named in the will, as well as representing the Nobel institutions externally. This includes informational activities as well as arrangements related to the presentation of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is not, however, involved in the selection process and the final choice of the Laureates (as Nobel Prize winners are also called). In this work, the Prize-Awarding Institutions are not only entirely independent of all government agencies and organizations, but also of the Nobel Foundation. Their autonomy is of crucial importance to the objectivity and quality of their prize decisions. One vital task of the Foundation is to manage its assets in such a way as to safeguard the financial base of the prizes themselves and of the prize selection process.

Statutes and Significant Amendments during 100 Years The Statutes, as most recently revised in 2000, assign roles to the following bodies or individuals in the Nobel Foundation's activities: • • • • • •

The Board and the Executive Director (especially paragraphs 13 and 14) The Prize-Awarding Institutions (especially paragraphs 1 and 2) The Trustees of the Prize-Awarding Institutions (especially paragraph 18) The Nobel Committees and experts (especially paragraph 6) Bodies and individuals entitled to submit prize nominations (especially paragraph 7) Auditors (especially paragraph 19)

Over the past 100 years, there have been a number of changes in the relationship between the Foundation's Board of Directors and the Swedish State. Their links have gradually been severed. According to paragraph 14 of the first Statutes from 1901, the Foundation was to be represented by a Board with its seat in Stockholm, consisting of five Swedish men. One of these, the Chairman of the Board, was to be designated by the King in Council. The Trustees of the Prize

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Awarding Institutions would appoint the others. The Board would choose an Executive Director from among its own members. An alternate (deputy) to the Chairman would be appointed by the King in Council (effective in 1974, by the Government), and two deputies for the other members would be elected by the Trustees. Since 1995 the Trustees have appointed all members and deputies of the Board. The Board chooses a Chairman, Deputy Chairman and Executive Director from among its own members. The first Board of Directors of the Nobel Foundation was elected by the Trustees on September 27, 1900 (Hans Forsell, Ragnar Törnebladh, Henrik Santesson, and Ragnar Sohlman, with Mauritz Salin and Oscar Montelius as Deputies). On the following day, former Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström was appointed Chairman of the Board by the King in Council with the Justice of the Supreme Court C. G. Hernmarck as Deputy. On October 3, 1900 the Board elected Assistant Circuit Judge Henrik Santesson as the first Executive Director of the Foundation. Effective on January 1, 1901 the Board assumed management of the Foundation's assets. Until 1960 the Chairman was chosen from the small group of "Gentlemen of the Realm" - prime ministers, ministers for foreign affairs and other high officials. In 1960 for the first time, a renowned scientist was chosen: Arne Tiselius, Professor of Biochemistry at Uppsala University and 1948 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry. Since then the Chairman has been chosen from among members of the Prize-Awarding Institutions. It has also become a rule that the Deputy Chairman as well as one of the members of the Board elected by the Trustees should be persons with financial expertise. This custom began in 1951, when senior banker and industrialist Jacob Wallenberg was elected to the Board by the Trustees. He was also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. When his brother Marcus Wallenberg succeeded him in 1968, it was the first time that a member of the Board did not belong to a Prize-Awarding Institution. As to the Deputy Chairman of the Board, appointed by the King in Council, this practice started in 1960, when the prominent banker Gustaf Söderlund was elected to the Board. In most cases, the Executive Director has had a legal and administrative background. As the Foundation's investment policy became more active from the early 1950s onward, financial experience coupled with a knowledge of international relations have been valuable assets for those holding this position.

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Arne Tiselius was Chairman of the Board of the Nobel Foundation 19601964. An important landmark in the history of the Foundation occurred when it added Norwegian representation to the Board. In 1901, the Norwegians refrained from representation on the Board - being appointed by King Oscar at a time when Norway was moving toward a breakup of its union with Sweden was not considered an attractive idea - and they limited their involvement to work as Trustees and auditors. In light of this, it is interesting to note that Henrik Santesson, the first Executive Director of the Foundation, also happened to be the legal counsel of the Storting in Sweden. But in 1986, paragraph 14 of the Statutes was changed and the Board no longer had to consist of five Swedish citizens (the original Statutes had said Swedish men), but of six Swedish or Norwegian citizens. The Statutes were also changed in such a way that remuneration to the Board members and auditors of the Foundation, as well as the salary of the Executive Director, would be determined by the Foundation's Board instead of the Swedish Government.

King Oscar II of Sweden

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According to paragraph 17 of the original Statutes, the administration of the Board and the accounts of the Foundation for each calendar year were to be examined by five auditors. Each prize-awarding body would elect one of these before the end of the year and the King would designate one, who would be the chairman of the auditors. In 1955 the number of auditors was enlarged from five to six; the new auditor would be appointed by the Trustees and had to be an authorized public accountant. This was a very important change, in line with the Foundation's more active financial investment policy. Today the Government's only role in the Nobel Foundation is to appoint one auditor, who is also to be the chairman of the Foundation's auditors. Among

other

changes

that

have

occurred

in

the

Statutes

are

the

following:

Until 1968, in principle more than three persons could share a Nobel Prize, but this never occurred in practice. The previous wording of paragraph 4 was: "A prize may be equally divided between two works, each of which may be considered to merit a prize. If a work which is to be rewarded has been produced by two or more persons together, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly." In 1968 this section was changed to read that "In no case may a prize be divided between more than three persons." In 1974, the Statutes were changed in two respects. The confidential archive material that formed the basis for the evaluation and selection of candidates for the prizes, which was previously closed to all outsiders, could now be made available for purposes of historical research if at least 50 years had elapsed since the decision in question. The other change concerned deceased persons. Previously, a person could be awarded a prize posthumously if he/she had already been nominated (before February 1 of the same year), which was true of Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Literature Prize, 1931) and Dag Hammarskjöld (Peace Prize, 1961). Effective from 1974, the prize may only go to a deceased person to whom it was already awarded (usually in October) but who had died before he/she could receive the prize on December 10 (William Vickrey, 1996 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel).

Erik Axel Karlfeldt Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

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Dag Hammarskjöld Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

William Vickrey Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

283

Financial Management The main task of the Nobel Foundation is to safeguard the financial base of the Nobel Prizes and of the work connected to the selection of the Nobel Laureates. In its role as a financial manager, the Nobel Foundation resembles an investment company. The investment policy of the Foundation is naturally of the greatest importance in preserving and increasing its funds, thereby ensuring the size of the Nobel Prizes. The provisions of Alfred Nobel's will instructed his executors to invest his remaining realizable estate, which would constitute the capital of what eventually became the Nobel Foundation, in "safe securities." In the original by-laws of the Board, approved by the King in Council on February 15, 1901, the expression "safe securities" was interpreted in the spirit of that time as referring mainly to bonds or loans - Swedish as well as foreign - paying fixed interest and backed by solid underlying security (central or local government, property mortgages or the like). In those days, many bonds were sold with a so-called gold clause, stipulating that the holder was entitled to demand payment in gold. The stock market and real estate holdings were beyond the pale. Stocks in particular were regarded as an excessively risky and speculative form of financial investment. The first 50 years of management came to be characterized by rigidity in terms of financial investments and by an increasingly onerous tax burden. Remarkably, the tax issue had not been addressed when the Nobel Foundation was established. The tax-exempt status that the executors of the will and others had assumed as self-evident was not granted. Until 1914, the tax was not excessively heavy, only 10 percent, but when a "temporary defense tax" supplement was introduced in 1915, the Foundation's tax burden doubled. In 1922, a maximum tax assessment was imposed which exceeded the sum available for the prizes in 1923, the year when the Nobel Prize amount reached its absolute low point. For a long time, the Nobel Foundation was the largest single taxpayer in Stockholm. The question of granting tax-exempt status to the Foundation was debated back and forth in the Riksdag (Swedish Parliament) for years. In 1946, when the Foundation was finally exempted from national income and wealth tax and local income tax, this allowed a gradual long-term increase in the size of the Foundation's main fund, the Nobel Prizes and the sums paid to the Prize-Awarding Institutions for their adjudication work. Without Swedish tax-exempt status, it would have been impossible for the Foundation to receive equivalent tax relief for its financial investments in the United States. In the event, a U.S. Treasury ruling granted the Foundation tax-exempt status in that country effective from 1953. Tax-exempt status created greater freedom of action, enabling the Foundation to pursue an investment policy not dominated by tax considerations that characterize the actions of many investors. However, the restrictions on the Foundation's freedom of investments continued with minor changes until 1953, although the gold clause and resulting protection against declining value had disappeared as early as World War I. Because of two world wars and the depression of the early 1930s, the prizes shrank in real terms from SEK 150,000 in 1901 (equivalent to 20 times the annual salary of a university professor) to a mere one third of this value.

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Then, in 1953, the Government approved a radical liberalization of the investment rules. The Foundation was granted a more extensive freedom to manage its capital independently, as well as the opportunity to invest in stocks and real estate. Freedom of investment, coupled with taxexemption and the financial expertise of the Board, led to a transformation from passive to active management. This can be regarded as a landmark change in the role of the Foundation's Board. During the 1960s and 1970s, the value of the Nobel Prizes multiplied in Swedish krona terms but rapid inflation meanwhile undermined their real value, leaving each prize largely unchanged. The same was true of the Foundation's capital.

Photo of the check received by Prof. J. C. Kendrew, 1962 Nobel Chemistry Laureate. Nowadays, no checks are given. The prize money is transferred by bank according to the Laureate's wishes. During the 1980s, the Foundation experienced a change for the better. The stock market performed outstandingly and the Foundation's real estate also climbed in value. A sour note came in 1985, when Swedish real estate taxes rose sharply and profits consequently vanished. In 1987, the Board decided to transfer most of the Foundation's real estate to a separate company called Beväringen, which was then floated on the stock exchange. In the same year that Beväringen was established, the Nobel Foundation surpassed its original value in real terms (SEK 31 million in 1901 money) for the first time. The Foundation was fortunate enough to sell its entire holding in Beväringen before the real estate crash of the early 1990s.

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The first Nobel Prize in 1901 amounted to SEK 150,000, equivalent to SEK 7.4 million in 2006 money. By 1991, the Foundation had restored the Nobel Prizes to their 1901 real value. Today the nominal fund capital of the Nobel Foundation is about SEK 3.6 billion. In 2006 each of the five Nobel Prizes as well as the Economics Prize was worth SEK 10 million (about USD 1.45 million). This is well above the nominal value of the entire original fund, and higher than the real value of the original prizes. Since January 1, 2000, the Nobel Foundation has also been permitted to apply the capital gains from the sale of assets toward the prize amounts. According to Alfred Nobel's will, only direct return - interest and dividends - could be used for the prize amounts. Capital gains from share management could not previously be used. According to the new rules, return that arises from the sale of Foundation assets may also be used for prize award events and overhead, to the extent that they are not needed to maintain a good long-term prizeawarding capacity. This change is necessary to avoid undermining the value of the Nobel Prizes. The Nobel Foundation may also decide how much of its assets may be invested in shares. In the long term, this may mean that the Foundation can now have a higher percentage of its assets invested in shares, leading to higher overall return and thus larger Nobel Prizes.

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The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel On the occasion of its 300th anniversary in 1968, the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) made a large donation to the Nobel Foundation. A Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has been awarded since 1969. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is entrusted with the role of Prize Awarding-Institution, in accordance with Nobel Prize rules. The Board of the Nobel Foundation has subsequently decided that it will allow no further new prizes.

The Economics Prize medal's ... and back. front Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Nobel Symposia An important addition to the activities of the Nobel Foundation is its Symposium program, which was initiated in 1965 and has achieved a high international standing. Approximately 135 Nobel Symposia, dealing with topics at the frontiers of science and culture and related to the Prize categories, have taken place. In addition to these Nobel Symposia, six Nobel Jubilee Symposia were held in 1991 and six Nobel Centennial Symposia in 2001. Since 1982 the Nobel Symposia have been financed by the Foundation's Symposium Fund, created in 1982 through an initial donation from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, as well as through grants and royalties received by the Nobel Foundation as part of its informational activities.

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Donations And Prizes Around the world, new international scientific and cultural prizes have been established, directly inspired by the Nobel Prize. For example, the Japan Prize and Kyoto Prize - both financially in a class with the Nobel Prize - were established in 1985 and their statutes directly refer to the Nobel Prizes as a model and source of inspiration. Donations from these and many other sources have reached the Foundation over the years. Some of these donations are presented below. In 1962 the Balzan Foundation, based in Switzerland and Italy, gave its first prize of one million Swiss francs to the Nobel Foundation for having awarded its Nobel Prizes for 60 years in an exemplary way, thereby celebrating "l'oeuvre admirable accomplie dans 60 années de travail." In 1972, Georg von Békésy, 1961 Nobel Laureate in physiology or medicine, donated his exquisite collection of art objects to the Nobel Foundation - some 150 objects from four continents (not Australia). The collection is now deposited with various museums in Stockholm, mainly the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities but also the Museum of Medieval Stockholm, the Ethnographic Museum and the National Museum.

Cover of The Georg von Békésy Collection published by the Nobel Foundation in 1974. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Also in 1972 the Foundation received a donation from the Italian marquis Luigi de Beaumont Bonelli, who bequeathed his two wine-growing estates outside Taranto, southern Italy, to the Nobel Foundation. The properties were worth SEK 4.5 million. Their sale made possible the establishment of an annual Beaumont-Bonelli fellowship to a promising young Italian medical researcher.

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The two Japanese prizes were mentioned above. On April 20, 1985, the Science and Technology Foundation of Japan established the Japan Prize. At the first award ceremony, a special prize of JPY 50 million was awarded to the Nobel Foundation "in recognition of the role the Nobel Foundation has played since 1901 in promoting science and international understanding." On November 10, 1985, the Inamori Foundation in Kyoto awarded its first Kyoto Prize of JPY 45 million to the Nobel Foundation "with the aim of promoting science, technology and the arts in the spirit of the Nobel Prize."

Nobel Festivities The Nobel Foundation is an "investment company" with rather unusual facets. Every year this investment company moves into show business by organizing the Nobel Festivities and numerous related arrangements that take place in December. The Nobel Foundation is responsible for organizing the Nobel Festivities in Stockholm, while in Norway the Norwegian Nobel Committee is in charge of the corresponding arrangements. On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prizes were awarded for the first time in Stockholm and in Christiania (now Oslo) respectively.

Stockholm The Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm took place at the Old Royal Academy of Music during the years 1901-1925. Parenthetically, it is worth mentioning that during the first years the names of the Nobel Laureates were not made public until the Award Ceremony itself.

The first Nobel Prize Award Ceremony at the Old Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm (1901). Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Since 1926, the Prize Award Ceremony has taken place at the Stockholm Concert Hall with few exceptions. In 1971 the venue was the Philadelphia Church and in 1972 the St. Erik International Fair (known today as Stockholm International Fairs) in Älvsjö, both times due to repairs at the Concert Hall. In 1975 the Ceremony again took place at the St. Erik International

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Fair and in 1991 at the Stockholm Globe Arena, now due to special commemorations of Nobel history that required large seating capacity. In 1975, it was the 75th anniversary of the Nobel Foundation that was being commemorated, while in 1991 the 90th anniversary of the first Nobel Prizes was the focus of the celebrations. In 1975 about 70 pre-1975 Nobel Laureates attended, and in 1991 approximately 130 pre-1991 Laureates. When the Foundation celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Nobel Prizes in 2001, the number of pre-2001 Laureates in attendance was approximately 160.

Crown Prince Carl Gustaf of Sweden (now King), hands over the 1972 Nobel Prize for Literature to Heinrich Böll during the Prize Award Ceremony at the St. Erik International Fair (known today as Stockholm International Fairs) in Älvsjö. Copyright © Reportagebild When the Prize Award Ceremony returned to the Concert Hall in 1973 after an absence of two years, the whole stage setting had changed. The most significant change was that the King and Queen of Sweden and other members of the Royal Family, who had previously always sat in the front row of the auditorium, were moved up and seated on one side of the stage. The Laureates sat on the other side and members of the Prize-Awarding Institutions behind them. In 1973, Carl XVI Gustaf presented the Nobel Prizes for the first time as His Majesty the King of Sweden. Once before, in 1972, owing to the illness of his grandfather King Gustaf VI Adolf, he had presented the Prizes, but in the capacity of Crown Prince. The next change in the stage at the Concert Hall was in 1992. The stage design was now changed to resemble that of the first Prize Award Ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall in 1926. As in 1926, the chairs on the stage were placed in an amphitheatrical grouping. An effort was made by various means to highlight the simplicity of the room and to emphasize the academic nature of the festivities.

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Prize Award Ceremony at the Concert Hall in 1926. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Nobel Prize Award Ceremony at the Stockholm Concert Hall in 1973. Copyright © Pressens Bild

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The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony at the Stockholm Globe Arena in 1991. Copyright © Pressens Bild

The new stage at the Stockholm Concert Hall in 1992. Copyright © Reportagebild Until the early 1930s, the Nobel Banquet took place at the Hall of Mirrors in the Grand Hôtel, Stockholm. In its very first years, 1901 and 1902, the banquet was an exclusive party for men only. Once the Stockholm City Hall had been built, in 1930 a decision was made to hold the Banquet in its fantastic Golden Hall this year and in the future. For some reason the Nobel Banquets of 1931 and 1932 took place at the Grand Hôtel again, but between 1933 and 1973 it was held in the Golden Hall. Over time, the character of the Banquets changed and interest in participating became greater and greater. Starting in 1974, due to the need for more space the Nobel Banquet was moved from the Golden Hall to the larger Blue Hall of the City Hall, which today accommodates some 1,300 guests. The Blue Hall had only been used for the Banquet once before, in 1950, when the Nobel Foundation celebrated its 50th anniversary with approximately 32 pre-1950 Laureates participating.

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The Nobel Banquet at the Golden Hall of the Stockholm City Hall in 1973.

The Nobel Banquet at the Blue Hall of the Stockholm City Hall in 1998. Photo: Hans Pettersson There are always exceptions to the rules. In 1907, there were no festivities in Stockholm because the Royal Court was in mourning. King Oscar II had just died. The Laureates were awarded their prizes at a ceremony at the auditorium of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. During 1914-1918 the Nobel Festivities were called off in Sweden and in Norway, except for a ceremony in 1917 at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in the presence of King Haakon to announce that the International Red Cross had been awarded the Peace Prize. The first Nobel Prizes after the World War I - the 1919 prizes - were awarded in June the next year in order to give the Festivities an atmosphere of early Swedish summer with sunshine, light and greenery instead of dark December with cold and wet snow. The Ceremony took place on June 2, 1920 at the Royal Academy of Music, with the subsequent Banquet at the Hasselbacken restaurant near the Skansen outdoor museum. This was not a success. No members of the Royal

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Family were present because of the death of Crown Princess Margaretha. The weather was gray, rainy and cold. As a result of disappointment at the absence of the King, the bad weather and the questionable suitability of Hasselbacken for banquets of this kind, the Nobel Festivities of 1920 reverted to earlier tradition and were held on December 10; the Prize Award Ceremony - again attended by His Majesty the King - at the Royal Academy of Music and the Nobel Banquet at the Hall of Mirrors in the Grand Hôtel. In 1924 the Nobel Festivities were cancelled in Stockholm. Neither of the two Laureates could be present: the Laureate in Physiology or Medicine was traveling and the Literature Laureate was unwell. The Prizes in Physics and Chemistry were reserved that year. During the period 1939-1943, the Nobel Festivities were called off. In 1939 only the Laureate in Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää from Finland, received his Prize in Stockholm at a small ceremony, with a subsequent dinner at the restaurant "Den Gyldene Freden" together with the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, Anders Österling. During 1940-1942 no Physics, Chemistry or Medicine Prizes were awarded, during 1940-1943 no Literature Prizes, and during 1939-1943 no Peace Prizes. In 1944 there were no Festivities in Stockholm, but a luncheon was held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York organized by the American Scandinavian Foundation. Some 1943 and 1944 Laureates received their Prizes from the Swedish Minister (chief diplomat) in Washington, W. F. Boström; two Physics Laureates - Otto Stern (1943) and Isidor Isaac Rabi (1944) - and four Laureates in Physiology or Medicine - Henrik Dam and Edward Doisy (1943), and Joseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser (1944). Speeches by Sweden's Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf and by Professor The Svedberg were broadcast on American radio the same day. The 1943 Laureate in Chemistry, George de Hevesy, received his Prize in Sweden without any ceremonies and the 1944 Literature Laureate, Johannes V. Jensen from Denmark, received his Prize in Stockholm in 1945. Just before and during the war, Adolf Hitler forbade Laureates from Germany - Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Friedrich Johan Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939) and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939) - from accepting their Prizes at that time. However, they received their insignia on later occasions.

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Guests at the Nobel Dinner at the Swedish Academy in 1956. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation In 1956, due to the crisis in Hungary, a smaller, more private dinner at the Swedish Academy replaced the glittering banquet in the City Hall, although the Prize Award Ceremony took place as usual at the Concert Hall.

Christiania/Oslo In Norway, during the years 1901-1904 the decision on the Peace Prize was announced at a meeting of the Storting on December 10, after which the recipients were informed in writing. On December 10, 1905, the Nobel Institute's new building at Drammensveien 19 was inaugurated in the presence of the Norwegian Royal Couple, and it was announced that Bertha von Suttner had received the 1905 Peace Prize. The Laureate herself was not present. During 1905-1946 the Prize Award Ceremonies were held at the Nobel Institute building, during 1947-1989 in the auditorium of the University of Oslo and since 1990 at the Oslo City Hall. The King of Norway is present, but it is the Chairman of the Nobel Committee who hands over the Prize to the Laureate or Laureates. The Nobel Banquet in Norway is a dignified formal occasion, but much less pretentious than the Banquet in Stockholm. It takes place at the Grand Hôtel in Oslo, with approximately 250 guests.

The Peace Prize Award Ceremony at the Oslo City Hall.

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The Norwegian Nobel Committee and the Nobel Foundation during World War II In 1940, three members of the Storting's Nobel Committee were in exile due to the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, which lasted until 1945. The remaining members and deputies kept the work of the Committee going. Because the Storting could not elect new Committee members, the Nobel Foundation asked existing members to continue in their posts. In January 1944, pro-Nazi Prime Minister Vidkun Quisling and his administration wanted to take over the functions of the Nobel Committee in Norway and seize control of the Nobel Institute's building on Drammensveien. After consultations with the Swedish Foreign Ministry and the Director of the Nobel Institute, the Nobel Foundation declared that the Nobel Institute was Swedish property. Those Committee members who had remained in Norway stated in writing that under the prevailing circumstances, they could not continue their work. Sweden's consul general in Oslo, who had already moved into an office on the Nobel Institute's premises, took over the management of the building and the functions of the Nobel Institute. In 1944-1945 the Nobel Foundation (Hammarskjöld and Ekeberg) together with the members of the Nobel Committee in exile ensured that nominations were submitted for the 1945 Peace Prize. .

Nobel Prize in Physics Winners 2008-1901 2008 The prize is being awarded with one half to: YOICHIRO NAMBU for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics and the other half jointly to: MAKOTO KOBAYASHI and TOSHIHIDE MASKAWA for the discovery of the origin of the broken

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symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature.

2007 The prize is being awarded jointly to: ALBERT FERT and PETER GRÜNBERG for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance.

2006 The prize is being awarded jointly to: JOHN C. MATHER and GEORGE C. SMOOT for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation

2005 The prize is being awarded with one half to: ROY J. GLAUBER for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence and one half jointly to JOHN L. HALL and THEODOR W. HÄNSCH for their contributions to the development of laserbased precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique

2004 The prize is being awarded jointly to: DAVID J. GROSS, H. DAVID POLITZER and FRANK WILCZEK for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

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The prize is being awarded jointly to: ALEXEI A. ABRIKOSOV, VITALY L. GINZBURG and ANTHONY J. LEGGETT for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids

2002 The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: RAYMOND DAVIS JR., and MASATOSHI KOSHIBA for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos and the other half to: RICCARDO GIACCONI for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources

2001 The prize is being awarded jointly to: ERIC A. CORNELL, WOLFGANG KETTERLE and CARL E. WIEMAN for the achievement of BoseEinstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates.

2000 The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: ZHORES I. ALFEROV, and HERBERT KROEMER for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics and and one half to: JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.

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1999 The prize was awarded jointly to: GERARDUS 'T HOOFT, and MARTINUS J.G. VELTMAN for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics.

1998 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN, HORST L. STORMER and DANIEL C. TSUI for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.

1997 The prize was awarded jointly to: STEVEN CHU, CLAUDE COHEN-TANNOUDJI and WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.

1996 The prize was awarded jointly to: DAVID M. LEE, DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF and ROBERT C. RICHARDSON for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.

1995 The prize was awarded for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, with one half to: MARTIN L. PERL for the discovery of the tau lepton.

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and the other half to: FREDERICK REINES for the detection of the neutrino.

1994 The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter to: BERTRAM N. BROCKHOUSE for the development of neutron spectroscopy CLIFFORD G. SHULL for the development of the neutron diffraction technique.

1993 The prize was awarded jointly to: RUSSELL A. HULSE and JOSEPH H. TAYLOR JR. for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.

1992 GEORGES CHARPAK for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.

1991 PIERRE-GILLES DE GENNES for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.

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1990 The prize was awarded jointly to: JEROME I. FRIEDMAN, HENRY W. KENDALL and RICHARD E. TAYLOR for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.

1989 One half of the award was given to: NORMAN F. RAMSEY for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks. and the other half jointly to: HANS G. DEHMELT and WOLFGANG PAUL for the development of the ion trap technique.

1988 The prize was awarded jointly to: LEON M. LEDERMAN, MELVIN SCHWARTZ and JACK STEINBERGER for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.

1987 The prize was awarded jointly to: J. GEORG BEDNORZ and K. ALEXANDER MÜLLER for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.

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1986 The prize was awarded by one half to: ERNST RUSKA for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope. GERD BINNIG and HEINRICH ROHRER for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.

1985 KLAUS VON KLITZING for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect.

1984 The prize was awarded jointly to: CARLO RUBBIA and SIMON VAN DER MEER for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.

1983 The prize was divided equally between: SUBRAMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars. WILLIAM A. FOWLER for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe.

1982

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KENNETH G. WILSON for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.

1981 The prize was awarded by one half jointly to: NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN and ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy and the other half to: KAI M. SIEGBAHN for his contribution to the development of high- resolution electron spectroscopy.

1980 The prize was divided equally between: JAMES W. CRONIN and VAL L. FITCH for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons.

1979 The prize was divided equally between: SHELDON L. GLASHOW, ABDUS SALAM and STEVEN WEINBERG for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current.

1978 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: PYOTR LEONIDOVICH KAPITSA for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-

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temperature physics and the other half divided equally between: ARNO A. PENZIAS and ROBERT W. WILSON for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.

1977 The prize was divided equally between: PHILIP W. ANDERSON, SIR NEVILL F. MOTT and JOHN H. VAN VLECK for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.

1976 The prize was divided equally between: BURTON RICHTER and SAMUEL C. C. TING for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind.

1975 The prize was awarded jointly to: AAGE BOHR, BEN MOTTELSON and JAMES RAINWATER for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection.

1974 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR MARTIN RYLE and ANTONY HEWISH for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for

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his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.

1973 The prize was divided, one half being equally shared between: LEO ESAKI and IVAR GIAEVER , for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively, and the other half to BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects.

1972 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHN BARDEEN, LEON N. COOPER and J. ROBERT SCHRIEFFER for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.

1971 DENNIS GABOR for his invention and development of the holographic method.

1970 The prize was divided equally between: HANNES ALFVÉN for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful

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applications in different parts of plasma physics LOUIS NÉEL for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics.

1969 MURRAY GELL-MANN for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.

1968 LUIS W. ALVAREZ for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis.

1967 HANS ALBRECHT BETHE for his contributions to the theory ofnuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars.

1966 ALFRED KASTLER for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying hertzian resonances in atoms.

1965 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIN-ITIRO TOMONAGA, JULIAN SCHWINGER and RICHARD P. FEYNMAN for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary

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particles.

1964 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: CHARLES H. TOWNES the other half jointly to: NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH BASOV and ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH PROKHOROV for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.

1963 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: EUGENE P. WIGNER for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles and the other half jointly to: MARIA GOEPPERT-MAYER and J. HANS D. JENSEN for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure.

1962 LEV DAVIDOVICH LANDAU for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium.

1961 The prize was divided equally between: ROBERT HOFSTADTER for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his

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thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons RUDOLF LUDWIG MÖSSBAUER for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name.

1960 DONALD A. GLASER for the invention of the bubble chamber.

1959 The prize was awarded jointly to: EMILIO GINO SEGRÈ and OWEN CHAMBERLAIN for their discovery of the antiproton.

1958 The prize was awarded jointly to: PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH CHERENKOV , IL'JA MIKHAILOVICH FRANK and IGOR YEVGENYEVICH TAMM for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.

1957 The prize was awarded jointly to: CHEN NING YANG and TSUNG-DAO LEE for their penetratinginvestigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary partic les.

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The prize was awarded jointly, one third each, to: WILLIAM SHOCKLEY, JOHN BARDEEN and WALTER HOUSER BRATTAIN for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.

1955 The prize was divided equally between: WILLIS EUGENE LAMB for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum POLYKARP KUSCH for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron.

1954 The prize was divided equally between: MAX BORN for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction WALTHER BOTHE for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith.

1953 FRITS (FREDERIK) ZERNIKE for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope.

1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: FELIX BLOCH and EDWARD MILLS PURCELL for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith.

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1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR JOHN DOUGLAS COCKCROFT and ERNEST THOMAS SINTON WALTON for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles.

1950 CECIL FRANK POWELL for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method.

1949 HIDEKI YUKAWA for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces.

1948 LORD PATRICK MAYNARD STUART BLACKETT for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.

1947 SIR EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer.

1946 PERCY WILLIAMS BRIDGMAN for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics.

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1945 WOLFGANG PAULI for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle.

1944 ISIDOR ISAAC RABI for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.

1943 OTTO STERN for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton.

1942-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1939 ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artifi cial radioactive elements.

1938 ENRICO FERMI for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons.

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1937 The prize was awarded jointly to: CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON and SIR GEORGE PAGET THOMSON for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.

1936 The prize was divided equally between: VICTOR FRANZ HESS for his discovery of cosmic radiation CARL DAVID ANDERSON for his discovery of the positron.

1935 SIR JAMES CHADWICK for the discovery of the neutron.

1934 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1933 The prize was awarded jointly to ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER and PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE DIRAC for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.

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1932 WERNER HEISENBERG for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.

1931 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1930 SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him.

1929 PRINCE LOUIS-VICTOR DE BROGLIE for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons.

1928 SIR OWEN WILLANS RICHARDSON for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him.

1927 The prize was divided equally between: ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON for his discovery of the effect named after him CHARLES THOMSON REES WILSON for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour.

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1926 JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium.

1925 The prize was awarded jointly to: JAMES FRANCK and GUSTAV HERTZ for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom.

1924 KARL MANNE GEORG SIEGBAHN for his discoveries and researchin the field of X-ray spectroscopy.

1923 ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect.

1922 NIELS BOHR for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them.

1921 ALBERT EINSTEIN for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

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1920 CHARLES EDOUARD GUILLAUME in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.

1919 JOHANNES STARK for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.

1918 MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta.

1917 CHARLES GLOVER BARKLA for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements.

1916 The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1915 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG and SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.

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MAX VON LAUE for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.

1913 HEIKE KAMERLINGH-ONNES for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia to the production of liquid helium.

1912 NILS GUSTAF DALÉN for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys.

1911 WILHELM WIEN for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat.

1910 JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids.

1909 The prize was awarded jointly to: GUGLIELMO MARCONI and CARL FERDINAND BRAUN in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.

1908 GABRIEL LIPPMANN for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference.

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1907 ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid.

1906 SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.

1905 PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON LENARD for his work on cathode rays.

1904 LORD JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT RAYLEIGH for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies.

1903 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity the other half jointly to: PIERRE CURIE and MARIE CURIE, née SKLODOWSKA in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.

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The prize was awarded jointly to: HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ and PIETER ZEEMAN in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena.

1901 WILHELM CONRAD RÖNTGEN in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winners 2008-1901

2008 The prize goes to: OSAMU SHIMOMURA, MARTIN CHALFIE, and ROGER Y TSIEN for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.

2007 The prize goes to: GERHARD ERTL for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.

2006

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The prize goes to: ROGER D. KORNBERG for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.

2005 The prize is being awarded jointly to: YVES CHAUVIN, ROBERT H. GRUBBS , and RICHARD R. SCHROCK for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.

2004 The prize is being awarded jointly to: AARON CIECHANOVER, AVRAM HERSHKO , and IRWIN ROSE for the discovery of ubiquitinmediated protein degradation

2003 The prize is being awarded for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes with one half of the prize to: PETER AGRE, for the discovery of water channels and the other half of the prize to: RODERICK MACKINNON for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels.

2002 The prize is being awarded for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological

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macromolecules with one half jointly to: JOHN B. FENN, and KOICHI TANAKA, for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules and the other half to: KURT WÜTHRICH for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.

2001 The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: WILLIAM S. KNOWLES, and RYOJI NOYORI, for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions and the other half to: K. BARRY SHARPLESS for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.

2000 The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the discovery and development of conductive polymers.

1999 AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.

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The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equally between: WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.

1997 The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and with one half to: JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase.

1996 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their discovery of fullerenes.

1995 The prize was awarded jointly to: PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.

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GEORGE A. OLAH for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.

1993 The prize was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry equally between: KARY B. MULLIS for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. and MICHAEL SMITH for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.

1992 RUDOLPH A. MARCUS for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.

1991 RICHARD R. ERNST for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

1990 ELIAS JAMES COREY for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.

1989

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The prize was awarded jointly to: SIDNEY ALTMAN and THOMAS R. CECH for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA.

1988 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHANN DEISENHOFER , ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.

1987 The prize was awarded jointly to: DONALD J. CRAM , JEAN-MARIE LEHN and CHARLES J. PEDERSEN for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.

1986 The prize was awarded jointly to: DUDLEY R. HERSCHBACH , YUAN T. LEE and JOHN C. POLANYI for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.

1985 The prize was awarded jointly to: HERBERT A. HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.

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ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.

1983 HENRY TAUBE for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.

1982 SIR AARON KLUG for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes.

1981 The prize was awarded jointly to: KENICHI FUKUI and ROALD HOFFMANN for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions.

1980 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: PAUL BERG for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA and the other half jointly to: WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.

1979

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The prize was divided equally between: HERBERT C. BROWN and GEORG WITTIG for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.

1978 PETER D. MITCHELL for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.

1977 ILYA PRIGOGINE for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.

1976 WILLIAM N.. LIPSCOMB for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding.

1975 The prize was divided equally between: SIR JOHN WARCUP CORNFORTH for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and VLADIMIR PRELOG for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.

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PAUL J. FLORY for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.

1973 The prize was divided equally between: ERNST OTTO FISCHER and SIR GEOFFREY WILKINSON for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.

1972 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: CHRISTIAN B. ANFINSEN for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation and the other half jointly to: STANFORD MOORE and WILLIAM H. STEIN for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.

1971 GERHARD HERZBERG for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.

1970 LUIS F. LELOIR for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.

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1969 The prize was divided equally between: SIR DEREK H. R. BARTON and ODD HASSEL for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry.

1968 LARS ONSAGER for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.

1967 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: MANFRED EIGEN and the other half jointly to: RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH and LORD GEORGE PORTER for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.

1966 ROBERT S. MULLIKEN for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.

1965 ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis.

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DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.

1963 The prize was divided equally between: KARL ZIEGLER and GIULIO NATTA for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers.

1962 The prize was divided equally between: MAX FERDINAND PERUTZ and SIR JOHN COWDERY KENDREW for their studies of the structures of globular proteins.

1961 MELVIN CALVIN for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.

1960 WILLARD FRANK LIBBY for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science.

1959 JAROSLAV HEYROVSKY for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis.

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FREDERICK SANGER for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin.

1957 LORD ALEXANDER R. TODD for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes.

1956 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR CYRIL NORMAN HINSHELWOOD and NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH SEMENOV for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions.

1955 VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.

1954 LINUS CARL PAULING for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.

1953 HERMANN STAUDINGER for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.

1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: ARCHER JOHN PORTER MARTIN and RICHARD LAURENCE MILLINGTON SYNGE for their

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invention of partition chromatography.

1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWIN MATTISON MC MILLAN and GLENN THEODORE SEABORG for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements.

1950 The prize was awarded jointly to: OTTO PAUL HERMANN DIELS and KURT ALDER for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis.

1949 WILLIAM FRANCIS GIAUQUE for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures.

1948 ARNE WILHELM KAURIN TISELIUS for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins.

1947 SIR ROBERT ROBINSON for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids.

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The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: JAMES BATCHELLER SUMNER for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized. the other half jointly to JOHN HOWARD NORTHROP and WENDELL MEREDITH STANLEY for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.

1945 ARTTURI ILMARI VIRTANEN for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method.

1944 OTTO HAHN for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.

1943 GEORGE DE HEVESY for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes.

1942-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1939 ADOLF FRIEDRICH JOHANN BUTENANDT for his work on sex hormones. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal). and

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LEOPOLD RUZICKA for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.

1938 RICHARD KUHN for his work on carotenoids and vitamins. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal.)

1937 The prize was divided equally between: SIR WALTER NORMAN HAWORTH for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C. and PAUL KARRER for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2.

1936 PETRUS (PETER) JOSEPHUS WILHELMUS DEBYE for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.

1935 The prize was awarded jointly to: FRÉDÉRIC JOLIOT and IRÈNE JOLIOT-CURIE in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.

1934 HAROLD CLAYTON UREY for his discovery of heavy hydrogen.

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1933 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1932 IRVING LANGMUIR for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.

1931 The prize was awarded jointly to: CARL BOSCH and FRIEDRICH BERGIUS in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods.

1930 HANS FISCHER for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin.

1929 The prize was divided equally between: SIR ARTHUR HARDEN and HANS KARL AUGUST SIMON VON EULER-CHELPIN for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.

1928 ADOLF OTTO REINHOLD WINDAUS for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins.

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1927 HEINRICH OTTO WIELAND for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances.

1926 THE (THEODOR) SVEDBERG for his work on disperse systems.

1925 RICHARD ADOLF ZSIGMONDY for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry.

1924 The prize money for 1924 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1923 FRITZ PREGL for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances.

1922 FRANCIS WILLIAM ASTON for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule.

1921 FREDERICK SODDY , for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive

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substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.

1920 WALTHER HERMANN NERNST in recognition of his work in thermochemistry.

1919 The prize money for 1919 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1918 FRITZ HABER for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.

1917-1916 The prize money for 1917-1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1915 RICHARD MARTIN WILLSTÄTTER for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll.

1914 THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS , in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements.

1913 ALFRED WERNER in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in

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inorganic chemistry.

1912 The prize was divided equally between: VICTOR GRIGNARD for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry and PAUL SABATIER for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years.

1911 MARIE CURIE, née Marie Sklodowska, in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.

1910 OTTO WALLACH in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds.

1909 WILHELM OSTWALD in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction.

1908 LORD ERNEST RUTHERFORD for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the

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chemistry of radioactive substances.

1907 EDUARD BUCHNER for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cellfree fermentation.

1906 HENRI MOISSAN in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him.

1905 JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON BAEYER in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.

1904 SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system.

1903 SVANTE AUGUST ARRHENIUS in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation.

1902 HERMANN EMIL FISCHER in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses.

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1901 JACOBUS HENRICUS VAN'T HOFF in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.

Nobel Prize in Literature Winners 20081901

2008 JEAN-MARIE GUSTAVE LE CLÉZIO author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization.

2007 DORIS LESSINGthat epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny.

2006 ORHAN PAMUKwho in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures.

2005 HAROLD PINTER who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms.

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2004 ELFRIEDE JELINEKfor her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich s and their subjugating power

2003 JOHN MAXWELL COETZEE who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider

2002 IMRE KERTÉSZ for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history

2001 V. S. NAIPAUL for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories.

2000 GAO XINGJIANfor an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama.

1999 GUNTER GRASS whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history.

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1998 JOSE SARAMAGOwho with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality.

1997 DARIO FO who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden.

1996 WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality.

1995 SEAMUS HEANEY for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past.

1994 KENZABURO OE who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today.

1993 TONI MORRISON who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.

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1992 DEREK WALCOTT for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.

1991 NADINE GORDIMER who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel been of very great benefit to humanity.

1990 OCTAVIO PAZ for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity.

1989 CAMILO JOSÉ CELA for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability.

1988 NAGUIB MAHFOUZ who, through works rich in nuance-now clearsightedly realistic, now evocatively ambigous-has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind.

1987 JOSEPH BRODSKY for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity.

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1986 WOLE SOYINKA who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence.

1985 CLAUDE SIMON who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition.

1984 JAROSLAV SEIFERT for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man.

1983 SIR WILLIAM GOLDING for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today.

1982 GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts.

1981 ELIAS CANETTI for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power.

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1980 CZESLAW MILOSZ who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts.

1979 ODYSSEUS ELYTIS (pen-name of ODYSSEUS ALEPOUDHELIS), for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness.

1978 ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life.

1977 VICENTE ALEIXANDRE for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry beween the wars.

1976 SAUL BELLOW for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work.

1975

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EUGENIO MONTALE for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions.

1974 The prize was divided equally between: EYVIND JOHNSON for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom. HARRY MARTINSON for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos.

1973 PATRICK WHITE for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature.

1972 HEINRICH BÖLL for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature.

1971 PABLO NERUDA for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams.

1970

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ALEKSANDR ISAEVICH SOLZHENITSYN for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature.

1969 SAMUEL BECKETT for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation.

1968 YASUNARI KAWABATA for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind.

1967 MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America.

1966 The prize was divided equally between: SHMUEL YOSEF AGNON for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people. NELLY SACHS for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength.

1965

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MICHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH SHOLOKHOV for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people.

1964 JEAN-PAUL SARTRE for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a farreaching influence on our age. (Declined the prize.)

1963 GIORGOS SEFERIS (pen-name of GIORGOS SEFERIADIS ), for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture.

1962 JOHN STEINBECK for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception.

1961 IVO ANDRI´C for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country.

1960 SAINT-JOHN PERSE (pen-name of ALEXIS LÉGER), for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time.

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SALVATORE QUASIMODO for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times.

1958 BORIS LEONIDOVICH PASTERNAK for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition. (Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country to decline the prize.)

1957 ALBERT CAMUS for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.

1956 JUAN RAMÓN JIMÉNEZ for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity.

1955 HALLDÓR KILJAN LAXNESS for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland.

1954 ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea ,and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.

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1953 SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.

1952 FRANÇOIS MAURIAC for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life.

1951 PÄR FABIAN LAGERKVIST for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind.

1950 EARL BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.

1949 WILLIAM FAULKNER for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.

1948 THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.

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1947 ANDRÉ PAUL GUILLAUME GIDE for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight.

1946 HERMANN HESSE for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humaitarian ideals and high qualities of style.

1945 GABRIELA MISTRAL (pen-name of LUCILA GODOY Y ALCA-YAGA), for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world.

1944 JOHANNES VILHELM JENSEN for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style.

1943-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

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FRANS EEMIL SILLANPÄÄ for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature.

1938 PEARL BUCK (pen-name of PEARL WALSH née SYDENSTRICKER ), for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces.

1937 ROGER MARTIN DU GARD for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novelcycle Les Thibault.

1936 EUGENE GLADSTONE O'NEILL for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy.

1935 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1934 LUIGI PIRANDELLO for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art.

1933

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IVAN ALEKSEYEVICH BUNIN for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing.

1932 JOHN GALSWORTHY for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsythe Saga.

1931 ERIK AXEL KARLFELDT The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt.

1930 SINCLAIR LEWIS for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters.

1929 THOMAS MANN principially for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature.

1928 SIGRID UNDSET principially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages.

1927 HENRI BERGSON in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which they have been presented.

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1926 GRAZIA DELEDDA (pen-name of GRAZIA MADESANI née DELEDDA), for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general.

1925 GEORGE BERNARD SHAW for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty.

1924 WLADYSLAW STANISLAW REYMONT (pen-name of REYMENT ), for his great national epic, The Peasants.

1923 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation.

1922 JACINTO BENAVENTE for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama.

1921

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ANATOLE FRANCE (pen-name of JACQUES ANATOLE THIBAULT), in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament.

1920 KNUT PEDERSEN HAMSUN for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil.

1919 CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG SPITTELER in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring.

1918 The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1917 The prize was divided equally between: KARL ADOLPH GJELLERUP for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals. HENRIK PONTOPPIDAN for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark.

1916 CARL GUSTAF VERNER VON HEIDENSTAM in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature.

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1915 ROMAIN ROLLAND as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings.

1914 The prize money for 1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1913 RABINDRANATH TAGORE because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with comsummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West.

1912 GERHART JOHANN ROBERT HAUPTMANN primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art.

1911 COUNT MAURICE (MOORIS) POLIDORE MARIE BERNHARD MAETERLINCK, in appreciation of his manysided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations.

1910

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PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG HEYSE as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories.

1909 SELMA OTTILIA LOVISA LAGERLÖF in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings.

1908 RUDOLF CHRISTOPH EUCKEN in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life.

1907 RUDYARD KIPLING in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this worldfamous author.

1906 GIOSUÈ CARDUCCI not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces.

1905 HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer.

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1904 The prize was divided equally between: FRÉDÉRIC MISTRAL in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist. JOSÉ ECHEGARAY Y EIZAGUIRRE in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama.

1903 BJØRNSTJERNE MARTINUS BJØRNSON as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit.

1902 CHRISTIAN MATTHIAS THEODOR MOMMSEN the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome.

1901 SULLY PRUDHOMME (pen-name of RENÉ FRANÇOIS ARMAND ), in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualitites of both heart and intellect.

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2008 The prize goes to: MARTTI AHTISAARI for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts.

2007 The prize goes to: INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) and ALBERT ARNOLD ( AL) GORE JR. for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.

2006 The prize goes to: MUHAMMAD YUNUS and GRAMEEN BANK for their efforts to create economic and social development from below.

2005 The prize was awarded jointly to: INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY and MOHAMED ELBARADEI for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.

2004 The prize was awarded to: WANGARI MAATHAI

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for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace

2003 The prize was awarded to: SHIRIN EBADI for her efforts for democracy and human rights

2002 The prize was awarded to: JIMMY CARTER JR., former President of the United States of America, for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development

2001 The prize was awarded to: UNITED NATIONS, New York, NY, USA KOFI ANNAN, United Nations Secretary General

2000 The prize was awarded to: KIM DAE JUNG for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular.

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1999 The prize was awarded to: DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS (MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES), Brussels, Belgium.

1998 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHN HUME and DAVID TRIMBLE for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland.

1997 The prize was awarded jointly to: INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN TO BAN LANDMINES (ICBL) and JODY WILLIAMS for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines.

1996 The prize was awarded jointly to: CARLOS FELIPE XIMENES BELO and JOSE RAMOS-HORTA for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor.

1995 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOSEPH ROTBLAT and to the PUGWASH CONFERENCES ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and in the longer run to eliminate such arms.

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1994

The prize was awarded joinly to: YASSER ARAFAT , Chairman of the Executive Committee of the PLO, President of the Palestinian National Authority. SHIMON PERES , Foreign Minister of Israel. YITZHAK RABIN , Prime Minister of Israel. for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East.

1993

The prize was awarded jointly to: NELSON MANDELA Leader of the ANC. FREDRIK WILLEM DE KLERK President of the Republic of South Africa.

1992

RIGOBERTA MENCHU TUM, Guatemala. Campaigner for human rights, especially for indigenous peoples.

1991

AUNG SAN SUU KYI, Burma. Oppositional leader, human rights advocate.

1990

MIKHAIL SERGEYEVICH GORBACHEV , President of the USSR, helped to bring the Cold War to an end.

1989

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THE 14TH DALAI LAMA (TENZIN GYATSO) , Tibet. Religious and political leader of the Tibetan people.

1988

THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCES New York, NY, U.S.A.

1987

OSCAR ARIAS SANCHEZ , Costa Rica, President of Costa Rica, initiator of peace negotiations in Central America.

1986

ELIE WIESEL , U.S.A., Chairman of 'The President's Commission on the Holocaust'. Author, humanitarian.

1985

INTERNATIONAL PHYSICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR Boston, MA, U.S.A.

1984

DESMOND MPILO TUTU , South Africa, Bishop of Johannesburg, former Secretary General South African Council of Churches (S.A.C.C.). for his work against apartheid.

1983

LECH WALESA , Poland. Founder of Solidarity, campaigner for human rights.

1982

The prize was awarded jointly to:

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ALVA MYRDAL , former Cabinet Minister, diplomat, delegate to United Nations General Assembly on Disarmament, writer. ALFONSO GARCÍA ROBLES , diplomat, delegate to the United Nations General Assembly on Disarmament, former Secretary for Foreign Affairs .

1981

OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES Geneva, Switzerland.

1980

ADOLFO PEREZ ESQUIVEL , Argentina, architect, sculptor and human rights leader.

1979

MOTHER TERESA , India, Leader of the Order of the Missionaries of Charity.

1978

The prize was divided equally between: MOHAMED ANWAR AL-SADAT , President of the Arab Republic of Egypt. MENACHEM BEGIN , Prime Minister of Israel. for jointly negotiating peace between Egypt and Israel.

1977

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL London, Great Britain. A worldwide organization for the protection of the rights of prisoners of conscience.

1976

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BETTY WILLIAMS and MAIREAD CORRIGAN Founders of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People).

1975

ANDREI DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV , Soviet nuclear physicist. Campaigner for human rights.

1974

The prize was divided equally between: SEÁN MAC BRIDE , President of the International Peace Bureau, Geneva, and the Commission of Namibia, United Nations, New York. EISAKU SATO , Prime Minister of Japan.

1973

The prize was awarded jointly to: HENRY A. KISSINGER , Secretary of State, State Department, Washington. LE DUC THO , Democratic Republic of Viet Nam. (Declined the prize.) for jointly negotiating the Vietnam peace accord in 1973.

1972

The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.

1971

WILLY BRANDT , Federal Republic of Germany, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, initiator of West Germany's Ostpolitik, embodying a new attitude towards Eastern Europe and East Germany.

1970

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NORMAN BORLAUG , Led research at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City.

1969

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (I.L.O.) Geneva.

1968

RENÉ CASSIN , President of the European Court for Human Rights .

1967-1966 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1965

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF) New York, founded by U.N. in 1946. An international aid organization.

1964

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. , leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, campaigner for civil rights.

1963

The prize was divided equally between COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE REDCROSS) Geneva, founded 1863. LIGUE DES SOCIÉTÉS DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (LEAGUE OF RED CROSS SOCIETIES) Geneva.

1962

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LINUS CARL PAULING , California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. Campaigner especially for an end to nuclear weapons tests.

1961

DAG HJALMAR AGNE CARL HAMMARSKJÖLD , Secretary General of the United Nations (awarded the Prize posthumously).

1960

ALBERT JOHN LUTULI , President of the South Africal liberation movement, the African National Congress.

1959

PHILIP J. NOEL-BAKER , Great Britain, Member of Parliament, life long ardent worker for international peace and co-operation .

1958

GEORGES HENRI PIRE , Belgium, Father of the Dominican Order, Leader of the relief organization for refugees, l'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde.

1957

LESTER BOWLES PEARSON , former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada, President 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly .

1956-1955 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1954

OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES Geneva, an international relief organization, founded by U.N. in 1951.

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1953

GEORGE CATLETT MARSHALL , General, President American Red Cross, ex-Secretary of State and of Defense, Delegate to the U.N., Originator of the Marshall Plan.

1952

ALBERT SCHWEITZER , Missionary surgeon, Founder Lambaréné Hospital in République du Gabon.

1951

LÉON JOUHAUX , France, President of the trade union C.G.T. Force Ouvrière. President of the International Committee of the European Council, Vice President of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Vice President of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the UN.

1950

RALPH BUNCHE , Professor Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Director of the UN Division of Trusteeship, Acting Mediator in Palestine 1948.

1949

LORD JOHN BOYD ORR OF BRECHIN, Physician, Alimentary Politician, prominent organizer and Director General Food and Agricultural Organization, President National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations.

1948

The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1947

The prize was awarded jointly to:

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THE FRIENDS SERVICE COUNCIL (The Quakers), London. Founded in 1647. THE AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE (The Quakers), Washington. The society's first official meeting was held in 1672.

1946

The prize was divided equally between: EMILY GREENE BALCH, former Professor of History and Sociology, Honorary International President Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. JOHN RALEIGH MOTT Chairman of the first International Missionary Council, President of the World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations .

1945

CORDELL HULL Former Secretary of State. One of the initiators of the United Nations.

1944

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS)

1943-1939 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1938

OFFICE INTERNATIONAL NANSEN POUR LES RÉFUGIÉS (NANSEN INTERNATIONAL OFFICE FOR REFUGEES) an international relief organization in Geneva started by Fridtjof Nansen in 1921.

1937

CECIL OF CHELWOOD, VISCOUNT, (LORD EDGAR ALGERNON ROBERT GASCOYNE CECIL) , Writer, Former Lord Privy Seal. Founder and President of the International Peace Campaign.

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1936

CARLOS SAAVEDRA LAMAS Foreign Minister. President of the Société des Nations (League of Nations), Meditator in a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935.

1935

CARL VON OSSIETZKY Journalist (with Die Weltbühne, among others), pacifist.

1934

ARTHUR HENDERSON Former Foreign Secretary. Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1932-1934.

1933

SIR NORMAN ANGELL (RALPH LANE) Writer. Member of the Commission Exécutive de la Société des Nations (Executive Committee of the League of Nations) and the National Peace Council. Author of the book The Great Illusion, among others.

1932

The prize money for 1932 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1931

The prize was divided equally between: JANE ADDAMS Sociologist. International President of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER President of Columbia University. Promoter of the Briand-Kellogg Pact.

1930

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LARS OLOF NATHAN (JONATHAN) SÖDERBLOM Archbishop. Leader of the ecumenical movement.

1929

FRANK BILLINGS KELLOGG Former Secretary of State, Negotiated the Briand-Kellogg Pact.

1928

The prize money for 1928 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1927

The prize was divided equally between: FERDINAND BUISSON Former Professor at the Sorbonne University, Paris. Founder and President of the Ligue des Droits de l'Homme (League for Human Rights). LUDWIG QUIDDEHistorian. Professor at Berlin University. Member of Germany's constituent assembly 1919. Delegate to numerous peace conferences.

1926

The prize was awarded jointly to: ARISTIDE BRIAND Foreign Minister. Negotiator of the Locarno Treaty and the Briand-Kellogg Pact. GUSTAV STRESEMANN Former Lord High Chancellor (Reichs-kanzler). Foreign Minister. Negotiator of the Locarno Treaty.

1925

The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR AUSTEN CHAMBERLAIN Foreign Minister. Negotiator of the Locarno Treaty. CHARLES GATES DAWES Vice-President of the United States of America. Chairman of the Allied Reparation Commission. Originator of the Dawes Plan .

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1924-1923 The prize money for 1924-1923 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1922

FRIDTJOF NANSEN , Norway. Scientist. Explorer. Norwegian Delegate to Société des Nations (League of Nations). Originator of the Nansen passports (for refugees).

1921

The prize was divided equally between: KARL HJALMAR BRANTING Prime Minister. Swedish Delegate to the Conseil de la Société des Nations (Council of the League of Nations). CHRISTIAN LOUS LANGE Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Brussels.

1920

LÉON VICTOR AUGUSTE BOURGEOIS, France. Former Secretary of State. President of the Parliament (Sénat). President of the Conseil de la Société des Nations (Council of the League of Nations) .

1919

THOMAS WOODROW WILSON, President of the United States of America. Founder of the Société des Nations (League of Nations)

1918

The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1917

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE REDCROSS) , Geneva.

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1916-1914 The prize money for 1916-1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1913

HENRI LA FONTAINE, Belgium. Member of the Belgian Parliament (Sénateur). President of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne.

1912

ELIHU ROOT Former Secretary of State. Initiator of several arbitration agreements.

1911

The prize was divided equally between: TOBIAS MICHAEL CAREL ASSER, the Netherlands. Cabinet Minister. Member of the Privy Council. Initiator of the International Conferences of Private Law at the Hague. ALFRED HERMANN FRIED, Austria. Journalist. Founder of the peace journal Die Waffen Nieder (later renamed Die Friedenswarte).

1910

BUREAU INTERNATIONAL PERMANENT DE LA PAIX (PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL PEACE BUREAU) , Bern.

1909

The prize was divided equally between: AUGUSTE MARIE FRANÇOIS BEERNAERT, Belgium. Former Prime Minister. Member of the Belgian Parliament. Member of the Cour Internationale d'Arbitrage (International Court of Arbitration) at the Hague. PAUL HENRIBENJAMIN BALLUET D'ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANT, BARON DE CONSTANT DE REBECQUE, France. Member of the French Parliament (Sénateur). Founder and President of the French parliamentary group for international arbitration (Groupe parlementaire de l'arbitrage

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international). Founder of the Comité de défense des intérêtsnationaux et de conciliation internationale (Committee for the Defense of National Interests and International Conciliation).

1908

The prize was divided equally between: KLAS PONTUS ARNOLDSON, Sweden. Writer. Former Member fo the Swedish Parliament. Founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League. FREDRIK BAJER, Denmark. Member of the Danish Parliament. Honorary President of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne.

1907

The prize was divided equally between: ERNESTO TEODORO MONETA, Italy. President of the Lombard League of Peace. LOUIS RENAULT, France. Professor International Law, Sorbonne University, Paris.

1906

THEODORE ROOSEVELT, USA. President of the United States of America. Drew up the 1905 peace treaty between Russia and Japan.

1905

BARONESS BERTHA SOPHIE FELICITA VON SUTTNER née COUNTESS KINSKY von CHINIC und TETTAU, Austria. Writer. Hon. President of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne. Author of Die Waffen Nieder (Lay Down Your Arms).

1904

INSTITUT DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL (INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW) , Gent, Belgium. A scientific society.

1903

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SIR WILLIAM RANDAL CREMER, Great Britain. Member of the British Parliament. Secretary of the International Arbitration League .

1902

The prize was divided equally between: ÉLIE DUCOMMUN, Switzerland. Honorary Secretary of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne. CHARLES ALBERT GOBAT, Switzerland. Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Berne. Honorary Secretary of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne.

1901

The prize was divided equally between: JEAN HENRI DUNANT, Switzerland. Founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva; Initiator of the Geneva Convention (Convention de Genève). FRÉDÉRIC PASSY, France. Founder and President of the first French peace society (since 1889 it has been called the Société Francaise pour l'arbitrage entre nations).

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 20081969

2008 The prize goes to: PAUL KRUGMAN for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity.

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2007 The prize was awarded jointly to: LEONID HURWICZ , ERIC S. MASKIN , and ROGER B. MYERSON for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory.

2006 The prize goes to: EDMUND S. PHELPS for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy.

2005 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT J. AUMANN and THOMAS C. SCHELLING for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis.

2004 The prize was awarded jointly to: FINN E. KYDLAND and EDWARD C. PRESCOTT for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles

2003 The prize was shared between: ROBERT F. ENGLE for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility

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(ARCH) and CLIVE W. J. GRANGER , for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)

2002 The prize was shared between: DANIEL KAHNEMAN for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty and VERNON L. SMITH, for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms

2001 The prize was awarded jointly to: GEORGE A. AKERLOF, A. MICHAEL SPENCE, and JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ, for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information.

2000 The prize will be shared between: JAMES J. HECKMAN for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples and DANIEL L. MCFADDEN for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice.

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1999 ROBERT A. MUNDELLfor his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas.

1998 AMARTYA SEN for his contributions to welfare economics.

1997 ROBERT C. MERTON and MYRON S. SCHOLES for a new method to determine the value of derivatives.

1996 JAMES A. MIRRLEES and WILLIAM VICKREY for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information.

1995 ROBERT LUCAS for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy.

1994 The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHN C. HARSANYI , JOHN F. NASH and REINHARD SELTEN for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games.

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The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT W. FOGEL and DOUGLASS C. NORTH for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change.

1992 GARY S. BECKER for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour.

1991 RONALD H. COASE for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy.

1990 The prize was awarded with one third each to: HARRY M. MARKOWITZ , MERTON M. MILLER and WILLIAM F. SHARPE for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics.

1989 TRYGVE HAAVELMO for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures.

1988 MAURICE ALLAIS for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources.

1987 Ravindra

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ROBERT M. SOLOW for his contributions to the theory of economic growth.

1986 JAMES M. BUCHANAN, JR. for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making.

1985 FRANCO MODIGLIANI for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets.

1984 SIR RICHARD STONE for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis.

1983 GERARD DEBREU for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium.

1982 GEORGE J. STIGLER for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation.

1981 JAMES TOBIN for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices.

1980 Ravindra

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LAWRENCE R. KLEIN for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies.

1979 The prize was divided equally between: THEODORE W. SCHULTZ and SIR ARTHUR LEWIS for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries.

1978 HERBERT A. SIMON for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations.

1977 The prize was divided equally between: BERTIL OHLIN and JAMES E MEADE for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements.

1976 MILTON FRIEDMAN for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.

1975 The prize was awarded jointly to: LEONID VITALIYEVICH KANTOROVICH and TJALLING C. KOOPMANS for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources.

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1974 The prize was divided equally between: GUNNAR MYRDAL and FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON HAYEK for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.

1973 WASSILY LEONTIEF for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems.

1972 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR JOHN R. HICKS and KENNETH J. ARROW for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory.

1971 SIMON KUZNETS for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development.

1970 PAUL A SAMUELSON for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science.

1969 The prize was awarded jointly to: RAGNAR FRISCH and JAN TINBERGEN for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes.

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Winners 20081901

2008 The prize was divided equally, one half to: HARALD ZUR HAUSEN for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer and the other half jointly to: FRANCOISE BARRE SINOUSSI, and LUC MONTAGNIER for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

2007 The prize was awarded jointly to: MARIO R. CAPECCHI, SIR MARTIN J. EVANS, and OLIVER SMITHIES for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

2006 The prize was awarded jointly to: ANDREW Z. FIRE, and CRAIG C. MELLO for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

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2005 The prize was awarded jointly to: BARRY J. MARSHALL, and J. ROBIN WARREN for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

2004 The prize was awarded jointly to: RICHARD AXEL, and LINDA B BUCK for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

2003 The prize was awarded jointly to: PAUL C. LAUTERBUR, and SIR PETER MANSFIELD for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging.

2002 The prize was awarded jointly to: SYDNEY BRENNER, H. ROBERT HORVITZ and JOHN E. SULSTON for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.

2001 The prize was awarded jointly to: LELAND H. HARTWELL, R. TIMOTHY HUNT and PAUL M. NURSE for their discoveries of "key regulators of the cell cycle."

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2000 The prize was awarded jointly to: ARVID CARLSSON, PAUL GREENGARD and ERIC KANDEL for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.

1999 The prize was awarded to: GÜNTER BLOBEL, for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.

1998 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT F. FURCHGOTT, LOUIS J. IGNARRO and FERID MURAD for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.

1997 STANLEY B. PRUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection

1996 The prize was awarded jointly to: PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.

1995 Ravindra

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The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWARD B. LEWIS, CHRISTIANE NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD and ERIC F. WIESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.

1994 The prize was awarded jointly to: ALFRED G. GILMAN and MARTIN RODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.

1993 The prize was awarded jointly to: RICHARD J. ROBERTS and PHILLIP A. SHARP for their independent discoveries of split genes.

1992 The prize was awarded jointly to: EDMOND H. FISCHER and EDWIN G. KREBS for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.

1991 The prize was awarded jointly to: ERWIN NEHER and BERT SAKMANN for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.

1990 The prize was awarded jointly to:

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JOSEPH E. MURRAY and E. DONNALL THOMAS for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.

1989 The prize was awarded jointly to: J. MICHAEL BISHOP and HAROLD E. VARMUS for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.

1988 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR JAMES W. BLACK , GERTRUDE B. ELION and GEORGE H. HITCHINGS for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.

1987 SUSUMU TONEGAWA for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.

1986 The prize was awarded jointly to: STANLEY COHEN and RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI for their discoveries of growth factors.

1985 The prize was awarded jointly to: MICHAEL S. BROWN and JOSEPH L. GOLDSTEIN for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.

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The prize was awarded jointly to: NIELS K. JERNE , GEORGES J.F. KÖHLER and CÉSAR MILSTEIN for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.

1983 BARBARA MC CLINTOCK for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.

1982 The prize was awarded jointly to: SUNE K. BERGSTRÖM , BENGT I. SAMUELSSON and SIR JOHN R. VANE for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.

1981 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: ROGER W. SPERRY for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres. and the other half awarded jointly to: DAVID H. HUBEL and TORSTEN N. WIESEL for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.

1980 The prize was awarded jointly to: BARUJ BENACERRAF , JEAN DAUSSET and GEORGE D. SNELL for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.

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The prize was awarded jointly to: ALAN M. CORMACK and SIR GODFREY N. HOUNSFIELD for the development of computer assisted tomography.

1978 The prize was awarded jointly to: WERNER ARBER , DANIEL NATHANS and HAMILTON O. SMITH for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.

1977 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to: ROGER GUILLEMIN and ANDREW V. SCHALLY for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain and the other half awarded to: ROSALYN YALOW for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones.

1976 The prize was awarded jointly to: BARUCH S. BLUMBERG and D. CARLETON GAJDUSEK for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.

1975 The prize was awarded jointly to: DAVID BALTIMORE , RENATO DULBECCO and HOWARD MARTIN TEMIN for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.

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1974 The prize was awarded jointly to: ALBERT CLAUDE , CHRISTIAN DE DUVE and GEORGE E. PALADE for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.

1973 The prize was awarded jointly to: KARL VON FRISCH , KONRAD LORENZ and NIKOLAAS TINBERGEN for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.

1972 The prize was awarded jointly to: GERALD M. EDELMAN and RODNEY R. PORTER for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.

1971 EARL W. JR. SUTHERLAND for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.

1970 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR BERNARD KATZ , ULF VON EULER and JULIUS AXELROD for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.

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The prize was awarded jointly to: MAX DELBRÜCK , ALFRED D. HERSHEY and SALVADOR E. LURIA for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the gentic structure of viruses.

1968 The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT W. HOLLEY , HAR GOBIND KHORANA and MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

1967 The prize was awarded jointly to: RAGNAR GRANIT , HALDAN KEFFER HARTLINE and GEORGE WALD for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.

1966 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: PEYTON ROUS for his discovery of tumorinducing viruses and the other half to: CHARLES BRENTON HUGGINS for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.

1965 The prize was awarded jointly to: FRANÇOIS JACOB , ANDRÉ LWOFF and JACOUES MONOD for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.

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1964 The prize was awarded jointly to: KONRAD BLOCH and FEODOR LYNEN for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.

1963 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR JOHN CAREW ECCLES , SIR ALAN LLOYD HODGKIN and SIR ANDREW FIELDING HUXLEY for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.

1962 The prize was awarded jointly to: FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON CRICK , JAMES DEWEY WATSON and MAURICE HUGH FREDERICK WILKINS for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.

1961 GEORG VON BÉKÉSY for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea.

1960 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR FRANK MACFARLANE BURNET and SIR PETER BRIAN MEDAWAR for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.

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The prize was awarded jointly to: SEVERO OCHOA and ARTHUR KORNBERG for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid.

1958 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to: GEORGE WELLS BEADLE and EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events and the other half to: JOSHUA LEDERBERG for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.

1957 DANIEL BOVET for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles.

1956 The prize was awarded jointly to: ANDRÉ FRÉDÉRIC COURNAND , WERNER FORSSMANN and DICKINSON W. RICHARDS for their discoveries concerning heart catherization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.

1955 AXEL HUGO THEODOR THEORELL for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes.

1954 The prize was awarded jointly to:

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JOHN FRANKLIN ENDERS , THOMAS HUCKLE WELLER and FREDERICK CHAPMAN ROBBINS for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.

1953 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: SIR HANS ADOLF KREBS for his discovery of the citric acid cycle and the other half to: FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism.

1952 SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.

1951 MAX THEILER for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.

1950 The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL , TADEUS REICHSTEIN and PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.

1949 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: WALTER RUDOLF HESS for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs

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and the other half to: ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.

1948 PAUL HERMANN MÜLLER for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arth ropods.

1947 The prize was divided, one half awarded jointly to: CARL FERDINAND CORI and GERTY THERESA CORI née RADNITZ for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen the other half awarded to: BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.

1946 HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.

1945 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING , SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.

1944 The prize was awarded jointly to

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JOSEPH ERLANGER and HERBERT SPENCER GASSER for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.

1943 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: HENRIK CARL PETER DAM for his discovery of vitamin K. and the other half to: EDWARD ADELBERT DOISY for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.

1942-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1939 GERHARD DOMAGK for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.)

1938 CORNEILLE JEAN FRANÇOIS HEYMANS for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.

1937 ALBERT SZENT-GYÖRGYI VON NAGYRAPOLT for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.

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The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE and OTTO LOEWI for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

1935 HANS SPEMANN for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.

1934 The prize was awarded jointly to: GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE , GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia.

1933 THOMAS HUNT MORGAN for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.

1932 The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON and LORD EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.

1931 OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.

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KARL LANDSTEINER for his discovery of human blood groups.

1929 The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: CHRISTIAAN EIJKMAN for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin and the other half awarded to: SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.

1928 CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE for his work on typhus.

1927 JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.

1926 JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.

1925 The prize money for 1925 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1924 WILLEM EINTHOVEN for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.

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1923 SIR FREDERICK GRANT BANTING and JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD for the discovery of insulin.

1922 The prize was divided equally between: SIR ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle and OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle.

1921 The prize money for 1921 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1920 SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERGER KROGH for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.

1919 JULES BORDET for his discoveries relating to immunity.

1918-1915 The prize money for 1918-1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

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ROBERT BÁRÁNY for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.

1913 CHARLES ROBERT RICHET in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis.

1912 ALEXIS CARREL in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of bloodvessels and organs.

1911 ALLVAR GULLSTRAND for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.

1910 ALBRECHT KOSSEL in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.

1909 EMIL THEODOR KOCHER for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.

1908 The prize was awarded jointly to: ILYA ILYICH MECHNIKOV and PAUL EHRLICH in recognition of their work on immunity.

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CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.

1906 The prize was awarded jointly to: CAMILLO GOLGI and SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL in recognition of their work on the stucture of the nervous system.

1905 ROBERT KOCH for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.

1904 IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.

1903 NIELS RYBERG FINSEN in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science.

1902 SIR RONALD ROSS for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful resesarch on this disease and methods of combating it.

1901

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EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.

Academy Awards History Of The Oscar

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From its initial creation in 1927, one of the first goals of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) was the method to honor achievements in the motion picture industry. A committee of seven members was formed and given the task of creating an Academy Awards presentation. The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929. It was definitely a low key affair compared to the glamor and glitz that surround the ceremonies of today.

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Two hundred and fifty people attended the black-tie banquet that evening in the Blossom Room of Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. Emil Jannings, who was the winner for best actor, decided to go back to his home in Germany before the ceremony. But before he departed, Emil Jannings was handed the very first Academy Award. We all know the focal point is the actual Oscar statuette. Early on, the Academy Awards knew that the success of the Awards was the centered around the actual trophy, so it could be presented at the Awards. MGM art director Cedric Gibbons was tasked with designing the statuette. The statuette is a simple, stylized golden knight standing on a reel of film and gripping a sword. The award was actually created by sculptor George Stanley. One question that often arises, is how did the Oscar get its name? The official name of the statuette is the Academy Award of Merit. The statuette is almost exclusively known as the Oscar. The exact reason is not known, but the most popular story involves then Academy librarian and future executive director, Margaret Herrick. When Herrick saw the statuette sitting on a table, stated “it looks just like my Uncle Oscar!” The name stuck and that magical golden statuette has been called Oscar ever since. Over the past 80 plus years, the actual Oscar statuette has undergone relatively few changes. Compared to the 1929 version, they are almost exactly the same. It is 13 ½ inches tall and weighs 8 ½ pounds. But there have been some very fundamental changes. 15 Oscar statuettes were awarded during the first Academy Awards ceremony on May 16th, 1929. They were made of gold-plated solid bronze and placed upon a pedestal made of Belgian black marble. In 1945, two minor changes occurred with the pedestal. It was made slightly higher and is currently made of metal, rather than marble. Beginning in 1949, the statues began to be numbered. For whatever reason, the starting number began with 501. The number is written behind Oscar’s heels. An example would be: 2008, 2,698.The record for the most Oscar awards during a career is Walt Disney, who was awarded the statuette 26 times.

The Academy Awards Oscar presentation for excellence in the film industry has a long and rich history.

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In 1927, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)was formed by 36 of the film industry's most prominent individuals, choosing film actor Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. as its first president. In 1929, AMPAS presented the first Academy Award. This award was for recognition of excellence in the motion picture industry. This award has remained the ultimate industry standard of recognition. Voting members of AMPAS represent fourteen branches of the film industry to determine who receives the coveted awards. The Oscar voting process begins in November of each year. Movie studios, publicists and film distributors begin their attempts to coax the voting members of AMPAS to view their film offerings. These attempts are regulated in the interest of fairness. The following January, the Academy Awards ballots are distributed to voting members, who have one month to make their nominations and return these nominations to the offices of PricewaterhouseCoopers, formerly Price Waterhouse, a professional service used to tabulate the votes. PricewaterhouseCoopers guarantees the security of the balloting. Only two people employed by PricewaterhouseCoopers know the results of award balloting before the ceremonies. The nominations for the award are made by members of the craft categories for each of the rewards. In the Best Picture category, however, all voting members are allowed to submit nominations. In February, PricewaterhouseCoopers announces the result of the nominations. Voting members then receive ballots to cast their votes to select winners in each category. They are then returned to the tabulating service. Although many of the fourteen Oscar categories have been broadened or changed since 1927, the awards still fall within the main branches of the Academy. This includes actors, producers, directors, writers and technicians. Even the names of some of the awards have changed. For example, the Best Picture award was known as the Best Production award prior to 1933. In that year, two Best Picture awards were given. One, to "Wings" for the Best Production and another to "Sunrise" for the Best Unique and Artistic Picture. After that year's awards the latter category was dropped. Until 1939, the award was called the "Academy Award of Merit" and was not a statuette but a plaque. The first Oscar statuette was awarded to actor Emil Jannings, who was named Best Actor for his role in "The Last Command" and "The Way of All Things". How the awards statuette came to be known as "Oscar" is not known but it is generally accepted that Katherine Herrion, a future Academy Executive Director, remarked upon seeing the statue that it reminded her of her uncle Oscar and began referring to it by that name. Academy staff followed her lead and the name Oscar has been used ever since. The Oscar itself is a statuette, made by the R.S. Owens Company of Chicago. It is approximately 13.5 inches high and weighs 8.5 pounds. It is made from a copper, silver and nickel alloy and covered with 25-Carat gold. During World War II, the statues were made of plaster. Recipients turned in these plaster statues after the war for golden Oscars. In the 1930's juvenile recipients of the award were given miniature versions and there is one instance where a wooden Oscar was awarded to ventriloquist Edgar Bergen. Walt Disney received seven miniature Oscar statuettes for the film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first all-animated feature film. The statue was designed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer art director Cedric Gibbon and sculptor George Stanley. The Oscar depicts a knight holding a sword, standing atop a reel of film. The film reel has five spokes, representing the five original branches of AMPAS. 1949 marked the first year that the Oscar statuettes were numbered, beginning with number 501. In a surprising turn of events, 55 Oscars vanished before the awards program in March, 2000. Later 52 of the statues were found in a Los Angeles dumpster.

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The first awards presentations were actually large banquet-type dinners. Anyone who wished to attend could simply purchase a ticket. These affairs were first held in the larger hotels such as the Ambassador and the Biltmore in Los Angeles. As public interest and crowds increased, the affairs were moved to larger theaters, where the ever-growing crowds could be accommodated. While awards programs are now watched by millions on television, the first awards were broadcast live through radio. The first televised ceremonies took place in 1953, at the 25th annual presentation. The Academy Awards have been held annually without fail except on three occasions. In 1938, Los Angeles floods delayed the event for one week. Thirty years later, in 1968, the program was delayed two days so as not to coincide with the funeral of Martin Luther King. The last postponement to date was in 1981 when the attempted assassination of US President Ronald Reagan took place, when the awards were delayed for 24 hours. The suspense that is now an accepted part of the Oscar ceremony did not always exist. The results of the Oscar poll was released to the press in advance of the awards ceremony and could be found in the late edition newspapers on the night of the awards. The tradition of revealing the results on camera at the awards was not adopted until 1941. As well as the suspense involving the winners, the Oscar awards programs have had their share of unexpected excitement. In 1973, a nude streaker ran across the stage of the televised proceedings. In 1972, in a surprise move, winner Marlon Brando sent an actress who identified herself as Sacheen Littlefeather to read a political statement and refuse his award. The awards also broke some barriers. Actress Hattie Mcdaniel received the first Oscar awarded to a Black actor in any category for her supporting role in Gone with the Wind, amovie which received a record-breaking 13 nominations and 8 wins. The Academy Awards continues to evoke the same excitement and intensity that it had at the beginning. Below is a list of the winners in the five main categories of Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress which covers the past twenty years. Each year, millions of movie fanatics worldwide gather in groups and parties to enjoy the hourslong Academy Awards extravaganza, filled to the brim with the world's hottest celebs and their outlandish fashion. But how many of them know the true history behind the Oscar Awards, and understand exactly what it is they are watching, and how it came to be? Oscar Awards History dates back 80 years. With only 250 attendees, the very first Academy Awards, held on May 16, 1929, was not broadcast, and was hosted at the prestigious Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. Throughout the years, the Awards were celebrated at Graumen's Chinese Theater, Melrose Avenue Theater, the Shrine Civic Auditorium and The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. Since 2001, the Kodak Theatre has been home to the Awards festivities There are numerous theories as to how the Academy Awards became know as "The Oscars" throughout history. Margaret Herrick, who was a librarian at Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Awards in the 1920s, once quipped that the award trophy "looked just like my Uncle Oscar." However, others, including Academy President Bette Davis, have claimed to have come up with the "Oscar" name themselves. Who to believe? If we told you that, it wouldn't be a "legend!"

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THE OSCAR AWARDS The Oscar Award is an award statue that stands 13.5 inches high and weighs 8.5 lbs. It is comprised of nickel and silver alloy, and the surface is coated with 25-Karat gold. During the World War II era, however, such luxuries could not be afforded, and the statues were made from plaster. Marvelously designed by art director Cedric Gibbons in 1928, the "Oscar" is a knight who stands atop a film reel, sword in hand.

OSCAR NIGHT The electric, captivating aura Oscar Night radiates is simply breathtaking. 24-foot-tall golden Oscar statues for all to see flank the Kodak Theatre! Oscar Night is thrilling indeed, as it is an infamous show. This glittery, glamorous event is held once a year, and spectators are allowed (and encouraged) to gawk at the stars from grandstands near the Kodak Theatre. The spectacular awards event has morphed into quite a ritual for some, who even conjure up large gambling pools before the Awards winners are announced. The big winner of the night is likely to be someone in that very room! Now that we've given you a glimpse into Oscar Awards History, why not own a piece of that very history, or better yet, host your very own Oscar Night the day of the big event? A variety of beautiful, exquisite and unique items and hundreds of complementary accessories can be found on this website, customized to your specifications:

Background on The Awards: The Academy Awards®, affectionately known as the Oscars®, are the oldest, best known, most influential, most prestigious, and famous of film awards. The awards (and gold-plated statuettes) have been presented annually (the first awards ceremony was held in May of 1929) by a non-profit professional organization - the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), based in Beverly Hills, California, and founded in 1927. Pricewaterhouse (now PricewaterhouseCoopers) has managed the Academy Awards balloting process since 1935 - all but the first six years of the Oscars. Ever since 1941, when their now-famous confidential envelope system was introduced, marking the first year of complete secrecy, "the Envelope Please" has become a familiar phrase that evokes the thought of the Academy Awards® ceremony. Except for the early years of the institution, the awards honored films made during the previous 12month calendar year. [At first, to be eligible for an award, a film had to open in Los Angeles during the twelve months ending on July 31 of the preceding year. To allow each ceremony to cover films for a single calendar year - matching the eligibility period, the 1932/33 awards were based on a 17month qualifying period. Ever since then, beginning with the 1934 awards ceremony, all awards have been based on openings in the previous calendar year. Films also had to be over 40 minutes long to qualify as feature-length.] Until 1954, the Oscars were presented mostly on a Thursday evening. From 1955 to 1958, they were presented on a Wednesday. From 1959 until 1998 the

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Oscars were, with a few exceptions, presented on a Monday night. Only since 1999 has the Awards ceremony taken place on a Sunday (traditionally in March). In 2004, the ceremony was moved even earlier to improve ratings and to be more relevant to the awards 'season'. Comments About the Awards Themselves: The establishment of the Academy (and its awards system) has had a major effect and influence upon the film industry, due to the enormous boost a nomination or award (for a film or actor) creates, by giving prestige and bottom-line profits to a studio or performer. Studios have often engaged in expensive marketing and advertising campaigns to sway votes, and to encourage contractual loyalty during voting. The Academy has, with limited success, tried to limit the influences of pressure groups and promotion, box office gross receipts, and studio public relations and marketing on voting results. It has also attempted to limit votes for melodramatic sentimentality, atonement for past mistakes, personal popularity, and "prestige" or epic scale, but those influences have often had a decided effect upon the outcome of some of the poll results. Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence, and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 80s, moneymaking 'formula-made' blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure. See The Worst Academy Awards Oscars for more. Like any other awards, recognitions, or "best" lists, the top nominees and winners do not necessarily reflect or objectively measure the greatest that cinematic history has to offer. Many of the most Deserving Films of All Time (see Films Without Awards) did not win Academy Awards® (and in some cases were not even included in the nominees). In addition, Top Box-Office Films aren't always guaranteed awards success either. And certain Film Genres (notably westerns, science fiction, and comedy) as well as independent films are not represented in balanced numbers throughout Oscar history - see an analysis of Best Picture Genre Biases.

BestPicture (originally known as Best Production)

BestDirector (Best achievement in directing)

BestActor (BestperformancebyanActor in a leading role)

BestActress (BestperformancebyanActress in a leading role)

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BestSupportingActor (BestperformancebyanActor inasupportingrole first awarded in 1936)

BestSupportingActress (BestperformancebyanActress inasupportingrole first awarded in 1936)

BestScreenplay/Writer (Knownbymanynamesthroughouttheyears: Motion Picture Story, Adaptation, Original Story, Screenplay, Writing Achievement, etc.)

ACADEMY AWARDS® WINNERS and HISTORY (1927/28 - 1939) Note: The films that are marked with a yellow star are the films that "The Greatest Films" site has also selected as the "100 Greatest Films." The winners are listed first, in CAPITAL letters, in each category.

1927-28 Production (Picture): "WINGS", "The Racket", "Seventh Heaven" ["The Way of All Flesh" and "The Last Command" are omitted from the latest official Academy list] Unique and Artistic Picture (also known as Artistic Quality of Production): "SUNRISE", "Chang", "TheCrowd" Actor:

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EMIL JANNINGS in "The Way of All Flesh" and "The Last Command", Richard Barthelmess in "The Noose" and "The Patent Leather Kid" [Charles Chaplin, originally announced for "The Circus," was removed from the category and given a special Honorary Award instead] Actress: JANET GAYNOR in "Seventh Heaven", "Street Angel", and "Sunrise", Louise Dresser in "A Ship Comes In", Gloria Swanson in "Sadie Thompson" Director: FRANK BORZAGE for "Seventh Heaven", Herbert Brenon for "Sorrell and Son", King Vidor for "TheCrowd" Comedy Direction: LEWIS MILESTONE for "Two Arabian Knights", Ted Wilde for "Speedy" [Charles Chaplin, originally announced for "The Circus," was removed from the category and given a special Honorary Award instead]

1928-29 Production (Picture): "THE BROADWAY MELODY", "Alibi", "Hollywood Revue", "In Old Arizona", "The Patriot" Actor: WARNER BAXTER in "In Old Arizona", George Bancroft in "Thunderbolt", Chester Morris in "Alibi", Paul Muni in "The Valiant", Lewis Stone in "The Patriot" Actress: MARY PICKFORD in "Coquette", Ruth Chatterton in "Madame X", Betty Compson in "The Barker", Jeanne Eagels in "The Letter", Corinne Griffith in "The Divine Lady," Bessie Love in "Broadway Melody" Director: FRANK LLOYD for "The Divine Lady" (also nominated or considered for "Drag" and "Weary River"), Lionel Barrymore for "Madame X", Harry Beaumont for "Broadway Melody", Irving Cummings for "In Old Arizona", Ernst Lubitsch for "The Patriot" Art Direction: CEDRIC GIBBONS for "The Bridge of San Luis Rey" and other pictures, Hans Dreier for "The Patriot", Mitchell Leisen for "Dynamite", William Cameron Menzies for "Alibi" and "The Awakening", and Harry Oliver for "Street Angel"

1929-30 Production (Picture): "ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT", "The Big House", "Disraeli", "The Divorcee", "The Love Parade" Actor: GEORGE ARLISS in "Disraeli", George Arliss in "The Green Goddess", Wallace Beery in "The Big House", Maurice Chevalier in "The Big Pond", Maurice Chevalier in "The Love Parade", Ronald Colman in "Bulldog Drummond", Ronald Colman in "Condemned", Lawrence Tibbett in "The Rogue Song" Actress: NORMA SHEARER in "The Divorcee", Nancy Carroll in "The Devil's Holiday", Ruth Chatterton in "Sarah and Son", Greta Garbo in "Anna Christie", Greta Garbo in "Romance", Norma Shearer in "Their Own Desire", Gloria Swanson in "The Trespasser" Director:

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LEWIS MILESTONE for "All Quiet On The Western Front", Clarence Brown for "Anna Christie", Robert Z. Leonard for "The Divorcee", Ernst Lubitsch for "The Love Parade", King Vidor for "Hallelujah"

1930-31 Production (Picture): "CIMARRON", "East Lynne", "The Front Page", "Skippy", "Trader Horn" Actor: LIONEL BARRYMORE in "A Free Soul", Jackie Cooper in "Skippy", Richard Dix in "Cimarron", Fredric March in "The Royal Family of Broadway", Adolphe Menjou in "The Front Page" Actress: MARIE DRESSLER in "Min and Bill", Marlene Dietrich in "Morocco", Irene Dunne in "Cimarron", Ann Harding in "Holiday", Norma Shearer in "A Free Soul" Director: NORMAN TAUROG for "Skippy", Clarence Brown for "A Free Soul", Lewis Milestone for "The Front Page", Wesley Ruggles for "Cimarron", Josef von Sternberg for "Morocco"

1931-32 Production (Picture): "GRAND HOTEL", "Arrowsmith", "Bad Girl", "The Champ", "Five Star Final", "One Hour With You", "ShanghaiExpress", "The Smiling Lieutenant" Actor: FREDRIC MARCH in "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" and WALLACE BEERY in "The Champ" (tie), Alfred Lunt in "The Guardsman" Actress: HELEN HAYES in "The Sin of Madelon Claudet", Marie Dressler in "Emma", Lynn Fontanne in "The Guardsman" Director: FRANK BORZAGE for "Bad Girl", King Vidor for "The Champ", Josef von Sternberg for "Shanghai Express" Special Award: Walt Disney for creating Mickey Mouse

1932-33 Picture: "CAVALCADE", "A Farewell to Arms", "42nd Street", "I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang", "Lady for a Day", "Little Women", "The Private Life of Henry VIII", "She Done Him Wrong", "Smilin' Through", "State Fair" Actor: CHARLES LAUGHTON in "The Private Life of Henry VIII", Leslie Howard in "Berkeley Square", Paul Muni in "I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang" Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in "Morning Glory", May Robson in "Lady for a Day", Diana Wynyard in "Cavalcade" Director: FRANK LLOYD for "Cavalcade", Frank Capra for "Lady For a Day", George Cukor for "Little Women"

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1934 Picture: "IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT", "The Barretts of Wimpole Street", "Cleopatra", "Flirtation Walk", "The Gay Divorcee", "Here Comes the Navy", "The House of Rothschild", "Imitation of Life", "One Night of Love", "The Thin Man", "Viva Villa!", "The White Parade" Actor: CLARK GABLE in "It Happened One Night", Frank Morgan in "Affairs of Cellini", William Powell in "The Thin Man" Actress: CLAUDETTE COLBERT in "It Happened One Night", Grace Moore in "One Night of Love", Norma Shearer in "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" Director: FRANK CAPRA for "It Happened One Night", Victor Schertzinger for "One Night of Love", W. S. Van Dyke for "The Thin Man"

1935 Picture: "MUTINY ON THE BOUNTY", "Alice Adams", "The Broadway Melody of 1936", "Captain Blood", "David Copperfield", "The Informer", "Lives of a Bengal Lancer", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Les Miserables", "Naughty Marietta", "Ruggles of Red Gap", "Top Hat" Actor: VICTOR MCLAGLEN in "The Informer", Clark Gable in "Mutiny on the Bounty", Charles Laughton in "Mutiny on the Bounty", Franchot Tone in "Mutiny on the Bounty" Actress: BETTE DAVIS in "Dangerous", Elisabeth Bergner in "Escape Me Never", Claudette Colbert in "Private Worlds", Katharine Hepburn in "Alice Adams", Miriam Hopkins in "Becky Sharp", Merle Oberon in "The Dark Angel" Director: JOHN FORD for "The Informer", Michael Curtiz for "Captain Blood", Henry Hathaway for "Lives of a Bengal Lancer", Frank Lloyd for "Mutiny on the Bounty"

1936 Picture: "THE GREAT ZIEGFELD", "Anthony Adverse", "Dodsworth", "Libeled Lady", "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town", "Romeo and Juliet", "San Francisco", "The Story of Louis Pasteur", "A Tale of Two Cities", "Three Smart Girls" Actor: PAUL MUNI in "The Story of Louis Pasteur", Gary Cooper in "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town", Walter Huston in "Dodsworth", William Powell in "My Man Godfrey", Spencer Tracy in "San Francisco" Actress: LUISE RAINER in "The Great Ziegfeld", Irene Dunne in "Theodora Goes Wild", Gladys George in "Valiant Is the Word for Carrie", Carole Lombard in "My Man Godfrey", Norma Shearer in "Romeo and Juliet" SupportingActor: WALTER BRENNAN in "Come and Get It", Mischa Auer in "My Man Godfrey", Stuart Erwin in "Pigskin Parade", Basil Rathbone in "Romeo and Juliet", Akim Tamiroff in "The General Died at

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Dawn" Supporting Actress: GALE SONDERGAARD in "Anthony Adverse", Beulah Bondi in "The Gorgeous Hussy", Alice Brady in "My Man Godfrey", Bonita Granville in "These Three," Maria Ouspenskaya in "Dodsworth" Director: FRANK CAPRA for "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town", Gregory La Cava for "My Man Godfrey", Robert Z. Leonard for "The Great Ziegfeld", W. S. Van Dyke for "San Francisco", William Wyler for "Dodsworth"

1937 Picture: THE LIFE OF EMILE ZOLA, "The Awful Truth", "Captains Courageous", "Dead End", "The Good Earth", "In Old Chicago", "Lost Horizon", "One Hundred Men and a Girl", "Stage Door", "A Star is Born" Actor: SPENCER TRACY in "Captains Courageous", Charles Boyer in "Conquest", Fredric March in "A Star is Born", Robert Montgomery in "Night Must Fall", Paul Muni in "The Life of Emile Zola" Actress: LUISE RAINER in "The Good Earth", Irene Dunne in "The Awful Truth", Greta Garbo in "Camille", Janet Gaynor in "A Star is Born", Barbara Stanwyck in "Stella Dallas" Supporting Actor: JOSEPH SCHILDKRAUT in "The Life of Emile Zola", Ralph Bellamy in "The Awful Truth", Thomas Mitchell in "The Hurricane", H. B. Warner in "Lost Horizon", Roland Young in "Topper" Supporting Actress: ALICE BRADY in "In Old Chicago", Andrea Leeds in "Stage Door", Anne Shirley in "Stella Dallas", Claire Trevor in "Dead End", May Whitty in "Night Must Fall" Director: LEO MCCAREY for "The Awful Truth", William Dieterle for "The Life of Emile Zola", Sidney Franklin for "The Good Earth", Gregory La Cava for "Stage Door", William Wellmann for "A Star is Born"

1938 Picture: "YOU CAN'T TAKE IT WITH YOU", "The Adventures of Robin Hood", "Alexander's Ragtime Band", "Boys Town", "The Citadel", "Four Daughters", "Grand Illusion", "Jezebel", "Pygmalion", "TestPilot" Actor: SPENCER TRACY in "Boys Town", Charles Boyer in "Algiers", James Cagney in "Angels With Dirty Faces", Robert Donat in "The Citadel", Leslie Howard in "Pygmalion" Actress: BETTE DAVIS in "Jezebel", Fay Bainter in "White Banners", Wendy Hiller in "Pygmalion",

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Norma Shearer in "Marie Antoinette", Margaret Sullavan in "Three Comrades" Supporting Actor: WALTER BRENNAN in "Kentucky", John Garfield in "Four Daughters", Gene Lockhart in "Algiers", Robert Morley in "Marie Antoinette", Basil Rathbone in "If I Were King" Supporting Actress: FAY BAINTER in "Jezebel", Beulah Bondi in "Of Human Hearts", Billie Burke in "Merrily We Live", Spring Byington in "You Can't Take it With You", Miliza Korjus in "The Great Waltz" Director: FRANK CAPRA for "You Can't Take It With You", Michael Curtiz for "Angels With Dirty Faces", Michael Curtiz for "Four Daughters", Norman Taurog for "Boys Town", King Vidor for "The Citadel"

1939 Picture: "GONE WITH THE WIND", "Dark Victory", "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", "Love Affair", "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", "Ninotchka", "Of Mice and Men", "Stagecoach", "The Wizard of Oz", "Wuthering Heights" Actor: ROBERT DONAT in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", Clark Gable in "Gone With The Wind", Laurence Olivier in "Wuthering Heights", Mickey Rooney in "Babes in Arms", James Stewart in "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" Actress: VIVIEN LEIGH in "Gone With The Wind", Bette Davis in "Dark Victory", Irene Dunne in "Love Affair", Greta Garbo in "Ninotchka", Greer Garson in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" Supporting Actor: THOMAS MITCHELL in "Stagecoach", Brian Aherne in "Juarez", Harry Carey in "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", Brian Donlevy in "Beau Geste", Claude Rains in "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" Supporting Actress: HATTIE MCDANIEL in "Gone With The Wind", Olivia de Havilland in "Gone With The Wind", Geraldine Fitzgerald in "Wuthering Heights", Edna May Oliver in "Drums Along the Mohawk", Maria Ouspenskaya in "Love Affair" Director: VICTOR FLEMING for "Gone With The Wind", Frank Capra for "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", John Ford for "Stagecoach", Sam Wood for "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", William Wyler for "Wuthering Heights"

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1940 Picture: "REBECCA", "All This, and Heaven Too", "Foreign Correspondent", "The Grapes of Wrath", "The Great Dictator", "Kitty Foyle", "The Letter", "The Long Voyage Home", "Our Town", "ThePhiladelphiaStory" Actor: JAMES STEWART in "The Philadelphia Story", Charles Chaplin in "The Great Dictator", Henry Fonda in "The Grapes of Wrath", Raymond Massey in "Abe Lincoln in Illinois", Laurence Olivier in "Rebecca" Actress: GINGER ROGERS in "Kitty Foyle", Bette Davis in "The Letter", Joan Fontaine in "Rebecca", Katharine Hepburn in "The Philadelphia Story", Martha Scott in "Our Town" Supporting Actor: WALTER BRENNAN in "The Westerner", Albert Basserman in "Foreign Correspondent", William Gargan in "They Knew What They Wanted", Jack Oakie in "The Great Dictator", James Stephensonin"TheLetter" Supporting Actress: JANE DARWELL in "The Grapes of Wrath", Judith Anderson in "Rebecca", Ruth Hussey in "The Philadelphia Story", Barbara O'Neil in "All This, and Heaven Too", Marjorie Rambeau in "Primrose Path" Director: JOHN FORD for "The Grapes of Wrath", George Cukor for "The Philadelphia Story", Alfred Hitchcock for "Rebecca", Sam Wood for "Kitty Foyle", William Wyler for "The Letter"

1941 Picture: "HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY", "Blossoms in the Dust", "Citizen Kane", "Here Comes Mr. Jordan", "Hold Back the Dawn", "The Little Foxes", "The Maltese Falcon", "One Foot in Heaven", "Sergeant York", "Suspicion" Actor: GARY COOPER in "Sergeant York", Cary Grant in "Penny Serenade", Walter Huston in "All That Money Can Buy", Robert Montgomery in "Here Comes Mr. Jordan", Orson Welles in "Citizen Kane" Actress: JOAN FONTAINE in "Suspicion", Bette Davis in "The Little Foxes", Olivia de Havilland in "Hold Back the Dawn", Greer Garson in "Blossoms in the Dust", Barbara Stanwyck in "Ball of Fire" Supporting Actor: DONALD CRISP in "How Green Was My Valley", Walter Brennan in "Sergeant York", Charles Coburn in "The Devil and Miss Jones", James Gleason in "Here Comes Mr. Jordan", Sydney Greenstreet in "The Maltese Falcon" Supporting Actress: MARY ASTOR in "The Great Lie", Sara Allgood in "How Green Was My Valley", Patricia Collinge in "The Little Foxes", Teresa Wright in "The Little Foxes, Margaret Wycherly in "Sergeant

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York" Director: JOHN FORD for "How Green Was My Valley", Alexander Hall for "Here Comes Mr. Jordan", Howard Hawks for "Sergeant York", Orson Welles for "Citizen Kane", William Wyler for "The Little Foxes"

1942 Picture: "MRS. MINIVER", "The Invaders", "Kings Row", "The Magnificent Ambersons", "The Pied Piper", "The Pride of the Yankees", "Random Harvest", "The Talk of the Town", "Wake Island", "Yankee Doodle Dandy" Actor: JAMES CAGNEY in "Yankee Doodle Dandy", Ronald Colman in "Random Harvest", Gary Cooper in "The Pride of the Yankees", Walter Pidgeon in "Mrs. Miniver", Monty Woolley in "The PiedPiper" Actress: GREER GARSON in "Mrs. Miniver", Bette Davis in "Now, Voyager", Katharine Hepburn in "Woman of the Year", Rosalind Russell in "My Sister Eileen", Teresa Wright in "The Pride of the Yankees" Supporting Actor: VAN HEFLIN in "Johnny Eager", William Bendix in "Wake Island", Walter Huston in "Yankee Doodle Dandy", Frank Morgan in "Tortilla Flat", Henry Travers in "Mrs. Miniver" Supporting Actress: TERESA WRIGHT in "Mrs. Miniver", Gladys Cooper in "Now, Voyager", Agnes Moorehead in "The Magnificent Ambersons", Susan Peters in "Random Harvest", Dame May Whitty in "Mrs. Miniver" Director: WILLIAM WYLER for "Mrs. Miniver", Michael Curtiz for "Yankee Doodle Dandy", John Farrow for "Wake Island", Mervyn LeRoy for "Random Harvest", Sam Wood for "Kings Row"

1943 Picture: "CASABLANCA", "For Whom the Bell Tolls", "Heaven Can Wait", "The Human Comedy", "In Which We Serve", "Madame Curie", "The More the Merrier", "The Ox-Bow Incident", "The Song of Bernadette", "Watch on the Rhine" Actor: PAUL LUKAS in "Watch on the Rhine", Humphrey Bogart in "Casablanca", Gary Cooper in "For Whom the Bell Tolls", Walter Pidgeon in "Madame Curie", Mickey Rooney in "The Human Comedy" Actress: JENNIFER JONES in "The Song of Bernadette", Jean Arthur in "The More the Merrier", Ingrid Bergman in "For Whom the Bell Tolls", Joan Fontaine in "The Constant Nymph", Greer Garson in "Madame Curie" Supporting Actor: CHARLES COBURN in "The More the Merrier", Charles Bickford in "The Song of Bernadette", J. Carrol Naish in "Sahara", Claude Rains in "Casablanca", Akim Tamiroff in "For Whom the Bell Tolls"

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Supporting Actress: KATINA PAXINOU in "For Whom the Bell Tolls", Gladys Cooper in "The Song of Bernadette", Paulette Goddard in "So Proudly We Hail", Anne Revere in "The Song of Bernadette", Lucile Watson in "Watch on the Rhine" Director: MICHAEL CURTIZ for "Casablanca", Clarence Brown for "The Human Comedy", Henry King for "The Song of Bernadette", Ernst Lubitsch for "Heaven Can Wait", George Stevens for "The More the Merrier"

1944 Picture: "GOING MY WAY", "Double Indemnity", "Gaslight", "Since You Went Away", "Wilson" Actor: BING CROSBY in "Going My Way", Charles Boyer in "Gaslight", Barry Fitzgerald in "Going My Way", Cary Grant in "None But the Lonely Heart", Alexander Knox in "Wilson" Actress: INGRID BERGMAN in "Gaslight", Claudette Colbert in "Since You Went Away", Bette Davis in "Mr. Skeffington", Greer Garson in "Mrs. Parkington", Barbara Stanwyck in "Double Indemnity" Supporting Actor: BARRY FITZGERALD in "Going My Way", Hume Cronyn in "The Seventh Cross", Claude Rains in "Mr. Skeffington", Clifton Webb in "Laura", Monty Woolley in "Since You Went Away" Supporting Actress: ETHEL BARRYMORE in "None But the Lonely Heart", Jennifer Jones in "Since You Went Away", Angela Lansbury in "Gaslight", Aline MacMahon in "Dragon Seed", Agnes Moorehead in "Mrs. Parkington" Director: LEO MCCAREY for "Going My Way", Alfred Hitchcock for "Lifeboat", Henry King for "Wilson", Otto Preminger for "Laura", Billy Wilder for "Double Indemnity"

1945 Picture: "THE LOST WEEKEND", "Anchors Aweigh", "The Bells of St. Mary's", "Mildred Pierce", "Spellbound" Actor: RAY MILLAND in "The Lost Weekend", Bing Crosby in "The Bells of St. Mary's", Gene Kelly in "Anchors Aweigh", Gregory Peck in "The Keys of the Kingdom", Cornel Wilde in "A Song to Remember" Actress: JOAN CRAWFORD in "Mildred Pierce", Ingrid Bergman in "The Bells of St. Mary's", Greer Garson in "The Valley of Decision", Jennifer Jones in "Love Letters", Gene Tierney in "Leave Her to Heaven" Supporting Actor: JAMES DUNN in "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn", Michael Chekhov in "Spellbound", John Dall in "The Corn Is Green", Robert Mitchum in "The Story of G.I. Joe", J. Carrol Naish in "A Medal for Benny" Supporting Actress: ANNE REVERE in "National Velvet", Eve Arden in "Mildred Pierce", Ann Blyth in "Mildred

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Pierce", Angela Lansbury in "The Picture of Dorian Gray", Joan Lorring in "The Corn Is Green" Director: BILLY WILDER for "The Lost Weekend", Clarence Brown for "National Velvet", Alfred Hitchcock for "Spellbound", Leo McCarey for "The Bells of St. Mary's", Jean Renoir for "The Southerner"

1946 Picture: "THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES", "Henry V", "It's A Wonderful Life", "The Razor's Edge", "The Yearling" Actor: FREDRIC MARCH in "The Best Years of Our Lives", Laurence Olivier in "Henry V", Larry Parks in "The Jolson Story", Gregory Peck in "The Yearling", James Stewart in "It's A Wonderful Life" Actress: OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND in "To Each His Own", Celia Johnson in "Brief Encounter", Jennifer Jones in "Duel in the Sun", Rosalind Russell in "Sister Kenny", Jane Wyman in "The Yearling" Supporting Actor: HAROLD RUSSELL in "The Best Years of Our Lives", Charles Coburn in "The Green Years", William Demarest in "The Jolson Story", Claude Rains in "Notorious", Clifton Webb in "The Razor's Edge" Supporting Actress: ANNE BAXTER in "The Razor's Edge", Ethel Barrymore in "The Spiral Staircase", Lillian Gish in "Duel in the Sun", Flora Robson in "Saratoga Trunk", Gale Sondergaard in "Anna and the King of Siam" Director: WILLIAM WYLER for "The Best Years of Our Lives", Clarence Brown for "The Yearling", Frank Capra for "It's A Wonderful Life", David Lean for "Brief Encounter", Robert Siodmak for "The Killers"

1947 Picture: "GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT", "The Bishop's Wife", "Crossfire", "Great Expectations", "Miracle on 34th Street" Actor: RONALD COLMAN in "A Double Life", John Garfield in "Body and Soul", Gregory Peck in "Gentleman's Agreement", William Powell in "Life With Father", Michael Redgrave in "Mourning Becomes Electra" Actress: LORETTA YOUNG in "The Farmer's Daughter", Joan Crawford in "Possessed", Susan Hayward in "Smash Up - The Story of a Woman", Dorothy McGuire in "Gentleman's Agreement", Rosalind Russell in "Mourning Becomes Electra" Supporting Actor: EDMUND GWENN in "Miracle on 34th Street", Charles Bickford in "The Farmer's Daughter", Thomas Gomez in "Ride the Pink Horse", Robert Ryan in "Crossfire", Richard Widmark in "Kiss of

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Death" Supporting Actress: CELESTE HOLM in "Gentleman's Agreement", Ethel Barrymore in "The Paradine Case", Gloria Grahame in "Crossfire", Marjorie Main in "The Egg and I", Anne Revere in "Gentleman's Agreement" Director: ELIA KAZAN for "Gentleman's Agreement", George Cukor for "A Double Life", Edward Dmytryk for "Crossfire", Henry Koster for "The Bishop's Wife", David Lean for "Great Expectations"

1948 Picture: "HAMLET", "Johnny Belinda", "The Red Shoes", "The Snake Pit", "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre" Actor: LAURENCE OLIVIER in "Hamlet", Lew Ayres in "Johnny Belinda", Montgomery Clift in "The Search", Dan Dailey in "When My Baby Smiles at Me", Clifton Webb in "Sitting Pretty" Actress: JANE WYMAN in "Johnny Belinda", Ingrid Bergman in "Joan of Arc", Olivia de Havilland in "The Snake Pit", Irene Dunne in "I Remember Mama", Barbara Stanwyck in "Sorry, Wrong Number" Supporting Actor: WALTER HUSTON in "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre", Charles Bickford in "Johnny Belinda", Jose Ferrer in "Joan of Arc", Oscar Homolka in "I Remember Mama", Cecil Kellaway in "The Luck of the Irish" Supporting Actress: CLAIRE TREVOR in "Key Largo", Barbara Bel Geddes in "I Remember Mama", Ellen Corby in "I Remember Mama", Agnes Moorehead in "Johnny Belinda", Jean Simmons in "Hamlet" Director: JOHN HUSTON for "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre", Anatole Litvak for "The Snake Pit", Jean Negulesco for "Johnny Belinda", Laurence Olivier for "Hamlet", Fred Zinnemann for "The Search"

1949 Picture: "ALL THE KING'S MEN", "Battleground", "The Heiress", "A Letter to Three Wives", "Twelve O'Clock High" Actor: BRODERICK CRAWFORD in "All the King's Men", Kirk Douglas in "Champion", Gregory Peck in "Twelve O'Clock High", Richard Todd in "The Hasty Heart", John Wayne in "Sands of Iwo Jima" Actress: OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND in "The Heiress", Jeanne Crain in "Pinky", Susan Hayward in "My Foolish Heart", Deborah Kerr in "Edward, My Son", Loretta Young in "Come to the Stable" Supporting Actor: DEAN JAGGER in "Twelve O'Clock High", John Ireland in "All the King's Men", Arthur Kennedy in "Champion", Ralph Richardson in "The Heiress", James Whitmore in "Battleground" Supporting Actress: MERCEDES MCCAMBRIDGE in "All the King's Men", Ethel Barrymore in "Pinky", Celeste

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Holm in "Come to the Stable", Elsa Lanchester in "Come to the Stable", Ethel Waters in "Pinky" Director: JOSEPH L. MANKIEWICZ for "A Letter to Three Wives", Carol Reed for "The Fallen Idol", Robert Rossen for "All the King's Men", William A. Wellman for "Battleground", William Wyler for "The Heiress"

ACADEMY AWARDS® WINNERS and HISTORY (1950 - 1959) 1950 Picture: "ALL ABOUT EVE", "Born Yesterday", "Father of the Bride", "King Solomon's Mines", "Sunset Boulevard" Actor: JOSE FERRER in "Cyrano de Bergerac", Louis Calhern in "The Magnificent Yankee", William Holden in "Sunset Boulevard", James Stewart in "Harvey", Spencer Tracy in "Father of the Bride" Actress: JUDY HOLLIDAY in "Born Yesterday", Anne Baxter in "All About Eve", Bette Davis in "All About Eve", Eleanor Parker in "Caged", Gloria Swanson in "Sunset Boulevard" Supporting Actor: GEORGE SANDERS in "All About Eve", Jeff Chandler in "Broken Arrow", Edmund Gwenn in "Mister 880", Sam Jaffe in "The Asphalt Jungle", Erich von Stroheim in "Sunset Boulevard" Supporting Actress: JOSEPHINE HULL in "Harvey", Hope Emerson in "Caged", Celeste Holm in "All About Eve", Nancy Olson in "Sunset Boulevard", Thelma Ritter in "All About Eve"

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Director: JOSEPH L. MANKIEWICZ for "All About Eve", George Cukor for "Born Yesterday", John Huston for "The Asphalt Jungle", Carol Reed for "The Third Man", Billy Wilder for "Sunset Boulevard"

1951 Picture: "AN AMERICAN IN PARIS", "Decision Before Dawn", "A Place in the Sun", "Quo Vadis?", "A Streetcar Named Desire" Actor: HUMPHREY BOGART in "The African Queen", Marlon Brando in "A Streetcar Named Desire", Montgomery Clift in "A Place in the Sun", Arthur Kennedy in "Bright Victory", Fredric March in "Death of a Salesman" Actress: VIVIEN LEIGH in "A Streetcar Named Desire", Katharine Hepburn in "The African Queen", Eleanor Parker in "Detective Story", Shelley Winters in "A Place in the Sun", Jane Wyman in "The Blue Veil" Supporting Actor: KARL MALDEN in "A Streetcar Named Desire", Leo Genn in "Quo Vadis?", Kevin McCarthy in "Death of a Salesman", Peter Ustinov in "Quo Vadis?", Gig Young in "Come Fill the Cup" Supporting Actress: KIM HUNTER in "A Streetcar Named Desire", Joan Blondell in "The Blue Veil", Mildred Dunnock in "Death of a Salesman", Lee Grant in "Detective Story", Thelma Ritter in "The Mating Season" Director: GEORGE STEVENS for "A Place in the Sun", John Huston for "The African Queen", Elia Kazan for "A Streetcar Named Desire", Vincente Minnelli for "An American in Paris", William Wyler for "Detective Story"

1952 Picture: "THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH", "High Noon", "Ivanhoe", "Moulin Rouge", "The Quiet Man" Actor: GARY COOPER in "High Noon", Marlon Brando in "Viva Zapata!", Kirk Douglas in "The Bad and the Beautiful", Jose Ferrer in "Moulin Rouge", Alec Guinness in "The Lavender Hill Mob" Actress: SHIRLEY BOOTH in "Come Back, Little Sheba", Joan Crawford in "Sudden Fear", Bette Davis in "The Star", Julie Harris in "The Member of the Wedding", Susan Hayward in "With a Song in My Heart" Supporting Actor: ANTHONY QUINN in "Viva Zapata!", Richard Burton in "My Cousin Rachel", Arthur Hunnicutt in "The Big Sky", Victor McLaglen in "The Quiet Man", Jack Palance in "Sudden Fear" Supporting Actress: GLORIA GRAHAME in "The Bad and the Beautiful", Jean Hagen in "Singin' In The Rain", Colette Marchand in "Moulin Rouge", Terry Moore in "Come Back, Little Sheba", Thelma RItter in "With a Song in My Heart"

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Director: JOHN FORD for "The Quiet Man", Cecil B. DeMille for "The Greatest Show On Earth", John Huston for "Moulin Rouge", Joseph L. Mankiewicz for "Five Fingers", Fred Zinnemann for "High Noon"

1953 Picture: "FROM HERE TO ETERNITY", "Julius Caesar", "The Robe", "Roman Holiday", "Shane" Actor: WILLIAM HOLDEN in "Stalag 17", Marlon Brando in "Julius Caesar", Richard Burton in "The Robe", Montgomery Clift in "From Here to Eternity", Burt Lancaster in "From Here to Eternity" Actress: AUDREY HEPBURN in "Roman Holiday", Leslie Caron in "Lily", Ava Gardner in "Mogambo", Deborah Kerr in "From Here to Eternity", Maggie McNamara in "The Moon is Blue" Supporting Actor: FRANK SINATRA in "From Here to Eternity", Eddie Albert in "Roman Holiday", Brandon de Wilde in "Shane", Jack Palance in "Shane", Robert Strauss in "Stalag 17" Supporting Actress: DONNA REED in "From Here to Eternity", Grace Kelly in "Mogambo", Geraldine Page in "Hondo", Marjorie Rambeau in "Torch Song", Thelma Ritter in "Pickup on South Street" Director: FRED ZINNEMANN for "From Here to Eternity", George Stevens for "Shane", Charles Walters for "Lili", Billy Wilder for "Stalag 17", William Wyler for "Roman Holiday"

1954 Picture: "ON THE WATERFRONT", "The Caine Mutiny", "The Country Girl", "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers", "Three Coins in the Fountain" Actor: MARLON BRANDO in "On The Waterfront", Humphrey Bogart in "The Caine Mutiny", Bing Crosby in "The Country Girl", James Mason in "A Star Is Born", Dan O'Herlihy in "Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" Actress: GRACE KELLY in "The Country Girl", Dorothy Dandridge in "Carmen Jones", Judy Garland in "A Star Is Born", Audrey Hepburn in "Sabrina", Jane Wyman in "Magnificent Obsession" Supporting Actor: EDMOND O'BRIEN in "The Barefoot Contessa", Lee J. Cobb in "On The Waterfront", Karl Malden in "On The Waterfront", Rod Steiger in "On The Waterfront", Tom Tully in "The Caine Mutiny" Supporting Actress: EVA MARIE SAINT in "On The Waterfront", Nina Foch in "Executive Suite", Katy Jurado in "Broken Lance", Jan Sterling in "The High and the Mighty", Claire Trevor in "The High and the Mighty" Director: ELIA KAZAN for "On The Waterfront", Alfred Hitchcock for "Rear Window", George Seaton for "The Country Girl", William Wellman for "The High and the Mighty", Billy Wilder for "Sabrina"

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1955 Picture: "MARTY", "Love is a Many-Splendored Thing", "Mister Roberts", "Picnic", "The Rose Tattoo" Actor: ERNEST BORGNINE in "Marty", James Cagney in "Love Me or Leave Me", James Dean in "East of Eden", Frank Sinatra in "The Man With the Golden Arm", Spencer Tracy in "Bad Day at Black Rock" Actress: ANNA MAGNANI in "The Rose Tattoo", Susan Hayward in "I'll Cry Tomorrow", Katharine Hepburn in "Summertime", Jennifer Jones in "Love is a Many-Splendored Thing", Eleanor Parker in "Interrupted Melody" Supporting Actor: JACK LEMMON in "Mister Roberts", Arthur Kennedy in "Trial", Joe Mantell in "Marty", Sal Mineo in "Rebel Without a Cause", Arthur O'Connell in "Picnic" Supporting Actress: JO VAN FLEET in "East of Eden", Betsy Blair in "Marty", Peggy Lee in "Pete Kelly's Blues", Marisa Pavan in "The Rose Tattoo", Natalie Wood in "Rebel Without a Cause" Director: DELBERT MANN for "Marty", Elia Kazan for "East of Eden", David Lean for "Summertime", Joshua Logan for "Picnic", John Sturges for "Bad Day at Black Rock"

1956 Picture: "AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS", "Friendly Persuasion", "Giant", "The King and I", "The Ten Commandments" Actor: YUL BRYNNER in "The King and I", James Dean in "Giant", Kirk Douglas in "Lust for Life", Rock Hudson in "Giant", Laurence Olivier in "Richard III" Actress: INGRID BERGMAN in "Anastasia", Carroll Baker in "Baby Doll", Katharine Hepburn in "The Rainmaker", Nancy Kelly in "The Bad Seed", Deborah Kerr in "The King and I" Supporting Actor: ANTHONY QUINN in "Lust for Life", Don Murray in "Bus Stop", Anthony Perkins in "Friendly Persuasion", Mickey Rooney in "The Bold and the Brave", Robert Stack in "Written on the Wind" Supporting Actress: DOROTHY MALONE in "Written on the Wind", Mildred Dunnock in "Baby Doll", Eileen Heckart in "The Bad Seed", Mercedes McCambridge in "Giant", Patty McCormack in "The Bad Seed" Director: GEORGE STEVENS for "Giant", Michael Anderson for "Around the World in 80 Days", Walter Lang for "The King and I", King Vidor for "War and Peace", William Wyler for "Friendly Persuasion"

1957 Picture: "THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI", "Peyton Place", "Sayonara", "12 Angry Men", "Witness for the Prosecution" Actor:

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ALEC GUINNESS in "The Bridge On The River Kwai", Marlon Brando in "Sayonara", Anthony Franciosa in "A Hatful of Rain", Charles Laughton in "Witness for the Prosecution", Anthony Quinn in "Wild Is the Wind" Actress: JOANNE WOODWARD in "The Three Faces of Eve", Deborah Kerr in "Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison", Anna Magnani in "Wild is the Wind", Elizabeth Taylor in "Raintree County", Lana Turner in "Peyton Place" Supporting Actor: RED BUTTONS in "Sayonara", Vittorio De Sica in "A Farewell to Arms", Sessue Hayakawa in "The Bridge On The River Kwai", Arthur Kennedy in "Peyton Place", Russ Tamblyn in "Peyton Place" Supporting Actress: MIYOSHI UMEKI in "Sayonara", Carolyn Jones in "The Bachelor Party", Elsa Lanchester in "Witness for the Prosecution", Hope Lange in "Peyton Place", Diane Varsi in "Peyton Place" Director: DAVID LEAN for "The Bridge On The River Kwai", Joshua Logan for "Sayonara", Sidney Lumet for "12 Angry Men", Mark Robson for "Peyton Place", Billy Wilder for "Witness for the Prosecution"

1958 Picture: "GIGI", "Auntie Mame", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", "The Defiant Ones", "Separate Tables" Actor: DAVID NIVEN in "Separate Tables", Tony Curtis in "The Defiant Ones", Paul Newman in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", Sidney Poitier in "The Defiant Ones", Spencer Tracy in "The Old Man and the Sea" Actress: SUSAN HAYWARD in "I Want to Live", Deborah Kerr in "Separate Tables", Shirley MacLaine in "Some Came Running", Rosalind Russell in "Auntie Mame", Elizabeth Taylor in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" Supporting Actor: BURL IVES in "The Big Country", Theodore Bikel in "The Defiant Ones", Lee J. Cobb in "The Brothers Karamazov", Arthur Kennedy in "Some Came Running", Gig Young in "Teacher's Pet" Supporting Actress: WENDY HILLER in "Separate Tables", Peggy Cass in "Auntie Mame", Martha Hyer in "Some Came Running", Maureen Stapleton in "Lonelyhearts", Cara Williams in "The Defiant Ones" Director: VINCENTE MINNELLI for "Gigi", Richard Brooks for "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", Stanley Kramer for "The Defiant Ones", Mark Robson for "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness", Robert Wise for "I Want to Live!"

1959 Picture: "BEN-HUR", "Anatomy of a Murder", "The Diary of Anne Frank", "The Nun's Story", "Room at the Top" Actor: CHARLTON HESTON in "Ben-Hur", Laurence Harvey in "Room at the Top", Jack Lemmon in

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"Some Like It Hot", Paul Muni in "The Last Angry Man", James Stewart in "Anatomy of a Murder" Actress: SIMONE SIGNORET in "Room at the Top", Doris Day in "Pillow Talk", Audrey Hepburn in "The Nun's Story", Katharine Hepburn in "Suddenly, Last Summer", Elizabeth Taylor in "Suddenly, Last Summer" Supporting Actor: HUGH GRIFFITH in "Ben-Hur", Arthur O'Connell in "Anatomy of a Murder", George C. Scott in "Anatomy of a Murder", Robert Vaughn in "The Young Philadelphians", Ed Wynn in "The Diary ofAnneFrank" SupportingActress: SHELLEY WINTERS in "The Diary of Anne Frank", Hermione Baddeley in "Room at the Top", Susan Kohner in "Imitation of Life", Juanita Moore in "Imitation of Life", Thelma Ritter in "Pillow Talk" Director: WILLIAM WYLER for "Ben-Hur", Jack Clayton for "Room at the Top", George Stevens for "The Diary of Anne Frank", Billy Wilder for "Some Like It Hot", Fred Zinnemann for "The Nun's Story"

ACADEMY AWARDS® WINNERS and HISTORY (1960 - 1969) 1960 Picture: "THE APARTMENT", "The Alamo", "Elmer Gantry", "Sons and Lovers", "The Sundowners" Actor: BURT LANCASTER in "Elmer Gantry", Trevor Howard in "Sons and Lovers", Jack Lemmon in "The Apartment", Laurence Olivier in "The Entertainer", Spencer Tracy in "Inherit the Wind" Actress: ELIZABETH TAYLOR in "Butterfield 8", Greer Garson in "Sunrise at Campobello", Deborah Kerr in "The Sundowners", Shirley MacLaine in "The Apartment", Melina Mercouri in "Never on Sunday" Supporting Actor: PETER USTINOV in "Spartacus", Peter Falk in "Murder, Inc.", Jack Kruschen in "The Apartment", Sal Mineo in "Exodus", Chill Wills in "The Alamo" Supporting Actress: SHIRLEY JONES in "Elmer Gantry", Glynis Johns in "The Sundowners", Shirley Knight in "The Dark at the Top of the Stairs", Janet Leigh in "Psycho", Mary Ure in "Sons and Lovers"

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Director: BILLY WILDER for "The Apartment", Jack Cardiff for "Sons and Lovers", Jules Dassin for "Never on Sunday", Alfred Hitchcock for "Psycho", Fred Zinnemann for "The Sundowners"

1961 Picture: "WEST SIDE STORY", "Fanny", "The Guns of Navarone", "The Hustler", "Judgment at Nuremberg" Actor: MAXIMILIAN SCHELL in "Judgment at Nuremberg", Charles Boyer in "Fanny", Paul Newman in "The Hustler", Spencer Tracy in "Judgment at Nuremberg", Stuart Whitman in "The Mark" Actress: SOPHIA LOREN in "Two Women", Audrey Hepburn in "Breakfast at Tiffany's", Piper Laurie in "The Hustler", Geraldine Page in "Summer and Smoke", Natalie Wood in "Splendor in the Grass" Supporting Actor: GEORGE CHAKIRIS in "West Side Story", Montgomery Clift in "Judgment at Nuremberg", Peter Falk in "Pocketful of Miracles", Jackie Gleason in "The Hustler", George C. Scott in "The Hustler" Supporting Actress: RITA MORENO in "West Side Story", Fay Bainter in "The Children's Hour", Judy Garland in "Judgment at Nuremberg", Lotte Lenya in "The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone", Una Merkel in "Summer and Smoke" Director: JEROME ROBBINS and ROBERT WISE for "West Side Story", Federico Fellini for "La Dolce Vita", Stanley Kramer for "Judgment at Nuremberg", J. Lee Thompson for "The Guns of Navarone", Robert Rossen for "The Hustler"

1962 Picture: "LAWRENCE OF ARABIA", "The Longest Day", "The Music Man", "Mutiny on the Bounty", "To Kill a Mockingbird" Actor: GREGORY PECK for "To Kill a Mockingbird", Burt Lancaster in "Birdman of Alcatraz", Jack Lemmon in "Days of Wine and Roses", Marcello Mastroianni in "Divorce - Italian Style", Peter O'Toole in "Lawrence of Arabia" Actress: ANNE BANCROFT in "The Miracle Worker", Bette Davis in "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?", Katharine Hepburn in "Long Day's Journey Into Night", Geraldine Page in "Sweet Bird of Youth," Lee Remick in "Days of Wine and Roses" Supporting Actor: ED BEGLEY in "Sweet Bird of Youth", Victor Buono in "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?", Telly Savalas in "Birdman of Alcatraz", Omar Sharif in "Lawrence of Arabia", Terence Stamp in "Billy Budd" Supporting Actress: PATTY DUKE in "The Miracle Worker", Mary Badham in "To Kill a Mockingbird", Shirley Knight in "Sweet Bird of Youth", Angela Lansbury in "The Manchurian Candidate", Thelma Ritter in "Birdman of Alcatraz"

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Director: DAVID LEAN for "Lawrence of Arabia", Pietro Germi for "Divorce - Italian Style", Robert Mulligan for "To Kill a Mockingbird", Arthur Penn for "The Miracle Worker", Frank Perry for "David and Lisa"

1963 Picture: "TOM JONES", "America, America", "Cleopatra", "How the West Was Won", "Lilies of the Field" Actor: SIDNEY POITIER in "Lilies of the Field", Albert Finney in "Tom Jones", Richard Harris in "This Sporting Life", Rex Harrison in "Cleopatra", Paul Newman in "Hud" Actress: PATRICIA NEAL in "Hud", Leslie Caron in "The L-Shaped Room", Shirley MacLaine in "Irma La Douce", Rachel Roberts in "This Sporting Life", Natalie Wood in "Love with the Proper Stranger" Supporting Actor: MELVYN DOUGLAS in "Hud", Nick Adams in "Twilight of Honor", Bobby Darin in "Captain Newman, M.D.", Hugh Griffith in "Tom Jones", John Huston in "The Cardinal" Supporting Actress: MARGARET RUTHERFORD in "The V.I.P.'s", Diane Cilento in "Tom Jones", Edith Evans in "Tom Jones", Joyce Redman in "Tom Jones", Lilia Skala in "Lilies of the Field" Director: TONY RICHARDSON for "Tom Jones", Federico Fellini for "8 1/2", Elia Kazan for "America, America", Otto Preminger for "The Cardinal", Martin Ritt for "Hud"

1964 Picture: "MY FAIR LADY", "Becket", "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying...", "Mary Poppins", "Zorba the Greek" Actor: REX HARRISON in "My Fair Lady", Richard Burton in "Becket", Peter O'Toole in "Becket", Anthony Quinn in "Zorba the Greek", Peter Sellers in "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying..." Actress: JULIE ANDREWS in "Mary Poppins", Anne Bancroft in "The Pumpkin Eater", Sophia Loren in "Marriage Italian Style", Debbie Reynolds in "The Unsinkable Molly Brown", Kim Stanley in "Seance on a Wet Afternoon" Supporting Actor: PETER USTINOV in "Topkapi", John Gielgud in "Becket", Stanley Holloway in "My Fair Lady", Edmond O'Brien in "Seven Days in May", Lee Tracy in "The Best Man" Supporting Actress: LILA KEDROVA in "Zorba the Greek", Gladys Cooper in "My Fair Lady", Edith Evans in "The Chalk Garden", Grayson Hall in "The Night of the Iguana", Agnes Moorehead in "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte" Director:

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GEORGE CUKOR for "My Fair Lady", Michael Cacoyannis for "Zorba the Greek", Peter Glenville for "Becket", Stanley Kubrick for "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying...", Robert Stevenson for "Mary Poppins"

1965 Picture: "THE SOUND OF MUSIC", "Darling", "Doctor Zhivago", "Ship of Fools", "A Thousand Clowns" Actor: LEE MARVIN in "Cat Ballou", Richard Burton in "The Spy Who Came In From the Cold", Laurence Olivier in "Othello", Rod Steiger in "The Pawnbroker", Oskar Werner in "Ship of Fools" Actress: JULIE CHRISTIE in "Darling", Julie Andrews in "The Sound of Music", Samantha Eggar in "The Collector", Elizabeth Hartman in "A Patch of Blue", Simone Signoret in "Ship of Fools" Supporting Actor: MARTIN BALSAM in "A Thousand Clowns", Ian Bannen in "The Flight of the Phoenix", Tom Courtenay in "Doctor Zhivago", Michael Dunn in "Ship of Fools", Frank Finlay in "Othello" Supporting Actress: SHELLEY WINTERS in "A Patch of Blue", Ruth Gordon in "Inside Daisy Clover", Joyce Redman in "Othello", Maggie Smith in "Othello", Peggy Wood in "The Sound of Music" Director: ROBERT WISE for "The Sound of Music", David Lean for "Doctor Zhivago", John Schlesinger for "Darling", Hiroshi Teshigahara for "Woman in the Dunes", William Wyler for "The Collector"

1966 Picture: "A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS", "Alfie", "The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming", "The Sand Pebbles", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" Actor: PAUL SCOFIELD in "A Man for All Seasons", Alan Arkin in "The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming", Richard Burton in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Michael Caine in "Alfie", Steve McQueen in "The Sand Pebbles" Actress: ELIZABETH TAYLOR in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Anouk Aimee in "A Man and a Woman", Ida Kaminska in "The Shop on Main Street", Lynn Redgrave in "Georgy Girl", Vanessa Redgrave in "Morgan!" Supporting Actor: WALTER MATTHAU in "The Fortune Cookie", Mako in "The Sand Pebbles", James Mason in "Georgy Girl", George Segal in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Robert Shaw in "A Man for All Seasons" Supporting Actress: SANDY DENNIS in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Wendy Hiller in "A Man for All Seasons", Jocelyn Lagarde in "Hawaii", Vivien Merchant in "Alfie", Geraldine Page in "You're a Big Boy Now" Director: FRED ZINNEMANN for "A Man for All Seasons", Michelangelo Antonioni for "Blow-up", Richard Brooks for "The Professionals", Claude Lelouch for "A Man and a Woman", Mike Nichols for "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?"

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1967 Picture: "IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT", "Bonnie And Clyde", "Doctor Dolittle", "The Graduate", "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" Actor: ROD STEIGER in "In the Heat of the Night", Warren Beatty in "Bonnie And Clyde", Dustin Hoffman in "The Graduate", Paul Newman in "Cool Hand Luke", Spencer Tracy in "Guess Who'sComingtoDinner" Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner", Anne Bancroft in "The Graduate", Faye Dunaway in "Bonnie And Clyde", Edith Evans in "The Whisperers", Audrey Hepburn in "Wait Until Dark" Supporting Actor: GEORGE KENNEDY in "Cool Hand Luke", John Cassavetes in "The Dirty Dozen", Gene Hackman in "Bonnie And Clyde", Cecil Kellaway in "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner", Michael J. Pollard in "Bonnie And Clyde" Supporting Actress: ESTELLE PARSONS in "Bonnie And Clyde", Carol Channing in "Thoroughly Modern Millie", Mildred Natwick in "Barefoot in the Park", Beah Richards in "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner", Katharine Ross in "The Graduate" Director: MIKE NICHOLS for "The Graduate", Richard Brooks for "In Cold Blood", Norman Jewison for "In the Heat of the Night", Stanley Kramer for "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner", Arthur Penn for "Bonnie And Clyde"

1968 Picture: "OLIVER!", "Funny Girl", "The Lion in Winter", "Rachel, Rachel", "Romeo and Juliet" Actor: CLIFF ROBERTSON in "Charly", Alan Arkin in "The Heart is a Lonely Hunter", Alan Bates in "The Fixer", Ron Moody in "Oliver!", Peter O'Toole in "The Lion in Winter" Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in "The Lion in Winter" and BARBRA STREISAND in "Funny Girl" (tie), Patricia Neal in "The Subject Was Roses", Vanessa Redgrave in "Isadora", Joanne Woodward in "Rachel, Rachel" Supporting Actor: JACK ALBERTSON in "The Subject Was Roses", Seymour Cassel in "Faces", Daniel Massey in "Star!", Jack Wild in "Oliver!", Gene Wilder in "The Producers" Supporting Actress: RUTH GORDON in "Rosemary's Baby", Lynn Carlin in "Faces", Sondra Locke in "The Heart is a Lonely Hunter", Kay Medford in "Funny Girl", Estelle Parsons in "Rachel, Rachel" Director: SIR CAROL REED for "Oliver!", Anthony Harvey for "The Lion in Winter", Stanley Kubrick for "2001: A Space Odyssey", Gillo Pontecorvo for "The Battle of Algiers", Franco Zeffirelli for "Romeo and Juliet"

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1969 Picture: "MIDNIGHT COWBOY", "Anne of the Thousand Days", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", "Hello, Dolly!", "Z" Actor: JOHN WAYNE in "True Grit", Richard Burton in "Anne of the Thousand Days", Dustin Hoffman in "Midnight Cowboy", Peter O'Toole in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", Jon Voight in "Midnight Cowboy" Actress: MAGGIE SMITH in "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie", Genevieve Bujold in "Anne of the Thousand Days", Jane Fonda in "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?", Liza Minnelli in "The Sterile Cuckoo", Jean Simmons in "The Happy Ending" Supporting Actor: GIG YOUNG in "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?", Rupert Crosse in "The Reivers", Elliott Gould in "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice", Jack Nicholson in "Easy Rider", Anthony Quayle in "Anne of the Thousand Days" Supporting Actress: GOLDIE HAWN in "Cactus Flower", Catherine Burns in "Last Summer", Dyan Cannon in "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice", Sylvia Miles in "Midnight Cowboy", Susannah York in "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" Director: JOHN SCHLESINGER for "Midnight Cowboy", Costa-Gavras for "Z", George Roy Hill for "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", Arthur Penn for "Alice's Restaurant", Sydney Pollack for "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?"

ACADEMY AWARDS® WINNERS and HISTORY (1970 - 1979) 1970 Picture: "PATTON", "Airport", "Five Easy Pieces", "Love Story", "M*A*S*H" Actor: GEORGE C. SCOTT in "Patton", Melvyn Douglas in "I Never Sang For My Father", James Earl Jones in "The Great White Hope", Jack Nicholson in "Five Easy Pieces", Ryan O'Neal in "Love Story" Actress: GLENDA JACKSON in "Women in Love", Jane Alexander in "The Great White Hope", Ali MacGraw in "Love Story", Sarah Miles in "Ryan's Daughter", Carrie Snodgrass in "Diary of a Mad

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Housewife" Supporting Actor: JOHN MILLS in "Ryan's Daughter", Richard Castellano in "Lovers and Other Strangers", Chief Dan George in "Little Big Man", Gene Hackman in "I Never Sang For My Father", John Marley in "Love Story" Supporting Actress: HELEN HAYES in "Airport", Karen Black in "Five Easy Pieces", Lee Grant in "The Landlord", Sally Kellerman in "M*A*S*H", Maureen Stapleton in "Airport" Director: FRANKLIN SCHAFFNER for "Patton", Robert Altman for "M*A*S*H", Federico Fellini for "Fellini Satyricon", Arthur Hiller for "Love Story", Ken Russell for "Women in Love"

1971 Picture: "THE FRENCH CONNECTION", "A Clockwork Orange", "Fiddler on the Roof", "The Last Picture Show", "Nicholas and Alexandra" Actor: GENE HACKMAN in "The French Connection", Peter Finch in "Sunday, Bloody Sunday", Walter Matthau in "Kotch", George C. Scott in "The Hospital", Topol in "Fiddler on the Roof" Actress: JANE FONDA in "Klute", Julie Christie in "McCabe and Mrs. Miller", Glenda Jackson in "Sunday, Bloody Sunday", Vanessa Redgrave in "Mary, Queen of Scots", Janet Suzman in "Nicholas and Alexandra" Supporting Actor: BEN JOHNSON in "The Last Picture Show", Jeff Bridges in "The Last Picture Show", Leonard Frey in "Fiddler on the Roof", Richard Jaeckel in "Sometimes a Great Notion", Roy Scheider in "The French Connection" Supporting Actress: CLORIS LEACHMAN in "The Last Picture Show", Ann-Margret in "Carnal Knowledge", Ellen Burstyn in "The Last Picture Show", Barbara Harris in "Who is Harry Kellerman, and Why is He Saying These Terrible Things About Me?", Margaret Leighton in "The Go-Between" Director: WILLIAM FRIEDKIN for "The French Connection", Peter Bogdanovich for "The Last Picture Show", Norman Jewison for "Fiddler on the Roof", Stanley Kubrick for "A Clockwork Orange", John Schlesinger for "Sunday, Bloody Sunday"

1972 Picture: "THE GODFATHER", "Cabaret", "Deliverance", "The Emigrants", "Sounder" Actor: MARLON BRANDO in "The Godfather", Michael Caine in "Sleuth", Laurence Olivier in "Sleuth", Peter O'Toole in "The Ruling Class", Paul Winfield in "Sounder" Actress: LIZA MINNELLI in "Cabaret", Diana Ross in "Lady Sings The Blues", Maggie Smith in "Travels With My Aunt", Cicely Tyson in "Sounder", Liv Ullmann in "The Emigrants" Supporting Actor: JOEL GREY in "Cabaret", Eddie Albert in "The Heartbreak Kid", James Caan in "The

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Godfather", Robert Duvall in "The Godfather", Al Pacino in "The Godfather" Supporting Actress: EILEEN HECKART in "Butterflies Are Free", Jeannie Berlin in "The Heartbreak Kid", Geraldine Page in "Pete 'n' Tillie", Susan Tyrrell in "Fat City", Shelley Winters in "The Poseidon Adventure" Director: BOB FOSSE for "Cabaret", John Boorman for "Deliverance", Francis Ford Coppola for "The Godfather", Joseph L. Mankiewicz for "Sleuth", Jan Troell for "The Emigrants"

1973 Picture: "THE STING", "American Graffiti", "Cries and Whispers", "The Exorcist", "A Touch of Class" Actor: JACK LEMMON in "Save the Tiger", Marlon Brando in "Last Tango in Paris", Jack Nicholson in "The Last Detail", Al Pacino in "Serpico", Robert Redford in "The Sting" Actress: GLENDA JACKSON in "A Touch of Class", Ellen Burstyn in "The Exorcist", Marsha Mason in "Cinderella Liberty", Barbra Streisand in "The Way We Were", Joanne Woodward in "Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams" Supporting Actor: JOHN HOUSEMAN in "The Paper Chase", Vincent Gardenia in "Bang the Drum Slowly", Jack Gilford in "Save the Tiger", Jason Miller in "The Exorcist", Randy Quaid in "The Last Detail" Supporting Actress: TATUM O'NEAL in "Paper Moon", Linda Blair in "The Exorcist", Candy Clark in "American Graffiti", Madeline Kahn in "Paper Moon", Sylvia Sidney in "Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams" Director: GEORGE ROY HILL for "The Sting", Ingmar Bergman for "Cries and Whispers", Bernardo Bertolucci for "Last Tango in Paris", William Friedkin for "The Exorcist", George Lucas for "American Graffiti"

1974 Picture: "THE GODFATHER, PART II", "Chinatown", "The Conversation", "Lenny", "The Towering Inferno" Actor: ART CARNEY in "Harry and Tonto", Albert Finney in "Murder on the Orient Express", Dustin Hoffman in "Lenny", Jack Nicholson in "Chinatown", Al Pacino in "The Godfather, Part II" Actress: ELLEN BURSTYN in "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore", Diahann Carroll in "Claudine", Faye Dunaway in "Chinatown", Valerie Perrine in "Lenny", Gena Rowlands in "A Woman Under the Influence" Supporting Actor: ROBERT DE NIRO in "The Godfather, Part II", Fred Astaire in "The Towering Inferno", Jeff Bridges in "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot", Michael V. Gazzo in "The Godfather, Part II", Lee Strasberg in "The Godfather, Part II" Supporting Actress: INGRID BERGMAN in "Murder on the Orient Express", Valentina Cortese in "Day for Night", Madeline Kahn in "Blazing Saddles", Diane Ladd in "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore", Talia

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Shire in "The Godfather, Part II" Director: FRANCIS FORD COPPOLA for "The Godfather, Part II", John Cassavetes for "A Woman Under the Influence", Bob Fosse for "Lenny", Roman Polanski for "Chinatown", Francois Truffaut for "Day for Night"

1975 Picture: "ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST", "Barry Lyndon", "Dog Day Afternoon", "Jaws", "Nashville" Actor: JACK NICHOLSON in "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", Walter Matthau in "The Sunshine Boys", Al Pacino in "Dog Day Afternoon", Maximilian Schell in "The Man in the Glass Booth", James Whitmore in "Give 'Em Hell, Harry!" Actress: LOUISE FLETCHER in "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", Isabelle Adjani in "The Story of Adele H.", Ann-Margret in "Tommy", Glenda Jackson in "Hedda", Carol Kane in "Hester Street" Supporting Actor: GEORGE BURNS in "The Sunshine Boys", Brad Dourif in "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", Burgess Meredith in "The Day of the Locust", Chris Sarandon in "Dog Day Afternoon", Jack Warden in "Shampoo" Supporting Actress: LEE GRANT in "Shampoo", Ronee Blakley in "Nashville", Sylvia Miles in "Farewell, My Lovely", Lily Tomlin in "Nashville", Brenda Vaccaro in "Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough" Director: MILOS FORMAN for "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", Robert Altman for "Nashville", Federico Fellini for "Amarcord", Stanley Kubrick for "Barry Lyndon", Sidney Lumet for "Dog Day Afternoon"

1976 Picture: "ROCKY", "All the President's Men", "Bound for Glory", "Network", "Taxi Driver" Actor: PETER FINCH in "Network", Robert De Niro in "Taxi Driver", Giancarlo Giannini in "Seven Beauties", William Holden in "Network", Sylvester Stallone in "Rocky" Actress: FAYE DUNAWAY in "Network", Marie-Christine Barrault in "Cousin, Cousine", Talia Shire in "Rocky", Sissy Spacek in "Carrie", Liv Ullmann in "Face to Face" Supporting Actor: JASON ROBARDS in "All the President's Men", Ned Beatty in "Network", Burgess Meredith in "Rocky", Laurence Olivier in "Marathon Man", Burt Young in "Rocky" Supporting Actress: BEATRICE STRAIGHT in "Network", Jane Alexander in "All the President's Men", Jodie Foster in "Taxi Driver", Lee Grant in "Voyage of the Damned", Piper Laurie in "Carrie" Director:

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JOHN G. AVILDSEN for "Rocky", Ingmar Bergman for "Face to Face", Sidney Lumet for "Network", Alan J. Pakula for "All the President's Men", Lina Wertmuller for "Seven Beauties"

1977 Picture: "ANNIE HALL", "The Goodbye Girl", "Julia", "Star Wars", "The Turning Point" Actor: RICHARD DREYFUSS in "The Goodbye Girl", Woody Allen in "Annie Hall", Richard Burton in "Equus", Marcello Mastroianni in "A Special Day", John Travolta in "Saturday Night Fever" Actress: DIANE KEATON in "Annie Hall", Anne Bancroft in "The Turning Point", Jane Fonda in "Julia", Shirley MacLaine in "The Turning Point", Marsha Mason in "The Goodbye Girl" Supporting Actor: JASON ROBARDS in "Julia", Mikhail Baryshnikov in "The Turning Point", Peter Firth in "Equus", Alec Guinness in "Star Wars", Maximilian Schell in "Julia" Supporting Actress: VANESSA REDGRAVE in "Julia", Leslie Browne in "The Turning Point", Quinn Cummings in "The Goodbye Girl", Melinda Dillon in "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", Tuesday Weld in "Looking for Mr. Goodbar" Director: WOODY ALLEN for "Annie Hall", George Lucas for "Star Wars", Herbert Ross for "The Turning Point", Steven Spielberg for "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", Fred Zinnemann for "Julia"

1978 Picture: "THE DEER HUNTER", "Coming Home", "Heaven Can Wait", "Midnight Express", "An Unmarried Woman" Actor: JON VOIGHT in "Coming Home", Warren Beatty in "Heaven Can Wait", Gary Busey in "The Buddy Holly Story", Robert De Niro in "The Deer Hunter", Laurence Olivier in "The Boys From Brazil" Actress: JANE FONDA in "Coming Home", Ingrid Bergman in "Autumn Sonata", Ellen Burstyn in "Same Time, Next Year", Jill Clayburgh in "An Unmarried Woman", Geraldine Page in "Interiors" Supporting Actor: CHRISTOPHER WALKEN in "The Deer Hunter", Bruce Dern in "Coming Home", Richard Farnsworth in "Comes a Horseman", John Hurt in "Midnight Express", Jack Warden in "Heaven Can Wait" Supporting Actress: MAGGIE SMITH in "California Suite", Dyan Cannon in "Heaven Can Wait", Penelope Milford in "Coming Home", Maureen Stapleton in "Interiors", Meryl Streep in "The Deer Hunter" Director: MICHAEL CIMINO for "The Deer Hunter", Woody Allen for "Interiors", Hal Ashby for "Coming Home", Warren Beatty and Buck Henry for "Heaven Can Wait", Alan Parker for "Midnight Express"

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1979 Picture: "KRAMER vs. KRAMER", "All That Jazz", "Apocalypse Now", "Breaking Away", "Norma Rae" Actor: DUSTIN HOFFMAN in "Kramer vs. Kramer", Jack Lemmon in "The China Syndrome", Al Pacino in "...And Justice For All", Roy Scheider in "All That Jazz", Peter Sellers in "Being There" Actress: SALLY FIELD in "Norma Rae", Jill Clayburgh in "Starting Over", Jane Fonda in "The China Syndrome", Marsha Mason in "Chapter Two", Bette Midler in "The Rose" Supporting Actor: MELVYN DOUGLAS in "Being There", Robert Duvall in "Apocalypse Now", Frederic Forrest in "The Rose", Justin Henry in "Kramer vs. Kramer", Mickey Rooney in "The Black Stallion" Supporting Actress: MERYL STREEP in "Kramer vs. Kramer", Jane Alexander in "Kramer vs. Kramer", Barbarie Barrie in "Breaking Away", Candice Bergen in "Starting Over", Mariel Hemingway in "Manhattan" Director: ROBERT BENTON for "Kramer vs. Kramer", Francis Ford Coppola for "Apocalypse Now", Bob Fosse for "All That Jazz", Edouard Molinaro for "La Cage Aux Folles", Peter Yates for "Breaking Away"

ACADEMY AWARDS® WINNERS and HISTORY (1980 - 1989) 1980 Picture: "ORDINARY PEOPLE", "Coal Miner's Daughter", "The Elephant Man",

"Raging Bull", "Tess"

Actor: ROBERT DE NIRO in "Raging Bull", Robert Duvall in "The Great Santini", John Hurt in "The Elephant Man", Jack Lemmon in "Tribute", Peter O'Toole in "The Stunt Man" Actress: SISSY SPACEK in "Coal Miner's Daughter", Ellen Burstyn in "Resurrection", Goldie Hawn in "Private Benjamin", Mary Tyler Moore in "Ordinary People", Gena Rowlands in "Gloria" Supporting Actor: TIMOTHY HUTTON in "Ordinary People", Judd Hirsch in "Ordinary People", Michael O'Keefe in "The Great Santini", Joe Pesci in "Raging Bull", Jason Robards in "Melvin and Howard" Supporting Actress: MARY STEENBURGEN in "Melvin & Howard", Eileen Brennan in "Private Benjamin", Eva Le Gallienne in "Resurrection", Cathy Moriarty in "Raging Bull", Diana Scarwid in "Inside Moves" Director:

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ROBERT REDFORD for "Ordinary People", David Lynch for "The Elephant Man", Roman Polanski for "Tess", Richard Rush for "The Stunt Man", Martin Scorsese for "Raging Bull"

1981 Picture: "CHARIOTS OF FIRE", "Atlantic City", "On Golden Pond", "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Reds" Actor: HENRY FONDA in "On Golden Pond", Warren Beatty in "Reds", Burt Lancaster in "Atlantic City", Dudley Moore in "Arthur", Paul Newman in "Absence of Malice" Actress: KATHARINE HEPBURN in "On Golden Pond", Diane Keaton in "Reds", Marsha Mason in "Only When I Laugh", Susan Sarandon in "Atlantic City", Meryl Streep in "The French Lieutenant's Woman" Supporting Actor: JOHN GIELGUD in "Arthur", James Coco in "Only When I Laugh", Ian Holm in "Chariots of Fire", Jack Nicholson in "Reds", Howard E. Rollins, Jr. in "Ragtime" Supporting Actress: MAUREEN STAPLETON in "Reds", Melinda Dillon in "Absence of Malice", Jane Fonda in "On Golden Pond", Joan Hackett in "Only When I Laugh", Elizabeth McGovern in "Ragtime" Director: WARREN BEATTY for "Reds", Hugh Hudson for "Chariots of Fire", Louis Malle for "Atlantic City", Mark Rydell for "On Golden Pond", Steven Spielberg for "Raiders of the Lost Ark"

1982 Picture: "GANDHI", "E.T. - The Extra-Terrestrial", "Missing", "Tootsie", "The Verdict" Actor: BEN KINGSLEY in "Gandhi", Dustin Hoffman in "Tootsie", Jack Lemmon in "Missing", Paul Newman in "The Verdict", Peter O'Toole in "My Favorite Year" Actress: MERYL STREEP in "Sophie's Choice", Julie Andrews in Victor/Victoria", Jessica Lange in "Frances", Sissy Spacek in "Missing", Debra Winger in "An Officer and a Gentleman" Supporting Actor: LOUIS GOSSETT, JR. in "An Officer and a Gentleman", Charles Durning in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", John Lithgow in "The World According to Garp", James Mason in "The Verdict", Robert Preston in "Victor/Victoria" Supporting Actress: JESSICA LANGE in "Tootsie", Glenn Close in "The World According to Garp", Teri Garr in "Tootsie", Kim Stanley in "Frances", Lesley Ann Warren in "Victor/Victoria" Director: RICHARD ATTENBOROUGH for "Gandhi", Sidney Lumet for "The Verdict", Wolfgang Petersen for "Das Boot", Sydney Pollack for "Tootsie", Steven Spielberg for "E.T. - The Extra-Terrestrial"

1983 Picture: "TERMS OF ENDEARMENT", "The Big Chill", "The Dresser", "The Right Stuff", "Tender

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Mercies" Actor: ROBERT DUVALL in "Tender Mercies", Michael Caine in "Educating Rita", Tom Conti in "Reuben, Reuben", Tom Courtenay in "The Dresser", Albert Finney in "The Dresser" Actress: SHIRLEY MACLAINE in "Terms of Endearment", Jane Alexander in "Testament", Meryl Streep in "Silkwood", Julie Walters in "Educating Rita", Debra Winger in "Terms of Endearment" Supporting Actor: JACK NICHOLSON in "Terms of Endearment", Charles Durning in "To Be or Not to Be", John Lithgow in "Terms of Endearment", Sam Shepard in "The Right Stuff", Rip Torn in "Cross Creek" Supporting Actress: LINDA HUNT in "The Year of Living Dangerously", Cher in "Silkwood", Glenn Close in "The Big Chill", Amy Irving in "Yentl", Alfre Woodard in "Cross Creek" Director: JAMES L. BROOKS for "Terms of Endearment", Bruce Beresford for "Tender Mercies", Ingmar Bergman for "Fanny and Alexander", Mike Nichols for "Silkwood", Peter Yates for "The Dresser"

1984 Picture: "AMADEUS", "The Killing Fields", "A Passage to India", "Places in the Heart", "A Soldier's Story" Actor: F. MURRAY ABRAHAM in "Amadeus", Jeff Bridges in "Starman", Albert Finney in "Under the Volcano", Tom Hulce in "Amadeus", Sam Waterston in "The Killing Fields" Actress: SALLY FIELD in "Places in the Heart", Judy Davis in "A Passage to India", Jessica Lange in "Country", Vanessa Redgrave in "The Bostonians", Sissy Spacek in "The River" Supporting Actor: HAING S. NGOR in "The Killing Fields", Adolph Caesar in "A Soldier's Story", John Malkovich in "Places in the Heart", Noriyuki "Pat" Morita in "The Karate Kid", Ralph Richardson in "Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes" Supporting Actress: PEGGY ASHCROFT in "A Passage to India", Glenn Close in "The Natural", Lindsay Crouse in "Places in the Heart", Christine Lahti in "Swing Shift", Geraldine Page in "The Pope of Greenwich Village" Director: MILOS FORMAN for "Amadeus", Woody Allen for "Broadway Danny Rose", Robert Benton for "Places in the Heart", Roland Joffe for "The Killing Fields", David Lean for "A Passage to India"

1985 Picture: "OUT OF AFRICA", "The Color Purple", "Kiss of the Spider Woman", "Prizzi's Honor", "Witness" Actor: WILLIAM HURT in "Kiss of the Spider Woman", Harrison Ford in "Witness", James Garner in "Murphy's Romance", Jack Nicholson in "Prizzi's Honor", Jon Voight in "Runaway Train" Actress: GERALDINE PAGE in "The Trip to Bountiful", Anne Bancroft in "Agnes of God", Whoopi Goldberg in "The Color Purple", Jessica Lange in "Sweet Dreams", Meryl Streep in "Out of Africa"

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Supporting Actor: DON AMECHE in "Cocoon", Klaus Maria Brandauer in "Out of Africa", William Hickey in "Prizzi's Honor", Robert Loggia in "Jagged Edge", Eric Roberts in "Runaway Train" Supporting Actress: ANJELICA HUSTON in "Prizzi's Honor", Margaret Avery in "The Color Purple", Amy Madigan in "Twice in a Lifetime", Meg Tilly in "Agnes of God", Oprah Winfrey in "The Color Purple" Director: SYDNEY POLLACK for "Out of Africa", Hecter Babenco for "Kiss of the Spider Woman", John Huston for "Prizzi's Honor", Akira Kurosawa for "Ran", Peter Weir for "Witness"

1986 Picture: "PLATOON", "Children of a Lesser God", "Hannah and Her Sisters", "The Mission", "A Room with a View" Actor: PAUL NEWMAN in "The Color of Money", Dexter Gordon in "'Round Midnight", Bob Hoskins in "Mona Lisa", William Hurt in "Children of a Lesser God", James Woods in "Salvador" Actress: MARLEE MATLIN in "Children of a Lesser God", Jane Fonda in "The Morning After", Sissy Spacek in "Crimes of the Heart", Kathleen Turner in "Peggy Sue Got Married", Sigourney Weaver in "Aliens" Supporting Actor: MICHAEL CAINE in "Hannah and Her Sisters", Tom Berenger in "Platoon", Willem Dafoe in "Platoon", Denholm Elliott in "A Room with a View", Dennis Hopper in "Hoosiers" Supporting Actress: DIANNE WIEST in "Hannah and Her Sisters", Tess Harper in "Crimes of the Heart", Piper Laurie in "Children of a Lesser God", Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio in "The Color of Money", Maggie Smith in "A Room with a View" Director: OLIVER STONE for "Platoon", Woody Allen for "Hannah and Her Sisters", James Ivory for "A Room with a View", Roland Joffe for "The Mission", David Lynch for "Blue Velvet"

1987 Picture: "THE LAST EMPEROR", "Broadcast News", "Fatal Attraction", "Hope and Glory", "Moonstruck" Actor: MICHAEL DOUGLAS in "Wall Street", William Hurt in "Broadcast News", Marcello Mastroianni in "Dark Eyes", Jack Nicholson in "Ironweed", Robin Williams in "Good Morning, Vietnam" Actress: CHER in "Moonstruck", Glenn Close in "Fatal Attraction", Holly Hunter in "Broadcast News", Sally Kirkland in "Anna", Meryl Streep in "Ironweed" Supporting Actor: SEAN CONNERY in "The Untouchables", Albert Brooks in "Broadcast News", Morgan Freeman in "Street Smart", Vincent Gardenia in "Moonstruck", Denzel Washington in "Cry Freedom" Supporting Actress: OLYMPIA DUKAKIS in "Moonstruck", Norma Aleandro in "Gaby - a True Story", Anne Archer in "Fatal Attraction", Anne Ramsey in "Throw Momma From the Train", Ann Sothern in "The Whales

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of August" Director: BERNARDO BERTOLUCCI for "The Last Emperor", John Boorman for "Hope and Glory", Lasse Hallstrom for "My Life as a Dog", Norman Jewison for "Moonstruck", Adrian Lyne for "Fatal Attraction"

1988 Picture: "RAIN MAN", "The Accidental Tourist", "Dangerous Liaisons", "Mississippi Burning", "Working Girl" Actor: DUSTIN HOFFMAN in "Rain Man", Gene Hackman in "Mississippi Burning", Tom Hanks in "Big", Edward James Olmos in "Stand and Deliver", Max von Sydow in "Pelle the Conqueror" Actress: JODIE FOSTER in "The Accused", Glenn Close in "Dangerous Liaisons", Melanie Griffith in "Working Girl", Meryl Streep in "A Cry in the Dark", Sigourney Weaver in "Gorillas in the Mist" Supporting Actor: KEVIN KLINE in "A Fish Called Wanda", Alec Guinness in "Little Dorritt", Martin Landau in "Tucker: the Man and His Dream", River Phoenix in "Running on Empty", Dean Stockwell in "Married to the Mob" Supporting Actress: GEENA DAVIS in "The Accidental Tourist", Joan Cusack in "Working Girl", Frances McDormand in "Mississippi Burning", Michelle Pfeiffer in "Dangerous Liaisons", Sigourney Weaver in "Working Girl" Director: BARRY LEVINSON for "Rain Man", Charles Crichton for "A Fish Called Wanda", Mike Nichols for "Working Girl", Alan Parker for "Mississippi Burning", Martin Scorsese for "The Last Temptation of Christ"

1989 Picture: "DRIVING MISS DAISY", "Born on the Fourth of July", "Dead Poets Society", "Field of Dreams", "MyLeftFoot" Actor: DANIEL DAY-LEWIS in "My Left Foot", Kenneth Branagh in "Henry V", Tom Cruise in "Born on the Fourth of July", Morgan Freeman in "Driving Miss Daisy", Robin Williams in "Dead Poets Society" Actress: JESSICA TANDY in "Driving Miss Daisy", Isabelle Adjani in "Camille Claudel", Pauline Collins in "Shirley Valentine", Jessica Lange in "Music Box", Michelle Pfeiffer in "The Fabulous Baker Boys" Supporting Actor: DENZEL WASHINGTON in "Glory", Danny Aiello in "Do the Right Thing", Dan Aykroyd in "Driving Miss Daisy", Marlon Brando in "A Dry White Season", Martin Landau in "Crimes and Misdemeanors" Supporting Actress:

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BRENDA FRICKER in "My Left Foot", Anjelica Huston in "Enemies, a Love Story", Lena Olin in "Enemies, a Love Story", Julia Roberts in "Steel Magnolias", Dianne Wiest in "Parenthood" Director: OLIVER STONE for "Born on the Fourth of July", Woody Allen for "Crimes and Misdemeanors", Kenneth Branagh for "Henry V", Jim Sheridan for "My Left Foot", Peter Weir for "Dead Poets Society"

ACADEMY AWARDS® WINNERS and HISTORY (1990 - 1999)

1990 Picture: "DANCES WITH WOLVES", "Awakenings", "Ghost", "The Godfather, Part III", "GoodFellas" Actor: JEREMY IRONS in "Reversal of Fortune", Kevin Costner in "Dances With Wolves", Robert De Niro in "Awakenings", Gerard Depardieu in "Cyrano de Bergerac", Richard Harris in "The Field" Actress: KATHY BATES in "Misery", Anjelica Huston in "The Grifters", Julia Roberts in "Pretty Woman", Meryl Streep in "Postcards from the Edge", Joanne Woodward in "Mr. and Mrs. Bridge" Supporting Actor: JOE PESCI in "GoodFellas", Bruce Davison in "Longtime Companion", Andy Garcia in "The Godfather, Part III", Graham Greene in "Dances With Wolves", Al Pacino in "Dick Tracy" Supporting Actress: WHOOPI GOLDBERG in "Ghost", Annette Bening in "The Grifters", Lorraine Bracco in "GoodFellas", Diane Ladd in "Wild at Heart", Mary McDonnell in "Dances With Wolves" Director: KEVIN COSTNER for "Dances With Wolves", Francis Ford Coppola for "The Godfather, Part III", Stephen Frears for "The Grifters", Barbet Schroeder for "Reversal of Fortune", Martin Scorsese for "GoodFellas"

1991 Picture: "THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS", "Beauty and the Beast", "Bugsy", "JFK", "The Prince of Tides"

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Actor: ANTHONY HOPKINS in "The Silence of the Lambs", Warren Beatty in "Bugsy", Robert De Niro in "Cape Fear", Nick Nolte in "The Prince of Tides", Robin Williams in "The Fisher King" Actress: JODIE FOSTER in "The Silence of the Lambs", Geena Davis in "Thelma & Louise", Laura Dern in "Rambling Rose", Bette Midler in "For the Boys", Susan Sarandon in "Thelma & Louise" Supporting Actor: JACK PALANCE in "City Slickers", Tommy Lee Jones in "JFK", Harvey Keitel in "Bugsy", Ben Kingsley in "Bugsy", Michael Lerner in "Barton Fink" Supporting Actress: MERCEDES RUEHL in "The Fisher King", Diane Ladd in "Rambling Rose", Juliette Lewis in "Cape Fear", Kate Nelligan in "The Prince of Tides", Jessica Tandy in "Fried Green Tomatoes" Director: JONATHAN DEMME for "The Silence of the Lambs", Barry Levinson for "Bugsy", Ridley Scott for "Thelma & Louise", John Singleton for "Boyz N the Hood", Oliver Stone for "JFK"

1992 Picture: "UNFORGIVEN", "The Crying Game", "A Few Good Men", "Howards End", "Scent of a Woman" Actor: AL PACINO in "Scent of a Woman", Robert Downey, Jr. in "Chaplin", Clint Eastwood in "Unforgiven", Stephen Rea in "The Crying Game", Denzel Washington in "Malcolm X" Actress: EMMA THOMPSON in "Howards End", Catherine Deneuve in "Indochine", Mary McDonnell in "Passion Fish", Michelle Pfeiffer in "Love Field", Susan Sarandon in "Lorenzo's Oil" Supporting Actor: GENE HACKMAN in "Unforgiven", Jaye Davidson in "The Crying Game", Jack Nicholson in "A Few Good Men", Al Pacino in "Glengarry Glen Ross", David Paymer in "Mr. Saturday Night" Supporting Actress: MARISA TOMEI in "My Cousin Vinny", Judy Davis in "Husbands and Wives", Joan Plowright in "Enchanted April", Vanessa Redgrave in "Howards End", Miranda Richardson in "Damage" Director: CLINT EASTWOOD for "Unforgiven", Robert Altman for "The Player", Martin Brest for "Scent of a Woman", James Ivory for "Howards End", Neil Jordan for "The Crying Game"

1993 Picture: "SCHINDLER'S LIST", "The Fugitive", "In the Name of the Father", "The Piano", "The Remains of the Day" Actor: TOM HANKS in "Philadelphia", Daniel Day-Lewis in "In the Name of the Father", Laurence Fishburne in "What's Love Got to Do With It", Anthony Hopkins in "The Remains of the Day", Liam Neeson in "Schindler's List" Actress: HOLLY HUNTER in "The Piano", Angela Bassett in "What's Love Got to Do With It", Stockard Channing in "Six Degrees of Separation", Emma Thompson in "The Remains of the Day", Debra Winger in "Shadowlands"

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Supporting Actor: TOMMY LEE JONES in "The Fugitive", Leonardo DiCaprio in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", Ralph Fiennes in "Schindler's List", John Malkovich in "In the Line of Fire", Pete Postlethwaite in "In the Name of the Father" Supporting Actress: ANNA PAQUIN in "The Piano", Holly Hunter in "The Firm", Rosie Perez in "Fearless", Winona Ryder in "The Age of Innocence", Emma Thompson in "In the Name of the Father" Director: STEVEN SPIELBERG for "Schindler's List", Robert Altman for "Short Cuts", Jane Campion for "The Piano", James Ivory for "The Remains of the Day", Jim Sheridan for "In the Name of the Father"

1994 Picture: "FORREST GUMP", "Four Weddings and a Funeral", "Pulp Fiction", "Quiz Show", "The Shawshank Redemption" Actor: TOM HANKS in "Forrest Gump", Morgan Freeman in "The Shawshank Redemption", Nigel Hawthorne in "The Madness of King George", Paul Newman in "Nobody's Fool", John Travolta in "Pulp Fiction" Actress: JESSICA LANGE in "Blue Sky", Jodie Foster in "Nell", Miranda Richardson in "Tom and Viv", Winona Ryder in "Little Women", Susan Sarandon in "The Client" Supporting Actor: MARTIN LANDAU in "Ed Wood", Samuel L. Jackson in "Pulp Fiction", Chazz Palminteri in "Bullets Over Broadway", Paul Scofield in "Quiz Show", Gary Sinise in "Forrest Gump" Supporting Actress: DIANNE WIEST in "Bullets Over Broadway", Rosemary Harris in "Tom and Viv", Helen Mirren in "The Madness of King George", Uma Thurman in "Pulp Fiction", Jennifer Tilly in "Bullets Over Broadway" Director: ROBERT ZEMECKIS for "Forrest Gump", Woody Allen for "Bullets Over Broadway", Krzysztof Kieslowski for "Red", Robert Redford for "Quiz Show", Quentin Tarantino for "Pulp Fiction"

1995 Picture: "BRAVEHEART", "Apollo 13", "Babe", "Il Postino", "Sense and Sensibility" Actor: NICOLAS CAGE in "Leaving Las Vegas", Richard Dreyfuss in "Mr. Holland's Opus", Anthony Hopkins in "Nixon", Sean Penn in "Dead Man Walking", Massimo Troisi in "Il Postino" Actress: SUSAN SARANDON in "Dead Man Walking", Elisabeth Shue in "Leaving Las Vegas", Sharon Stone in "Casino", Meryl Streep in "The Bridges of Madison County", Emma Thompson in "Sense and Sensibility" Supporting Actor: KEVIN SPACEY in "The Usual Suspects", James Cromwell in "Babe", Ed Harris in "Apollo 13", Brad Pitt in "12 Monkeys", Tim Roth in "Rob Roy"

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Supporting Actress: MIRA SORVINO in "Mighty Aphrodite", Joan Allen in "Nixon", Kathleen Quinlan in "Apollo 13", Mare Winningham in "Georgia", Kate Winslet in "Sense and Sensibility" Director: MEL GIBSON for "Braveheart", Mike Figgis for "Leaving Las Vegas", Chris Noonan for "Babe", Michael Radford for "Il Postino", Tim Robbins for "Dead Man Walking"

1996 Picture: "THE ENGLISH PATIENT", "Fargo", "Jerry Maguire", "Secrets and Lies", "Shine" Actor: GEOFFREY RUSH in "Shine", Tom Cruise in "Jerry Maguire", Ralph Fiennes in "The English Patient", Woody Harrelson in "The People vs. Larry Flynt", Billy Bob Thornton in "Sling Blade" Actress: FRANCES MCDORMAND in "Fargo", Brenda Blethyn in "Secrets and Lies", Diane Keaton in "Marvin's Room", Kristin Scott Thomas in "The English Patient", Emily Watson in "Breaking the Waves" Supporting Actor: CUBA GOODING, JR. in "Jerry Maguire", William H. Macy in "Fargo", Armin Mueller-Stahl in "Shine", Edward Norton in "Primal Fear", James Woods in "Ghosts of Mississippi" Supporting Actress: JULIETTE BINOCHE in "The English Patient", Joan Allen in "The Crucible", Lauren Bacall in "The Mirror Has Two Faces", Barbara Hershey in "Portrait of a Lady", Marianne Jean-Baptiste in "Secrets and Lies" Director: ANTHONY MINGHELLA for "The English Patient", Joel Coen for "Fargo", Milos Forman for "The People vs. Larry Flynt", Scott Hicks for "Shine", Mike Leigh for "Secrets and Lies"

1997 Picture: "TITANIC", "L.A. Confidential", "As Good As It Gets", "Good Will Hunting", "The Full Monty" Actor: JACK NICHOLSON in "As Good As It Gets", Matt Damon in "Good Will Hunting", Dustin Hoffman in "Wag the Dog", Robert Duvall in "The Apostle", Peter Fonda in "Ulee's Gold" Actress: HELEN HUNT in "As Good As It Gets", Judi Dench in "(Her Majesty) Mrs. Brown", Helena Bonham Carter in "The Wings of the Dove", Kate Winslet in "Titanic", Julie Christie in "Afterglow" Supporting Actor: ROBIN WILLIAMS in "Good Will Hunting", Robert Forster in "Jackie Brown", Anthony Hopkins in "Amistad", Greg Kinnear in "As Good As It Gets", Burt Reynolds in "Boogie Nights" Supporting Actress: KIM BASINGER in "L.A. Confidential", Joan Cusack in "In and Out", Minnie Driver in "Good Will Hunting", Julianne Moore in "Boogie Nights", Gloria Stuart in "Titanic" Director: JAMES CAMERON for "Titanic", Peter Cattaneo for "The Full Monty", Atom Egoyan for "The Sweet Hereafter", Curtis Hanson for "L.A. Confidential", Gus Van Sant for "Good Will Hunting"

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1998 Picture: SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE, "Elizabeth", "Life is Beautiful" (Best Foreign Language Film winner), "Saving Private Ryan", "The Thin Red Line" Actor: ROBERTO BENIGNI in "Life is Beautiful", Tom Hanks in "Saving Private Ryan", Ian McKellen in "Gods and Monsters", Nick Nolte in "Affliction", Edward Norton in "American History X" Actress: GWYNETH PALTROW in "Shakespeare in Love", Cate Blanchett in "Elizabeth", Fernanda Montenegro in "Central Station", Meryl Streep in "One True Thing", Emily Watson in "Hilary and Jackie" Supporting Actor: JAMES COBURN in "Affliction", Robert Duvall in "A Civil Action", Ed Harris in "The Truman Show", Geoffrey Rush in "Shakespeare in Love", Billy Bob Thornton in "A Simple Plan" Supporting Actress: JUDI DENCH in "Shakespeare in Love", Kathy Bates in "Primary Colors", Brenda Blethyn in "Little Voice", Rachel Griffiths in "Hilary and Jackie", Lynn Redgrave in "Gods and Monsters" Director: STEVEN SPIELBERG for "Saving Private Ryan", Roberto Benigni for "Life is Beautiful", John Madden for "Shakespeare in Love", Terrence Malick for "The Thin Red Line", Peter Weir for "The Truman Show"

1999 Picture: "AMERICAN BEAUTY", "The Cider House Rules", "The Green Mile", "The Insider", "The Sixth Sense" Actor: KEVIN SPACEY in "American Beauty," Russell Crowe in "The Insider," Richard Farnsworth in "The Straight Story," Sean Penn in "Sweet and Lowdown," Denzel Washington in "The Hurricane" Actress: HILARY SWANK in "Boys Don't Cry", Annette Bening in "American Beauty", Janet McTeer in "Tumbleweeds", Julianne Moore in "The End of the Affair", Meryl Streep in "Music of the Heart" Supporting Actor: MICHAEL CAINE in "The Cider House Rules", Tom Cruise in "Magnolia", Michael Clarke Duncan in "The Green Mile", Jude Law in "The Talented Mr. Ripley", Haley Joel Osment in "The Sixth Sense" Supporting Actress: ANGELINA JOLIE in "Girl, Interrupted", Toni Collette in "The Sixth Sense", Catherine Keener in "Being John Malkovich", Samantha Morton in "Sweet and Lowdown", Chloe Sevigny in "Boys Don't Cry" Director: SAM MENDES for "American Beauty", Spike Jonze for "Being John Malkovich", Lasse Hallstrom for "The Cider House Rules", Michael Mann for "The Insider", M. Night Shyamalan for "The Sixth Sense"

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ACADEMY AWARDS® WINNERS and HISTORY (2000 - present) 2000 Picture: "GLADIATOR," "Chocolat," "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon," "Erin Brockovich," "Traffic" Actor: RUSSELL CROWE in "Gladiator," Javier Bardem in "Before Night Falls," Tom Hanks in "Cast Away," Ed Harris in "Pollock," Geoffrey Rush in "Quills" Actress: JULIA ROBERTS in "Erin Brockovich," Joan Allen in "The Contender," Juliette Binoche in "Chocolat," Ellen Burstyn in "Requiem for a Dream," Laura Linney in "You Can Count On Me" Supporting Actor: BENICIO DEL TORO in "Traffic," Jeff Bridges in "The Contender," Willem Dafoe in "Shadow of the Vampire," Albert Finney in "Erin Brockovich," Joaquin Phoenix in "Gladiator" Supporting Actress: MARCIA GAY HARDEN in "Pollock," Judi Dench in "Chocolat," " Kate Hudson in "Almost Famous," Frances McDormand in "Almost Famous," Julie Walters in "Billy Elliot" Director: STEVEN SODERBERGH for "Traffic," Stephen Daldry for "Billy Elliot," Ang Lee for "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon," Steven Soderbergh for "Erin Brockovich," Ridley Scott for "Gladiator"

2001 Picture: "A BEAUTIFUL MIND," "Gosford Park," "In the Bedroom," "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring," "Moulin Rouge"

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Animated Feature Film: "SHREK," "Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius", "Monsters, Inc." Actor: DENZEL WASHINGTON in "Training Day," Russell Crowe in "A Beautiful Mind," Sean Penn in "I Am Sam," Will Smith in "Ali," Tom Wilkinson in "In the Bedroom" Actress: HALLE BERRY in "Monster's Ball," Judi Dench in "Iris," Nicole Kidman in "Moulin Rouge," Sissy Spacek in "In the Bedroom," Renee Zellwegger in "Bridget Jones's Diary" Supporting Actor: JIM BROADBENT in "Iris," Ethan Hawke in "Training Day," Ben Kingsley in "Sexy Beast," Ian McKellen in "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring," Jon Voight in "Ali" Supporting Actress: JENNIFER CONNELLY in "A Beautiful Mind," Helen Mirren in "Gosford Park," Maggie Smith in "Gosford Park," Marisa Tomei in "In the Bedroom," Kate Winslet in "Iris" Director: RON HOWARD for "A Beautiful Mind," Ridley Scott for "Black Hawk Down," Robert Altman for "Gosford Park," Peter Jackson for "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring," David Lynch for "Mulholland Drive"

2002 Picture: "CHICAGO," "Gangs of New York," "The Hours," "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers," "The Pianist" Animated Feature Film: "SPIRITED AWAY," "Ice Age," "Lilo & Stitch," "Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron," "Treasure Planet" Actor: ADRIEN BRODY in "The Pianist," Nicolas Cage in "Adaptation," Michael Caine in "The Quiet American," Daniel Day-Lewis in "Gangs of New York," Jack Nicholson in "About Schmidt" Actress: NICOLE KIDMAN in "The Hours," Salma Hayek in "Frida," Diane Lane in "Unfaithful," Julianne Moore in "Far from Heaven," Renee Zellweger in "Chicago" Supporting Actor: CHRIS COOPER in "Adaptation," Ed Harris in "The Hours," Paul Newman in "Road to Perdition," John C. Reilly in "Chicago," Christopher Walken in "Catch Me If You Can" Supporting Actress: CATHERINE ZETA-JONES in "Chicago," "Kathy Bates in "About Schmidt," Julianne Moore in "The Hours," Queen Latifah for "Chicago," Meryl Streep in "Adaptation"

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Director: ROMAN POLANSKI for "The Pianist," Rob Marshall for "Chicago," Martin Scorsese for "Gangs of New York," Stephen Daldry for "The Hours," Pedro Almodovar for "Talk to Her"

2003 Picture: "THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RETURN OF THE KING," "Lost In Translation," "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World," "Mystic River," "Seabiscuit" Animated Feature Film: "FINDING NEMO," "Brother Bear," "The Triplets of Belleville" Actor: SEAN PENN in "Mystic River, "Johnny Depp in "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl," Ben Kingsley in "House of Sand and Fog," Jude Law in "Cold Mountain," Bill Murray in "Lost In Translation" Actress: CHARLIZE THERON in "Monster," Keisha Castle-Hughes in "Whale Rider," Diane Keaton in "Something's Gotta Give," Samantha Morton in "In America," Naomi Watts in "21 Grams" Supporting Actor: TIM ROBBINS in "Mystic River," Alec Baldwin in "The Cooler," Benicio Del Toro in "21 Grams," Djimon Hounsou in "In America," Ken Watanabe in "The Last Samurai" Supporting Actress: RENEE ZELLWEGER in "Cold Mountain," Shohreh Aghdashloo in "House of Sand and Fog," Patricia Clarkson in "Pieces of April," Marcia Gay Harden in "Mystic River," Holly Hunter in "Thirteen" Director: PETER JACKSON for "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King," Fernando Meirelles for "City of God," Sofia Coppola for "Lost In Translation," Peter Weir for "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World," Clint Eastwood for "Mystic River"

2004 Picture: "MILLION DOLLAR BABY," "The Aviator," "Finding Neverland," "Ray," "Sideways" Animated Feature Film: "THE INCREDIBLES," "Shark Tale," "Shrek 2" Actor: JAMIE FOXX in "Ray," Don Cheadle in "Hotel Rwanda," Johnny Depp in "Finding Neverland," Leonardo DiCaprio in "The Aviator," Clint Eastwood in "Million Dollar Baby"

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Actress: HILARY SWANK in "Million Dollar Baby," Annette Bening in "Being Julia," Catalina Sandino Moreno in "Maria Full of Grace," Imelda Staunton in "Vera Drake," Kate Winslet in "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" Supporting Actor: MORGAN FREEMAN in "Million Dollar Baby," Alan Alda in "The Aviator," Thomas Haden Church in "Sideways," Jamie Foxx in "Collateral," Clive Owen in "Closer" Supporting Actress: CATE BLANCHETT in "The Aviator," Laura Linney in "Kinsey," Virginia Madsen in "Sideways," Sophie Okonedo in "Hotel Rwanda," Natalie Portman in "Closer" Director: CLINT EASTWOOD for "Million Dollar Baby," Taylor Hackford for "Ray," Mike Leigh for "Vera Drake," Alexander Payne for "Sideways," Martin Scorsese for "The Aviator"

2005 Picture: "CRASH," "Brokeback Mountain," "Capote," "Good Night, and Good Luck," "Munich" Animated Feature Film: "WALLACE & GROMIT IN THE CURSE OF THE WERE-RABBIT," "Howl's Moving Castle," "Tim Burton's Corpse Bride" Actor: PHILIP SEYMOUR HOFFMAN in "Capote," Terrence Howard in "Hustle & Flow," Heath Ledger in "Brokeback Mountain," Joaquin Phoenix in "Walk the Line," David Strathairn in "Good Night, and Good Luck" Actress: REESE WITHERSPOON in "Walk the Line," Judi Dench in "Mrs. Henderson Presents," Felicity Huffman in "Transamerica," Keira Knightley in "Pride & Prejudice," Charlize Theron in "North Country" Supporting Actor: GEORGE CLOONEY in "Syriana," Matt Dillon in "Crash," Paul Giamatti in "Cinderella Man," Jake Gyllenhaal in "Brokeback Mountain," William Hurt in "A History of Violence" Supporting Actress: RACHEL WEISZ in "The Constant Gardener," Amy Adams in "Junebug," Catherine Keener in "Capote," Frances McDormand in "North Country," Michelle Williams in "Brokeback Mountain" Director: ANG LEE for "Brokeback Mountain," George Clooney for "Good Night, and Good Luck," Paul Haggis for "Crash," Bennett Miller for "Capote," Steven Spielberg for "Munich"

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2006 Picture: "THE DEPARTED," "Babel," "Letters From Iwo Jima," "Little Miss Sunshine," "The Queen" Animated Feature Film: "HAPPY FEET," "Cars," "Monster House" Actor: FOREST WHITAKER in "The Last King of Scotland," Leonardo DiCaprio in "Blood Diamond," Ryan Gosling in "Half Nelson," Peter O'Toole in "Venus," Will Smith in "The Pursuit of Happyness" Actress: HELEN MIRREN in "The Queen," Penelope Cruz in "Volver," Judi Dench in "Notes on a Scandal," Meryl Streep in "The Devil Wears Prada," Kate Winslet in "Little Children" Supporting Actor: ALAN ARKIN in "Little Miss Sunshine," Jackie Earle Haley in "Little Children," Djimon Honsou in "Blood Diamond," Eddie Murphy in "Dreamgirls," Mark Wahlberg in "The Departed" Supporting Actress: JENNIFER HUDSON in "Dreamgirls," Adriana Barraza in "Babel," Cate Blanchett in "Notes on a Scandal," Abigail Breslin in "Little Miss Sunshine," Rinko Kikuchi in "Babel" Director: MARTIN SCORSESE for "The Departed," Clint Eastwood for "Letters From Iwo Jima," Stephen Frears for "The Queen," Paul Greengrass for "United 93," Alejandro González Iñárritu for "Babel"

2007 Picture: "NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEN," "Atonement," "Juno," "Michael Clayton,""There Will Be Blood" Animated Feature Film: "RATATOUILLE," "Persepolis," "Surf's Up" Actor: DANIEL DAY-LEWIS in "There Will Be Blood," George Clooney in "Michael Clayton," Johnny Depp in "Sweeney Todd the Demon Barber of Fleet Street," Tommy Lee Jones in "In the Valley of Elah," Viggo Mortensen in "Eastern Promises" Actress: MARION COTILLARD in "La Vie en Rose," Cate Blanchett in "Elizabeth: The Golden Age," Julie Christie in "Away From Her," Laura Linney in "The Savages," Ellen Page in "Juno" Supporting Actor: JAVIER BARDEM in "No Country for Old Men," Casey Affleck in "The

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Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford," Hal Holbrook in "Into the Wild," Philip Seymour Hoffman in "Charlie Wilson's War," Tom Wilkinson in "Michael Clayton" Supporting Actress: TILDA SWINTON in "Michael Clayton," Cate Blanchett in "I'm Not There," Ruby Dee in "American Gangster," Saoirse Ronan in "Atonement," Amy Ryan in "Gone Baby Gone" Director: JOEL COEN AND ETHAN COEN for "No Country for Old Men," Julian Schnabel for "The Diving Bell and the Butterfly," Jason Reitman for "Juno," Tony Gilroy for "Michael Clayton," Paul Thomas Anderson for "There Will Be Blood"

2008 Picture: "SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE," The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," "Frost/Nixon," "Milk," "The Reader" Animated Feature Film: "WALL-E," "Bolt," "Kung Fu Panda" Actor: SEAN PENN in "Milk," Richard Jenkins in "The Visitor," Frank Langella in "Frost/Nixon," Brad Pitt in "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Mickey Rourke in "The Wrestler" Actress: KATE WINSLET in "The Reader," Anne Hathaway in "Rachel Getting Married," Angelina Jolie in "Changeling," Melissa Leo in "Frozen River," Meryl Streep in "Doubt" Supporting Actor: HEATH LEDGER in "The Dark Knight," Josh Brolin in "Milk," Robert Downey, Jr. in "Tropic Thunder," Philip Seymour Hoffman in "Doubt," Michael Shannon in "Revolutionary Road" Supporting Actress: PENELOPE CRUZ in "Vicky Cristina Barcelona," Amy Adams in "Doubt," Viola Davis in "Doubt," Taraji P. Henson in "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Marisa Tomei in "The Wrestler" Director: DANNY BOYLE for "Slumdog Millionaire," Stephen Daldry for "The Reader," David Fincher for "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Ron Howard for "Frost/Nixon," Gus Van Sant for "Milk”

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MostOscar®WinsByFilm (Films Receiving 6 or More Competitive Awards) Oscars® Movie Title

Year

Nominations

1997

14

1959

12

2003

11

1961

11

Films with 11 wins - 3 11 11 11

Titanic Ben-Hur The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

Films with 10 wins - 1 10

West Side Story

Films with 9 wins - 3 9

The English Patient

1996

12

9

Gigi

1958

9

9

The Last Emperor

1987

9

1939

13

Films with 8 wins - 8 8

Gone With The Wind

8

From Here to Eternity

1953

13

8

On The Waterfront

1954

12

8

My Fair Lady

1964

12

8

Gandhi

1982

11

8

Amadeus

1984

11

8

Cabaret *

1972

10

8

Slumdog Millionaire

2008

10

Films with 7 wins - 10 7

Shakespeare in Love

1998

13

7

Dances with Wolves

1990

12

7

Schindler's List

1993

12

1985

11

7

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Out of Africa

449

7 7

Going My Way Lawrence of Arabia

1944

10

1962

10

7

Patton

1970

10

7

The Sting

1973

10

7

The Best Years of Our Lives

1946

8

7

The Bridge on the River Kwai

1957

8

1950

14

Films with 6 wins - 9 6

All About Eve

6

Forrest Gump

1994

13

6

Chicago

2002

13

6

Mrs. Miniver

1942

12

6

The Godfather, Part II

1974

11

6

Star Wars *

1977

10

1951

9

1951

8

1966

8

6 6 6

A Place in the Sun * An American in Paris A Man for All Seasons

* did not win Best Picture

MostOscar®NominationsByFilm (Films Receiving 11 or More Nominations) Nominations Movie Title

Year

Oscars®

1997

11

1950

6

1939

8

Films with 14 nominations - 2 14 14

Titanic All About Eve

Films with 13 nominations - 9 13

Gone With The Wind

13

From Here to Eternity

1953

8

13

Shakespeare in Love

1998

7

13

Forrest Gump

1994

6

13

Chicago

2002

6

13

Mary Poppins *

1964

5

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450

13

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? *

1966

5

13

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship 2001 of the Ring *

4

13

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 2008 *

3

Films with 12 nominations - 13 12 12 12

Ben-Hur The English Patient On The Waterfront

1959

11

1996

9

1954

8

12

My Fair Lady

1964

8

12

Dances With Wolves

1990

7

12

Schindler's List

1993

7

12

Mrs. Miniver

1942

6

12

Gladiator

2000

5

1951

4

12

A Streetcar Named Desire *

12

The Song of Bernadette *

1943

4

12

Reds *

1981

3

12

Johnny Belinda *

1948

1

12

Becket *

1964

1

2003

11

1961

10

Films with 11 nominations - 22 11 11

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King West Side Story

11

Amadeus

1984

8

11

Gandhi

1982

8

11

Out of Africa

1985

7

1974

6

11

The Godfather, Part II

11

Oliver!

1968

5

11

Terms of Endearment

1983

5

11

Saving Private Ryan *

1998

5

11

The Aviator *

2004

5

11

Sunset Boulevard *

1950

3

11

The Godfather

1972

3

1977

3

11

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Julia *

451

11

Rebecca

1940

2

11

Sergeant York *

1941

2

11

Judgment at Nuremberg *

1961

2

11

A Passage to India *

1984

2

1939

1

1942

1

1974

1

11 11 11

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington * The Pride of the Yankees * Chinatown *

11

The Turning Point *

1977

0

11

The Color Purple *

1985

0

* did not win Best Picture

MostActingNominationsByFilm (FilmsReceiving4orMoreActingNominations) (Includes Both Leading and Supporting Nominations) Acting Movie Title Nominations

Year

Acting Oscars®

Films with 5 acting nominations - 9 5

Network *

1976

3

5

Mrs. Miniver

1942

2

5

From Here to Eternity

1953

2

5

On the Waterfront

1954

2

5

All About Eve

1950

1

5

Bonnie and Clyde *

1967

1

5

The Godfather, Part II

1974

1

5

Peyton Place *

1957

0

5

Tom Jones

1963

0

Films with 4 acting nominations - 26 4

A Streetcar Named Desire *

1951

3

4

Gone With the Wind

1939

2

4

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? *

1966

2

4

Kramer vs. Kramer

1979

2

4

The Last Picture Show *

1971

2

4

Julia *

1977

2

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452

4

Coming Home *

1978

2

4

Terms of Endearment

1983

2

4

The Song of Bernadette

1943

1

4

For Whom the Bell Tolls *

1943

1

4

Gentleman's Agreement

1947

1

4

Johnny Belinda *

1948

1

4

Judgment at Nuremberg *

1961

1

4

Guess Who's Coming to Dinner *

1967

1

1972

1

4

The Godfather

4

Reds

1981

1

4

Chicago

2002

1

4

My Man Godfrey **

1936

0

4

I Remember Mama **

1948

0

4

Sunset Boulevard *

1950

0

4

The Defiant Ones *

1958

0

4

The Hustler *

1961

0

4

Othello **

1965

0

4

Rocky

1976

0

4

The Turning Point *

1977

0

4

Doubt **

2008

0

* did not win Best Picture ** was not nominated for Best Picture

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453

Oscars® Best Picture Winning Movie Titles Year

Nominations

11

1997

14

1959

12

The Lord of the Rings: The Return 2003 of the King

11

11 11

Ben-Hur

10

West Side Story

1961

11

9

The English Patient

1996

12

9

Gigi

1958

9

9

The Last Emperor *

1987

9

1939

13

8

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Titanic

Gone With The Wind

8

From Here to Eternity

1953

13

8

On The Waterfront

1954

12

8

My Fair Lady

1964

12

8

Gandhi #

1982

11

8

Amadeus

1984

11

8

Slumdog Millionaire

2008

10

7

Shakespeare in Love

1998

13

7

Dances with Wolves

1990

12

7

Schindler's List

1993

12

7

Out of Africa

1985

11

7

The Sting

1973

10

7

Patton

1970

10

7

Going My Way

1944

10

7

Lawrence of Arabia

1962

10

7

The Best Years of Our Lives

1946

8

7

The Bridge on the River Kwai

1957

8

6

All About Eve

1950

14

6

Forrest Gump

1994

13

6

Chicago

2002

13

6

Mrs. Miniver

1942

12

6

The Godfather, Part II

1974

11

6

An American in Paris

1951

8

454

6

A Man For All Seasons

1966

8

5

Gladiator

2000

12

5

Oliver!

1968

11

5

Terms of Endearment

1983

11

5

The Sound of Music

1965

10

4

No Country for Old Men

2007

8

4

Million Dollar Baby

2004

7

3

The Godfather

1972

10

# the most successful British film to date * the only Best Picture winner to have been produced outside of the US or UK, and

ACADEMY AWARDS® MISTAKES and OMISSIONS Although the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences® has awarded many deserving honors to its nominees over the years (Academy Awards® Winners from 1927/8 to the present), many other Great Films have been entirely overlooked, receiving not even a single Academy Nomination. Other Great Films received Academy Awards® Nominations but failed to win a single award. The same can be said for various great acting performances that were snubbed or passed over.

Academy Awards®-Nominated Great Films That Didn't Win a Single Oscar® (Number of Nominations Received in Parentheses) About Schmidt (2002) (2) The Letter (1940) (7) Ace in the Hole/The Big Carnival (1951) (1) Libeled Lady (1936) (1) Adam's Rib (1950) (1) Life with Father (1947) (4) An Affair to Remember (1957) (4) Lifeboat (1944) (3) The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965) (5) Little Big Man (1970) (1) Alfie (1966) (5) Little Caesar (1930) (1)

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Algiers (1938) (4) Alice Adams (1935) (2) All This and Heaven Too (1940) (3) Amelie (2001) (5) American Graffiti (1973) (5) Anatomy of a Murder (1959) (7) Angels With Dirty Faces (1938) (3) Anna Christie (1930) (3) The Asphalt Jungle (1950) (4) Atlantic City (1981) (5) Auntie Mame (1958) (6) Baby Doll (1956) (4) Bad Day at Black Rock (1955) (3) Ball of Fire (1941) (4) The Band Wagon (1953) (3) Basic Instinct (1992) (2) Beau Geste (1939) (2) Being John Malkovich (1999) (3) The Big Chill (1983) (3) Billy Elliot (2000) (3) Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) (4) The Birds (1963) (1) The Blackboard Jungle (1955) (4) Blade Runner (1982) (2) Blazing Saddles (1974) (3) Blow-Up (1966) (2) Blue Velvet (1986) (1) Das Boot (1982) (6) Boyz N The Hood (1991) (2) Brazil (1985) (2) Bride of Frankenstein (1935) (1) Brief Encounter (1946) (3) Broadcast News (1987) (7) Broadway Danny Rose (1984) (2) Bull Durham (1988) (1) Bus Stop (1956) (1) Cabin in the Sky (1943) (1) The Caine Mutiny (1954) (7) Camille (1936) (1) Captain Blood (1935) (2) Carrie (1976) (2) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) (6) Changeling (2008) (3) Charade (1963) (1) The China Syndrome (1979) (4) A Clockwork Orange (1971) (4) The Color Purple (1985) (11)

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The Little Foxes (1941) (9) Lolita (1962) (1) Long Day's Journey Into Night (1962) (1) The Long Voyage Home (1940) (6) Love Affair (1939) (6) The Love Parade (1930) (6) Madame Curie (1943) (7) The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) (4) Magnificent Obsession (1954) (1) The Magnificent Seven (1960) (1) Magnolia (1999) (3) Malcolm X (1992) (2) The Maltese Falcon (1941) (3) The Manchurian Candidate (1962) (2) Manhattan (1979) (2) The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) (1) The Man Who Would Be King (1975) (4) Marathon Man (1976) (1) The Mark of Zorro (1940) (1) Maytime (1937) (2) McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971) (1) Meet John Doe (1941) (1) Meet Me In St. Louis (1944) (4) Memento (2000) (2) The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944) (1) Mogambo (1953) (2) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) (1) Morocco (1930) (4) Mulholland Drive (2001) (1) Munich (2005) (5) My Favorite Wife (1940) (3) My Man Godfrey (1936) (6) The Naked Spur (1953) (1) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) (1) Ninotchka (1939) (4) Nixon (1995) (4) North By Northwest (1959) (3) Notorious (1946) (2) The Nun's Story (1959) (8) The Odd Couple (1968) (2) Odd Man Out (1947) (1) Of Human Bondage (1934) (1) Of Mice and Men (1939) (4) Only Angels Have Wings (1939) (2) The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) (1) Papillon (1973) (1)

456

The Conversation (1974) (3) Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989) (3) Crossfire (1947) (5) The Crowd (1928) (2) Dark Victory (1939) (3) David Copperfield (1935) (2) A Day At the Races (1937) (1) Dead End (1937) (4) Death of a Salesman (1951) (5) Deliverance (1972) (3) Diner (1982) (1) Do The Right Thing (1989) (2) Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love The Bomb (1964) (4) Double Indemnity (1944) (7) Drums Along the Mohawk (1939) (2) Duel in the Sun (1946) (2) Easy Rider (1969) (2) The Elephant Man (1980) (8) Empire of the Sun (1987) (6) The End of the Affair (1999) (2) Far From Heaven (2002) (4) Fatal Attraction (1987) (6) Father of the Bride (1950) (3) A Few Good Men (1992) (4) Field of Dreams (1989) (3) Five Easy Pieces (1970) (4) Forbidden Planet (1956) (1) Foreign Correspondent (1940) (6) 42nd Street (1933) (2) The Four Feathers (1939) (1) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) (2) The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981) (5) Friendly Persuasion (1956) (6) The Front (1976) (1) Frost/Nixon (2008) (5) Full Metal Jacket (1987) (1) Funny Face (1957) (4) Gangs of New York (2002) (10) The General Died at Dawn (1936) (3) The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947) (1) Ghostbusters (1984) (2) The Godfather, Part III (1990) (7) The Gold Rush (1925) (considered for awards in 1942) (2) Good Night, and Good Luck (6)

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The Pawnbroker (1965) (1) Peyton Place (1957) (9) Planet of the Apes (1968) (2) The Player (1992) (3) Poltergeist (1982) (3) Possessed (1947) (1) Pretty Woman (1990) (1) Pride & Prejudice (2005) (4) The Prince of Tides (1991) (7) The Princess Bride (1987) (1) The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) (2) The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939) (5) Psycho (1960) (4) The Public Enemy (1931) (1) Quiz Show (1994) (4) Quo Vadis (1951) (8) Ragtime (1981) (8) Random Harvest (1942) (7) Rear Window (1954) (4) Rebel Without A Cause (1955) (3) Red River (1948) (2) The Remains of the Day (1993) (8) Requiem for a Dream (2000) (1) Revolutionary Road (2008) (3) Richard III (1956) (1) Salvador (1986) (2) Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) (4) Saturday Night Fever (1977) (1) Seabiscuit (2003) (7) The Sea Hawk (1940) (4) Serpico (1973) (2) Se7en (1995) (1) The Seven Samurai (1956) (2) sex, lies, and videotape (1989) (1) Shadow of a Doubt (1943) (1) Shall We Dance (1937) (1) The Shawshank Redemption (1994) (7) She Done Him Wrong (1933) (1) Short Cuts (1993) (1) Silkwood (1983) (5) Silverado (1985) (2) Singin' in The Rain (1952) (2) Sleepless in Seattle (1993) (2) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) (1) Sorry, Wrong Number (1948) (1)

457

Grand Illusion (1938) (1) The Great Dictator (1940) (5) The Great Escape (1963) (1) The Grifters (1990) (4) Gunga Din (1939) (1) Hail the Conquering Hero (1944) (1) A Hard Day's Night (1964) (2) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) (3) The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968) (2) Heaven Can Wait (1943) (3) Hell's Angels (1930) (1) Henry V (1946) (4) High Society (1956) (3) Hoop Dreams (1994) (1) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) (2) Hush Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) (7) I Am A Fugitive From A Chain Gang (1932) (3) I Remember Mama (1948) (5) Inherit the Wind (1960) (4) In the Bedroom (2001) (5) Interiors (1978) (5) It's A Wonderful Life (1946) (5) The Killers (1946) (4) Kings Row (1942) (3) The Lady Eve (1941) (1) Lady for a Day (1932) (4) The Ladykillers (1956) (1) The Last Detail (1973) (3) Last Tango in Paris (1973) (2) The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) (1) Lenny (1974) (6) Lethal Weapon (1987) (1)

The Spiral Staircase (1946) (1) Stage Door (1937) (4) A Star Is Born (1954) (6) Stella Dallas (1937) (2) The Story of G.I. Joe (1945) (4) Strangers on a Train (1951) (1) Suddenly, Last Summer (1959) (3) The Sweet Hereafter (1997) (2) A Tale of Two Cities (1936) (2) The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999) (5) The Talk of the Town (1942) (7) Taxi Driver (1976) (4) They Were Expendable (1945) (2) The Thin Man (1934) (4) The Thin Red Line (1998) (7) To Be or Not To Be (1942) (1) Top Hat (1935) (4) Trainspotting (1996) (1) True Lies (1994) (1) The Truman Show (1998) (3) The Turning Point (1977) (11) 12 Angry Men (1957) (3) Two for the Road (1967) (1) The Uninvited (1944) (1) Vertigo (1958) (2) Wait Until Dark (1967) (1) Waterloo Bridge (1940) (2) When Harry Met Sally... (1989) (1) White Heat (1949) (1) Wild at Heart (1990) (1) The Wild Bunch (1969) (2) The Wings of the Dove (1997) (4) Witness for the Prosecution (1957) (6) The Wrestler (2008) (2) You Can Count on Me (2000) (2) Young Frankenstein (1974) (2) Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) (1)

Great Films That Weren't Nominated For A Single Academy Award®

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Advise and Consent (1962) An Angel at My Table (1991) Applause (1929) The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) Bananas (1971) Beat the Devil (1954) The Big Clock (1948) The Big Heat (1953) The Big Sleep (1946) Blood Simple (1984) Bringing Up Baby (1938) Brute Force (1947) Chimes at Midnight/Falstaff (1966) City Lights (1931) Clockers (1995) Cul-de-Sac (1966) Cutter's Way (1981) The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) Destry Rides Again (1939) Dinner at Eight (1933) Dirty Harry (1971) Don't Look Now (1973) Dracula (1931) Drugstore Cowboy (1989) Duck Soup A Face in the Crowd (1957) Fail-Safe (1964) Farewell My Lovely (1944) Fort Apache (1948) The Four Feathers (1939) Frankenstein (1931) Freaks (1933) The Front Page (1975) Gilda (1946) Go Tell the Spartans (1978) Gun Crazy (1949) Gunga Din (1939) Hairspray (2007) Hard-Boiled (1992) The Haunting (1963) Heat (1995) High Sierra (1941) His Girl Friday (1940)

Ravindra

TheMisfits (1961) ModernTimes (1936) Moonlighting (1982) Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974) The Mummy (1933) Murder, My Sweet (1944) My Darling Clementine (1946) National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) A Night at the Opera (1934) The Night of the Hunter (1955) Nightmare Alley (1947) Nothing Sacred (1937) Oliver Twist (1948) Once Upon a Time in America (1984) Once Upon a Time in the West (1969) The Others (2001) Out of the Past (1947) The Palm Beach Story (1942) The Parallax View (1974) Paths of Glory (1957) Petulia (1968) The Plainsman (1936) Play It Again, Sam (1972) Point Blank (1967) The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) Queen Christina (1933) Repulsion (1965) Reservoir Dogs (1992) Ride the High Country (1962) Rio Bravo (1959) The Roaring Twenties (1939) Scarface: The Shame of the Nation (1932) The Scarlet Empress (1934) Scarlet Street (1945) The Searchers (1956) The Servant (1964) The Shining (1980) The Shop Around the Corner (1940) A Shot in the Dark (1964) Sid and Nancy (1986) State of the Union (1948) Sullivan's Travels (1941) The Suspect (1944)

459

Hobson's Choice (1954) House of Games (1987) Sweet Smell of Success (1957) In a Lonely Place (1950) They Live By Night (1949) The Innocents (1961) They Won't Forget (1937) Intruder in the Dust (1949) Thieves Like Us (1974) Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) The Thing (1951) The Invisible Man (1933) Things to Come (1936) It's a Gift (1934) The 39 Steps (1935) Johnny Guitar (1954) This Gun for Hire (1942) The Killing (1956) This is Spinal Tap (1984) Kind Hearts and Coronets (1948) 3:10 to Yuma (1957) King Kong (1933) Three Women (1977) Kiss Me Deadly (1955) To Have and Have Not (1944) The Lady From Shanghai (1948) Touch Of Evil (1958) The Lady Vanishes (1938) Trouble in Paradise (1932) Legally Blonde (2001) Walkabout (1971) Letter From an Unknown Woman (1948) A Walk in the Sun (1946) The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943) The Wedding March (1928/29) Local Hero (1983) The Wild One (1953) Lonely are the Brave (1962) Winchester '73 (1950) The Long Goodbye (1973) The Wind (1928/29) The Long Riders (1980) The Women (1939) A World Apart (1988) The Wrong Man (1957) Zentropa (aka Europa) (1992)

Ravindra

460